239:(c. 19 BC - c. AD 31) confirms that Livia was known as Augustus’ daughter: “Take for example Livia. She, the daughter of the brave and noble Drusus Claudianus, most eminent of Roman women in birth, in sincerity, and in beauty, she, whom we later saw as the wife of Augustus, and as his priestess and daughter after his deification.” Many scholars now believe that Philip renamed Bethsaida as Julias in honor of Livia (Julia) following her death in AD 29. This would also explain why the name Julias persisted for generations. Otherwise the name would have probably disappeared not long after the disgrace of Julia the Elder.
235:, the biological daughter of the emperor Augustus, concerning the renaming of Bethsaida as Julias. However, through his will, Augustus also officially adopted his wife Livia into the Julian family as his daughter, and gave her a new name, Julia. It is by her name Julia that Josephus always made reference to Livia, the emperor’s wife, even in his descriptions of events before Augustus’ death and deification in AD 14. The Roman historian
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in the region between the two planets during a similar
Jupiter / Saturn great conjunction. He suggested that perhaps a new star, a miraculous "stella nova," had possibly been associated with the conjunctions in 7/6 BC, as had happened in AD 1604. According to the biblical account, the wise men
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indicated that Christ's birth happened within a year or two of the appearance of the star. Kepler's scenario seemed to offer a logical explanation concerning the star of
Bethlehem, while lending astronomical support to Suslyga's chronological ideas.
247:, the geographer, uses it in the second century AD. Identifying Julias with Livia, instead of Julia the Elder, essentially renders invalid one of Suslyga’s main arguments for a 4 BC date of the death of Herod the Great.
184:. Since she had been exiled from Rome by Augustus in 2 BC, Suslyga assumed that Philip must have renamed the city prior to that date, and Herod must have died prior to Philip's becoming a ruler, which pushes the
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at least 3, if not more, years before AD 1. Dionysius
Exiguus' chronology did need to be questioned; his chronology did not even match the point of view of the early Christians. The
148:. He was the first person to claim that Jesus Christ was born in or before 4 BC, not in AD 1 or in 1 BC, as the Christian era would imply. Suslyga was thus questioning the
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generally believed that Jesus was born either in the 41st or 42nd year of the reign of
Augustus (consulship, principate, etc.), that is in 3 or 2 BC.
421:
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2.9.1) is not beyond dispute. It was assumed by
Suslyga and many other scholars in recent centuries that Josephus was referring to
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have also been challenged. Frederick M. Strickert and others have pointed out that the identity of
Augustus’ daughter in
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of
Jupiter and Saturn in 7 BC (later joined by Mars in 6 BC). In AD 1604, Kepler had witnessed the appearance of a
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Velificatio seu theoremata de anno ortus ac mortis domini, deque vniuersa Iesu
Christi in carne oeconomia.
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Finegan, Jack. Handbook of
Biblical Chronology, Rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998) p. 291.
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Theoremata de anno ortus et mortis Domini, deque universa Jesu
Christi in carne oeconomia
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the first to suggest that Christ was born in or before 4 BC, not in AD 1 or in 1 BC
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in AD 525. Suslyga presented this theory in his 1605 doctoral thesis entitled
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Polish Jesuit historian, chronologist, and an author of Baroque visual poetry.
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was perhaps a new star which may have appeared during or following the
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164:. Among other arguments, Suslyga's treatise included the following:
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uses the name Julias for Bethsaida in about AD 77 and
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353:(Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 2011), pp. 163-188.
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199:to bolster the astronomer's theory that the
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223:' texts about the renaming of Bethsaida (
351:Philip’s City: From Bethsaida to Julias,
339:"Kepler's View of the Star of Bethlehem"
315:"Kepler's View of the Star of Bethlehem"
280:"Kepler's View of the Star of Bethlehem"
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215:Suslyga's ideas about the renaming of
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327:"Kepler and the Star of Bethlehem"
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130:) (1570–1640), was a Polish
422:17th-century Polish Jesuits
195:Suslyga's work was used by
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186:Massacre of the Innocents
152:chronology introduced by
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349:Frederick M. Strickert,
225:Antiquities of the Jews
375:Velleius Paterculus,
180:biological daughter,
229:The Wars of the Jews
237:Velleius Paterculus
170:Philip the Tetrarch
141:, and an author of
325:W. Burke-Gaffney,
172:, renamed a city (
162:University of Graz
124:Wawrzyniec Susliga
116:Laurentius Suslyga
100:University of Graz
23:Laurentius Suslyga
205:great conjunction
201:Star of Bethlehem
154:Dionysius Exiguus
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76:Scientific career
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96:Institutions
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432:1640 deaths
427:1570 births
362:Strickert,
150:Anno Domini
57:Nationality
416:Categories
403:Geographia
251:References
178:Augustus's
122:(Polish:
90:chronology
401:Ptolemy,
217:Bethsaida
174:Bethsaida
168:'s son,
135:historian
227:18.2.1,
176:) after
392:5.15.71
388:Pliny,
160:at the
143:Baroque
128:Susłyga
104:Austria
86:History
405:5.16.4
379:2.75.3
269:p.324.
197:Kepler
132:Jesuit
82:Fields
61:Polish
50:Poland
36:Poland
295:1605.
182:Julia
166:Herod
209:nova
46:1640
43:Died
32:1570
29:Born
126:or
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