246:
hindrance to readability. It would cause the text to be harder to read, as lines would be forced together, lessening room between lines and hindering readability. However, for short bursts of text a negative leading can enhance the message of the text and can create a more effective text. Negative leading can be affected by ascenders and descenders on certain letters. Letters with high ascenders and low descenders can interfere with one another between lines, if the leading is small enough to allow them to touch one another.
360:
187:
1632:
254:(back) should line up vertically, line for line. If there are several leadings contained on one page, this convention can be completely negated. Fonts can also affect the need for leading. No two fonts are exactly alike, and for that reason many have characteristics that demand a certain leading. Fonts that are darker require a wider leading than those that are lighter. As well, fonts that are
218:. Typewriters had a limited number of options for leading, and double spacing was chosen as a default. Double spacing increases the amount of unused white space on a page and reduces the number of lines on a page. Too much leading can cause continuity problems, as the eyes of the reader are required to travel a greater distance between lines of text.
262:. Languages can decide the leading that a printer uses as well. Leading is an important issue to consider when printing, as it can enhance readability, but it can also affect the number of pages, as larger leadings decrease the number of lines per page. In this way the leading of a page can have a profound effect on the written text.
367:
In metal typesetting some fonts have default increased or decreased leading. To achieve this, a smaller font face is cast on the body of a larger font or vice versa. Such fonts are usually called "bastard" fonts or types. The usual way of indicating such a font is to write the face size first, then a
342:
property. Half the leading is called the half-leading. User agents center glyphs vertically in an inline box, which adds half-leading on the top and bottom. For example, if a piece of text is "12pt" high and the line-height value is "14pt", 2pt of extra space should be added: 1pt above and 1pt below
249:
Written texts with several portions that demand separate leading can lead to issue of text continuity. Written texts should have a standard leading that does not deviate from page to page. There are instances that call for a change in leading, such as when a block quote is placed within a written
245:
Leading can be affected by a series of issues, all of which can be rectified or used to the printer's advantage. Negative leading applies only to digital type. An example of negative leading is (12/10) where 2 points are removed from the default leading. A negative leading could be viewed as a
422:: Leading of text matter for aesthetic reasons is largely an 18th-century (and later) habit...My observations of printing in earlier centuries suggests that the founders generally cast types to fit the body very tightly, and that printers used them without leading.
323:"to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.
304:"to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.
285:"to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.
120:
to increase the vertical distance between them. The thickness of the strip is called leading and is equal to the difference between the size of the type and the distance from one
1217:
163:
strips that were put between set lines of lead type, hence the pronunciation "ledding" and not "leeding". The practice became popular in the eighteenth century.
1591:
179:
recommends more leading for longer measures, and for typefaces with darker weight, larger x-height, a vertical axis, or no serifs. The typographer
351:
The leading may be increased to align the bottom line of text on a page in a process known as feathering, carding, or vertical justification.
408:
661:
229:
from the previous line. The lack of white space between lines makes it difficult for the eye to track from one line to the next, makes
627:
600:
573:
452:
93:
368:
slash and the body size: 10/12 means a 10-point face on a 12-point body, and 12/10 means a 12-point face on a 10-point body.
1586:
35:
1471:
1433:
1617:
686:
565:
1197:
39:
843:
1601:
1418:
1089:
1026:
731:
654:
195:
28:
1046:
769:
333:
1521:
1021:
1016:
929:
916:
749:
222:
121:
444:
1313:
954:
808:
50:
359:
1661:
1656:
1635:
1596:
1509:
1403:
1258:
1236:
1226:
1094:
701:
691:
647:
526:
1559:
1486:
1466:
1456:
1428:
1398:
1358:
985:
848:
833:
774:
764:
230:
125:
343:
the text (this applies to empty boxes as well, as if the empty box contained zero-height text).
1504:
1423:
1378:
1308:
779:
623:
596:
569:
547:
448:
404:
180:
176:
617:
590:
1390:
1343:
1182:
1129:
990:
800:
377:
67:
46:
24:
398:
206:
the "single" line spacing is automatically set to 115% or 1.15 em (the second column).
1526:
1413:
1408:
1328:
1296:
1187:
924:
726:
117:
1481:
502:
186:
128:
and a distance between baselines of 12 points, the leading would be 2 points.
1531:
1476:
1353:
1156:
980:
934:
868:
838:
706:
489:
203:
140:
338:
1650:
1323:
1291:
1281:
1161:
1581:
1461:
1348:
1333:
1303:
1263:
1246:
1000:
970:
944:
853:
696:
678:
468:
336:, leading refers to the difference between the content height and the value of the
215:
45:"Single space" redirects here. For single and double spaces between sentences, see
1576:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1368:
1318:
1273:
1213:
1177:
1148:
1136:
1116:
939:
891:
759:
234:
211:
136:
132:
105:
1549:
1363:
1253:
1106:
1099:
1076:
1031:
995:
949:
906:
901:
896:
881:
721:
716:
711:
670:
259:
57:
20:
214:
and, in academic settings, to allow the addition of handwritten comments and
171:
Leading can be used to enhance the legibility of a page or block of text. In
1041:
1036:
813:
741:
226:
113:
101:) is the space between adjacent lines of type; the exact definition varies.
1514:
1373:
1192:
1065:
1051:
876:
828:
1338:
1124:
975:
886:
818:
492:
from 97 through 2010; changed to 1.08 in
Microsoft Word 2013 and 2016.
1241:
858:
34:"Line leading" redirects here. For the water navigation concept, see
1084:
823:
791:
358:
255:
251:
185:
1440:
1286:
1231:
160:
109:
643:
400:
Type spaces: in-house norms in the typography of Aldus
Manutius
639:
143:. Consumer-oriented word-processing software often talks of
210:
Double spacing is an entrenched practice due to the era of
85:
76:
521:
519:
183:
recommends leading between 20% and 45% of the font size.
82:
124:
to the next. For instance, given a type size of 10
94:
23:. For the legal evidentiary objection "leading", see
221:
Text set "solid" (no leading) appears cramped, with
79:
73:
1610:
1542:
1495:
1449:
1389:
1272:
1212:
1170:
1147:
1115:
1075:
1064:
1009:
963:
915:
867:
799:
790:
740:
677:
70:
616:Wijnekus, F. J. M.; Wijnekus, E. F. P. H. (1983).
116:) that were inserted between lines of type in the
619:Dictionary of the Printing and Allied Industries
250:text. The lines on the front of a page and the
1592:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
655:
289:The same block of text set with 50% leading:
8:
1134:
363:Normal fonts (1, 2) and bastard fonts (3, 4)
258:should be leaded wider than those that are
1072:
796:
662:
648:
640:
1618:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
560:Eckersley, R.; et al., eds. (1995).
308:The same block of text at 100% leading:
270:This block of text has default leading:
434:
432:
430:
389:
190:Comparison of different line spacings (
622:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 57.
7:
592:The Digital Designer's Jargon Buster
16:In typography, spacing between lines
503:"Butterick's Practical Typography"
469:"Butterick's Practical Typography"
14:
173:The Elements of Typographic Style
131:The term is still used in modern
1631:
1630:
108:, leading is the thin strips of
66:
548:"The Thing With Leading in CSS"
1:
1587:History of Western typography
562:Glossary of Typesetting Terms
441:Elements of Typographic Style
49:. For a space character, see
19:For leading as a leader, see
1434:traditional point-size names
403:. Hyphen Press. p. 11.
687:Canons of page construction
566:University of Chicago Press
1680:
589:Campbel, Alastair (2004).
527:"The Basics of Typography"
233:more obvious, and hampers
139:, the Affinity Suite, and
44:
40:Lead line (disambiguation)
33:
18:
1626:
844:Subscript and superscript
505:. Matthew Butterick. 2014
471:. Matthew Butterick. 2016
1602:Vox-ATypI classification
732:Intentionally blank page
439:Bringhurst., R. (2012).
397:Burnhill, Peter (2003).
29:Leading (disambiguation)
529:. Design Instruct. 2011
1135:
364:
325:
306:
287:
207:
38:. For other uses, see
27:. For other uses, see
362:
328:On the World Wide Web
310:
291:
272:
194:) in relation to the
189:
147:or, more accurately,
1472:Typographic features
159:The word comes from
51:Whitespace character
1597:Technical lettering
1496:Typography in other
1237:Hanging punctuation
1560:Handwriting script
1487:Desktop publishing
1457:Character encoding
1450:Digital typography
964:Horizontal aspects
917:Visual distinction
775:Widows and orphans
365:
208:
1644:
1643:
1391:Typographic units
1309:For position only
1208:
1207:
1060:
1059:
445:Hartley and Marks
410:978-0-907259-53-4
181:Matthew Butterick
177:Robert Bringhurst
149:interline spacing
135:software such as
1669:
1634:
1633:
1611:Related template
1543:Related articles
1344:Phototypesetting
1198:reverse-contrast
1183:Display typeface
1140:
1117:Blackletter type
1073:
1010:Vertical aspects
991:Sentence spacing
801:Typeface anatomy
797:
664:
657:
650:
641:
634:
633:
613:
607:
606:
586:
580:
579:
557:
551:
544:
538:
537:
535:
534:
523:
514:
513:
511:
510:
499:
493:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
465:
459:
458:
436:
425:
424:
419:
417:
394:
378:Sentence spacing
341:
225:almost touching
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
47:Sentence spacing
25:Leading question
1679:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1622:
1606:
1538:
1498:writing systems
1497:
1491:
1445:
1385:
1329:Microtypography
1268:
1204:
1166:
1143:
1111:
1068:classifications
1067:
1056:
1005:
959:
925:Blackboard bold
911:
863:
786:
736:
727:Recto and verso
673:
668:
638:
637:
630:
615:
614:
610:
603:
588:
587:
583:
576:
559:
558:
554:
545:
541:
532:
530:
525:
524:
517:
508:
506:
501:
500:
496:
487:
483:
474:
472:
467:
466:
462:
455:
438:
437:
428:
415:
413:
411:
396:
395:
391:
386:
374:
357:
349:
337:
330:
268:
243:
204:word processors
169:
157:
118:composing stick
95:
69:
65:
54:
43:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:National Fonts
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Web typography
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Reversing type
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Letter-spacing
978:
973:
967:
965:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Color printing
932:
927:
921:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
869:Capitalization
865:
864:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
805:
803:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
783:
782:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Page numbering
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
681:
675:
674:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
636:
635:
628:
608:
601:
595:. p. 29.
581:
574:
552:
546:Matthias Ott.
539:
515:
494:
490:Microsoft Word
481:
460:
453:
426:
409:
388:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
373:
370:
356:
353:
348:
345:
329:
326:
267:
264:
242:
239:
168:
165:
156:
153:
141:Adobe InDesign
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:Bézier curves
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:Rasterization
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Microprinting
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Etaoin shrdlu
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
870:
866:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
804:
802:
798:
795:
793:
789:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
743:
739:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
645:
642:
631:
629:9781483289847
625:
621:
620:
612:
609:
604:
602:9781904705352
598:
594:
593:
585:
582:
577:
575:1-281-43121-4
571:
567:
563:
556:
553:
549:
543:
540:
528:
522:
520:
516:
504:
498:
495:
491:
485:
482:
470:
464:
461:
456:
454:9780881792126
450:
446:
443:. Vancouver:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
412:
406:
402:
401:
393:
390:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
361:
355:Bastard fonts
354:
352:
346:
344:
340:
335:
327:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
247:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
154:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
99:
90:
63:
59:
52:
48:
41:
37:
36:Leading lines
30:
26:
22:
1582:Type foundry
1419:Metric units
1349:Punchcutting
1334:Movable type
1304:Font catalog
1264:Vertical bar
1001:Word spacing
971:Figure space
854:Text figures
754:
697:Even working
618:
611:
591:
584:
561:
555:
542:
531:. Retrieved
507:. Retrieved
497:
484:
473:. Retrieved
463:
440:
421:
414:. Retrieved
399:
392:
366:
350:
331:
320:
316:
312:
311:
307:
301:
297:
293:
292:
288:
282:
278:
274:
273:
269:
248:
244:
220:
216:proofreading
209:
199:
191:
172:
170:
158:
148:
145:line spacing
144:
130:
103:
61:
55:
1577:Type design
1572:Style guide
1565:Calligraphy
1555:Handwriting
1369:Type design
1319:Lorem ipsum
1314:Letterpress
1274:Typesetting
1214:Punctuation
1178:Record type
1149:Gaelic type
1137:Schwabacher
1027:Body height
892:Letter case
760:Line length
564:. Chicago:
339:line-height
235:readability
212:typewriters
202:). In many
196:font height
137:QuarkXPress
133:page-layout
106:typesetting
1662:Whitespace
1657:Typography
1651:Categories
1550:Penmanship
1522:East Asian
1364:Type color
1297:monospaced
1254:Interpunct
1247:minus sign
1171:Specialist
1107:Sans-serif
1100:slab serif
1077:Roman type
1032:Cap height
996:Thin space
955:Whitespace
907:Title case
902:Snake case
897:Small caps
882:Camel case
814:Diacritics
722:Pull quote
717:Pagination
712:Paper size
671:Typography
533:2011-06-22
509:2014-10-29
475:2016-03-09
384:References
347:Feathering
313:Typography
294:Typography
275:Typography
260:sans serif
227:descenders
58:typography
21:Leadership
1047:Overshoot
1042:Mean line
1037:Descender
950:Underline
792:Character
770:Runaround
750:Alignment
742:Paragraph
223:ascenders
167:Practices
114:aluminium
1636:Category
1515:PT Fonts
1510:Cyrillic
1374:Typeface
1292:computer
1193:fat face
1066:Typeface
1052:x-height
1022:Baseline
1017:Ascender
877:All caps
839:Rotation
834:Ligature
829:Ink trap
372:See also
321:graphein
319:"form",
315:(Greek:
302:graphein
300:"form",
296:(Greek:
283:graphein
281:"form",
277:(Greek:
266:Examples
122:baseline
104:In hand
1462:Hinting
1339:Pangram
1157:Insular
1130:Rotunda
1125:Fraktur
1090:Antiqua
976:Kerning
945:Oblique
940:Italics
887:Initial
819:Dingbat
809:Counter
755:Leading
155:Origins
62:leading
1505:Arabic
1404:Cicero
1242:Hyphen
1227:Bullet
1188:script
1162:Uncial
1095:Didone
859:Tittle
702:Margin
692:Column
626:
599:
572:
451:
416:8 June
407:
241:Issues
231:rivers
126:points
1429:Point
1399:Agate
1259:Space
1085:Serif
986:Pitch
849:Swash
824:Glyph
765:River
317:typos
298:typos
279:typos
256:serif
252:verso
1527:Thai
1441:Twip
1424:Pica
1379:list
1359:Sort
1287:Font
1232:Dash
1218:List
930:Bold
780:runt
679:Page
624:ISBN
597:ISBN
570:ISBN
449:ISBN
418:2020
405:ISBN
161:lead
112:(or
110:lead
98:-ing
488:In
334:CSS
332:In
96:LED
56:In
1653::
1414:En
1409:Em
568:.
518:^
447:.
429:^
420:.
237:.
175:,
151:.
60:,
1220:)
1216:(
663:e
656:t
649:v
632:.
605:.
578:.
550:.
536:.
512:.
478:.
457:.
200:h
198:(
192:L
89:/
86:ŋ
83:ɪ
80:d
77:ɛ
74:l
71:ˈ
68:/
64:(
53:.
42:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
