1307:) to also include ongoing geological time (Quaternary) in the Neogene, while others (particularly terrestrial geologists) insist the Quaternary to be a separate period of distinctly different record. The somewhat confusing terminology and disagreement amongst geologists on where to draw what hierarchical boundaries is due to the comparatively fine divisibility of time units as time approaches the present, and due to geological preservation that causes the youngest sedimentary geological record to be preserved over a much larger area and to reflect many more environments than the older geological record. By dividing the
1132:. Around 11 Ma, the Middle Miocene Warm Interval gave way to the much cooler Late Miocene. The ice caps on both poles began to grow and thicken, a process enhanced by positive feedbacks from increased formation of sea ice. Between 7 and 5.3 Ma, a decrease in global temperatures termed the Late Miocene Cooling (LMC) ensued, driven by decreases in carbon dioxide concentrations. During the Pliocene, from about 5.3 to 2.7 Ma, another warm interval occurred, being known as the Pliocene Warm Interval (PWI), interrupting the longer-term cooling trend. The
3390:
3379:
131:
1648:(The frequent occurrence of Viennese mollusks in typical Miocene as well as in typical Pliocene deposits motivated me – in order to avoid the perpetual monotony details about the deposits – to subsume both deposits provisionally under the name "Neogene" (νεος new and γιγνομαι to arise) in distinguishing contrast to the Eocene.)
1342:(INQUA) counterproposed that the Neogene and the Pliocene end at 2.58 Ma, that the Gelasian be transferred to the Pleistocene, and the Quaternary be recognized as the third period in the Cenozoic, citing key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2.58 Ma and its correspondence to the
1357:
Following formal discussions at the 2008 International
Geological Congress in Oslo, Norway, the ICS decided in May 2009 to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2.58 Mya and including the Gelasian Age, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and
2223:
Krause, Johannes; Unger, Tina; Noçon, Aline; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis; Stiller, Mathias; Soibelzon, Leopoldo; Spriggs, Helen; Dear, Paul H; Briggs, Adrian W; Bray, Sarah CE; O'Brien, Stephen J; Rabeder, Gernot; Matheus, Paul; Cooper, Alan; Slatkin, Montgomery; Pääbo,
1144:
were frequent and occurred about every 21 kyr, being especially intense when Earth's orbit's eccentricity was high. The PWI had similar levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to contemporary times and is often seen as an analogous climate to the projected climate of the near future as a result of
2138:
De
Vleeschouwer, David; Auer, Gerald; Smith, Rebecca; Bogus, Kara; Christensen, Beth; Groeneveld, Jeroen; Petrick, Benjamin; Henderiks, Jorijntje; Castañeda, Isla S.; O'Brien, Evan; Ellinghausen, Maret; Gallagher, Stephen J.; Fulthorpe, Craig S.; Pälike, Heiko (October 2018).
1477:
Steininger, Fritz F.; M. P. Aubry; W. A. Berggren; M. Biolzi; A. M. Borsetti; Julie E. Cartlidge; F. Cati; R. Corfield; R. Gelati; S. Iaccarino; C. Napoleone; F. Ottner; F. Rögl; R. Roetzel; S. Spezzaferri; F. Tateo; G. Villa; D. Zevenboom (1997).
2075:
1681:
Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (March 2015). "Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep-rooted species diversity in early Homo".
1375:
Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late
Miocene continental record in Spain".
1205:
continued to be the dominant terrestrial vertebrates, and took many forms as they adapted to various habitats. An explosive radiation of ursids took place at the
Miocene-Pliocene boundary. The first
1153:(ITF) cooled the Earth, a process that exacerbated itself in a positive feedback as sea levels dropped and the ITF diminished and further limited the heat transported southward by the
1516:"The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification"
1234:
ones and grasslands replaced many forests. Grasses therefore greatly diversified, and herbivorous mammals evolved alongside it, creating the many grazing animals of today such as
2759:
1812:
Goedert, Jean; Amiot, Romain; Arnaut-Godet, Florent; Cuny, Gilles; Fourel, François; Hernandez, Jean-Alexis; Pedreira-Segade, Ulysse; Lécuyer, Christophe (1 September 2017).
1818:
1230:
groups started to diversify and produce more species due to the changing conditions. In response to the cooler, seasonal climate, tropical plant species gave way to
1339:
1351:
1124:
was relatively cool; Early
Miocene mid-latitude seawater and continental thermal gradients were already very similar to those of the present. During the
1326:(ICS) once proposed that the Quaternary be considered a sub-era (sub-erathem) of the Neogene, with a beginning date of 2.58 Ma, namely the start of the
2211:
2020:"Low-frequency orbital variations controlled climatic and environmental cycles, amplitudes, and trends in northeast Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene"
2752:
2643:
1323:
1049:
In different geophysical regions of the world, other regional names are also used for the same or overlapping ages and other timeline subdivisions.
563:
513:
2424:
Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004) "The
Neogene Period". In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.),
2318:
2024:
1968:
1925:
1610:
2745:
944:) appeared in Africa near the end of the period. Some continental movements took place, the most significant event being the connection of
2411:
2145:
1814:"Miocene (Burdigalian) seawater and air temperatures estimated from the geochemistry of fossil remains from the Aquitaine Basin, France"
2602:
2018:
Lupien, Rachel; Uno, Kevin; Rose, Cassaundra; deRoberts, Nicole; Hazan, Cole; de
Menocal, Peter; Polissar, Pratigya (9 October 2023).
1209:, the ancestors of humans, may have appeared in southern Europe and migrated into Africa. The first humans (belonging to the species
2196:
923:
Period was used to define the span of time now covered by
Paleogene and Neogene and, despite no longer being recognized as a formal
875:
1319:) instead of seven epochs, the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of periods in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras.
1741:
2465:
2444:
1128:, Earth entered a warm phase known as the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO), which was driven by the emplacement of the
1296:
The
Neogene traditionally ended at the end of the Pliocene Epoch, just before the older definition of the beginning of the
1346:. In 2006 ICS and INQUA reached a compromise that made Quaternary a sub-era, subdividing Cenozoic into the old classical
2636:
3418:
2768:
2069:
Burke, K. D.; Williams, J. W.; Chandler, M. A.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L. (26 December 2018).
1133:
1129:
956:, late in the Pliocene. This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, leaving only the
552:
2141:"The amplifying effect of Indonesian Throughflow heat transport on Late Pliocene Southern Hemisphere climate cooling"
2226:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary"
1149:. Towards the end of the Pliocene, decreased heat transport towards the Antarctic resulting from a weakening of the
2293:
938:
continued to evolve into modern forms, while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged. The first humans (
1116:
The global climate became more seasonal and continued an overall drying and cooling trend which began during the
475:
2230:
911:. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period, the
743:
1627:
656:
3041:
3036:
2629:
1962:
Tanner, Thomas; Hernández-Almeida, Iván; Drury, Anna Joy; Guitián, José; Stoll, Heather (10 December 2020).
1343:
1813:
1150:
624:
2342:
1862:"Rapid eruption of the Columbia River flood basalt and correlation with the mid-Miocene climate optimum"
1746:
1646:"Das häufige Vorkommen der Wiener Mollusken … im trennenden Gegensatze zu den eocänen zusammenzufassen."
1158:
965:
964:. The global climate cooled considerably throughout the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental
597:
2573:
632:
2367:
2239:
2154:
2084:
2033:
1977:
1934:
1875:
1827:
1755:
1691:
1385:
30:"Neogenic" redirects here. For the fictional item featured in Marvel comics and animated series, see
1358:
Pliocene Epoch. Thus the
Neogene Period ends bounding the succeeding Quaternary Period at 2.58 Mya.
3372:
1963:
1085:
884:
1740:
Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J.W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (April 2021).
1515:
2680:
2140:
1993:
1779:
1715:
1432:
1275:
1042:
373:
3389:
1456:
2354:
Palazzesi, Luis; Hidalgo, Oriane; Barreda, Viviana D.; Forest, Félix; Höhna, Sebastian (2022).
1742:"Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years"
1270:
expanded and reached ecological dominance in grasslands during the last 10 million years. Also
3170:
3134:
2488:
2393:
2275:
2257:
2192:
2120:
2102:
2051:
1901:
1771:
1707:
1606:
1288:
of New Zealand, where the genus is not native today, but have been introduced from Australia.
1263:
1251:
1174:
1073:
953:
816:
587:
31:
3413:
3264:
3139:
3108:
2905:
2606:
2480:
2383:
2375:
2265:
2247:
2162:
2158:
2110:
2092:
2041:
1985:
1942:
1891:
1883:
1866:
1835:
1763:
1699:
1635:
1530:
1494:
1424:
1393:
1389:
1304:
843:
135:
Map of Earth as it appeared 20 million years ago during the Miocene epoch, Burdigalian stage
3233:
3129:
3067:
2962:
2931:
2900:
2448:
1560:
1534:
1499:
1154:
900:
2319:"9.7 million-year-old teeth found in Germany resemble those of human ancestors in Africa"
2371:
2243:
2088:
2037:
1981:
1938:
1879:
1831:
1759:
1695:
3383:
3202:
3072:
2967:
2936:
2388:
2355:
2270:
2225:
2115:
2070:
1896:
1861:
1580:
1146:
1125:
916:
806:
38:
3407:
3103:
3093:
3062:
3025:
2957:
2926:
1997:
1787:
1783:
1598:
1555:
1397:
1121:
1081:
1077:
949:
945:
89:
2356:"The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeogene"
2343:
DNA duplication linked to the origin and evolution of pine trees and their relatives
1767:
1189:, a group related to crocodiles. The oceans were dominated by large carnivores like
3394:
3378:
3325:
3175:
3098:
2695:
1719:
1639:
1211:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1169:
Marine and continental flora and fauna have a modern appearance. The reptile group
1141:
1137:
1024:
961:
940:
924:
628:
400:
2496:
2437:
1660:
1177:
disappeared at the end of it. Neogene also marked the end of the reptilian genera
2484:
1839:
1412:
3320:
3189:
3165:
3010:
2805:
2685:
1097:
1036:
957:
382:
64:
2379:
2166:
2076:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2046:
2019:
1603:
Sedimentary petrology : an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks
1197:, and 19 million years ago about 70% of all pelagic shark species disappeared.
3315:
3275:
3218:
3118:
3015:
2889:
2789:
2737:
2721:
1316:
1297:
1280:
1271:
1219:
1178:
1072:
The continents in the Neogene were very close to their current positions. The
991:
969:
912:
896:
715:
709:
705:
618:
436:
328:
109:
74:
2492:
2261:
2106:
2055:
1921:"Sea ice feedback and Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic climate and ice sheets"
1775:
1479:
758:
745:
671:
658:
17:
3330:
3280:
3254:
3213:
3160:
3005:
2981:
2862:
2852:
2841:
2705:
2700:
2548:
2252:
2097:
1575:
1480:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene"
1330:. In the 2004 proposal of the ICS, the Neogene would have consisted of the
1312:
1231:
1190:
1173:
went extinct in the early part of the period, while the amphibians known as
1117:
1093:
1018:
1012:
888:
418:
409:
296:
114:
2520:
2412:"Eucalyptus fossils in New Zealand – the thin end of the wedge – Mike Pole"
2397:
2279:
2124:
1905:
1887:
1711:
130:
1800:
3290:
3285:
3249:
3149:
3082:
3051:
2946:
2915:
2876:
2826:
2800:
2776:
2716:
2690:
2670:
1989:
1947:
1920:
1347:
1335:
1327:
1308:
1255:
1239:
1206:
1194:
1030:
997:
984:
920:
908:
646:
427:
391:
358:
272:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
1703:
1632:
Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde
980:
In ICS terminology, from upper (later, more recent) to lower (earlier):
915:. The term "Neogene" was coined in 1853 by the Austrian palaeontologist
3304:
3244:
2994:
2831:
2665:
2294:"Scientists find 7.2-million-year-old pre-human remains in the Balkans"
1436:
1331:
1285:
1247:
1223:
1157:. By the end of the period the first of a series of glaciations of the
1105:
1005:
904:
496:
337:
94:
3340:
3223:
2857:
1198:
1101:
931:
789:
733:
1428:
2071:"Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near-future climates"
899:
Period 2.58 million years ago. The Neogene is sub-divided into two
27:
Second geologic period in the Cenozoic Era 23–2.6 million years ago
2603:"Digital Atlas of Neogene Life for the Southeastern United States"
1919:
DeConto, Robert; Pollard, David; Harwood, David (24 August 2007).
1243:
1235:
1227:
737:
650:
2621:
3364:
3360:
3356:
1202:
1185:, terrestrial predators that were the last surviving members of
1089:
935:
892:
729:
58:
2741:
2625:
1303:
However, there was a movement amongst geologists (particularly
864:
852:
147:
2549:"Geoparks and Geotourism – Field Excursion of South America"
1964:"Decreasing Atmospheric CO2 During the Late Miocene Cooling"
1136:(PTM) occurred between 3.3 and 3.0 Ma. During the Pliocene,
2479:(1). International Union for Quaternary Research: 158–159.
1605:(3rd ed.). Osney Nead, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
858:
2191:(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education. pp. 15–21.
861:
2212:
Almost 20 Million Years Ago, Sharks Nearly Went Extinct
1860:
Kasbohm, Jennifer; Schoene, Blair (19 September 2018).
927:, "Tertiary" still sometimes remains in informal use.
2574:"See the 2009 version of the ICS geologic time scale"
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
876:
867:
849:
701:
Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama).
3339:
3303:
3263:
3232:
3201:
3188:
3148:
3117:
3081:
3050:
3024:
2993:
2980:
2945:
2914:
2888:
2875:
2840:
2814:
2788:
2775:
1661:"GeoWhen Database – What Happened to the Tertiary?"
1354:because it split both Neogene and Pliocene in two.
1060:(informal) describe the rocks deposited during the
887:that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the
846:
824:
804:
787:
782:
774:
724:
695:
687:
641:
611:
603:
593:
583:
578:
570:
558:
548:
543:
535:
530:
140:
49:
1350:and Quaternary, a compromise that was rejected by
2454:International Union for Quaternary Research 16(1)
2442:(2006) "Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee"
1819:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1413:"Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie"
1215:) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.
1630:[Reports addressed to Professor Bronn].
1514:Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010).
1676:
1674:
2753:
2637:
1593:
1591:
1300:Period; many time scales show this division.
8:
2473:Quaternary Perspective, the INQUA Newsletter
2452:Quaternary Perspective, the INQUA Newsletter
1628:"Mittheilungen an Professor Bronn gerichtet"
1344:Gauss-Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary
778:2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene)
512:Subdivision of the Neogene according to the
2605:. San Jose State University. Archived from
1340:International Union for Quaternary Research
855:
3198:
2990:
2885:
2785:
2760:
2746:
2738:
2661:
2644:
2630:
2622:
2521:"ICS: Consolidated Annual Report for 2006"
2466:"Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee"
2224:Svante; Hofreiter, Martin (28 July 2008).
1352:International Union of Geological Sciences
2387:
2269:
2251:
2114:
2096:
2045:
1946:
1895:
1498:
2428:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1324:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1367:
1311:Era into three (arguably two) periods (
1108:and between Eurasia and North America.
2025:Communications Earth & Environment
46:
1969:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
1926:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
1274:(daisies) went through a significant
519:Vertical axis: millions of years ago.
7:
2176:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
484:
464:
3359:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
2146:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1378:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1008:Epoch is subdivided into six ages:
987:Epoch is subdivided into two ages:
3363:= megaannum (millions years ago);
2464:Clague, John; et al. (2006).
895:) to the beginning of the present
830:(0.5 °C above pre-industrial)
25:
3367:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
3388:
3377:
891:Period 23.03 million years ago (
842:
129:
1768:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503
1535:10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002
1500:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005
2578:Quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk
1561:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
919:(1815–1868). The earlier term
1:
2806:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
783:Atmospheric and climatic data
2485:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.06.001
1840:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.04.024
1398:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4
1147:anthropogenic global warming
1140:phases of wet conditions in
1096:. Sea levels fell, creating
2769:Geological history of Earth
1284:fossil leaves occur in the
1246:. Ice age mammals like the
1218:About 20 million years ago
1130:Columbia River Basalt Group
57:23.03 ± 0.3 – 2.588 ± 0.04
3435:
3042:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
3037:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2801:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2380:10.1038/s41467-021-27897-y
2167:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.035
2047:10.1038/s43247-023-01034-7
1088:continued to collide with
885:geologic period and system
728:Monte San Nicola Section,
617:Base of magnetic polarity
36:
29:
3354:
3326:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
3176:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2659:
2189:Glaciers & glaciation
2187:Benn, Douglas I. (2010).
1581:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1411:Retallack, G. J. (1997).
1258:. With lower levels of CO
696:Upper boundary definition
612:Lower boundary definition
509:
476:Messinian salinity crisis
145:
128:
54:
3321:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
3166:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
3011:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2863:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2853:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
2231:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1134:Pliocene Thermal Maximum
960:to transfer heat to the
825:Mean surface temperature
820:(1 times pre-industrial)
710:Discoaster pentaradiatus
645:Lemme-Carrosio Section,
633:Paragloborotalia kugleri
629:Planktonic foraminiferan
37:For the moth genus, see
3316:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
3281:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
3276:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
3219:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
3109:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
3016:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2827:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
2253:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220
2159:2018E&PSL.500...15D
2098:10.1073/pnas.1809600115
1640:2027/hvd.32044106271273
1390:1996E&PSL.142..367K
3286:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
3255:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
3214:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
3161:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
3006:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2832:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1888:10.1126/sciadv.aat8223
1634:(in German): 806–810.
1151:Indonesian Throughflow
972:Period that followed.
800:(100 % of modern)
223:−10 —
213:−12 —
203:−14 —
193:−16 —
183:−18 —
173:−20 —
163:−22 —
153:−24 —
3291:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
3250:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
3171:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2858:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2360:Nature Communications
1747:Earth-Science Reviews
1457:"ICS Timescale Chart"
1058:Upper Tertiary System
263:−2 —
253:−4 —
243:−6 —
233:−8 —
3331:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
3224:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
3104:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
3094:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
2414:. 22 September 2014.
1990:10.1029/2020PA003925
1948:10.1029/2006PA001350
1665:www.stratigraphy.org
1464:www.stratigraphy.org
1222:in the form of some
930:During this period,
3386: •
3375: •
3373:Geologic time scale
3135:Middle (458–470 Ma)
3099:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
3068:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2963:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2932:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2426:Geologic Time Scale
2372:2022NatCo..13..293P
2244:2008BMCEE...8..220K
2089:2018PNAS..11513288B
2083:(52): 13288–13293.
2038:2023ComEE...4..360L
1982:2020PaPa...35.3925T
1939:2007PalOc..22.3214D
1880:2018SciA....4.8223K
1832:2017PPP...481...14G
1760:2021ESRv..21503503S
1704:10.1038/nature14224
1696:2015Natur.519...83S
1626:Hörnes, M. (1853).
1262:in the atmosphere,
1086:Indian subcontinent
1076:formed, connecting
775:Upper GSSP ratified
759:37.1469°N 14.2035°E
755: /
725:Upper boundary GSSP
716:Discoaster surculus
688:Lower GSSP ratified
668: /
642:Lower boundary GSSP
604:Time span formality
3419:Geological periods
3384:Geology portal
3245:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
3140:Early (470–485 Ma)
3073:Early (393–419 Ma)
2968:Early (247–252 Ma)
2937:Early (174–201 Ma)
2906:Early (100–145 Ma)
2901:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2447:2006-09-23 at the
1564:. Merriam-Webster.
1276:adaptive radiation
925:stratigraphic term
798:c. 21.5 vol %
704:Extinction of the
672:44.6589°N 8.8364°E
594:Stratigraphic unit
584:Chronological unit
571:Time scale(s) used
3401:
3400:
3299:
3298:
3265:Paleoproterozoic
3184:
3183:
3130:Late (444–458 Ma)
3063:Late (359–383 Ma)
2976:
2975:
2958:Late (201–237 Ma)
2927:Late (145–164 Ma)
2871:
2870:
2792:(present–2.58 Ma)
2780:(present–66.0 Ma)
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
1790:on 8 January 2021
1612:978-0-632-05735-1
1305:marine geologists
1252:woolly rhinoceros
1074:Isthmus of Panama
954:Isthmus of Panama
834:
833:
805:Mean atmospheric
788:Mean atmospheric
544:Usage information
525:
524:
505:
504:
483:
482:
32:Neogenic (comics)
16:(Redirected from
3426:
3395:World portal
3393:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3344:
3308:
3268:
3237:
3234:Mesoproterozoic
3206:
3199:
3194:
3153:
3122:
3086:
3055:
3029:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2950:
2919:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2845:
2819:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2662:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2528:Stratigraphy.org
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2495:. Archived from
2470:
2461:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2255:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2100:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1867:Science Advances
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1737:
1724:
1723:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1384:(3–4): 367–380.
1372:
1015:Age, preceded by
994:Age, preceded by
879:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
770:
769:
767:
766:
765:
764:37.1469; 14.2035
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
683:
682:
680:
679:
678:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
500:
490:
485:
478:
470:
465:
439:
430:
421:
412:
403:
394:
385:
376:
367:
352:
322:
290:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
148:
133:
124:
61:
47:
21:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3376:
3368:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3306:
3295:
3266:
3259:
3235:
3228:
3204:
3203:Neoproterozoic
3193:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
3192:
3191:
3190:Proterozoic Eon
3180:
3151:
3144:
3120:
3113:
3084:
3077:
3053:
3046:
3027:
3020:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2948:
2941:
2917:
2910:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2843:
2836:
2817:
2810:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2710:
2655:
2650:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:Wayback Machine
2436:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2405:
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2352:
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2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
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2222:
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2217:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1874:(9): eaat8223.
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1791:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1690:(7541): 83–86.
1680:
1679:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1597:
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1471:
1459:
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1450:
1441:
1439:
1429:10.2307/3515337
1410:
1409:
1405:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1294:
1267:
1261:
1254:were common in
1167:
1165:Flora and fauna
1159:current Ice Age
1155:Leeuwin Current
1114:
1070:
978:
877:
845:
841:
829:
819:
810:
799:
793:
763:
761:
757:
754:
749:
746:
744:
742:
741:
740:
677:44.6589; 8.8364
676:
674:
670:
667:
662:
659:
657:
655:
654:
653:
526:
521:
520:
518:
501:
495:North American
494:
488:
479:
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468:
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451:
450:
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152:
136:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
56:
55:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3026:Carboniferous
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2844:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2818:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:Pliocene Epoch
2668:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:Neogene Period
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2597:
2596:External links
2594:
2591:
2590:
2565:
2540:
2512:
2456:
2430:
2417:
2403:
2346:
2335:
2310:
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2204:
2197:
2179:
2130:
2061:
2010:
1954:
1911:
1852:
1804:
1725:
1670:
1652:
1644:From p. 806:
1618:
1611:
1587:
1584:(Online). n.d.
1567:
1547:
1529:(3): 152–158.
1506:
1469:
1448:
1423:(4): 380–390.
1403:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1328:Gelasian Stage
1293:
1290:
1265:
1259:
1166:
1163:
1126:Middle Miocene
1113:
1110:
1092:, forming the
1069:
1066:
1062:Neogene Period
1054:Neogene System
1047:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1002:
1001:
995:
977:
974:
907:and the later
903:, the earlier
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591:
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581:
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576:
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574:ICS Time Scale
572:
568:
567:
560:
559:Regional usage
556:
555:
550:
549:Celestial body
546:
545:
541:
540:
537:
536:Name formality
533:
532:
528:
527:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3309:
3302:
3292:
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3240:
3238:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
3200:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
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3089:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3071:
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3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2982:Paleozoic Era
2979:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:(66.0–145 Ma)
2887:
2884:
2882:
2880:(66.0–252 Ma)
2874:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
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2679:
2678:
2676:
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2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Miocene Epoch
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2609:on 2013-04-23
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2502:on 2006-09-23
2498:
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2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:Clague, John
2434:
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2198:9780340905791
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2014:
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1987:
1983:
1979:
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1970:
1965:
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1955:
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1932:
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1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
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1292:Disagreements
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1143:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Early Miocene
1119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:South America
1079:
1075:
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1059:
1056:(formal) and
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950:South America
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917:Moritz Hörnes
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828:c. 14 °C
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33:
19:
18:Late Tertiary
3369:
3305:Archean Eon
3267:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
3152:(485–539 Ma)
3121:(444–485 Ma)
3085:(419–444 Ma)
3054:(359–419 Ma)
3028:(299–359 Ma)
2997:(252–299 Ma)
2985:(252–539 Ma)
2949:(201–252 Ma)
2918:(145–201 Ma)
2877:Mesozoic Era
2815:
2777:Cenozoic Era
2696:Serravallian
2652:
2613:21 September
2611:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:
2515:
2504:. Retrieved
2497:the original
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2472:
2459:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2406:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2323:ResearchGate
2322:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:
2288:
2235:
2229:
2218:
2207:
2188:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2150:
2144:
2133:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1973:
1967:
1957:
1930:
1924:
1914:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1823:
1817:
1807:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1751:
1745:
1687:
1683:
1664:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1631:
1621:
1602:
1599:Tucker, M.E.
1579:
1570:
1559:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1526:
1522:
1509:
1493:(1): 23–28.
1490:
1486:
1472:
1463:
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1420:
1416:
1406:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1356:
1338:Epochs. The
1321:
1302:
1295:
1279:
1217:
1212:Homo habilis
1210:
1187:Sebecosuchia
1183:Barinasuchus
1171:Choristodera
1168:
1142:North Africa
1138:Green Sahara
1115:
1098:land bridges
1071:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1025:Serravallian
1003:
982:
979:
962:Arctic Ocean
941:Homo habilis
939:
929:
837:
835:
714:
708:
631:
511:
401:Serravallian
327:
306:
305:
295:
271:
119:
39:
3341:Hadean Eon
3119:Ordovician
2890:Cretaceous
2790:Quaternary
2686:Burdigalian
2583:17 December
2558:17 December
2328:17 December
2303:17 December
1933:(3): 1–18.
1845:30 November
1315:, Neogene,
1220:gymnosperms
1175:Allocaudata
1037:Burdigalian
966:glaciations
958:Gulf Stream
762: /
706:Haptophytes
675: /
383:Burdigalian
3408:Categories
3343:(4–4.6 Ga)
3307:(2.5–4 Ga)
3236:(1–1.6 Ga)
2842:Paleogene
2722:Piacenzian
2681:Aquitanian
2506:2006-09-23
2366:(1): 293.
2238:(1): 220.
2032:(1): 360.
1754:: 103503.
1540:8 December
1442:2008-02-11
1362:References
1317:Quaternary
1298:Quaternary
1281:Eucalyptus
1272:Asteraceae
1191:megalodons
1179:Langstonia
1052:The terms
1043:Aquitanian
992:Piacenzian
970:Quaternary
913:Quaternary
897:Quaternary
750:14°12′13″E
747:37°08′49″N
660:44°39′32″N
619:chronozone
579:Definition
437:Piacenzian
374:Aquitanian
329:Quaternary
141:Chronology
3370:See also:
3150:Cambrian
3083:Silurian
3052:Devonian
2947:Triassic
2916:Jurassic
2706:Messinian
2701:Tortonian
2553:33igc.org
2493:1040-6182
2262:1471-2148
2153:: 15–27.
2107:0027-8424
2056:2662-4435
1998:230534117
1826:: 14–28.
1784:233579194
1776:0012-8252
1576:"Neogene"
1556:"Neogene"
1313:Paleogene
1232:deciduous
1195:livyatans
1118:Paleogene
1094:Himalayas
1068:Geography
1019:Tortonian
1013:Messinian
976:Divisions
889:Paleogene
663:8°50′11″E
531:Etymology
419:Messinian
410:Tortonian
297:Paleogene
2995:Permian
2816:Neogene
2717:Zanclean
2691:Langhian
2445:Archived
2398:35022396
2298:Phys.org
2280:18662376
2172:13 April
2125:30530685
2003:17 March
1906:30255148
1712:25739632
1601:(2001).
1523:Episodes
1487:Episodes
1348:Tertiary
1336:Pliocene
1309:Cenozoic
1256:Pliocene
1248:mammoths
1240:antelope
1207:hominins
1100:between
1031:Langhian
998:Zanclean
985:Pliocene
921:Tertiary
909:Pliocene
883:,) is a
647:Carrosio
562:Global (
428:Zanclean
392:Langhian
3414:Neogene
2533:15 June
2389:8755714
2368:Bibcode
2271:2518930
2240:Bibcode
2155:Bibcode
2116:6310841
2085:Bibcode
2034:Bibcode
1978:Bibcode
1935:Bibcode
1897:6154988
1876:Bibcode
1828:Bibcode
1801:Alt URL
1794:17 July
1756:Bibcode
1720:4470282
1692:Bibcode
1437:3515337
1417:PALAIOS
1386:Bibcode
1332:Miocene
1286:Miocene
1224:conifer
1199:Mammals
1161:began.
1112:Climate
1106:Eurasia
1006:Miocene
968:in the
952:at the
932:mammals
905:Miocene
880:-ə-jeen
838:Neogene
815:c. 280
812:content
795:content
627:of the
621:C6Cn.2n
499:expands
497:prairie
489:←
469:←
258:–
248:–
238:–
228:–
218:–
208:–
198:–
188:–
178:–
168:–
158:–
50:Neogene
40:Neogene
3349:
2491:
2440:et al.
2396:
2386:
2278:
2268:
2260:
2195:
2123:
2113:
2105:
2054:
1996:
1976:(12).
1904:
1894:
1782:
1774:
1718:
1710:
1684:Nature
1609:
1435:
1268:plants
1242:, and
1236:horses
1120:. The
1102:Africa
1084:. The
901:epochs
734:Sicily
607:Formal
598:System
588:Period
539:Formal
459:
454:
449:
444:
42:(moth)
2524:(PDF)
2500:(PDF)
2469:(PDF)
1994:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1519:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1433:JSTOR
1334:and
1244:bison
1228:cycad
1203:birds
1078:North
946:North
936:birds
738:Italy
651:Italy
553:Earth
2615:2018
2585:2017
2560:2017
2535:2007
2489:ISSN
2394:PMID
2330:2017
2305:2017
2276:PMID
2258:ISSN
2193:ISBN
2174:2024
2121:PMID
2103:ISSN
2052:ISSN
2005:2023
1902:PMID
1847:2022
1796:2023
1772:ISSN
1708:PMID
1607:ISBN
1542:2020
1322:The
1250:and
1226:and
1201:and
1193:and
1181:and
1104:and
1090:Asia
1080:and
1004:The
983:The
948:and
934:and
836:The
730:Gela
713:and
691:1996
65:PreꞒ
2481:doi
2384:PMC
2376:doi
2266:PMC
2248:doi
2163:doi
2151:500
2111:PMC
2093:doi
2081:115
2042:doi
1986:doi
1943:doi
1892:PMC
1884:doi
1836:doi
1824:481
1764:doi
1752:215
1700:doi
1688:519
1636:hdl
1531:doi
1495:doi
1425:doi
1394:doi
1382:142
1045:Age
1039:Age
1033:Age
1027:Age
1021:Age
1000:Age
893:Mya
878:NEE
817:ppm
625:FAD
564:ICS
514:ICS
3410::
3365:Ga
3361:Ma
3357:ka
2576:.
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100:T
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80:S
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