770:(EPA) required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than 6 square feet (0.56 m) of lead paint inside the home or 20 square feet (1.9 m) outside the home be certified. EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities. It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices.
730:
279:
817:. Lead white paint dries relatively quickly to form a strong, flexible paint film. Lead-based white is one of the oldest manufactured pigments. It was the only white pigment available to artists in appreciable quantities until the twentieth century, when zinc white and titanium white became available. Industrially produced lead white, the typical pigment from the 19th century until its ban, was thought to be inferior to traditionally fabricated forms, which had larger "flake" particles that conferred ease of handling.
609:
regulations on surface coating materials, which came into force in 2005, further limit lead to its background level for both interior and exterior paints sold to consumers. Canadian paint manufacturers have been conforming to this background level in their interior and exterior consumer paints since 1991. Nevertheless, a
Canadian company, Dominion Colour Corporation, is "the largest manufacturer of lead-based paint pigments in the world" and has faced public criticism for obtaining permission from the
256:
275:, therefore encouraging children to put lead chips and toys with lead dust in their mouths. Lead paint can cause reproductive problems, including a decrease in sperm concentration in men. Lead is also considered a likely carcinogen. High levels of exposure can be lethal. It is recommended that any materials suspected of containing traces of lead should be tested using either bulk sampling and tested at a laboratory or using lead swab tests as an indication to its presence.
698:
anti-fouling paints. For export and re-export a
Hazardous Substance Licence is required ( except for zinc-based anti-corrosion paints and copper-based anti-fouling paints). For local sale of zinc-based anti-corrosion paints and copper-based anti-fouling paints exceeding 90ppm total lead concentration labelling is required and only industrial uses are allowed.
777:(HUD), lead-based-paint removal by dry scraping, dry sanding, torching and burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, and machine-sanding / grinding without a HEPA-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system, is prohibited, as these methods have been proven to produce significant amount of lead dust during renovation, remodeling and painting.
42:
31:
189:. The pots were designed so that the vinegar and lead were in separate compartments, but the lead was in contact with the vapor of the vinegar. The lead was usually coiled into a spiral and placed on a ledge inside the pot. The pot was loosely covered with a grid of lead, which allowed the carbon dioxide formed by the
197:
vapor, and carbon dioxide within the stack did their work, and within a month the lead coils were covered with a crust of white lead. This crust was separated from the lead, washed, and ground for pigment. This was an extremely dangerous process for the workmen. Medieval texts warned of the danger of
706:
In South Africa, the
Hazardous Substances Act of 2009 classifies lead as a hazardous substance and limits its use in paint to 600 parts per million (ppm). A proposed amendment will modify this to 90 ppm, thereby almost completely eradicating lead from paint. The amendment would also include all
884:
is less opaque and weaker in tinting strength than either titanium white or lead white. It is commonly used to lighten mixtures subtly while maintaining transparency. Although zinc white is the standard white in watercolors, its structural soundness in oils has been debated. Zinc white dries slowly
653:
As of 2023, there are no regulation and legislation on lead content in paints. Furthermore, unlike the U.S., which implemented stricter rules in 2010, renovators in Hong Kong do not need to be certified when performing lead paint related works. Methods used to remove lead-based-paint (e.g., use of
621:
New regulation effective from
December 1, 2020 updates an older lead paint standard introduced in the 1980s, which measured soluble lead in products instead of total lead. Measuring soluble lead is considered to be a less accurate method for measuring the amount of lead paint exposure in children.
213:
wrote a letter warning a friend about the hazards of lead and lead paint, which he considered well-established. Despite the risks, the pigment was very popular with artists because of its density and opacity; a small amount could cover a large surface. It was widely used by artists until the 19th
608:
In Canada, regulations were first enacted under the
Hazardous Products Act in 1976 that limited lead content of paints and other liquid coatings on furniture, household products, children's products, and exterior and interior surfaces of any building frequented by children to 0.5% by weight. New
675:
standard of 90 ppm for lead in paint. The
Regulation on Lead Contents in Household and Decorative Paint Rules came into effect on 1 November 2017, according to which the paints should have lead less than 90 ppm and their label should say so. However, two years later, an analysis of 32
670:
Lead paint was not prohibited in India until 2016. A 2015 study found that over 31% of household paints in India (small brands manufactured by small and medium enterprises in India, with limited local reach and distribution) had lead concentration above 10,000 parts per million (ppm), which far
820:
Titanium and zinc whites are far less toxic than lead white and have largely supplanted it in most fine arts applications. Safety regulations have also made lead white more expensive and difficult to obtain in some regions, such as the EU. Lead white oil paints are still produced and in use by
697:
Since 1 Feb 1995, labelling is required for paints with total lead concentrations exceeding 600 ppm. From 3 Jan 2022, the manufacture, import and sale of paints exceeding 90ppm total lead concentration for local use were banned, except for zinc-based anti-corrosion paints and copper-based
229:
reported the dangers of paint containing lead, noting that a French expert had deemed lead paint "poisonous in a large degree, both for the workmen and for the inhabitants of a house painted with lead colors". As early as 1886, German health laws prohibited women and children from working in
154:
have regulations prohibiting its use. However, lead paint may still be found in older properties painted prior to the introduction of such regulations. Although lead has been banned from household paints in the United States since 1978, it may still be found in road marking paint.
684:
The
Philippines banned lead paint in 2013, but in 2017, 15% of the paint still was not certified. The EcoWaste Coalition and the Philippine Association of Paint Manufacturers declared on 1 January 2020 that the Philippines has phased-out lead paint following the implementation of
1479:
758:
the "Lead Paint Act") was created in order to ensure that the disclosure of any lead-based hazards in a building be discussed with potential buyers or renters of units. While EPA and HUD have defined LBP as being 1.0 mg/cm (as measure by
1945:
763:) or 0.5% lead by dry weight (aka 5,000 ppm), some states and municipalities gone beyond this. For example, New York City's Local Law 66 of 2019 defines LBP as 0.500 mg/cm (XRF) or 0.25% lead dry weight (2,500 ppm).
1475:
873:. Titanium white has far greater opacity and tinting strength than lead white, and it can easily overpower most other pigments if not mixed carefully. Titanium white has been criticized for leading to "chalkiness" in mixtures.
1784:
1722:
689:(DENR) Administrative Order 2013–24, or the Chemical Control Order for Lead and Lead Compounds, which directed manufacturers of lead-containing paints for industrial uses to phase out such paints by 31 December 2019.
745:
1303), along with toys and furniture containing lead paint. The cited reason was "to reduce the risk of lead poisoning in children who may ingest paint chips or peelings". For manufacturers, the CPSC instituted the
1836:
1753:
1135:
Collection of
Original Texts on the History of German Social Policy from 1867 through 1914, 2nd Series: from the Imperial Social Message Through the February Decrees of Wilhelm II (1881–1890), 3rd volume:
780:
At the end of any remodeling or repainting job, a dust test performed by an independent third-party professional is also required by HUD for "clearance". Lead evaluations are done using a method called
999:
1661:
1532:
1941:
1814:
1421:
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artists who prefer their unique handling, mixing, and structural qualities. Lead white has also shown to have extended longevity compared to zinc and titanium, which will crack much earlier.
1128:
Quellensammlung zur
Geschichte der deutschen Sozialpolitik 1867 bis 1914, II. Abteilung: Von der kaiserlichen Sozialbotschaft bis zu den Februarerlassen Wilhelms II. (1881–1890), 3. Band:
824:
Flake white has various drawbacks, including a tendency to become transparent over time. It also blackens in the presence of certain atmospheric pollutants, although this can be reversed.
774:
622:
The new standards set a 90 ppm total lead limit for woodware coatings and architectural wall coatings. For vehicle and industrial coatings the new total lead limit is 1,000 ppm.
1691:
750:, which changed the cap on lead content in paint from 0.06% to 0.009% starting 14 August 2009. In 2018 the State of Delaware banned the use of lead paint on outdoor structures. Also, the
1776:
181:
The traditional method of making the pigment was called the stack process. Hundreds or thousands of earthenware pots containing vinegar and lead were embedded in a layer of either
1333:
Bonde, J. P.; Joffe, M.; Apostoli, P.; Dale, A.; Kiss, P.; Spano, M.; Caruso, F.; Giwercman, A.; Bisanti, L.; Porru, S.; Vanhoorne, M.; Comhaire, F.; Zschiesche, W. (April 2002).
1714:
676:
locally-manufactured paint samples from nine states found lead content ranging from 10 ppm to 186,062 ppm, with 90% of samples having lead levels above 90 ppm.
645:
To protect the health of painters, France had passed in 1909 a law banning the use of paints containing lead for the painting of the interior and exterior of all buildings.
193:
of the tan bark or the dung to circulate in the pot. Each layer of pots was covered by a new layer of tan, then another layer of pots. The heat created by the fermentation,
1202:
662:-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system is also not mandatory. No dust test on lead level is required upon the end of any renovation or remodeling job.
1745:
751:
1311:
1994:"Information Regarding the Implementation of Local Law 66 of 2019: Amendment to the Definition of Lead-based Paint under Article 14 of the Housing Maintenance Code"
747:
686:
147:. Lead paint has been generally phased out of use due to the toxic nature of lead. Alternatives such as water-based, lead-free traffic paint are readily available.
885:
and creates a relatively inflexible paint film. Critics of the pigment argue that its use leads to excessive cracking and delamination, even when used sparingly.
635:
1582:
1528:
773:
Careful stabilization of any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner is also encouraged. Through authority vested in the
1653:
1806:
1383:"Lead Test Kit - 10 x Instant Testing Swabs for Lead (inc Lead Paint) Rapid Test Strips - Results in 20 Seconds.: Amazon.com: Industrial & Scientific"
1865:
2025:
1101:
1622:
1971:
225:
The dangers of lead paint were considered well-established by the beginning of the 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication,
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1501:
738:
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899:
716:
290:
As of 30 December 2021, these are the places with confirmed lead paint laws according to the WHO Global Health
Observatory Database:
151:
977:
840:. Lead-based paints, when used on paper, often cause the work to become discolored after long periods; the paint's lead carbonate reacts with
2263:
904:
2182:
767:
2095:
1055:
2313:
1918:
1228:
1049:
150:
In some countries, lead continues to be added to paint intended for domestic use, whereas countries such as the United States and the
1915:"HB 456. An Act to Amend Titles 14, 16, 17, 26, and 29 of the Delaware Code Relating to the Use of Lead Paints on Outdoor Structures"
2284:
2242:
2160:
1895:
1172:
1146:
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1554:
143:, increase durability, maintain a fresh appearance, and resist moisture that causes corrosion. It is one of the main health and
894:
144:
729:
2131:
1850:
1607:
956:
613:
to continue to export lead chromate paints from its Dutch subsidiary to countries where its uses are not tightly regulated.
1301:
1942:"Case Study: Whether a Title Company is Liable for Lead-Paint Contamination when Documents Indicated Lead Paint Existed"
1447:"Ek-17: Belirli Zararlı Maddelerin, Karışımların ve Eşyaların İmalatı, Piyasaya Arzı ve Kullanımı Hakkında Kısıtlamalar"
271:
damage, and delayed development. It is associated with high violent crime rates. It is dangerous to children because it
2305:
742:
2204:
Rutherford J. Gettens; Hermann Kühn; W. T. Chase (1967). "Identification of the Materials of Paintings: Lead White".
1568:
672:
914:
278:
610:
2021:
861:, which was first used in paints in the 19th century. Titanium dioxide is considered safe enough to use as a
1091:
2322:
1967:
2327:
788:
As of 2018, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States.
1576:
1224:
2047:
1777:"You'll Probably Never Save as Many Lives as This Guy Who Got the Philippines to Stop Using Lead Paint"
1505:
638:(RoHS), which forbids hazardous substances in consumer goods, including paint. This act superseded and
1993:
255:
1446:
1382:
1266:
639:
1335:"Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels"
2342:
2073:
1306:
973:
2255:
Suing the Tobacco and Lead Pigment Industries: Government Litigation as Public Health Prescription
2221:
2186:
782:
760:
120:
832:
Lead is not a traditional pigment in water media, as zinc is superior for works on paper, as is
1251:
2280:
2259:
2238:
2127:
2091:
1364:
1282:
1168:
1142:
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833:
238:
210:
95:
67:
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944:
858:
841:
272:
226:
2310:
1914:
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2317:
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1899:
167:
34:
2148:
259:
Lead paint can crack and form flakes, which then contaminate the surrounding environment.
1270:
1123:
2121:
1359:
1334:
919:
909:
631:
264:
250:
219:
1422:"List of countries with legally-binding controls on lead paint, as of 16 January 2024"
642:
existing laws of the member states, many of which had banned lead paint years before.
2347:
2336:
2274:
1197:
862:
785:(XRF), which gives a result in 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.
91:
741:(CPSC) banned lead paint in 1977 in residential properties and public buildings (16
1453:
190:
175:
1608:"Hong Kong lead burden: control in the recent decades, The Hong Kong Practitioner"
948:
1278:
1252:"Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure"
655:
194:
2024:. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 14 September 2020.
1096:
881:
866:
802:
231:
215:
163:
140:
136:
2306:
National Pollutant Inventory (Australia) – Lead and lead compounds fact sheet
1529:"Toronto company's lead-based products a danger to world health, critics say"
1000:"Lead Chromate: Why it is Banned in Most Industries Apart From Road Markings"
1837:"Public Consultation on the Enhanced Control of Lead in Paints in Singapore"
1807:"Philippines Successfully Completes Phase-Out of All Lead-Containing Paints"
1715:"If your paint label doesn't say 'lead less than 90 ppm,' don't buy it"
1041:
The Ingenious Dr. Franklin: Selected Scientific Letters of Benjamin Franklin
870:
814:
171:
17:
1368:
1286:
857:
Paint manufacturers have replaced white lead with a less toxic substitute,
813:. It is valued for the ease of handling and resilience the lead confers to
166:
was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described by
1898:. US Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2 September 1977. Archived from
1350:
203:
199:
182:
75:
41:
2225:
837:
30:
268:
78:
2217:
2153:
The American Institute for Conservation: Book and Paper Group Annual
1555:"China Adopts New Lead Paint Standards to Protect Children's Health"
1408:"Update on the global status of legal limits on lead in paint (PDF)"
139:") are the most common forms. Lead is added to paint to accelerate
1970:. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development.
1866:"Proposed amendment to legislation set to eliminate lead in paint"
1569:"Bulletin de l'Inspection du Travail et de l'Hygiène Industrielle"
1141:] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
277:
254:
186:
59:
40:
29:
2149:"A Study of the Discoloration Products Found in White Lead Paint"
1227:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. August 2007.
659:
72:
63:
1746:"Tamil Nadu: Paints continue to have more lead than prescribed"
844:
in the air and with acids, which often come from fingerprints.
1623:"CPCB norms seek to cap lead content in paints at 90 ppm"
1425:
1654:"Govt proposes to ban household paint with high lead content"
2126:(5. ed., rev. and updated ed.). New York City: Viking.
1684:"Over 31 percent paints have alarming levels of lead: study"
1476:"Some Commonly Asked Questions About Lead and Human Health"
1038:
Benjamin Franklin (18 June 2011). Nathan G. Goodman (ed.).
2300:
939:
Völz, Hans G.; et al. (2006). "Pigments, Inorganic".
775:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
1913:
State of Delaware, General Assembly (29 August 2018).
721:
Lead paint was banned in the United Kingdom in 1992.
2092:"America's Misguided War on Childhood Lead Exposures"
974:"Lead-laden paint still widely sold around the world"
733:
EPA poster on protecting children from lead poisoning
421:
Lao People's Democratic Republic (new since 1/1/2021)
2022:"Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Program Rules"
1944:. Washington, DC: American Land Title Association.
1896:"CPSC Announces Final Ban on Lead-Containing Paint"
707:industrial paints, which were previously excluded.
2323:Annotated bibliography of works on paint and color
2276:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
2123:The artist's handbook of materials and techniques
1302:"Research links lead exposure, criminal activity"
1026:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
752:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
2311:National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing
1186:
1184:
748:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008
687:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
206:, and paralysis" from working with lead white.
2048:"Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Program"
941:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2235:Bright Earth- Art and the Invention of Colour
2115:
2113:
1078:Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour
636:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
8:
2074:"Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home"
1478:. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada. 23 April 2009.
1193:"The West's toxic hypocrisy over lead paint"
1163:Frowein, Jochen A; Rüdiger, Wolfrum (2000).
2258:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
145:environmental hazards associated with paint
27:Paint containing lead compounds as pigments
1358:
1165:Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law
241:began efforts to ban lead paint in 1921.
1940:Bailey, Adam Leitman (7 November 2019).
1775:Mogensen, Jackie Flynn (23 April 2018).
728:
658:) are not regulated as well. The use of
292:
1713:Vyawahare, Malavika (2 November 2017).
1339:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
931:
739:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
2185:. Natural Pigments LLC. Archived from
1876:from the original on 23 September 2020
1314:from the original on 20 September 2010
1090:Guenther, Richard (24 February 1904).
900:Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom
717:Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom
263:Lead paint is hazardous. It can cause
2183:"Zinc White – Problems in Oil Paint?"
2028:from the original on 14 February 2021
905:Lead-based paint in the United States
755:
7:
1974:from the original on 13 January 2020
1948:from the original on 23 January 2021
1921:from the original on 11 October 2018
1588:from the original on 13 January 2020
1527:Fowler, Jennifer (1 December 2015).
1231:from the original on 8 December 2009
1044:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
980:from the original on 25 January 2021
768:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
230:factories processing lead paint and
1817:from the original on 6 January 2020
1104:from the original on 12 August 2018
2098:from the original on 22 March 2018
2090:Schmidt, Charles (21 March 2018).
1787:from the original on 23 April 2018
1652:Aggarwal, Mayank (28 April 2016).
1535:from the original on 19 April 2016
25:
1756:from the original on 24 June 2020
1725:from the original on 12 July 2020
1664:from the original on 14 July 2020
1633:from the original on 12 July 2020
1205:from the original on 20 July 2018
1191:Gottesfeld, Perry (29 May 2013).
214:century, when it was replaced by
2163:from the original on 9 June 2007
2054:from the original on 6 July 2019
1694:from the original on 6 July 2019
1482:from the original on 6 July 2019
869:, and is a common ingredient in
326:Latin America and the Caribbean
1504:. Health Canada. Archived from
1167:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
1058:from the original on 1 May 2021
895:Environmental issues with paint
174:, and the ancient Greek author
388:Jordan (existing laws revised)
1:
2358:Environmental impact of paint
949:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2
2094:. Cambridge, Mass.: Undark.
1811:Philippine Canadian Inquirer
1279:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008
630:Lead paint is banned in the
577:Ukraine (new since 1/1/2021)
574:Turkey (new since 1/16/2024)
490:Georgia (new since 1/1/2021)
313:Morocco (new since 1/1/2021)
2328:Myths concerning lead paint
1851:"Hazardous Substances, NEA"
976:. Reuters. 25 August 2009.
319:United Republic of Tanzania
45:Dutch Boy Paint logo (rear)
2374:
2252:Gifford, Donald G (2010).
1968:"The Lead Disclosure Rule"
1744:Oppili, P (23 June 2020).
1300:Vedantam S (8 July 2007).
714:
248:
2147:Claire L. Hoevel (1985).
1531:. Toronto, ON: CBC News.
611:European Chemicals Agency
364:Peru (new since 1/1/2021)
2301:EPA guide to lead safety
2273:Thomson, Daniel (1956).
2050:. EPA. 15 October 2020.
1126:, ed. (1 January 1999).
595:United States of America
267:damage, stunted growth,
2206:Studies in Conservation
1690:. Mumbai. 9 June 2015.
1627:The Hindu Business Line
1153:, sections 26 & 121
1100:. Sherwin Williams Co.
1092:"Dangers of White Lead"
1006:. Verdict Media Limited
1004:Road Traffic Technology
943:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2279:. Dover Publications.
1259:Environmental Research
734:
282:
260:
46:
38:
2233:Ball, Philip (2001).
2120:Mayer, Ralph (1991).
1577:Inspection du Travail
1250:Nevin R (July 2007).
915:Lead–crime hypothesis
732:
404:Asia and the Pacific
281:
258:
249:Further information:
44:
33:
1351:10.1136/oem.59.4.234
1076:Philip Ball (2000),
1024:Daniel V. Thompson,
2189:on 6 February 2011.
1864:Bulbulia, Tasneem.
1307:The Washington Post
1271:2007ER....104..315N
367:Trinidad and Tobago
119:, "red lead"), and
2316:9 May 2006 at the
1902:on 19 August 2010.
1813:. 5 January 2020.
1750:The Times of India
1688:The Indian Express
1225:"ToxFAQs for Lead"
836:(slaked lime) for
828:Water-based paints
783:X-Ray fluorescence
766:In April 2010 the
735:
553:Russian Federation
283:
261:
121:lead(II) carbonate
47:
39:
2265:978-0-472-11714-7
2237:. Penguin Group.
1502:"Lead and Health"
1138:Worker protection
834:calcium hydroxide
792:Lead paint in art
601:
600:
239:League of Nations
211:Benjamin Franklin
96:lead(II,IV) oxide
68:lead(II) chromate
16:(Redirected from
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2198:Bibliography
2187:the original
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
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2100:. Retrieved
2085:
2068:
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2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1908:
1900:the original
1890:
1880:25 September
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
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1845:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1781:Mother Jones
1780:
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1749:
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1718:
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1687:
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1635:. Retrieved
1626:
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1590:. Retrieved
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1537:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:Resmi Gazete
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1416:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
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1318:24 September
1316:. Retrieved
1305:
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1207:. Retrieved
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1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1040:
1033:
1028:, pp. 90–91.
1025:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
982:. Retrieved
968:
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805:is known as
800:
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702:South Africa
696:
683:
671:exceeds the
669:
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634:by the 2003
629:
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316:South Africa
289:
273:tastes sweet
262:
236:
224:
208:
191:fermentation
180:
176:Theophrastus
162:
149:
55:
51:
50:
48:
37:logo (front)
18:Leaded paint
2001:www.nyc.gov
1952:25 November
1752:. Chennai.
1629:. Chennai.
1392:11 December
848:Substitutes
807:flake white
680:Philippines
656:power tools
571:Switzerland
535:Netherlands
433:Philippines
427:New Zealand
195:acetic acid
62:containing
2343:Toxicology
2337:Categories
2133:0670837016
2032:9 February
1978:8 February
1925:16 October
1108:31 October
1097:Hathitrust
958:3527306730
926:References
882:Zinc white
867:toothpaste
815:oil paints
797:Oil paints
640:harmonized
532:Montenegro
523:Luxembourg
511:Kyrgyzstan
412:Bangladesh
377:West Asia
343:Costa Rica
286:Regulation
232:lead sugar
216:zinc white
164:White lead
137:white lead
52:Lead paint
2006:12 August
1821:6 January
1080:, pg. 99.
871:sunscreen
693:Singapore
649:Hong Kong
520:Lithuania
436:Sri Lanka
409:Australia
331:Argentina
209:In 1786,
172:Vitruvius
2314:Archived
2167:28 April
2161:Archived
2102:22 March
2096:Archived
2052:Archived
2026:Archived
1972:Archived
1946:Archived
1919:Archived
1874:Archived
1815:Archived
1791:23 April
1785:Archived
1754:Archived
1723:Archived
1692:Archived
1662:Archived
1631:Archived
1583:Archived
1579:Page 172
1539:20 April
1533:Archived
1480:Archived
1369:11934950
1312:Archived
1287:17451672
1229:Archived
1203:Archived
1102:Archived
1056:Archived
978:Archived
889:See also
853:Titanium
801:In art,
562:Slovenia
559:Slovakia
547:Portugal
466:Bulgaria
442:Viet Nam
439:Thailand
430:Pakistan
340:Colombia
307:Ethiopia
304:Cameroon
245:Toxicity
204:epilepsy
200:apoplexy
183:tan bark
2226:1505410
1760:12 July
1729:12 July
1668:12 July
1637:12 July
1592:18 July
1460:22 July
1431:22 July
1360:1740274
1267:Bibcode
1209:20 July
1062:20 July
1010:28 June
865:and in
838:frescos
550:Romania
505:Ireland
502:Iceland
499:Hungary
493:Germany
484:Finland
481:Estonia
478:Denmark
469:Croatia
463:Belgium
460:Belarus
457:Austria
454:Armenia
449:Europe
391:Lebanon
370:Uruguay
352:Ecuador
349:Dominic
301:Algeria
296:Africa
185:or cow
159:History
2353:Paints
2283:
2262:
2241:
2224:
2130:
2058:6 July
1698:6 July
1512:3 June
1486:6 July
1367:
1357:
1285:
1235:15 May
1171:
1145:
1048:
984:1 July
955:
756:a.k.a.
604:Canada
592:Canada
568:Sweden
556:Serbia
544:Poland
541:Norway
529:Monaco
514:Latvia
496:Greece
487:France
472:Cyprus
385:Israel
361:Panama
358:Mexico
355:Guyana
334:Brazil
269:kidney
141:drying
2222:JSTOR
2077:(PDF)
1997:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1133:[
666:India
617:China
565:Spain
526:Malta
508:Italy
424:Nepal
418:India
415:China
394:Qatar
337:Chile
310:Kenya
60:paint
2348:Lead
2281:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2169:2007
2128:ISBN
2104:2018
2060:2019
2034:2021
2008:2024
1980:2021
1954:2019
1927:2018
1882:2018
1823:2020
1793:2018
1762:2020
1731:2020
1700:2019
1670:2020
1658:Mint
1639:2020
1594:2019
1541:2016
1514:2013
1488:2019
1462:2024
1433:2024
1394:2023
1365:PMID
1320:2009
1283:PMID
1237:2012
1211:2018
1169:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1110:2014
1064:2018
1046:ISBN
1012:2022
986:2017
953:ISBN
877:Zinc
737:The
660:HEPA
397:Oman
382:Iraq
346:Cuba
237:The
218:and
187:dung
125:PbCO
94:"),
64:lead
2214:doi
1426:WHO
1355:PMC
1347:doi
1275:doi
1263:104
945:doi
809:or
761:XRF
743:CFR
673:BIS
135:, "
98:, (
90:, "
58:is
54:or
2339::
2220:.
2210:12
2208:.
2159:.
2155:.
2151:.
2112:^
1999:.
1917:.
1872:.
1868:.
1809:.
1783:.
1779:.
1748:.
1717:.
1686:.
1656:.
1625:.
1581:.
1574:.
1424:.
1385:.
1363:.
1353:.
1343:59
1341:.
1337:.
1310:.
1304:.
1281:.
1273:.
1261:.
1257:.
1201:.
1195:.
1183:^
1094:.
1054:.
1002:.
951:.
234:.
222:.
202:,
178:.
170:,
100:Pb
76:Cr
73:Pb
2289:.
2268:.
2247:.
2228:.
2216::
2171:.
2157:4
2136:.
2106:.
2079:.
2062:.
2036:.
2010:.
1982:.
1956:.
1929:.
1884:.
1853:.
1839:.
1825:.
1795:.
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