Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

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To guarantee the Pact's fulfillment, additional military units entered Baltic countries, welcomed by the workers who demanded the resignations of the Baltic governments. In June, under the leadership of the Communist Parties, political demonstrations by workers were held. The fascist governments were overthrown, and workers' governments were formed. In July 1940, elections for the Baltic Parliaments were held. The "Working People's Unions," created by an initiative of the Communist Parties, received the majority of the votes. The Parliaments adopted the declarations of the restoration of Soviet powers in Baltic countries and proclaimed the Soviet Socialist Republics. Declaration of Estonia's, Latvia's and Lithuania's wishes to join the USSR were adopted, and the

164: 3867: 3780: 1234: 924: 1139: 1060: 1960:," which declared the Soviet annexation void and announced the start of a transitional period to independence. It argued that the 1940 occupation violated international law. It also argued that the 1940 resolution acceding to the Soviet Union was illegal since the 1922 Latvian constitution stipulated that any major change in the state order had to be submitted to a referendum. In any case, the declaration argued that the 1940 elections were conducted based on an illegal and unconstitutional election law, which rendered all actions of the "People's Saeima" 1781: 1805: 1793: 2150: 1367: 242: 1359: 180: 4643: 1999:

continuation of the sovereign states whose first independent existence dates back to 1918–1940 and does not accept any legal connection with the former Latvian SSR, which had been occupied and annexed into USSR 1940–1941 and 1944–1991. Since independence, the Communist Party of the Latvian SSR was discontinued, and several high-ranking Latvian SSR officials faced prosecution for their role in various human rights abuses during the Latvian SSR regime. Latvia later joined

1068: 1769: 1745: 2067:. Those areas were also hardest hit economically when the Soviet Union collapsed, leading to massive unemployment. Sharp disagreement with Russia over the legacy of the Soviet era has led to punitive economic measures by Russia, including the demise of transit trade as Russia cut off petroleum exports through Ventspils in 2003 (eliminating 99% of its shipments) after the government of Latvia refused to sell the oil port to the Russian state oil company, 1733: 1606: 1933: 1076: 1614: 804: 779: 1949: 1669: 2515:

republics. The legality of the acts, laws and decrees of the puppet regimes set up in those countries by the USSR is not recognized by the United States, diplomatic or consular officers are not maintained in either Estonia or Latvia and full recognition is given to the Legations of Estonia and Latvia established and maintained here by the Governments in exile of those countries

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economic branches associated with it also collapsed. While a significant Russian presence in Latgale predated the Soviet Union (~30%), the intense industrialization and the heavy importation of labor from the Soviet Union to support it led to significant increases in the Russian minority in Riga, even forming a majority in Latvian urban centers such as

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state-owned. The remaining farmers' taxes and obligatory produce delivery quotas were increased until individual farming became impossible. Many farmers killed their cattle and moved to cities. In 1948 collectivization began in earnest and was intensified after the March 1949 deportations, and by the end of the year, 93% of farms were collectivized.

45: 1644:. Large factories, employing tens of thousands of recently arrived immigrants, and entirely dependent on resources from faraway Soviet regions, produced products – most of which were sent back to other Soviet republics. Many of the new factories were under the All-Union ministry and military jurisdiction, thus operating outside the 1585:'s visit to Riga in June 1959, hard-line elements complained about the nationalist tendencies in the Party and, with the blessing from Moscow, started purges of national communists and local communists, who had been in power since 1940. In November 1959, the long-serving First Secretary of the Party Kalnbērziņš and Prime Minister 1502:. To ensure total control over the local Communist party, Ivan Lebedev, a Russian, was elected the Second Secretary. This tradition continued until the end of the Soviet system. The lack of politically reliable local cadres meant the Soviets increasingly placed Russians in Party and government leadership positions. Many 2223:

units in the Baltic countries. Economic difficulties and dissatisfaction of the populace with the Baltic governments' policies that had sabotaged the fulfillment of the Pact and the Baltic countries' governments' political orientation toward Nazi Germany led to a revolutionary situation in June 1940.

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In 1944 the Soviets immediately began to reinstate the Soviet system. After re-establishing military control over the country, in February 1946, elections of the Soviet Union's Supreme Soviet were held, followed, in February 1947, by Latvian Supreme Soviet elections and only in January 1948 elections

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On 7 August 1940, all print media and printing houses were nationalized. Most existing magazines and newspapers were discontinued or appeared under new Soviet names. In November 1940 banning of books began; in total, some 4,000 titles were banned and removed from circulation. Arrests and deportations

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The Ulmanis government decided that, in conditions of international isolation and the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the country, it was better to avoid bloodshed and unwinnable war. The Latvian army did not fire a shot and was quickly decimated by purges and included in the

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suggested that the Governments of the Baltic countries conclude mutual assistance treaties between the countries. Pressure from working people forced the governments of the Baltic countries to accept this suggestion. The Pacts of Mutual Assistance were then signed which allowed the USSR to station a

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During the first year of Soviet power, construction of the new military aerodromes was begun, often involving the local population as unpaid construction workers. The Soviet Navy took over seaports and shipping yards. Many hundreds of Soviet officers were moved into newly nationalized apartments and

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Latvia took the position that it did not need to follow the process of secession delineated in the Soviet constitution, arguing that since the annexation was illegal and unconstitutional, it was merely reasserting independence that still existed under international law. However, the central power in

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Because Latvia had still maintained a well-developed infrastructure and educated specialists, it was decided in Moscow that some of the Soviet Union's most advanced manufacturing factories were to be based in Latvia. New industries were created in Latvia, including a major machinery factory RAF, and

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Soon after Stalin's death number of Latvians in the Communist Party began to increase, and by this time, many locally-born communists had achieved positions of power and began advocating a program that centered on ending the inflow of Russian-speaking immigrants, end to the growth of heavy industry,

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in 1953, the policy of giving more power to local communists and respecting local languages was introduced. More freedoms came after the 1956 de-Stalinization. Some 30,000 survivors of Soviet deportations began returning to Latvia. Many were barred from working in certain professions or returning to

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In 2016, a committee of historians and economists published a report, "Latvian Industry Before and After Restoration of Independence," estimating the overall cost of Soviet occupation in the years 1940–1990 at €185 billion, not counting the intangible costs of "deportations and imprisonment policy"

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National income per capita was higher in Latvia than elsewhere in the USSR (42% above the Soviet average in 1968); however, Latvia was at the same time a relative contributor to the Federation's center with an estimated 0.5% of the Latvian GDP going to Moscow. After the Soviet Union's collapse, all

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Collective farming was extremely unprofitable as farmers had to plant and harvest according to the state plan and not the actual harvest conditions. Farmers were paid close to nothing for their produce. Grain production in Latvia collapsed from 1.37 million tons in 1940 to 0.73 million tons in 1950

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accused Latvia and the other Baltic states of forming a military conspiracy against the Soviet Union, and so Moscow presented ultimatums, demanding new concessions, which included the replacement of governments with new ones, "determined to fulfill the treaties of friendship sincerely" and allowing

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consisted not only of the former Legionnaires or German supporters but men who were trying to avoid Soviet conscription, dispossessed farmers, and even priests and school pupils who wrote and distributed patriotic leaflets and provided shelter to partisans. Many believed that a new war between the

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Courland's entire Baltic Sea coast became a Soviet border area with limited freedom of movement for the local inhabitants and closed to outsiders. Beaches were illuminated by searchlights and plowed to show any footprints. The old fishing villages became closed military zones, and fishermen were

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In addition to active military personnel, Riga was popular as a retirement town for Soviet officers, who could not retire to larger cities like Moscow or Kyiv. Many thousands of them received preferential treatment in receiving new housing. To speed up the withdrawal of the Russian army, Latvia

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de facto ceased to be parts of the USSR four months before the Soviet Union itself ceased to exist (26 December 1991). Soon, on 6 September, the USSR recognized the independence of the three Baltic states. Today, the Republic of Latvia and other Baltic states consider themselves to be the legal

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the Republic of Latvia authorities by occupying the central publishing house in Riga and establishing a Committee of National Salvation to usurp governmental functions. During the transitional period, Moscow maintained many central Soviet state authorities in Latvia. Despite this, seventy-three

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Increased investments and subsidies for collective farms greatly increased the living standards of the rural population without much increase in production output. Much of the farm produce was still grown on small private plots. To improve rural living standards, a mass campaign was started to

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The Court said: (256 N.Y.S.2d 196) "The Government of the United States has never recognized the forceful occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics nor does it recognize the absorption and incorporation of Latvia and Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist

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From Sumner Wells' declaration of 23 July 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal

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As Latvia had implemented a sweeping land reform after the independence, most farms were too small for nationalization. While rumors of impending collectivization were officially denied in 1940 and 52,000 landless peasants were given small plots of up to 10 ha, in early 1941, preparations for

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as the titular head of the republic (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet), and the head of the executive (the Chairman of the Soviet of the Ministers), were in subordinate positions. Therefore, the history of Soviet Latvia can broadly be divided into the periods of rule by the

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In the post-war period, Latvia was forced to adopt Soviet farming methods, and the economic infrastructure developed in the 1920s and 1930s was eradicated. Farms belonging to refugees were confiscated, German supporters had their farm sizes sharply reduced, and much of the farmland became

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and better job occupations. It was also made a compulsory subject in all Latvian schools. Vast numbers of people were needed for the new factories, and they were purposefully sent there from different parts of Russia, thus creating a situation wherein bigger towns became increasingly

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Western powers and the Soviet Union was imminent and expected Latvia to be liberated soon. After the 1949 deportations and collectivization, the resistance movement decreased sharply, with the last few individuals surrendering in 1956 when amnesty was offered. The last holdout was

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After 1944, Latvia and Riga became heavily militarized. Demobilized soldiers and officers chose to move to Riga, creating severe housing shortages. Much of the new apartment building in the first post-war years was done only for the benefit of Soviet officers stationed in Riga.

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era continued with the modernizing impulse of the 1960s, a visible stagnation began by the mid-1970s. Prestige high-rise projects in Riga, such as the Hotel Latvija and the Ministry of Agriculture building, took many years to complete. A new international airport and the

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communists who had been born to Latvian parents in Russia or the Soviet Union, had returned to Latvia only after World War II, and usually did not speak or avoided speaking Latvian in public. They were supported by the politically influential officer corps of the

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army camp, and many were executed on the spot. Many political prisoners were summarily executed in prisons across Latvia during the hasty Soviet retreat after the German attack on 22 June 1941. Latvia lost some 35,000 people during the first year of Soviet rule.

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Since there were not enough people to operate the newly built factories and expand industrial production, workers outside the Latvian SSR (mainly Russians) were transferred into the country, noticeably decreasing the proportion of ethnic Latvians. The speed of

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The Soviet army had been stationed in Latvia since October 1939, when it demanded and received military bases in Courland where it stationed at least 25,000 soldiers, with air force, tanks and artillery support. The Soviet navy received rights to use ports in

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Some deportees had been warned to stay away from home and hid among friends or in forests. After the German-Soviet war began, many formed small guerrilla units, attacked the retreating Red Army soldiers and greeted Germans with the flag of independent Latvia.

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in a non-binding advisory referendum. A large number of ethnic Russians also voted for the proposition. The Republic of Latvia declared the end of the transitional period and restored complete independence on 21 August 1991 in the aftermath of the failed

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and minority languages. In addition, the Russian people's leading and progressive role throughout Latvian history was heavily emphasized in school books, arts, and literature. The remaining poets, writers, and painters had to follow the strict canons of

3738: 544: 3082: 2138:, an unknown number of border and interior ministry troops were stationed in the Baltics. In 1994 the departing Russian troops presented a list of over 3000 military units stationed in 700 sites taking over 120,000 ha, or about 10% of Latvian land. 1514:

were sent back to the homeland of their parents. Most of these Soviets did not speak Latvian, and this only enforced the wall of distrust against the local population. By 1953 Latvia's Communist Party had 42,000 members, half of whom were Latvians.

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Between 1959 and 1968, nearly 130,000 Russian speakers immigrated to Latvia and began working in the large industrial factories that were rapidly built. The newly arrived immigrants were the first to receive apartments in the newly built

1374: 1302:. In addition, some 25,000 Jews were brought from Germany, Austria, and the present-day Czech Republic, of whom around 20,000 were killed. The Holocaust claimed approximately 85,000 lives in Latvia, of whom the vast majority were Jews. 1518:

Hundreds of thousands of Russians were moved to Latvia to replace the lost population (due to war casualties, refugees to the West, and deportees to the East) and to implement a heavy industrialization program. An extensive program of

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celebrations along with other Latvian traditions and folk customs. In November 1959, Pelše also instigated the purge of "nascent nationalists" from the Latvian government. Almost 2,000 members of the government were removed.

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The election results were fabricated; the Soviet press released them so early that they appeared in a London newspaper 24 hours before the polls closed. All Soviet army personnel present in the country were allowed to vote.

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an unlimited number of troops to enter the three countries. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops entered Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These additional Soviet military forces far outnumbered the armies of each country.

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was legalized, replacing the Soviet Latvian flag as the official flag in 1990. Pro-independence Latvian Popular Front candidates gained a two-thirds majority in the Supreme Council in the March 1990 democratic elections.

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began their fight against another occupier: the Soviet Union. At their peak, some 10,000–15,000 partisans in disorganized units fought local battles against Communists, NKVD troops and Soviet government representatives.

1166:, "Regarding the Procedure for Carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia." During the night of 13–14 June 1941, 15,424 inhabitants of Latvia — including 1,771 Jews and 742 1589:

resigned from their posts and were replaced by hardliners. During the next three years, some 2,000 national communists were dismissed from their positions and moved to insignificant posts in the countryside or Russia.

3371:"Krievijas Federācijas Valdības un Latvijas Republikas Valdības vienošanās par Latvijas Republikas teritorijā dzīvojošo Krievijas Federācijas militāro pensionāru un viņu ģimenes locekļu sociālo aizsardzību, Protokols" 3397: 3436: 2196:. The European Parliament in recognizing the occupation of the Baltic states from 1940 until the fall of the Soviet Union as illegal, led to the early acceptance of the Baltic states into the NATO alliance. 5089: 2544: 1107:

collectivization began. The small size of land plots and imposition of the production quotas and high taxes meant that very soon independent farmers would go bankrupt and had to establish collective farms.

2214:, before the USSR had condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself that had led to the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries, the events in 1939 were as follows: The 1110:

Arrests and deportations to the Soviet Union began even before Latvia officially became a part of it. Initially, they were limited to the most prominent political and military leaders like President

984:" for the elections. It was the only permitted participant in the election after an attempt by other politicians to include the Democratic Bloc (an alliance of all banned Latvian parties, except the 1256:

During the short interregnum period, Latvians created two bodies that sought to restore independent Latvia: the Central Organizing Committee for Liberated Latvia and the Provisional State Council.

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officially agreed to allow 20,000 retired Soviet officers and their families (up to 50,000 people) to remain in Latvia without granting them citizenship and Russia continues to pay them pensions.

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The first post-war census in 1959 showed that the number of Latvians since 1935 had declined by 170,000, while Russians had increased by 388,000, Belarusians by 35,000, and Ukrainians by 28,000.

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to allow the USSR to establish military bases and station troops on its soil. Latvia was next in line, as the USSR demanded the signing of a similar treaty. The authoritarian government of

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On 26 March 1949, the US Department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their diplomatic representatives and consuls.

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In the following months of 1940, the Soviet Constitution and criminal code (copied from Russian) were introduced. The elections of July 1940 were followed by elections to the

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on 14–15 July 1940, there were no public statements about governmental plans to introduce a Soviet political order or to join the Soviet Union. Soon after the occupation, the

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The Nazi invasion launched a week later, cut short immediate plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltic's. Nazi troops occupied Riga on 1 July 1941.

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liquidate individual family farms and to move people into smaller agricultural towns where they were given apartments. Farmers became paid workers in collective farms.

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Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.

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and creating light industries better suited for local needs, increasing the role and power of the locally born communists, enforcing the Latvian language as the

2268: 1982: 868: 169: 1780: 942: 5135: 5117: 3923: 3715: 1130:, who had found refuge in Latvia. Very soon, purges reached the upper echelons of the puppet government when Minister of Welfare Jūlijs Lācis was arrested. 950: 5258: 5057: 3804: 1175: 985: 2622: 1678: 5763: 1804: 1324:

The Nazis planned to Germanize the Baltic's by settling some 520,000 German settlers there 20–25 years after the war. In 1943 and 1944, two divisions of

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electrotechnical factories, along with some food and oil processing plants. TV broadcasts from Riga started in 1954, the first in the Baltic's.

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A large number of Latvians resisted the German occupation. The resistance movement was divided between the pro-independence politicians of the

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for industrial needs and domestic heating. This allowed large-scale construction of new micro-districts and high-rises to begin. In 1965, the

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and request admission to the Soviet Union on the same day. Such a change in the basic constitutional order of the state was illegal under the

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and Radiotehnika factories specialized in producing radios, telephones and sound systems. Most of the Soviet railway carriages were made by

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Ulmanis' government resigned and was replaced by a left-wing government created under instructions from the USSR embassy. Up until the

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During the war, both occupying forces conscripted Latvians into their armies, increasing the loss of the nation's "live resources." In

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and approved in Moscow already on 29 January 1949. Whole families were arrested, and almost 30% of deported were children under 16.

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on 5 October 1939. On 16 June 1940, after the USSR had already invaded Lithuania, it issued an ultimatum to Latvia, followed by the

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and live in constant fear of being accused of some ideological mistake that could lead to banning from publication or even arrest.

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reached Latvia, heavy fighting took place between German and Soviet troops, which ended with a stalemate and the creation of the

1182:. While among the deported were such obvious candidates as former politicians, wealthy bourgeois and farmers, police, members of 988:) on the ballot was prevented by the government. Its office was closed, election leaflets confiscated, and its leaders arrested. 981: 3461: 1976:

Moscow continued to regard Latvia as a Soviet republic from 1990 to 1991. In January 1991, Soviet political and military forces

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because such a change could only be enacted after a plebiscite with two-thirds of the electorate's approval. On 5 August, the

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completed the annexation process by accepting the Latvian petition and formally incorporated Latvia into the Soviet Union.

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from 1939 to 1940 and 1944–1991 is widely considered illegal by the international community and human rights organizations.

3677: 3650: 2701:; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis & Kramer, Mark (1999). 2562: 2376: 1059: 5848: 5688: 5437: 5073: 4859: 4793: 3891: 3589: 3314: 2286: 1507: 1167: 857: 335: 3831: 1768: 1031: 441: 5768: 5673: 5537: 5527: 5366: 4849: 875:'s secret protocol. In 1939, Latvia was forced to grant military bases on its soil to the Soviet Union, and in 1940 the 200: 3550:...calling on the United Nations to recognize the rights of the Baltic States to self-determination and independence... 2193: 872: 60: 5658: 4724: 4580: 4487: 5432: 4943: 2619:

see report of Latvian Chargé d'affaires, Fricis Kociņš, regarding the talks with Soviet Foreign Commissar Molotov in

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Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy

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120,000 Latvian inhabitants deemed disloyal by the Soviets were imprisoned or deported to Soviet labor camps (the

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Following the Soviet pattern, the real power in the republic was in the hands of the First Secretary of the

575: 520: 2336:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: The Occupation of Latvia: Aspects of History and International Law" 5620: 5522: 4953: 4910: 4885: 4741: 4714: 4560: 4480: 1004: 996: 941:, flying numerous intelligence-gathering operations. On 25 September, Moscow demanded that Estonia sign a 931: 414: 5388: 5773: 5703: 5615: 5574: 5284: 4819: 4746: 2205: 1486:

and 0.43 million tons in 1956. Only in 1965 did Latvia reach the meat and dairy output levels of 1940.

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void. On these bases, the Supreme Council argued that the Republic of Latvia, as proclaimed in 1918,

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The Soviet period saw rebuilding and increase of the industrial capacity, including the automobile (

55: 5668: 5647: 5641: 4895: 4854: 4839: 4773: 4719: 4663: 4651: 4535: 3759: 3340: 2537: 2192:(EU), regard Latvia as being occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 under the provisions of the 1939 1987: 1756: 1383: 1096: 533: 3631:- interview with Mikhail Demurin, head of the Executive Committee International Department of the 3137: 3105: 2987: 2265: 5678: 5561: 4973: 4925: 4834: 4763: 4697: 4545: 3133: 2803: 2639: 2028: 1163: 961: 411: 3836: 1622: 1439: 1127: 1067: 1035: 453: 3420:"Estonia says Soviet occupation justifies it staying away from Moscow celebrations - Pravda.Ru" 2038:

Part of the incorporation of the Latvian SSR into the Soviet Union was the introduction of the

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occupying a large portion of Latvian territory from 1941 to 1944/1945, before the Soviet Union

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Headquarters (латвийский штаб партизанского движения) in Moscow. Their Latvian commander was

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Latvian stationery issued to commemorate the restoration of independence of the Republic of

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In April 1959, a fact-finding delegation from Soviet Central Committee visited Riga. During

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During the first post-war years, Moscow's control was enforced by the Special Bureau of

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After the German surrender, it became clear that Soviet forces were there to stay, and

1325: 1291: 1238: 1088: 1075: 563: 377: 3423: 2455: 1298:. By the end of 1941, almost the entire Jewish population was killed or placed in the 5757: 5708: 5542: 5383: 5031: 4540: 4530: 4525: 3701: 3458: 2241: 2185: 2120: 2048: 1820: 1641: 1520: 1470: 1294:(which alone killed around 26,000 Jews) and the 2,000 or more Latvian members of the 1272: 1268: 927: 734: 408: 391: 381: 358: 347: 2626:(The Occupation and Annexation of Latvia: 1939–1940. Documents and Materials.) 1981:

percent of all Latvian residents confirmed their strong support for independence on

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In early 1941 the Soviet central government began planning the mass deportation of

1039: 887: 883: 861: 647: 599: 465: 296: 247: 3621: 3876: 3288:, "Опубликованы расчеты СССР с прибалтийскими республиками" 9 октября 2012, 14:56 2244:

was legitimate and that the Soviet Union liberated the countries from the Nazis.

229: 5471: 4570: 3789: 3673: 3646: 2582: 2372: 2211: 2042:

into all spheres of public life. Russian became a prerequisite for admission to

1902: 1855: 1714: 1511: 1242: 1000: 477: 330: 315: 3704:, illustrating changes in the population of Latvia over the last hundred years. 3581: 1290:), as well as by Latvian collaborators, including the 500–1,500 members of the 3846: 2228:

petitioned accordingly. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the requests.

2100: 2060: 2056: 1859: 1811: 1738:

Soviet stamp in honour of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution, 1967

1299: 1287: 1246: 1155: 1143: 1043: 320: 5739: 5726: 3582:"Старые газеты: Библиотека: Пропагандист и агитатор РККА: №20, октябрь 1939г" 3129: 2603:

The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by David J. Smith, Page 24,

2405:

Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Gerard Pieter van den Berg; William B. Simons (1985).

1632: 5461: 5324: 2954: 2124: 2096: 2083: 2068: 2032: 1991: 1948: 1862:

became widespread. Consumer goods shortages were a norm. Latvians turned to

1629: 1400:

Latvia lost some 20% of its population during World War II. In 1944 part of

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continued to advocate the cause of Latvia's freedom for the next 50 years.

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The decision to restore diplomatic relations took effect on 29 August 1991

2939:(in Latvian, English, and Russian). Riga: Latvijas Valsts arhīvs; Nordik. 17: 2220: 1898: 1863: 1397:, Latvian Legion units fought battles against Latvians of the Red Army. 1394: 1333: 1183: 876: 871:

took place in June and August 1939, according to the agreed terms of the

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Latvijas okupācija un aneksija 1939–1940: Dokumenti un materiāli.

2563:"The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey" 1578:

In 1958 Soviet education law made learning national languages optional.

1390:, which allowed some 130,000 Latvians to escape to Sweden and Germany. 5507: 5466: 3739:

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars/Ministers of Latvian SSR

2210:

Up to the reassessment of Soviet history in the USSR that began during

1995: 1844: 1194:

as unreliable elements. Some 600 Latvian officers were arrested in the

1179: 1146:, 1940. Posters in Russian say: "We demand full accession to the USSR!" 938: 372: 352: 1621:

From 1959 to 1962, leading Latvian national communists were purged as

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and anyone that could claim to be one emigrated to the German Reich.

822: 797: 784: 651: 3390:"The Occupation of Latvia: Aspects of History and International Law" 3311:"Soviet occupation cost Latvian economy €185 billion, says research" 1079:

Poster of the Latvian SSR Supreme Soviet Election on 12 January 1941

3437:

European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States

2107:

houses. Larger apartments were subdivided, creating communal ones.

260:

Internationally unrecognized territory occupied by the Soviet Union

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were created through a forced mobilization and made a part of the

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moved into Latvia, effectively annexing it into the Soviet Union.

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virtually ceased to exist. Secretive objects were built like the

1850:

An ideological model of "live and let live" came into place. The

2000: 1897:

began the introduction of the political and economic reforms of

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provided an opportunity for Latvia to restore its independence.

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I.Grava-Kreituse, I.Feldmanis, J.Goldmanis, A.Stranga. (1995).

27:

Constituent republic of the Soviet Union (1940–1941; 1944–1990)

2256: 2020: 1662: 1649: 1264: 38: 1913:, was allowed greater autonomy, and in 1988 the old national 1404:, about 2% of Latvia's territory, was illegally ceded to the 3622:

Russia and the Baltic States: Not a Case of "Flawed" History

1958:

On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia

1823:

was also influenced by the fact that Riga was the HQ of the

3530:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania" 3480:"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania" 2984:"Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center Online" 2449:"U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" 1063:

The National Theater housed the People's Parliament in 1940

65:

Vast portions of this page lack sufficient or any sources.

3459:

U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship

2240:

and officials maintain that the Soviet annexation of the

2134:

By the mid-1980s, in addition to 350,000 soldiers of the

1424:"Books for the Masses!" Bilingual propaganda poster, 1945 1154:

from the occupied Baltic states. In preparation, General

2896:

Misiunas, Romuald J.; Taagepera, Rein (1 January 1983).

2362:

at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia

1827:, with active and retired Soviet officers moving there. 1186:, and NGO leaders, even philatelists and enthusiasts of 1465:") were deported to Siberia and northern Kazakhstan in 937:

On 24 September 1939, the USSR entered the airspace of

3040:"The Rise and Fall of the Latvian National Communists" 2730:

The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania p.19

1271:

populations began, with many killings taking place in

2375:. Estonian Embassy in Washington. 22 September 2008. 1461:

On 25 March 1949, 43,000 primarily rural residents ("

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Latvia turns to EU for help in resolving oil impasse

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Soviet stamp celebrating 40 years of the Latvian SSR

1346:

Occupation of Latvia by Soviet Union 1944–1945

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Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia

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Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia

1956:

On 4 May 1990, the Council passed the declaration "

1014:Some Latvian diplomats stayed in the West, and the 999:convened on 21 July to declare the creation of the 818: 745: 730: 713: 700: 690: 678: 665: 644: 630: 617: 595: 585: 569: 557: 543: 527: 513: 499: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 421: 387: 371: 343: 295: 277: 267: 255: 102: 3247: 2807: 2373:"22 September 1944 from one occupation to another" 3250:The Baltic States, years of dependence, 1940–1990 3182:"Par Latvijas Republikas neatkarības atjaunošanu" 2899:The Baltic States, Years of Dependence, 1940-1980 3562:The Forty-Third Session of the UN Sub-Commission 2356:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2338:. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 2151:Riga Higher Military Aviation Engineering School 1617:Salaspils police prison memorial, opened in 1967 128:Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика 2838:. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949. 1893:In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet leader 980:became the only legal Party and presented the " 223:Anthem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 3229:Latvia declared independence on 21 August 1991 2630:(in Latvian). pp. 348–350. Archived from 2490:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63. 1229:German soldiers greeted in Riga on 1 July 1941 5869:States and territories disestablished in 1991 5292: 5058: 4488: 3892: 3805: 3723: 3246:Misiunas, Romuald J.; Rein Taagepera (1993). 2173:The governments of the Baltic countries, the 1628:In 1961, Pelše officially banned the Latvian 1221:Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45 126: 111: 8: 3534:Official Journal of the European Communities 3484:Official Journal of the European Communities 3065:Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis (7 March 2013). 2644:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1874:and even Poetry Days became hugely popular. 1786:Monument to the Red Latvian Riflemen in Riga 246:Location of annexed Latvia (red) within the 4623:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991 3254:. University of California Press. pp. 2873:Attitudes of the Major Soviet Nationalities 1952:Flag of the Republic of Latvia (since 1990) 1679:promotes the subject in a subjective manner 1122:who were arrested in July 1940. The Soviet 5864:States and territories established in 1940 5839:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 5299: 5285: 5277: 5085: 5065: 5051: 5043: 4878: 4812: 4702: 4656: 4495: 4481: 4473: 3899: 3885: 3877: 3812: 3798: 3790: 3730: 3716: 3708: 3448:UNITED NATIONS Human Rights Council Report 3300:, AP WorldStream Tuesday, 4 February 2003. 2232:Current position of the Russian government 1506:Communists who had survived the so-called 869:Soviet occupation and annexation of Latvia 240: 99: 3702:"Ethnic structure of Latvia" at lettia.lv 3214:. Embassy of Finland, Riga. 9 July 2008. 2966: 2964: 2484:Lauterpacht, E.; C. J. Greenwood (1967). 1701:Learn how and when to remove this message 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 5443:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 1909:. The Latvian SSR, along with the other 1442:, who hid from authorities until 1995. 1263:authority, a process of eliminating the 1071:Demonstration in Riga on 7 November 1940 943:Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty 901:Soviet instability in the 1980s and the 692:• Declaration of state sovereignty 201:Visu zemju proletārieši, savienojieties! 113:Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika 5834:1940 establishments in the Soviet Union 3528:European Parliament (13 January 1983). 3478:European Parliament (13 January 1983). 3341:"Latvija — Padomju Savienības karabāze" 2814:. Princeton Junction: Cognition Books. 2660:Kenneth Christie; Robert Cribb (2002). 2389:For Estonia, World War II did not end, 2297: 1728: 1382:In the middle of 1944, when the Soviet 951:Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty 5547:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3388:Feldmanis, Inesis (15 December 2015). 2810:Latvia in the Wars of the 20th century 2637: 2349: 2145:Military training was provided by the 1713:In 1962, Riga began receiving Russian 1454:). Some escaped arrest and joined the 1103:, started writing poems about Stalin. 715:• Independence recognized by the 5513:1949 East German State Railway strike 5485:World Federation of Democratic Youth 4586:Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940) 3680:from the original on 12 December 2016 3394:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia 3321:from the original on 23 November 2018 3110:The Slavonic and East European Review 2877:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2567:European Journal of International Law 2504:from the original on 10 February 2023 2425:from the original on 10 February 2023 2306:"History of Latvia: A brief synopsis" 2169:State continuity of the Baltic states 2147:Riga Higher Military Political School 1968:even though its sovereignty had been 1469:, which was implemented in all three 1362:Soviet soldiers in Riga, October 1944 1259:Immediately after the installment of 1160:People's Commissar of Public Security 712: 699: 689: 677: 664: 643: 629: 616: 612: 568: 556: 552: 542: 526: 512: 508: 498: 482: 470: 458: 446: 434: 430: 420: 7: 5384:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 4566:The First Latvian National Awakening 3212:"History - Embassy of Finland, Riga" 2875:, Center for International Studies, 1719:Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station 1213:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany 949:accepted the ultimatum, signing the 3647:"Russia denies Baltic 'occupation'" 3192:from the original on 23 August 2024 3162:from the original on 23 August 2024 3085:from the original on 23 August 2024 3046:from the original on 23 August 2024 2916:from the original on 23 August 2024 2804:"VIII. September 1939 to June 1941" 2680:from the original on 23 August 2024 2579:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035821 2316:from the original on 23 August 2024 1676:This article contains wording that 1523:was initiated, limiting the use of 1278:The killings were committed by the 1142:Soviet propaganda demonstration in 974:election of the People's Parliament 919:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 882:The territory changed hands during 5606:Sovietization of the Baltic states 3674:"Bush denounces Soviet domination" 3351:from the original on 21 April 2021 3138:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.96.2.0244 3122:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.96.2.0244 2902:. University of California Press. 1810:Soviet nomenklatura sanatorium in 1681:without imparting real information 1085:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1009:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 25: 5764:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 5477:World Federation of Trade Unions 3653:from the original on 20 June 2017 3592:from the original on 3 March 2016 3540:from the original on 28 June 2011 3490:from the original on 28 June 2011 3400:from the original on 8 April 2016 2379:from the original on 30 June 2018 2200:Soviet sources before Perestroika 1978:unsuccessfully tried to overthrow 915:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic 864:between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. 832:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 717:State Council of the Soviet Union 104:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 34:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic 5829:1991 disestablishments in Latvia 5694:January 1991 events in Lithuania 5352:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 4641: 3865: 3778: 3218:from the original on 11 May 2011 3152:"Latvija 1969–1978 - LV portāls" 3068:Latvia: The Challenges of Change 2937:Aizvestie: 1941. gada 14. jūnijā 1803: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1667: 1162:of the Soviet Union, signed the 986:Social Democratic Workers' Party 802: 777: 227: 178: 162: 43: 5784:Occupation of the Baltic states 5418:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 4606:Soviet deportations from Latvia 3672:BBC News: Europe (7 May 2005). 3645:BBC News: Europe (5 May 2005). 2666:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 83. 2251: 2163:Occupation of the Baltic states 1883:National reawakening, 1985–1990 1340:Stalinism re-imposed, 1945–1953 1099:, began, while others, such as 1087:in January 1941. The remaining 903:dissolution of the Soviet Union 896:occupation of the Baltic states 2447:Fried, Daniel (14 June 2007). 2216:Government of the Soviet Union 2175:European Court of Human Rights 2123:. The small coastal nation of 1536:National Communists, 1953–1959 212:"Workers of the world, unite!" 1: 5824:1940 establishments in Latvia 5779:Republics of the Soviet Union 5699:January 1991 events in Latvia 5689:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 5438:Socialist Republic of Romania 5413:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5405:People's Republic of Albania 5374:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5074:Republics of the Soviet Union 3821:Latvian SSR First Secretaries 3315:Public Broadcasting of Latvia 2973:The Holocaust in Latvia, 1996 2848:Ferdinand Feldbrugge (1985). 2792:Misiunas & Taagepera, p26 2540:, B6-0215/2007, 21 May 2007; 2287:Republics of the Soviet Union 1721:began producing electricity. 1378:Song and Dance festival, 1955 1050:Era of Kalnbērziņš, 1940–1959 982:Latvian Working People's Bloc 894:in 1944 and 1945. The Soviet 5684:Collapse of the Soviet Union 5674:Fall of communism in Albania 5265:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 3021:, Fordham Univ Press, 2006, 2935:Elmārs Pelkaus, ed. (2001). 2802:Mangulis, Visvaldis (1983). 2707:: Crimes, Terror, Repression 2658:nearly 650,000 according to 1944:envelope without face value 1798:The abandoned House of Press 1332:to help Germany against the 1249:board in Latvia, summer 1941 646:• Illegally annexed by 5844:Political history of Latvia 5789:Soviet military occupations 5659:End of communism in Hungary 5428:Hungarian People's Republic 2748:Political parties of Europe 2551:. Retrieved 1 January 2010. 2115:moved to larger townships: 2075:of the Soviet authorities. 1922:Collapse of the Soviet rule 1870:, the historic comedies of 1648:of Soviet Latvia. Latvia's 1508:1937–38 "Latvian Operation" 955:Soviet occupation of Latvia 680:• Soviet re-occupation 63:. The specific problem is: 5885: 5854:Former socialist republics 5423:German Democratic Republic 4596:by the Soviet Union (1944) 2850:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law 2472:occupation of their lands. 2408:Encyclopedia of Soviet law 2226:Supreme Soviet of the USSR 2203: 2166: 2160: 1925: 1886: 1609:Gauja portable radio, 1961 1539: 1498:Central Committee, led by 1430:Latvian national partisans 1343: 1210: 1055:The Horrible Year, 1940–41 1016:Latvian Diplomatic Service 912: 59:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 31: 5611:Information dissemination 5538:1956 Hungarian Revolution 5528:1953 East German uprising 5314: 5011: 4881: 4815: 4705: 4659: 4639: 4342: 3919: 3863: 3827: 3776: 3745: 3611:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3514:29 September 2018 at the 3093:– via Google Books. 2924:– via Google Books. 2773:20 September 2020 at the 2561:Dehousse, Renaud (1993). 2532:29 September 2018 at the 2487:International Law Reports 1566:They were opposed by the 1546:During the short rule of 1315:Latvian Partisan Movement 1023:Communist Party of Latvia 978:Communist Party of Latvia 756: 726: 613: 581: 559:• 1940–1959 (first) 553: 539: 515:• 1940–1952 (first) 509: 495: 431: 239: 217: 196: 158: 147: 127: 112: 5596:Emigration and defection 5433:Polish People's Republic 4710:Administrative divisions 3464:17 November 2017 at the 3104:Loader, Michael (2018). 2750:, Greenwood Press, p450 2746:Vincent E McHale (1983) 2711:Harvard University Press 2136:Baltic Military District 2031:, and the bulk-oil port 1825:Baltic Military District 1654:Rīgas Vagonbūves Rūpnīca 1573:Baltic Military District 1559:. This group was led by 960:Soviet foreign minister 571:• 1988–1990 (last) 529:• 1988–1990 (last) 5654:Fall of the Berlin Wall 5580:1981 protests in Kosovo 5518:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 4735:Government institutions 3567:19 October 2015 at the 3284:6 November 2013 at the 2705:Black Book of Communism 2194:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1907:Popular Front of Latvia 1889:Popular Front of Latvia 1601:Era of Pelše, 1959–1966 1412:to the local Soviets. 1307:Latvian Central Council 1217:The Holocaust in Latvia 1207:World War II, 1941–1945 873:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5859:20th century in Latvia 3016:23 August 2024 at the 3011:Latvia in World War II 2852:. Brill. p. 460. 2411:. Brill. p. 461. 2129:Irbene radio telescope 2091: 2019:) and electrotechnic ( 1953: 1945: 1878:Era of Pugo, 1984–1988 1774:The iconic RAF minibus 1725:Era of Voss, 1966–1984 1618: 1610: 1425: 1379: 1371: 1363: 1250: 1230: 1147: 1095:of some authors, like 1080: 1072: 1064: 1005:Constitution of Latvia 934: 932:Joachim von Ribbentrop 415:parliamentary republic 263:(1940–1941, 1944–1990) 5740:56.95806°N 24.10250°E 5704:Breakup of Yugoslavia 4860:2008 financial crisis 3426:on 29 September 2007. 2206:Soviet historiography 2086: 1990:. Latvia, as well as 1966:still legally existed 1951: 1935: 1616: 1608: 1423: 1377: 1370:VEF palace of culture 1369: 1361: 1236: 1228: 1190:were included in the 1141: 1128:White Russian émigrés 1126:arrested most of the 1078: 1070: 1062: 926: 858:constituent republics 704:Independence restored 278:Common languages 5849:Former client states 5552:1970 Polish protests 5533:1956 Poznań protests 5398:Soviet-allied states 3627:26 June 2008 at the 2585:on 27 September 2007 2182:Human Rights Council 2157:International status 2079:Soviet army presence 1762:A train built in RVR 1658:Riga Autobus Factory 1625:enforced his power. 1446:Deportations of 1949 1152:anti-Soviet elements 1134:14 June deportations 576:Vilnis Edvīns Bresis 521:Augusts Kirhenšteins 70:improve this article 5769:Communism in Latvia 5736: / 5669:Romanian revolution 5642:Revolutions of 1989 5523:1953 Plzeň uprising 5234:Non-union republics 5224:Transcaucasian SFSR 4911:Illegal immigration 4794:Statistical regions 4581:War of Independence 4536:Corded Ware culture 2836:The Story of Latvia 2634:on 6 November 2008. 2547:19 May 2015 at the 2538:European Parliament 1988:Soviet coup attempt 1384:Operation Bagration 1176:special settlements 1170:— were deported to 997:People's Parliament 682:SSR re-established 534:Anatolijs Gorbunovs 5745:56.95806; 24.10250 5679:Singing Revolution 5562:June 1976 protests 5347:Soviet occupations 5218:Karelo-Finnish SSR 4850:Telecommunications 4835:Latvian euro coins 4546:Kingdom of Livonia 3008:Valdis O. Lumans, 2990:on 10 January 2007 2238:Russian government 2219:limited number of 2092: 1954: 1946: 1619: 1611: 1426: 1416:Guerrilla movement 1380: 1372: 1364: 1286:, and Marines (in 1251: 1237:"Two Worlds" – an 1231: 1164:Serov Instructions 1148: 1081: 1073: 1065: 995:The newly elected 962:Vyacheslav Molotov 935: 545:Head of government 404:socialist republic 297:Ethnic groups 5719: 5718: 5664:Velvet Revolution 5626:Telephone tapping 5600:list of defectors 5389:Tito–Stalin split 5274: 5273: 5206: 5205: 5040: 5039: 5007: 5006: 4868: 4867: 4802: 4801: 4769:Political parties 4725:Foreign relations 4692: 4691: 4633:Post independence 4616:Latvian partisans 4470: 4469: 3874: 3873: 3832:Jānis Kalnbērziņš 3787: 3786: 3635:(Homeland) party. 3571:at Google Scholar 3317:. 18 April 2016. 3265:978-0-520-08228-1 3027:978-08-23-22627-6 2699:Stephane Courtois 2461:on 19 August 2012 2282:History of Latvia 2273: 2272: 2051:until the 1980s. 1895:Mikhail Gorbachev 1711: 1710: 1703: 1656:and minibuses by 1583:Nikita Khrushchev 1530:socialist realism 1490:Russian dominance 1118:, and Army Chief 1101:Jānis Sudrabkalns 1032:Jānis Kalnbērziņš 1028:First Secretaries 838:), also known as 828: 827: 814: 813: 810: 809: 790: 789: 621:Soviet occupation 485:• 1988–1990 473:• 1984–1988 461:• 1966–1984 449:• 1959–1966 442:Jānis Kalnbērziņš 437:• 1940–1959 232: 98: 97: 90: 61:quality standards 52:This article may 16:(Redirected from 5876: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5508:Goryani Movement 5488: 5480: 5446: 5408: 5342:Yalta Conference 5301: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5132:Former parts of 5108:Byelorussian SSR 5086: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5044: 5020: 4879: 4813: 4789: 4703: 4669:Cultural regions 4657: 4645: 4576:Latvian Riflemen 4497: 4490: 4483: 4474: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3642: 3636: 3619: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3578: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3525: 3519: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3475: 3469: 3456: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3422:. Archived from 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3347:. 17 July 2006. 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3253: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3225: 3223: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3030: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2986:. Archived from 2980: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2893: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2845: 2839: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2813: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2766:Gints Zelmenis, 2764: 2758: 2744: 2738: 2728: 2722: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2581:. Archived from 2558: 2552: 2542:passed 24.5.2007 2524: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2460: 2454:. Archived from 2453: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2302: 2252: 2044:higher education 2040:Russian language 1911:Baltic Republics 1872:Riga Film Studio 1834:While the early 1807: 1795: 1783: 1771: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1561:Eduards Berklavs 1477:Collectivization 1467:Operation Priboi 1313:units under the 1192:June deportation 1120:Krišjānis Berķis 1097:Aleksandrs Grīns 806: 805: 794: 793: 781: 780: 774: 773: 758: 757: 722:6 September 1991 523: 395:Marxist-Leninist 244: 234: 233: 213: 209: 182: 166: 138: 130: 129: 123: 115: 114: 100: 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 47: 46: 39: 21: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5819:1990s in Latvia 5814:1980s in Latvia 5809:1970s in Latvia 5804:1960s in Latvia 5799:1950s in Latvia 5794:1940s in Latvia 5754: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5630: 5584: 5571:Soviet reaction 5557:Croatian Spring 5501: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5450: 5444: 5406: 5393: 5379:Berlin Blockade 5330: 5329: 5310: 5305: 5275: 5270: 5229: 5202: 5168: 5133: 5127: 5077: 5071: 5041: 5036: 5023: 5016: 5003: 4930: 4921:Public holidays 4864: 4798: 4787: 4759:Law enforcement 4754:Language policy 4688: 4679:Protected areas 4646: 4637: 4591:by Nazi Germany 4561:Russian Livonia 4551:Swedish Livonia 4507: 4501: 4471: 4466: 4338: 3915: 3905: 3875: 3870: 3861: 3823: 3818: 3788: 3783: 3774: 3741: 3736: 3698: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3629:Wayback Machine 3620: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3569:Wayback Machine 3560: 3556: 3543: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3516:Wayback Machine 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3466:Wayback Machine 3457: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3286:Wayback Machine 3277: 3273: 3266: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3079: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3018:Wayback Machine 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2895: 2894: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2834:Švābe, Arvīds. 2833: 2829: 2822: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2775:Wayback Machine 2765: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2729: 2725: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2636: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2549:Wayback Machine 2534:Wayback Machine 2525: 2521: 2507: 2505: 2498: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2428: 2426: 2419: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2310:www2.mfa.gov.lv 2304: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2250: 2234: 2208: 2202: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2090:radio telescope 2081: 2025:food processing 2013: 1930: 1924: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1866:: the music of 1814: 1808: 1799: 1796: 1787: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1727: 1707: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1672: 1668: 1646:planned economy 1642:micro-districts 1603: 1568:Russian Latvian 1548:Lavrentiy Beria 1544: 1542:Khrushchev Thaw 1538: 1504:Russian Latvian 1492: 1479: 1456:Forest Brothers 1448: 1435:Forest brothers 1418: 1402:Abrene District 1388:Courland Pocket 1356: 1350:Forest Brothers 1344:Main articles: 1342: 1311:Soviet partisan 1280:Einsatzgruppe A 1223: 1211:Main articles: 1209: 1168:ethnic Russians 1136: 1114:, War Minister 1057: 1052: 921: 911: 803: 778: 719: 706: 693: 683: 681: 671: 669:Nazi occupation 658: 637: 623: 572: 560: 530: 519: 516: 486: 474: 462: 450: 438: 423:First Secretary 407: 380: 357: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 301: 262: 251: 235: 228: 225: 211: 210: 203: 192: 191: 190: 188: 183: 175: 174: 172: 167: 149: 143: 142: 141: 132: 117: 105: 94: 83: 77: 74: 67: 48: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5882: 5880: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5755: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5193:Lithuanian SSR 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5103:Azerbaijan SSR 5100: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4840:Stock Exchange 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4779:Prime Minister 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Polish Livonia 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4521:Ancient Latvia 4517: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: articles 4502: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914:(1918–present) 3906: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3857:Alfrēds Rubiks 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3696:External links 3694: 3692: 3691: 3664: 3637: 3614: 3603: 3573: 3554: 3520: 3501: 3470: 3451: 3440: 3429: 3411: 3380: 3362: 3332: 3302: 3290: 3271: 3264: 3238: 3203: 3173: 3143: 3116:(2): 244–282. 3096: 3077: 3057: 3031: 3001: 2975: 2971:Ezergailis, A. 2960: 2945: 2927: 2908: 2881: 2865: 2858: 2840: 2827: 2820: 2794: 2785: 2783:, 14 July 2015 2780:Latvijas Avīze 2759: 2739: 2723: 2691: 2672: 2651: 2612: 2596: 2553: 2519: 2496: 2476: 2439: 2417: 2397: 2364: 2327: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2233: 2230: 2201: 2198: 2190:European Union 2179:United Nations 2161:Main article: 2158: 2155: 2080: 2077: 2012: 2009: 2005:European Union 1972:lost in 1940. 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1915:flag of Latvia 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1868:Raimonds Pauls 1816: 1815: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1709: 1708: 1675: 1673: 1666: 1602: 1599: 1557:state language 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1500:Mikhail Suslov 1491: 1488: 1478: 1475: 1447: 1444: 1417: 1414: 1341: 1338: 1326:Latvian Legion 1319:Arturs Sproģis 1309:and the armed 1292:Arajs Commando 1239:anti-communist 1208: 1205: 1135: 1132: 1112:Kārlis Ulmanis 1089:Baltic Germans 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 947:Kārlis Ulmanis 910: 909:Creation, 1940 907: 892:re-occupied it 826: 825: 820: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 800: 791: 788: 787: 782: 770: 769: 764: 754: 753: 747: 743: 742: 732: 728: 727: 724: 723: 720: 714: 711: 710: 707: 701: 698: 697: 694: 691: 688: 687: 684: 679: 676: 675: 672: 666: 663: 662: 659: 645: 642: 641: 638: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 597: 596:Historical era 593: 592: 590:Supreme Soviet 587: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 570: 567: 566: 561: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 541: 540: 537: 536: 531: 528: 525: 524: 517: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 492: 487: 484: 481: 480: 475: 472: 469: 468: 463: 460: 457: 456: 451: 448: 445: 444: 439: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 389: 385: 384: 375: 369: 368: 345: 341: 340: 302: 299: 293: 292: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 257: 253: 252: 245: 237: 236: 226: 215: 214: 194: 193: 184: 177: 176: 168: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150:1941–1944/45: 145: 144: 140: 139: 124: 108: 107: 106: 103: 96: 95: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5881: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5749: 5710: 5709:Yugoslav Wars 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5543:Prague Spring 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455:Organizations 5453: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Baltic states 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5198:Moldavian SSR 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5123:Ukrainian SSR 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969:Latvian names 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:Ethnic groups 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4611:Guerrilla war 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4541:Terra Mariana 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4531:Narva culture 4529: 4527: 4526:Kunda culture 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 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