764:
designed based on the most modern regulatory principles. The regulatory approach was based on the assumption that the era of traditional expendable launch vehicles would be brief and that before long, new, different designs would emerge; this was not a view held by the traditional space community. This turned out to be true, more than OCST had envisioned. The first Office of
Commercial Space Transportation regulatory action was a precedent setting payload approval of "cremains", which consisted of human cremated remains enclosed in lipstick style capsules. Within the first 8 years, 30 licensed launches would occur (31 if one includes Starstruck) and an innovative aircraft launched vehicle would be licensed and a re-entry vehicle approval action would be well underway. A review of Hawaii's Palima Point as a prospective spaceport location had been completed (although political factors had caused the state to drop its proposal) and two other states had approached OCST with prospective proposals. The concept that the license process had to look forward to new concepts had been validated.
751:
arrangement whereby the
Department of State would agree to delegate to DOT the authority to use the ITAR "export license" insofar as it related to licensing commercial space launches. The DOS letter agreeing to this transfer also stated that the Department of State felt uncomfortable with the use of the "export license" as a means to control commercial launches, and that it believed that a legal authority specifically designed for commercial space launches was preferable. This letter from the State Department to the Secretary of Transportation persuaded the Reagan administration to change its position regarding the need for legislation, and paved the way for passage of the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984.
1056:(SSP) can come in many forms, and generally involves "Top-Down" analyses (such as Fault Trees), "Bottom-Up" analyses (such as a Hazard Analysis or Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA)), and various other analyses as required (Fishbone). Rocket systems, failure modes, external hazards, and everything else are analyzed with an eye towards public safety. From these systematic analyses, mitigation measures - or actions taken to reduce the risk - are developed. Just as in the quantitative analysis, these mitigation measures become GO/NO GO criteria on the day of launch. AST will generally require verification (evidence of an operator using mitigation measures) for every safety-critical system on the vehicle.
738:
Transportation to be the lead agency. At the time, Congress and the industry supported the
Department of Commerce for the lead role, and draft legislation named the Department of Commerce as the agency responsible for the new industry. However, it was the Administration's call, and, moreover, the Administration contended that no legislation was necessary. However, the Department of Transportation was selected for this role only after agreeing that it would not place the lead agency role in the Federal Aviation Administration due to concerns about FAA's "heavy-handed" regulation. Secretary of Transportation
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784:. Previous studies had demonstrated that the public safety risks from commercial space launches were exceptionally low. The low risks argued for a larger industry role in its own regulation. The first 10 years was an era of light touch, and enlightened regulation that would end with the transfer of OCST from the Office of the Secretary of Transportation to the Federal Aviation Administration. By 2017, SpaceX would accuse OCST and FAA of regulatory overreach.
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relatively small rockets. In all cases, the assumptions in the calculation become the limits on the day of launch. For example, if a vehicle is analyzed for malfunction turn due to thrust offset, and the assumed wind in the model is 30 knots (56 km/h), then one of the GO/NO GO criteria on the day of launch will be a <30 knot wind. For AST, as it is with most government agencies, Unknown = No.
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resiliency of the nation's space operations. ... The purpose of this
National Spaceport Network Development Plan is to provide the information needed to assist in the development of a network of spaceports in the U.S. that would support civil, commercial, and national security requirements for access to space.
777:
industry. Burt Rutan informed Lee-Myers and Bowles that he knew nothing about space, and was not entertaining any thoughts of going into the space launch business. Less than 10 years later, his vehicle SpaceShipOne would win the Ansari XPrize as the first privately crewed vehicle to fly into outer space.
763:
Interim regulations implementing the
Commercial Space Launch Act were issued within a year of the Act's passage and final regulations were issued a year later. The licensing framework created at that time was modular and designed to handle any type of space vehicle or spacecraft. At the time it was
750:
Specifically, SSI's launch had been declared by the US government to be an "export" into space, thereby requiring an "export license" from the
Department of State's Office of Munitions Control. The Administration continued to oppose legislation, however, the Department Of Transportation negotiated an
1734:
The development of a
National Spaceport Network, consisting of current and prospective commercial spaceports, government-owned-and-operated launch & landing sites, and privately-owned-and-operated launch & landing sites, offers an opportunity to increase the safety, capacity, efficiency, and
824:
requires that rocket manufacturers and launchers adhere to specific regulations to carry insurance and protect the safety of people and property that may be affected by a flight. The office also regulates launch sites, publishes quarterly launch forecasts, and holds annual conferences with the space
776:
As part of an effort to ensure OCST maintained a light regulatory touch, in 1991 OCST Director
Stephanie Lee-Myers and associate director for Licensing and Safety, Norman Bowles met with Burt Rutan, pre-eminent air plane designer to get his views on how to avoid over-regulating the commercial launch
754:
The first 10 years of OCST were marked by major challenges—and most of these challenges fell into either the policy or regulatory arena. Accordingly, the Office of
Commercial Space Transportation was divided into two major functions, policy formulation and shuttle pricing strategy, headed by Donald
1048:
Certain rockets are hard to quantify in an analysis. Newer vehicles especially do not have the history required to demonstrate reliability, and thus the uncertainty in quantitative analyses can be substantial. In all cases, but especially in cases where quantitative uncertainty is at a maximum, AST
1064:
In addition to all the operating restrictions developed in the quantitative analyses and system safety processes, AST requires other restrictions be followed. These are described in the Code of
Federal Regulations. An example of an operating restriction is a Collision Avoidance Analysis (COLA) for
954:
are authorizations given to reusable rockets to fly in a specific area, called the "Operating Area." This authorization is optional, but it is easier to obtain than a license. It is easier because unlike a license, an experimental permit does not require an Expected Casualty analysis, nor a full
759:
was stuck in the Department of State's export licensing process. Commercial launch firms were being undercut by NASA's shuttle pricing policy. Launch companies discovered that insurance rates that NASA and the US Air Force were setting were impossible to meet. Then launch companies confronted
1088:
For example, in June 2020, the Office of Spaceports, a subordinate section of OCST, developed a set of space launch infrastructure recommendations in a National Spaceport Network Development Plan to provide information for the development of a network of spaceports in the US that would involve
1039:
A calculation of risk takes into account various failure modes of the rocket, various locations of the people, various shelters in which they reside, and various manners in which they can be hurt (direct impact, blast overpressure, toxic cloud, etc.). The calculation is very involved, even for
772:
or assessments that permitted the categorical exclusion of commercial space launches. Before the first re-entry vehicle it had completed an environmental study of re-entry vehicle operation. OCST's Launch Hazard Analysis report issued in 1988 had even studied the risks of reentering vehicle
737:
With the signing of Executive Order 12465 on February 25, 1984, President Reagan designated the Department of Transportation to be the lead agency for commercial expendable launch vehicles. This selection occurred following an interagency competition between the Departments of Commerce and
760:
problems with trying to use the government launch facilities. Over the course of several years, these issues emerged and were quickly resolved. OCST established its reputation within the space community that it could create the hospitable path the industry needed to grow and flourish.
863:
regulate the commercial space transportation industry, only to the extent necessary to ensure compliance with international obligations of the United States and to protect the public health and safety, safety of property, and national security and foreign policy interest of the United
971:
encompasses all other commercial rockets, including anything non-amateur, orbital, or large expendable launch vehicles (ELVs). Examples of licensed rockets would include all Atlas, Delta, and Titan rockets. These rockets are subject to the US Code of Federal Regulations
745:
At the time the Executive Order was signed, the government's means for controlling commercial launches was through a unique application of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). The use of ITAR was in response to a 1982 proposed private rocket launch by
1541:
773:
components to the public safety, paving the way for subsequent reentry vehicle proposals. Proactively, it approached the National Transportation Safety Board to ensure NTSBs investigators would be prepared in advance of an incident or accident.
767:
Between 1984 and 1992 the OCST regulatory program had taken an aggressive approach to building a program that anticipated future issues and had taken actions to reduce or eliminate future stumbling blocks. From the very beginning it prepared
852:, which is a research and development agency of the U.S. Federal Government, and as such neither operates nor regulates the commercial space transportation industry. The regulatory responsibility for the industry has been assigned to the
2293:
923:
An amateur rocket has a total impulse of 200,000 lb-s or less, and cannot reach an altitude of 150 km above sea level. If a rocket exceeds these capabilities (or if it has a person on board), it is considered licensable.
955:
System Safety Process. However, the permit is also more limited. Among other things, a permitted rocket cannot be used to carry people or things for compensation. Examples of permitted rockets include all participants in the
563:
807:
in recent years—licensing 33 to 44 launches in 2019 vs. "single-digit number of launches annually" in earlier years, and anticipating up to 50 launches in 2021 with a projected ten-fold workload increase ten-fold from 2012.
2894:
973:
1032:("Eee-sub-cee") is shorthand for Expected Casualty – a calculation of the probability of casualty to any and all groups of people within the maximum dispersion of the vehicle. In the simplest case, a rocket will have
2811:
1533:
787:
Early in the Clinton administration, the office was transferred to the Federal Aviation Administration in 1995 during the tenure of OCST Director Frank Weaver. After Frank Weaver, the office was headed by
2373:
1991:
1036:, which means that there are no people or property located within the maximum range of the vehicle. Most rockets, however, cannot achieve containment, and must be regulated using a risk-based approach.
546:
2865:
915:
For a vehicle to legally be considered a rocket, its "thrust must be greater than lift for the majority of powered flight". Commercial rockets fall into two basic categories: Amateur and Licensed.
689:
3622:
3583:
1725:
2983:
1572:
1883:
742:
selected Jennifer Dorn to oversee the new responsibility. The Office of Commercial Space Transportation (OCST) was established in late 1984, and placed in the Office of the Secretary.
524:
3588:
2806:
2580:
3568:
1806:
945:
require approval to enter National Airspace. More advanced information about the rocket (such as the dynamic stability profile) and operations is required to obtain this approval.
1838:
927:
Amateur rockets come in 3 classes, and the regulations applied to each class increase as you move up through the classes. The following list describes the general regulations.
3218:
3438:
2756:
2933:
2899:
2298:
1493:
2663:
825:
launch industry. The office is headed by the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST), who is currently Kelvin Coleman. They are located in
682:
3563:
2328:
1897:
996:
Launch sites, in addition to the launch vehicles that operate there, must also receive authorization from AST. The launch site regulations are contained in Part 420.
1312:
541:
3007:
2845:
2718:
2456:
2136:
1921:
3731:
3634:
3526:
2945:
2850:
820:, the nationality of the launch operator and the location of the launch determines which country is responsible for any damage that occurs. Due to this, the
2385:
2347:
2177:
948:
Once a rocket exceeds amateur rocket criteria, it is considered "Licensed," which means it requires either a License or Experimental Permit in order to fly.
675:
3573:
3276:
2532:
2407:
2323:
2206:
907:
The primary responsibility of OCST has been to regulate non-government space launches in the United States. As of 2020, this remains their largest focus.
31:
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3598:
2421:
2303:
1843:
1799:
830:
2146:
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1287:
939:
require approval to enter National Airspace. Information regarding the rocket and where it will be launched must be provided to obtain this approval.
3531:
2592:
2083:
1909:
3765:
3177:
988:
must be obtained from FAA/AST before any rocket in this category may be launched from any US territory or if launch is conducted by a U.S. citizen.
780:
In 1984, OCST had made its motto, "Blue skies; not red tape." By 1992, OCST had completed two studies that were beginning to explore the concept of
1387:
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1362:
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2141:
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856:, which is a regulatory agency. NASA does, however, often use launch satellites and spacecraft on vehicles developed by private companies.
586:
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1933:
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322:
1412:
803:
In August 2019, the office had 97 personnel assigned out of 108 positions authorized. The increase in commercial space launches and
3238:
2770:
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227:
212:
40:
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177:
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371:
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1308:
1731:(Report). Office of Spaceports, Office of Commercial Space Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 1 June 2020.
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162:
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3536:
3302:
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506:
356:
299:
1158:
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Trilling, and regulatory oversight, headed by Norman Bowles. The new industry was immediately confronting problems.
3086:
2160:
1106:
1065:
rockets operating above 150 km – to preclude collisions with crewed or crewable space structures (such as the
793:
234:
172:
1760:
2855:
2095:
2034:
636:
496:
294:
289:
70:
3510:
3189:
1996:
781:
726:
551:
461:
415:
197:
870:
recommend appropriate changes in Federal statutes, treaties, regulations, policies, plans, and procedures; and
3165:
3491:
3153:
3105:
2556:
1283:
334:
127:
1053:
3201:
3129:
2918:
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2131:
651:
202:
3233:
3264:
3117:
3062:
2995:
2840:
2119:
1967:
1878:
1866:
1383:
800:, the first privately developed crewed vehicle to reach space, was launched from this facility in 2004.
616:
222:
182:
134:
107:
1514:
1358:
1183:
980:
are exempted from this regulation. NASA's shuttle and military rockets, for example, do not require a
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3705:
3433:
3373:
3288:
3141:
3091:
2751:
2675:
2497:
2251:
1082:
933:
do not require approval to be launched, and are legal so long as they are launched in a safe manner.
756:
351:
327:
277:
873:
facilitate the strengthening and expansion of the United States space transportation infrastructure.
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2887:
2732:
2694:
2478:
2433:
2361:
804:
747:
466:
395:
112:
54:
3421:
3038:
2713:
2473:
1769:
1753:
1126:
1125:"AST" is the FAA routing symbol assigned to the Office of Commercial Space Transportation. See
817:
789:
611:
596:
217:
167:
2313:
1764:
722:
385:
249:
244:
1458:
1433:
1333:
1258:
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1712:
1408:
656:
472:
259:
207:
192:
139:
87:
1208:
3252:
2914:
1596:"FAA launch office, with mounting workload, prioritizing reorganization over expansion"
1484:"SpaceX president slams space regulations: 'It requires heroics' to make minor changes"
1434:"SpaceX president slams space regulations: 'It requires heroics' to make minor changes"
1233:
1004:
In general, when licensing launch operations, AST uses a 3-pronged approach to safety:
981:
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739:
478:
254:
239:
97:
92:
1705:
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317:
284:
144:
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The Office of Commercial Space Transportation takes on activities beyond their core
3593:
1634:
867:
encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches by the private sector;
797:
718:
661:
425:
405:
3743:
3717:
2823:
956:
601:
456:
432:
410:
264:
1784:
796:
in California to become the first inland commercial spaceport in the country.
1534:"Patti Grace Smith, government champion of commercial spaceflight, dies at 68"
729:" — in the case of a U.S. launch operator and/or a launch from the U.S.
626:
442:
437:
420:
17:
1677:
1085:
responsibility for all non-governmental space launches in the United States.
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3349:
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2241:
2229:
1600:
845:
450:
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launch operations — that is, any launches that are not classified as
1150:
1024:
AST will generally require that the operator perform what's known as an "E
1090:
984:. (They are required to meet NASA and Air Force regulations instead.) A
400:
2880:
2509:
390:
1049:
will require that the launch operator follow a System Safety Process.
706:(generally referred to as FAA/AST or simply AST) is the branch of the
49:
714:
641:
102:
3610:
3496:
1621:
Articles VI and VII of the 1967 United Nations Outer Space Treaty.
1565:"Patti Grace Smith, Champion of Private Space Travel, Dies at 68"
3074:
2816:
2342:
1979:
1488:
849:
65:
1788:
1209:"Part 1: The Office of Commercial Space Transportation–Pre FAA"
859:
According to its legal mandate, AST has the responsibility to:
840:
A map of all licensed spaceports in the US, as of February 2010
547:
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
792:
until 2008. Under her administration, the F.A.A. licensed the
1595:
1384:"Regulating Commercial Space Transportation: A New Frontier"
844:
AST is responsible for licensing private space vehicles and
835:
1639:
Commercial space launch activities: Findings and purposes
1774:
3643:
3519:
3477:
3335:
2913:
2795:
2788:
2601:
2518:
2442:
2274:
2215:
2199:
2192:
2067:
1953:
1946:
1852:
1829:
1822:
1706:
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-28703.pdf
1171:
AST = FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation
1259:"Transferring the Export-Launch License to DOT"
542:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1309:"The Hidden Side Effects of the Space Shuttle"
3732:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
1800:
1127:FAA Order 1100.87F - Routing Symbol Standards
683:
8:
1459:"Launch Hazards: Problems Getting Insurance"
1334:"Launch Hazards: Problems Getting Insurance"
1726:National Spaceport Network Development Plan
564:Department of State Office of Space Affairs
2792:
2196:
1950:
1826:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1184:"Giving FAA and J Lynn Helms the Bad News"
690:
676:
525:Department of Energy national laboratories
53:
48:
26:
1761:Office of Commercial Space Transportation
704:Office of Commercial Space Transportation
535:Office of Commercial Space Transportation
898:Policy and Innovation Division (ASZ-200)
848:within the US. This is in contrast with
1142:
1118:
886:Safety Authorization Division (ASA-100)
569:Office of Science and Technology Policy
61:
38:
1780:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
1575:from the original on December 14, 2016
1161:from the original on December 28, 2019
895:Business Operations Division (ASZ-100)
882:AST is organized into five divisions:
1715:Amateur Rocket Regulations Final Rule
7:
974:(14 C.F.R., Chapter III, §400-460).
943:Class 3—Advanced High-Power Rockets
892:Safety Assurance Division (ASA-300)
829:, and ultimately operate under the
713:(FAA) that approves any commercial
1775:Department of Transportation (DOT)
1359:"The Bumpy Path to the Launch Pad"
889:Safety Analysis Division (ASA-200)
347:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska
323:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
25:
1544:from the original on 22 June 2016
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3504:
3485:
3458:
3446:
3427:
3415:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2939:
2927:
2834:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2707:
2688:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2503:
2491:
2462:
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2427:
2415:
2391:
2379:
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2282:
2259:
2235:
2223:
2166:
2154:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1872:
1860:
1521:from the original on 2016-07-14.
3766:Federal Aviation Administration
1770:Federal Aviation Administration
1688:from the original on 2005-04-08
1594:Henry, Caleb (19 August 2019).
1532:Langer, Emily (June 10, 2016).
1496:from the original on 2017-11-16
1465:from the original on 2018-07-06
1440:from the original on 2018-07-06
1415:from the original on 2018-07-06
1390:from the original on 2018-07-06
1365:from the original on 2018-07-06
1340:from the original on 2018-07-06
1315:from the original on 2018-07-06
1290:from the original on 2018-07-06
1265:from the original on 2018-07-06
1240:from the original on 2018-07-06
1215:from the original on 2018-07-06
1190:from the original on 2018-07-06
1155:Federal Aviation Administration
854:Federal Aviation Administration
770:environmental impact statements
711:Federal Aviation Administration
557:Space Weather Prediction Center
530:Federal Aviation Administration
340:Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport
1651:Monteith, Wayne (April 2020).
1409:"Cremains–A New Use for Space"
502:National Reconnaissance Office
1:
1563:Roberts, Sam (June 7, 2016).
1816:Public-sector space agencies
1284:"Adventures with Starstruck"
1151:"Acronyms and Abbreviations"
831:Department of Transportation
157:Robotic spaceflight programs
794:Mojave Air & Space Port
507:United States Space Command
357:Vandenberg Space Force Base
123:International Space Station
41:United States space program
3787:
1107:Commercialization of space
937:Class 2—High-Power Rockets
82:Human spaceflight programs
3726:
986:Commercial Launch License
978:by and for the government
637:Sierra Nevada Corporation
581:Commercial space industry
497:United States Space Force
963:Licensed launch vehicles
782:industry self-regulation
552:Office of Space Commerce
228:Solar System Exploration
491:National security space
335:Wallops Flight Facility
3771:Commercial spaceflight
1060:Operating restrictions
1014:Operating Restrictions
992:Launch site operations
841:
652:United Launch Alliance
1054:System Safety Process
1044:System Safety Process
1020:Quantitative analysis
1010:System Safety Process
1006:Quantitative Analysis
976:. Launches that are
931:Class 1—Model Rockets
839:
725:, or "by and for the
372:Space launch vehicles
3738:Soviet space program
1000:General requirements
952:Experimental Permits
748:Space Services, Inc.
328:Kennedy Space Center
278:NASA Astronaut Corps
2888:Guiana Space Centre
1653:"AST Update Letter"
1234:"In the Beginning…"
467:Space Launch System
1711:2009-05-04 at the
1515:"About the Office"
842:
235:Planetary Observer
213:Planetary Missions
3753:
3752:
3473:
3472:
2784:
2783:
2188:
2187:
2070:and the Caribbean
1942:
1941:
1658:. pp. Page 2
982:license to launch
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29:
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19:
3742:Preceded by
3594:Intersputnik
3439:TĂśBÄ°TAK UZAY
2900:EUTELSAT IGO
2796:Pan-European
2757:TĂśBÄ°TAK UZAY
2216:Central Asia
2010:
1832:and pan-Arab
1733:
1732:
1720:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1680:Space Review
1679:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1646:
1638:
1635:§ 50901
1626:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1568:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
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1442:. Retrieved
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1178:
1170:
1163:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1121:
1089:commercial,
1087:
1080:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1028:Analysis." E
1023:
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930:
929:
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881:
878:Organization
858:
843:
815:
802:
798:SpaceShipOne
786:
779:
775:
766:
762:
753:
744:
736:
703:
701:
662:Virgin Orbit
534:
471:
449:
426:
406:Falcon Heavy
379:
114:
3744:Interkosmos
3718:Interkosmos
2824:Eurocontrol
2474:Antrix Corp
1830:Pan-African
1165:January 28,
1034:containment
957:X Prize Cup
602:Blue Origin
519:Civil space
457:New Shepard
411:LauncherOne
3760:Categories
3730:See also:
2443:South Asia
2047:USSPACECOM
1692:2005-04-26
1500:2017-11-16
1469:2017-11-16
1444:2017-11-16
1419:2017-11-16
1394:2017-11-16
1369:2017-11-16
1344:2017-11-16
1319:2018-07-07
1294:2017-11-16
1269:2017-11-16
1244:2017-11-16
1219:2017-11-16
1194:2017-11-16
1137:References
1083:regulatory
846:spaceports
757:Starstruck
727:government
627:Rocket Lab
312:Spaceports
3398:Roscosmos
3386:KazCosmos
3350:ArmCosmos
3051:DTU Space
3013:BIRA-IASB
2960:EU SatCen
2719:KACST-SRI
2616:ArmCosmos
2602:West Asia
2275:East Asia
2242:Roscosmos
2230:KazCosmos
2200:Pan-Asian
1662:2 January
1607:21 August
1601:SpaceNews
1097:funding.
805:reentries
451:New Glenn
218:Discovery
168:Explorers
3623:UNCOPUOS
2934:DG DEFIS
2895:EUMETSAT
1947:Americas
1853:National
1709:Archived
1686:Archived
1579:March 3,
1573:Archived
1542:Archived
1519:Archived
1494:Archived
1463:Archived
1438:Archived
1413:Archived
1388:Archived
1363:Archived
1338:Archived
1313:Archived
1288:Archived
1263:Archived
1238:Archived
1213:Archived
1188:Archived
1159:Archived
1101:See also
812:Overview
622:Raytheon
473:Starship
416:Minotaur
401:Falcon 9
396:Electron
250:Vanguard
245:Surveyor
113:Shuttle–
32:a series
30:Part of
3584:ISS MCB
3478:Oceania
3253:PTSPACE
3219:CBK PAN
2881:ESTRACK
2807:CENELEC
2510:SUPARCO
2457:SPARRSO
2294:SASTIND
2011:FAA/AST
1844:Arabsat
1763:in the
1548:24 June
1095:federal
1071:Shuttle
919:Amateur
864:States;
733:History
723:amateur
462:Pegasus
391:Atlas V
386:Antares
285:Mercury
260:Voyager
208:Pioneer
193:Mariner
140:Artemis
88:Mercury
3644:Former
3635:UNOOSA
3537:COSPAR
3008:BELSPO
2789:Europe
2581:GISTDA
2557:PhilSA
2422:SaTReC
2324:PLAASF
1992:NESDIS
1922:NASRDA
1839:RASCOM
1823:Africa
1633:
1093:, and
1012:, and
816:Under
715:rocket
642:SpaceX
607:Boeing
295:Apollo
290:Gemini
255:Viking
240:Ranger
103:Skylab
98:Apollo
93:Gemini
34:on the
3694:NASDA
3611:ITU-R
3599:ODCWG
3579:ISECG
3569:ICSMD
3527:CCSDS
3520:World
3497:CSIRO
3336:Other
3229:KRRiT
3214:POLSA
2984:BEREC
2946:EUSPA
2866:ECSAT
2861:ESRIN
2851:ESTEC
2775:MBRSC
2771:UAESA
2664:NEHSA
2652:IRIAF
2533:LAPAN
2329:CASIC
2318:CGWIC
2207:APSCO
2108:CONAE
1934:SANSA
1910:GSSTC
1898:ESSTI
1884:NARSS
1729:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1113:Notes
1091:state
719:model
587:Astra
380:Alpha
3670:KCST
3658:BNSC
3589:ITSO
3574:IMSO
3564:IADC
3542:IPDA
3532:CEOS
3511:NZSA
3465:UKSA
3453:SSAU
3408:VVKO
3362:MAKA
3327:SNSA
3277:INTA
3265:ROSA
3202:NOSA
3178:SRON
3075:CNES
3027:SRTI
2972:EASA
2917:and
2876:ESOC
2871:ESAC
2846:ECSS
2829:ECAC
2817:ETSI
2812:CEPT
2738:GORS
2700:NCSR
2681:ISRC
2640:NSSA
2628:MAKA
2593:VNSC
2569:SSTL
2545:MYSA
2484:NRSC
2469:ISRO
2434:TASA
2408:KASI
2403:KARI
2398:KASA
2386:NATA
2374:NICT
2348:ISAS
2343:JAXA
2309:CAST
2304:CALT
2299:CASC
2289:CNSA
2266:TNSA
2193:Asia
2178:IVIC
2173:ABAE
2142:INPE
2137:DCTA
2084:ALCE
2035:USSF
1980:NASA
1879:EgSA
1867:ASAL
1664:2021
1609:2019
1581:2017
1550:2016
1489:CNBC
1167:2020
850:NASA
702:The
265:X-37
66:NASA
3706:SSP
3682:NAL
3559:GSC
3554:GEO
3492:ASA
3434:TUA
3422:SSO
3403:SRI
3374:BSA
3315:AEE
3303:EAE
3289:AEC
3239:ULC
3234:ORO
3224:UKE
3190:NSO
3166:LSO
3154:LSA
3142:ASI
3130:HSO
3118:HSA
3106:DLR
3092:CdE
3087:AAE
3063:ESO
3039:CSO
2996:ALR
2919:EEA
2905:ESO
2856:EAC
2841:ESA
2803:CEN
2752:TUA
2733:SSA
2714:SSA
2695:ISA
2676:ISA
2498:DSA
2479:DoS
2362:JSS
2314:CCF
2247:SRI
2161:CCE
2147:ITA
2132:AEB
2120:ABE
2096:AEM
2059:NRO
2023:FCC
1997:OSC
1968:CSA
1073:).
1069:or
1067:ISS
647:SSL
427:III
173:GLS
163:CRS
115:Mir
3762::
2915:EU
2252:VK
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
