Sentence spacing - Knowledge (XXG)

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single and double sentence spacing. The authors stated that "the 'double space group' consistently took longer time to finish than the 'single space' group" but concluded that "there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists". The 2003 study analyzed on-screen single, double, and triple spacing. In both cases, the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion. Ni, Branch, Chen, and Clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spacing variables. The authors concluded that the "results provided insufficient evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spacing between sentences". A 2018 study of 60 students found that those who used two word spaces between sentences read the same text 3 percent faster than with a

306: 2777:. pp. 62, 64–65, 70, 74–75. The sentences averaged 25.4 words each. Hartley does not identify which font type and sentence spacing method was used in his study. The author notes other studies, three of which found a positive correlation between segmenting parts of sentences and reading efficacy, three that noted no significance, and one that indicated a negative effect. The additional studies noted were: "Coleman and Kim, 1961; Epstein, 1967; and Murray, 1976 (with positive results); those of Nahinsky, 1956; Hartley and Burnhill, 1971; and Burnhill et al., 1975 (with non-significant results); and that of Klare et al., 1957 (a negative result)" (64). 624:

remained for decades after its invention. When the typewriter was first introduced, typists were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences. This gradually shifted to two spaces, while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em-spaced sentences. Some sources now state it is acceptable for monospaced fonts to be single-spaced today, although other references continue to specify double spacing for monospaced fonts. The double-space typewriter convention has been taught in schools in typing classes and remains the practice in many cases. Some voice concern that students will later be forced to relearn how to type.

123: 1679:. p. 61. "2.12 A single character space, not two spaces, should be left after periods at the ends of sentences (both in manuscript and in final, published form)." p. 243. "6.11 In typeset matter, one space, not two (in other words, a regular word space), follows any mark of punctuation that ends a sentence, whether a period, a colon, a question mark, an exclamation point, or closing quotation marks." p. 243. "6.13 A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence. It is followed by a single space." 103: 161:

limitations did not allow variable spacing—typists could only choose the number of times they pressed the space bar. Typists in some English-speaking countries initially learned to insert three spaces between sentences to approximate the wider sentence spacing used in traditional printing, but later settled on two spaces, a practice that continued throughout the 20th century. This became known as English spacing and marked a divergence from French typists, who continued to use French spacing.

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spacing between segments. The study concluded that there was no significant difference in efficacy, but that a wider study was needed. Numerous other similar studies in 1951–1991 resulted in disparate and inconclusive findings. Finally, although various studies have been conducted on the readability of proportional vs. monospaced fonts, the studies typically did not decrease sentence spacing when using proportional fonts, or did not specify whether sentence spacing was changed.

6779: 144:-spaced, and that words should be 1/3 or 1/2 em-spaced. The relative size of the sentence spacing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs. For most countries, this remained the standard for published work until the 20th century. Yet, even in this period, there were publishing houses that used a standard word space between sentences. 1077:. p. 101. Variable-spaced text (professionally typeset) is unlikely to result in a sentence space exactly twice the size of a word space (which can be seen with a typewriter or monospaced font). Variables such as whether a 1/3 or 1/2-word space is used, and whether the text is justified or unjustified, will vary the difference between a sentence space and word space. 1021:. "During times when many disciplines that recommend the APA's Publication Manual are advocating evidence-based decisions, it's noteworthy, we think, that these discussions of the rationale for using two spaces at the end of sentences (and after colons) do not appear to be based on scientific examination of the hypothesis that two spaces makes manuscripts more readable." 620:, 12-point font, although some works on screenwriting indicate that Courier is merely preferred—proportional fonts may be used. Some reliable sources state simply that writers should follow their particular style guide, but proponents of double spacing caution that publishers' guidance takes precedence, including those that ask for double-sentence-spaced manuscripts. 1167:. p. 24. Adams, Faux, and Rieber say, "For most composition, the em quad is used to indent the first line of a paragraph, the en quad is used to separate sentences, and the 3-em space is placed between words." An en is half an em and a 3-em space is a third of an em, so the space between sentences would be 1.5 times the space between words. 359:(2010) in the United States, provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics, including sentence spacing. The majority of style guides now prescribe the use of a single space after terminal punctuation in final written works and publications. A few style guides allow double sentence spacing for draft work, and the 1831:. p. 30. Bringhurst implies that additional spacing after terminal punctuation is redundant when combined with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. Other sources indicate that the function of terminal punctuation is to mark the end of a sentence and additional measures to perform the same measures are unnecessary. 70:

alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence. However, some sources still state that additional spacing is correct or acceptable. Some people preferred double sentence spacing because that was how they were taught to type. The few direct

921:. pp. 13–14. This refers to professionally published works, as it is possible for individual authors to publish works through desktop publishing systems. Williams states, "I guarantee this: never in your life have you read professionally set text printed since 1942 that used two spaces after each 584:

uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence. This allows the typesetter to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently. Early versions of Troff, which only typeset in fixed-width fonts, would automatically add a second space between sentences, which were detected

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them, which, when added to the adjacent standard word spaces, combines to create a visually larger space. Some argue that the "additional" space after a comma and full point serves as a "pause signal" for the reader. But this is unnecessary (and visually disruptive) since the pause signal is provided

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Word spaces, preceding or following punctuation, should be optically adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space. If a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a comma, then, optically, this produces a space of up to 50% wider than that of other word spaces within

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had on the typewriter, reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations. However, this innovation did not spread throughout the typewriter industry; the majority of mechanical typewriters, including all of the widely distributed models, remained monospaced, while a small minority of special models

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However, typographic opinions are typically anecdotal with no basis in evidence. "Opinions are not always safe guides to legibility of print", and when direct studies are conducted, anecdotal opinions—even those of experts—can turn out to be false. Text that seems legible (visually pleasing at first

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Many people are opposed to single sentence spacing for various reasons. Some state that the habit of double spacing is too deeply ingrained to change. Others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or readability of text. Proponents of double sentence spacing also state

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in the spaces between phrases, visually interrupting the "river" effect. This study also analyzed various spacing techniques. It did not vary spacing between sentences or identify font type used, and concluded that "isolating major phrases within extra spaces facilitates reading." The article lists

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in the late 19th century, typists used two spaces between sentences to mimic the style used by traditional typesetters. While wide sentence spacing was phased out in the printing industry in the mid-20th century, the practice continued on typewriters and later on computers. Perhaps because of this,

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This article originally appeared on Inkspot. Editor of editor of Writing-World.com, the author has written more than 300 published articles. Her books on writing include "Starting Your Career as a Freelance Writer (2003, 2005 reprint)", "The Writer's Guide to Queries, Pitches and Proposals (2001)"

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There are other studies that could be relevant to sentence spacing, such as the familiarity of typographic conventions on readability. Some studies indicate that "tradition" can increase the readability of text, and that reading is disrupted when conventional printing arrangements are disrupted or

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emphasis, that is, an up & down movement, induced by the relative isolation of the words & consequent insistence of the ascending and descending letters. This movement is further emphasized by those "rivers" of white which are the inseparable & ugly accompaniment of all carelessly set

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Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by Loh, Branch, Shewanown, and Ali (2002); and Clinton, Branch, Holschuh, and Shewanown (2003); with results favoring neither single, double, nor triple spacing. The 2002 study tested participants' reading speed for passages of on-screen text with

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Most style guides indicate that single sentence spacing is proper for final or published work today, and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication—with single sentence spacing. Writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra

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Some studies suggest that readability can be improved by breaking sentences into separate units of thought—or varying the internal spacing of sentences. Mid-20th century research on this topic resulted in inconclusive findings. A 1980 study split sentences into 1–5 word phrases with additional

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One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts. However, proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter and

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Government Printing Office of Australia, stipulates that only one space is used after "sentence-closing punctuation" and that "Programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated, variable spacing, so this practice of double spacing is now avoided because it can create

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machines, allowed for some variable sentence spacing similar to hand composition. Just as these machines revolutionized the mass production of text, the advent of the typewriter around the same time revolutionized the creation of personal and business documents. But the typewriters' mechanical

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separated words. The normal, easy, left-to-right movement of the eye is slowed down simply because of this separation; further, the short letters and serifs are unable to discharge an important function – that of keeping the eye on "the line". The eye also tends to be confused by a feeling of

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A carefully composed text page appears as an orderly series of strips of black separated by horizontal channels of white space. Conversely, in a slovenly setting the tendency is for the page to appear as a grey and muddled pattern of isolated spats, this effect being caused by the over-widely

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A widespread observation is that increased sentence spacing creates "rivers" or "holes" within text, making it visually unattractive, distracting, and difficult to locate the end of sentences. Comprehensive works on typography describe the negative effect on readability caused by inconsistent

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of the single and double sentence spacing methods—by proponents on both sides. Supporters of single spacing assert that familiarity with the current standard in books, magazines, and the Web enhances readability, that double spacing looks strange in text using proportional fonts, and that the

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In the computer era, spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages. Some systems accept whatever the user types, while others attempt to alter the spacing or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences. Computer-based word processors and

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The desired or correct sentence spacing is often debated, but most sources now state that an additional space is not necessary or desirable. From around 1950, single sentence spacing became standard in books, magazines, and newspapers, and the majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived

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makes room for double and single sentence spacing based on author preferences. Web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic, as "HTML refuses to recognize double spaces altogether". These works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spacing.

1722:"Assicurarsi ad esempio che tra la fine e l'inizio di due periodi separati da un punto venga usato un unico spazio prima della frase successiva, invece dei due spazi del testo americano ... A differenza di altre lingue, non va inserito nessuno spazio prima dei segni di punteggiatura." 346:

Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language. These works are important to writers, since "virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication". Late editions of comprehensive style guides, such as the

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The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, As Well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices: With Several Useful Tables, Numerous Schemes for Imposing Forms in Every Variety, Hints to Authors,

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by default uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously; the double-space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations. How Emacs recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings

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became commonplace, typewritten manuscripts became less relevant and most style guides stopped making distinctions between manuscripts and final typeset products. In the same period, style guides began changing their guidance on sentence spacing. The 1969 edition of the

1725:(Translation: "Make sure that between two sentences separated by a period a single space is used before the second sentence, instead of the double spacing used in the United States ... Contrary to other languages, no space is to be added before punctuation marks.") 264:

More recent works on typography weigh in strongly. Ilene Strizver, founder of the Type Studio, says: "Forget about tolerating differences of opinion: typographically speaking, typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely, unequivocally wrong." The

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Until the 20th century, publishing houses and printers in many countries used additional space between sentences. There were exceptions to this traditional spacing method—some printers used spacing between sentences that was no wider than word spacing. This was

702:(CRT) displays concluded that "more densely packed text is read more efficiently … than is more loosely packed text." This statement is supported in other works as well. Canadian typographer Geoffrey Dowding suggests possible explanations of this phenomenon: 343:(1983) had shifted to single sentence spacing. Other style guides followed suit in the 1990s. Soon after the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of style guides had changed to indicate that only one word space was proper between sentences. 471:

for French speakers worldwide. The 1992 edition does not provide guidance on sentence spacing, but is single-sentence-spaced throughout—consistent with historical French spacing. The Spanish language is similar. The most important body within the

649:" and "holes" caused by double spacing impair readability. Proponents of double sentence spacing state that the extra space between sentences enhances readability by providing clearer breaks between sentences and making text appear more legible. 3407:

The Practice of Typography: Correct Composition: A Treatise on Spelling Abbreviations, the Compounding and Division of Words, the Proper Use of Figures and Numerals, Italic and Capital Letters, Notes, Etc., With Observations on Punctuation and

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for typesetting used a wider space between sentences than between words—"traditional spacing", as shown in the illustration to the right. During the 20th century, style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for typewritten

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For example, the 15th Edition of the Chicago Manual of Style states that "A single character space, not two spaces, should be left after periods at the ends of sentences (both in manuscript and in final, published form) and after colons.

1694:"Prefazione: Il manuale intende fornire una serie di indicazioni utili per la stesura di testi di carattere non inventive, quali per esempio manuali, saggi, monografie, relazioni professionali, tesi di laurea, articoli per riviste, ecc." 530:(2004) states that "The modern system of English punctuation is by no means simple. A book that covers all the bases would need to be of considerable breadth and weight and anyone interested in such a resource is advised to consult the 140:) specified spacing standards that were all essentially identical from the 18th century onwards. These guides—e.g., Jacobi in the UK (1890) and MacKellar, Harpel, and De Vinne (1866–1901) in the U.S.—indicated that sentences should be 612:, says that the topic of sentence spacing is "the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type, it's still the question I hear most often, and a search of the web will find threads galore on the subject." 3872:

Harpel's Typograph, or Book of Specimens Containing Useful Information, Suggestions and a Collection of Examples of Letterpress Job Printing Arranged for the Assistance of Master Printers, Amateurs, Apprentices, and

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Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content, whether or not they are associated with sentences. There are options for preserving spacing, such as the CSS white-space property, and the

483: 2566:, Library Association, 1969, that he identifies on pages 51 and 247. In Jury's endnote on page 247, he points to "research done before, and at approximately the same time as, this 1969 report: G.W. Ovink, 176:

Magazines, newspapers, and books began to adopt the single-space convention in the United States in the 1940s and in the United Kingdom in the 1950s. Typists did not move to single spacing simultaneously.

269:(2003) states that "The typewriter tradition of separating sentences with two-word spaces after a period has no place in typesetting" and that the single space is "standard typographic practice". The 488:, which is viewed as prescriptive for the Spanish language worldwide. The 2001 edition does not provide sentence-spacing guidance, but is itself single-sentence-spaced. The German language manual 616:

that some publishers may still require double-spaced manuscript submissions from authors. A key example noted is the screenwriting industry's monospaced standard for screenplay manuscripts,

2456:. pp. 383, 387, 390. This study "explored the effects of spacing after the period on on-screen reading tasks through two dependent variables, reading time and reading comprehension". 775:

Languages with Sanscrit, Cyrillic, cuneiform, hieroglyphics, Chinese, and Japanese characters, among others, are not covered in the scope of this article. Handwriting is also not covered.

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and the proper construction of sentences—but not the spacing between sentences. Moreover, many modern grammar guides are designed for quick reference and refer users to comprehensive

1604:. p. 22. (1st edition published in 1982.) "Note in particular that ... stops (. ? ! : ;) are always followed by only a single (not a double) space." 496:("Recommendations of the Council for German Orthography"; 2006) does not address sentence spacing. The manual itself uses one space after terminal punctuation. Additionally, the 6364: 339:

used em spaces between sentences in its text; by the 2003 edition it had changed to single sentence spacing for both manuscript and print. By the 1980s, the United Kingdom's

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font, an ubiquitous font that is considered to be visually pleasing in the construction and viewing of its characters, but has been found to impair reading effectiveness (

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Loh, Christian Sebastian; Branch, Robert Maribe; Shewanown, Saun; Ali, Radwan (2002). "The Effect of Text Spacing After the Period on Time for On-Screen Reading Tasks".

4062: 1664:. p. 293. "17.07 French Typographical Rules—Punctuation: Adopt the following rules for spacing with punctuation marks. Mark: Period, before: none, after: 1 space." 5553: 4765: 2265:

that numerous page designers have contacted her, stating that the presence of two spaces between sentences requires them to edit the pages to remove the extra spaces

5445: 5418: 273:(2004) advocates a single space between sentences, noting that "your typing as well as your typesetting will benefit from unlearning this quaint Victorian habit". 5263:

Manual of Style: A Compilation of Typographical Rules Governing the Publications of the University of Chicago, with Specimens of Types Used at the University Press

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In the 1990s, some print and Web sources began referring to double sentence spacing as "French spacing", leading to some ambiguity with the term. See for example,

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spacing, which is supported in a 1981 study which found that "comprehension was significantly less accurate with the river condition." Another 1981 study on

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A few reference grammars address sentence spacing, as increased spacing between words is punctuation in itself. Most do not. Grammar guides typically cover

435:(2010), the official guide for Microsoft translation, tells users to use single sentence spacing "instead of the double spacing used in the United States". 253:

requires only one space after periods, question marks, exclamation points, and colons" and identified single sentence spacing as a typographic convention.

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Shortly after the invention of movable type, highly variable spacing was created, which could create spaces of any size and allowed for perfectly even

4468:. Public Works and Government Services of Canada, The Translation Bureau, The Government of Canada's terminology and linguistic data bank TERMIUM-Plus 473: 2794:

similar studies. The research in 14 studies in 1951–1986 correlated with the findings in the article, and six studies in 1957–1984 were inconclusive.

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spaces before submitting manuscripts, although other sources state that publishers will use software to remove the spaces before final publication.

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Bever, Thomas G.; Jandreau, Steven; Burwell, Rebecca; et al. (1991). "Spacing Printed Text to Isolate Major Phrases Improves Readability".

3261: 408: 5589: 3197: 234:(the "arrangement and appearance of text") supported traditional spacing techniques in English publications. In 1954, Geoffrey Dowding's book 5628: 5578: 5537: 5498: 5473: 5389: 5364: 5322: 5295: 5271: 5193: 5165: 5135: 5093: 5071: 5052: 5027: 5001: 4978: 4934: 4915: 4896: 4877: 4836: 4804: 4754: 4731: 4704: 4681: 4662: 4595: 4537: 4346: 4314: 4219: 4200: 4181: 4137: 4105: 4051: 4032: 3943: 3903: 3774: 3751: 3708: 3681: 3662: 3636: 3604: 3558: 3532: 3511: 3492: 3471: 3444: 3425: 3394: 3375: 3302: 3229: 3111: 3092: 3069: 3050: 2960: 2924: 2900: 2834: 1584:. (1st edition published in 1997.) This manual is "obligatory" for all those in the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works ( 966: 5808: 1707:. (Translation: "The only real Italian style guide, a must-have for any writer".) The 2009 edition is itself uses single sentence spacing. 2117:

Moira Anderson Allen suggests that publishers are more interested in readable fonts as opposed to maintaining a fixed-width font standard.

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Campbell, A.J.; Marchetti, F.M.; Mewhort, D.J.K. (1981). "Reading Speed and Text Production: A Note on Right-Justification Techniques".

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The bracketed words in the text are Jury's. For the rest of the quoted passage, Jury appears to have drawn on a report by Alison Shaw,

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notes, "Changes in spacing either between letters and words, or between the words only ... do not appear to affect legibility. "

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typically have multiple style guides, only some of which may discuss sentence spacing. This is the case in the United Kingdom. The

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Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition (July 2009)

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The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation: An Easy-to-Use Guide with Clear Rules, Real-World Examples, and Reproducible Quizzes

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shows em spacing after sentences in the manuscript example (page 41), but single spacing in the typset example (p. 73).

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Kolers, Paul A.; Duchinsky, Robert; Ferguson, Dennis C. (1981). "Eye Movement Measurement of Readability of CRT Displays".

1089:. Felici illustrates that there are other examples of standard single word spaces used for sentence spacing in this period. 6733: 443:

Some languages, such as French and Spanish, have academies that set language rules. Their publications typically address

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The study did not find "statistically significant differences between reading time of single and double space passages".

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Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers: Which are to be Observed in All Cases Where No Special Instructions are Given

415:(2002) state that only single spacing should be used. In Canada, both the English- and French-language sections of the 6764: 5833: 5352: 5308: 5281: 5257: 5185: 400: 355: 214: 133: 87: 57: 5728: 4241:

Linotype Keyboard Operation: Methods of Study and Procedures for Setting Various Kinds of Composition on the Linotype

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From Gutenberg to Open Type: An Illustrated History of Type from the Earliest Letterforms to the Latest Digital Fonts

2113:, p. 17. The authors state that "Courier 12-point is preferred, although New York, Bookman, and Times will do". 1982: 5741: 4512: 500:, the German-language dictionary most commonly used in Germany, indicates that double sentence spacing is an error. 6344: 5225: 4548: 1737:. French is spoken in 57 countries and territories throughout the world, including Europe, North America, and 1697:(Translation: "tyle manual for academic papers, monographs, professional correspondence, theses, articles, etc.".) 5509: 5454: 3576: 5990: 5332: 4262: 477: 392: 61:—a term synonymous with single-space sentence spacing until the late 20th century. With the introduction of the 6748: 6565: 6236: 6173: 5878: 5801: 4908:

The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Punctuation: A Handy Reference to Resolve All Your Grammatical Problems

2807: 2803: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2702: 2698: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 5103:

Tinker, Miles A. (Summer 1966). "Experimental Studies on the Legibility of Print: An Annotated Bibliography".

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Dundurn Press in Co-operation with Public Works and the Government Services Canada Translation Bureau (1997).

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Columbia Law Review; Harvard Law Review; University of Pennsylvania Law Review; Yale Law review, eds. (2005).

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violated. The standard for the Web and published books, magazines, and newspapers is single sentence spacing.

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The Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English

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instructs editors to remove extra spaces between sentences when preparing a manuscript for publication; also

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underscored the widespread shift from a single enlarged em space to a standard word space between sentences.

5758: 1617: 452: 375:(2008) indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications—encompassing 185: 4325: 6193: 5916: 4356:

Ni, Xiaopeng; Branch, Robert Maribe; Chen, Kuan-Chung; Clinton, Gregory (2009). Sleeman, Phillip J (ed.).

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Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile: Guida alla Redazione di Documenti, Relazioni, Articoli, Manuali, Tesi di Laurea

2682:. p. 4. Other studies show that "irregular and uneven spacing" disrupts the text and may slow the reader; 210: 102: 6668: 6168: 6163: 6076: 6063: 5896: 4357: 4075: 2972:"Corrections to the First Printing of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association" 689: 4451:

Payne, Donald R. (1967). "Readability of Typewritten Material; Proportional Versus Standard Spacing".

3615: 3294: 3011: 2971: 1229: 6805: 6460: 6101: 5955: 4289: 4234:(Fifteenth – Revised and Enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. 390 pages. 3269: 3183:

Black, Allison; Watts, Darren (1993). "Proofreading Monospaced and Proportionally-spaced Typefaces".

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The Practical Printer: A Book of Instruction for Beginners; a Book of Reference for the More Advanced

1988: 522: 509: 280:(2004)—published in Switzerland—clarifies the contemporary typographic position on sentence spacing: 261:(2006) both indicate that uniform spacing should be used between words, including between sentences. 5600: 4376:

North, A. J.; Jenkins, L. B. (1951). "Reading Speed and Comprehension as a Function of Typography".

3405: 6815: 6810: 6782: 6743: 6656: 6550: 6405: 6383: 6373: 6241: 5848: 5838: 5794: 3201: 2467:"Are two spaces better than one? The effect of spacing following periods and commas during reading" 380: 25: 5621:

The Mac is Not a Typewriter: A Style Manual for Creating Professional-level Type on Your Macintosh

4799:. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, Weinheim: John Wiley & Sons. 592 pages. 2590:, Lund Humphries, 1968. The ATypI Legibility Research Committee initial report (no named author), 653:

glance) may be shown to actually impair reading effectiveness when subjected to scientific study.

6706: 6633: 6613: 6603: 6575: 6545: 6505: 6132: 5995: 5980: 5921: 5911: 5775: 5547: 5112: 4605: 4173: 3998: 2789:. pp. 78–80, 83–87. The text materials used in the research inserted various characters, such as 1738: 1408:, and titled thus in recent editions (first edition published in 1906)). The 1969 edition of the 646: 617: 592:

started highlighting two spaces after a period as an error and offers a correction of one space.

331: 213: 2.1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces. In the 1980s, 5490: 5484: 5044: 5038: 4587: 4580: 3463: 3367: 4723: 3700: 958: 952: 561:

allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional typesetters.

419:(1997), prescribe single sentence spacing. In the United States, many style guides—such as the 6651: 6570: 6525: 6455: 5926: 5678: 5654: 5624: 5574: 5570: 5533: 5494: 5469: 5439: 5412: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5360: 5318: 5291: 5267: 5189: 5161: 5131: 5089: 5067: 5048: 5023: 4997: 4974: 4930: 4911: 4892: 4873: 4832: 4800: 4750: 4727: 4700: 4677: 4658: 4591: 4533: 4393: 4342: 4310: 4244: 4215: 4196: 4177: 4133: 4101: 4047: 4028: 3990: 3939: 3899: 3770: 3747: 3704: 3677: 3658: 3632: 3600: 3554: 3528: 3507: 3488: 3467: 3440: 3421: 3390: 3371: 3298: 3225: 3217: 3107: 3088: 3065: 3046: 2956: 2920: 2896: 2853: 2830: 2551: 2466: 1747: 962: 732: 448: 36: 5428:"24.4 Character Entity References for Markup-Significant and Internationalization characters" 4852:

Executive Resumes and Career Transition Strategies: Reflections of an Executive Resume Writer

4406: 3718: 3482: 3156: 2991: 6537: 6490: 6329: 6276: 5947: 5562: 5157: 5149: 5015: 4989: 4863: 4742: 4715: 4385: 3982: 3762: 3692: 3650: 3287: 3286: 3248: 3081: 2930: 2888: 1371:; "So I ask you : space twice after every period", Nina K. Hoffman, "Typesetters Blues", in 699: 198: 153: 66:

many modern sources now incorrectly claim that wide spacing was created for the typewriter.

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printing in Europe, various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a

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Type and Layout: How Typography and Design Can Get your Message Across – Or Get in the Way

5127:

The Screenwriter's Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script

4628: 3553:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 574 pages. 663: 193: 173:") to separate sentences. This standard continued in use, to some extent, into the 1990s. 169:

In the early 20th century, some printers began using one and a half interword spaces (an "

157: 141: 111: 6628: 4435: 3853: 3832: 3173: 2686:. p. 270. The context of the "irregular and uneven spacing" is concerning justified text. 447:

and grammar as opposed to matters of typography. Style guides are less relevant for such

5686: 5662: 5261: 4326:"How many spaces should I leave after a period or other concluding mark of punctuation?" 3570:"English Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Translators in the European Commission" 2950: 2868: 1992: 6678: 6623: 6500: 6303: 6127: 6081: 6015: 5985: 5853: 5312: 5125: 5011: 4990: 4257: 4166: 4025:

The Savvy Screenwriter: How to Sell Your Screenplay (and Yourself) Without Selling Out!

3784:

Haber, Ralph Norman; Haber, Lyn R. (1981). "Visual Components of the Reading Process".

3763: 3740: 3651: 3646: 3481:

Eckersley, Richard; Ellertson, Charles M.; Angstaldt, Richard; Hendel, Richard (1994).

3456: 3360: 2889: 2846: 1244: 589: 368: 202: 136:. Early American, English, and other European typesetters' style guides (also known as 74:

conducted since 2002 have produced inconclusive results as to which convention is more

5016: 4482: 4063:"The Effects of Computer-based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate" 1589: 1585: 977:"The Effects of Computer-based Text Spacing on Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate" 6799: 6470: 6438: 6428: 6308: 5563: 5357:

The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers

5314:

The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers

5285: 5179: 5175: 4867: 4743: 4716: 4693: 3870: 3693: 2017: 1819:. The current version of the Duden reflects the most recent opinions of this council. 1812: 5237: 5150: 4953: 4002: 3806: 3522: 3039: 1217:. p. 165. HTML normally ignores all additional horizontal spacing between text. 423:(2003)—allow only single sentence spacing. The most important style guide in Italy, 188:, a typewriter capable of proportional spacing, which had been used in professional 51:(as between the words in a sentence), a single enlarged space, and two full spaces. 6728: 6608: 6495: 6480: 6450: 6410: 6393: 6147: 6117: 6091: 6000: 5843: 5825: 5081: 4161: 4148: 3551:

The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications

3339: 1644:

in 1971.) "In text, use only a single word space after all sentence punctuation.";

1249:

pre-wrap: This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences of white space.

44: 40: 3954: 1245:"Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification" 2036:"Microsoft Word now flags double spaces as errors, ending the great space debate" 1704:"L'unico vero manuale di stile italiano, di cui nessun redattore può fare a meno" 152:

Mechanical type systems introduced near the end of the 19th century, such as the

6723: 6718: 6711: 6701: 6515: 6465: 6420: 6360: 6324: 6295: 6283: 6263: 6086: 6038: 5906: 5040:

Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

3822: 2910:

American Political Science Association Committee on Publications (August 2006).

2378: 1816: 1804: 1799:. The Duden was the primary orthography and language guide in Germany until the 667: 641: 550: 513: 444: 348: 327: 322: 250: 242: 189: 75: 4150:

IVLA Book of Selected Readings: Selected Readings of the IVLA Annual Conference

3986: 3927:

Some Notes on Books and Printing; a Guide for Authors, Publishers, & Others

1490:

Horace Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford

526:

for consistency in formatting work and for all other "editorial concerns". The

6696: 6510: 6400: 6253: 6246: 6223: 6178: 6142: 6096: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6028: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5817: 5427: 5400: 5145: 4027:(Revised & Expanded ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. 288 pages. 3316:. 2003 AECT Leadership & Technology International Convention, Anaheim, Ca. 3314:

Online Reading Performance Time as a Function of Text Layout: Roundtable Paper

3252: 2790: 637: 231: 62: 48: 5749: 5682: 5658: 5463: 4520: 3439:(Revised ed.). Vancouver, BC: Hartley & Marks Publishers. 90 pages. 3312:

Clinton, Gregory; Branch, Robert Maribe; Holschuh, D.; Shewanown, S. (2003).

6188: 6183: 5960: 5888: 2374: 922: 330:, which were used prior to professionally typesetting the work. As computer 4854:. Creative Keystrokes Executive Resume Service30 March 2010. Archived from 4815: 4397: 4248: 3894:

Hopper, Vincent F.; Gale, Cedric; Foote, Ronald C.; Griffith, B.W. (2004).

3674:

The Grammar Devotional: Daily Tips for Successful Writing from Grammar Girl

1131:. p. 58. This primarily refers to the United States and Great Britain. 5703:"Space Invaders: Why You Should Never, Ever Use Two Spaces After a Period" 5290:(12th Revised ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 4952:. International Typeface Organization and Monotype Imaging. Archived from 4432:"Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford" 3994: 3850:"Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford" 3629:

How Not to Write a Screenplay: 101 Common Mistakes Most Screenwriters Make

3224:(3.0 ed.). Washington and Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. 352 pages. 3060:

Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) and Darby Dickerson (2006).

2209:. "Continue the custom only if you use a typewriter or the Courier font." 180:

Technological advances began affecting sentence spacing methods. In 1941,

6661: 6520: 6339: 6212: 6198: 6023: 5975: 5178:(2007). Booth, Wayne C.; Colomb, Gregory G.; Williams, Joseph M. (eds.). 4011: 5229: 5204: 4848:"Don't Date Yourself by Using Two Spaces after a Period in Your Resume!" 4559: 4307:

MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses

201:

systems ignored runs of white space in text. This was also true for the

6485: 6271: 6122: 6033: 5965: 5901: 5716:"You Can Have My Double Space When You Pry it From My Cold, Dead Hands" 1808: 1588:). It is intended to encompass 23 languages within the European Union ( 726: 170: 29: 5116: 4358:"The Effects of Text Spacing on Screen Reading Time and Comprehension" 3568:

European Commission Directorate-General for Translation (April 2010).

6388: 6005: 5766: 5152:

Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation

4389: 3289:

The AP [Associated Press] Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law

3045:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association. 2101:, p. 112. Trottier refers to Courier as the industry "standard". 4887:

Squire, Victoria; Willberg, Hans Peter; Forsmann, Friedrich (2006).

4766:"Improving Instructional Materials by Improving Document Formatting" 4282:"Character design standards (5 of 10): Space Characters for Latin 1" 3915:

Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale

2881:

and "Writing to Win: The Colossal Guide to Writing Contests (2010)".

285:

a line of type. This is because these punctuation marks carry space

5702: 3285:

Christian, Darrell; Jacobsen, Sally; Minthorn, David, eds. (2009).

3262:"Il mio scaffale: i libri più utili per lo scrittore professionale" 3135: 2829:(in French) (Neuvième ed.). Paris: Artheme Fayard. 830 pages. 6231: 5970: 5938: 5359:(16th ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 5317:(15th ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 5287:

The Chicago Manual of Style: For Authors, Editors, and Copywriters

5181:

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

585:

based on the combination of terminal punctuation and a line feed.

581: 565: 554: 497: 304: 2473:"One Or Two Spaces After A Period? That New Study Can't Tell You" 217:

provided the average writer with more advanced formatting tools.

6587: 6433: 6378: 4741:

Sambuchino, Chuck; The Editors of Writer's Digest Books (2009).

4496:"Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia Española" 4329: 1807:

for German-speaking countries—composed of experts from Germany,

206: 5790: 2955:(6th ed.). American Psychological Association. 272 pages. 192:

for hundreds of years. This innovation broke the hold that the

4495: 3104:

Essentials of English Grammar: The Quick Guide to Good English

558: 181: 5786: 5205:"Unicode Standard Annex #14: Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm" 4929:(10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 176 pages. 4749:(3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. 324. 4328:. Modern Language Association31 January 2010. Archived from 2952:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

2844:

Adams, J. Michael; Faux, David D.; Rieber, Lloyd J. (1996).

5729:"How Many Spaces Should There Be at the End of a Sentence?" 4971:

Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography

4950:

U&lc: Upper and Lowercase Magazine Online: Issue 41.1.1

387:(2010) states that sentences are always single-spaced. The 4481:

Publications Office of the European Union (24 July 2008).

4214:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 352 pages. 4132:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. 408 pages. 4046:(Fourth ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. 144 pages. 2919:. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association. 2895:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1032. 516:

for additional matters of writing style. For example, the

209:

normally ignores additional spacing, although in 2011 the

4434:(Thirty-ninth ed.). Oxford Editorial. Archived from 3852:(Thirty-ninth ed.). Oxford Editorial. Archived from 3831:(First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from 2568:

Legibility, Atmosphere-value, and Forms of Printing Types

5623:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. 96 pages. 4816:"The Trouble With EM 'n EN (and Other Shady Characters)" 4341:(7th ed.). Modern Language Association of America. 3898:(4th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. 208 pages. 2586:, University of Minnesota Press, 1965. Herbert Spencer, 1387:

University of Chicago Press 2003 Chicago Manual of Style

241:

With the advent of the computer age, typographers began

4464:

Public Works and Government Services of Canada (2010).

3761:

Garner, Bryan A.; Newman, Jeff; Jackson, Tiger (2006).

3622:. Printingforless.com and CreativePro.com31 March 2010. 3064:(3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. 608 pages. 1602:

European Commission Directorate-General for Translation

802: 800: 798: 5043:(7 ed.). Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors. 3653:

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

3362:

Designing With Type: The Essential Guide to Typography

2582:, Iowa State University Press, 1965. Miles A. Tinker, 2263:

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

954:

Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing

259:

Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography

4722:(10th Spiral-bound ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4115:

Lloyd, John Wills; Hallahan, Dan (10 November 2009).

4098:

The McGraw Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage

3929:(New & Enlarged ed.). London: C. Wittingham. 3437:

Finer Points in the Spacing & Arrangement of Type

3389:(Third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3010:

American Psychological Association (8 October 2009).

2578:, Cambridge University Press, 1959. Miles A. Tinker, 1230:

How many spaces at the end of a sentence? One or two?

5510:"One or two spaces after a period? How about three?" 5457:. American Psychological Association29 January 2010. 4644:

Rusch, Kristine Kathryn; Smith, Dean Wesley (1990).

4258:"Italian Style Guide: Microsoft Language Excellence" 3325:. Massachusetts: The Harvard Law Review Association. 3178:(3rd ed.). Albany: Oneonta, N.Y., H. G. Bishop. 2891:

AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors

2670:. p. 64; The Design and Publishing Center, cited in 6757: 6689: 6642: 6596: 6536: 6419: 6359: 6317: 6294: 6262: 6222: 6211: 6156: 6110: 6062: 6014: 5946: 5937: 5887: 5824: 4973:(3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 4407:"A Method for Teaching Straight Matter Composition" 3198:"How Many Spaces After a Period? Ending the Debate" 2827:

Dictionnaire de l'Académie française: Tome 1, A–Enz

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Public Works and Government Services of Canada 2010

817: 815: 429:(2009), does not address sentence spacing, but the 399:National languages not covered by an authoritative 236:

Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of Type

5465:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting 5266:(Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago. 4692: 4579: 4165: 3739: 3458:The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing 3455: 3359: 3106:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 176 pages. 3080: 3038: 2845: 2570:, Leiden, 1938. Donald Paterson, Miles A. Tinker, 1118:One or two spaces after a period? How about three? 693:An example of the "river" effect in justified text 492:Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 245:double spacing, even in monospaced text. In 1989, 197:carried the innovations. By the 1960s, electronic 16:Horizontal space between sentences in typeset text 5532:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Australia. 5130:(4th ed.). Los Angeles: Silman James Press. 4869:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works 3746:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2373:. pp. 50, 108, 128. A useful example is the 1660:. p. 113. (1st edition published in 1987.); 255:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works 5302:Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6-40582 4243:. Brooklyn, N.Y: Mergenthaler Linotype Company. 4061:Leonard, Kristi; et al. (10 October 2009). 2970:American Psychological Association (July 2009). 1002: 1000: 998: 520:(2005) points users to style guides such as the 148:Mechanical type and the advent of the typewriter 5530:Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers 5468:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 4946:"Double Spaces Between Sentences ... Not!" 4891:. London: Laurence King Publishing. 176 pages. 4532:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1033 pages. 4324:Modern Language Association (15 January 2009). 4305:Modern Humanities Research Association (2002). 3881:Hartley, James (1980). "Spatial Cues in Text". 3691:Fondiller, Shirley; Nerone, Barbara J. (2007). 2678:. (1995). Mosby Publishing, St Louis. Cited in 2574:, Harper & Brothers, 1949. 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(2003). 4365:International Journal of Instructional Media 4130:Webster's New World English Grammar Handbook 3936:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography 3293:(44th ed.). Philadelphia: Basic Books. 2548:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography 489: 464: 456: 278:About Face: Reviving the Rules of Typography 5444:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5417:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5022:(50th Anniversary ed.). Longman. 128. 4646:Science Fiction Writers of America Handbook 4339:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 4172:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 3599:. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. 384 pages. 3012:"Errors in APA Style Rules, Clarifications" 2949:American Psychological Association (2010). 2251:Modern Humanities Research Association 2002 1803:created a multinational council for German 1646:Modern Humanities Research Association 2002 309:Traditional spacing examples from the 1911 6219: 5943: 5809: 5795: 5787: 5528:Wiley, John, & Sons Australia (2007). 4988:Strumpf, Michael; Douglas, Auriel (2004). 4610:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3366:(5th ed.). New York: Watson-Guptill. 3323:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation 2694: 2692: 2564:Print for Partial Sight: A Research Report 2550:. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. p. 52. 1620:is an organization of 54 English-speaking 6765:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 5064:My Grammar and I: Or Should that be "Me"? 4745:Formatting and Submitting your Manuscript 4549:"Words and Images in Print and on Screen" 4309:. Leeds, UK: Maney Publishing. 92 pages. 4210:Lynch, Patrick J.; Horton, Sarah (2008). 4195:. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. 4193:The Writing Digest Grammar Desk Reference 3938:. Switzerland: Rotovision SA. 159 pages. 3725:. Free Software Foundation. 12 April 2010 3631:. New York: Crown Publishing. 240 pages. 3358:Craig, James; Scala, Irene Korol (2006). 2011: 2009: 1494:Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors 1225: 1223: 1195: 1193: 474:Association of Spanish Language Academies 4648:(1990 ed.). Writers Notebook Press. 3616:"To Double-Space or Not to Double-Space" 3087:(43rd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 1210: 1208: 1113: 1111: 688: 4699:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 4083:(in Italian) (2.0 ed.). Zanichelli 745: 391:(2007), first published in 1966 by the 5742:"One Versus Two Spaces After a Period" 5545: 5437: 5410: 4603: 4586:(1st ed.). New Castle, Delaware. 4556:SET: Research Information for Teachers 4513:"One Versus Two Spaces After a Period" 4267:(in Italian) (1.0 ed.). Microsoft 4239:Mergenthaler Linotype Company (1940). 4128:Loberger, Gordon; Shoup, Kate (2009). 3462:. Toronto and Oxford: J. Kirk Howard. 3151:Bibliographisches Institut AG (2010). 3134:Bibliographisches Institut AG (2010). 2281:, p. 83; The 16th edition of the 1640:. p. 51. (First published as the 1239: 1237: 409:Modern Humanities Research Association 5088:. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. 4827:Shushan, Ronnie; Wright, Don (1989). 4814:Sheerin, Peter K. (19 October 2001). 4191:Lutz, Gary; Stevenson, Diane (2005). 4065:. AECT1 February 2010. Archived from 3769:(2nd ed.). Thompson West. 1008. 3575:. European Commission. Archived from 3524:TeX by Topic, A TeXnician's Reference 2887:American Medical Association (2007). 2715:Campbell, Marchetti, and Mewhort 1981 2261:, p. 81; Fogarty also stated in 957:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. p. 632:Effects on readability and legibility 7: 5588:Williams, Robin (July–August 1995). 5224:United States. (16 September 2008). 4337:Modern Language Association (2009). 4100:. New York: McGraw Hill. 304 pages. 4096:Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005). 3805:. WebMediaBrands Inc. Archived from 3765:The Redbook: A Manual on Legal Style 3506:. London: Profile Books. 256 pages. 3021:. American Psychological Association 2997:. American Psychological Association 2990:American Psychological Association. 2977:. American Psychological Association 2869:"A Quick Guide to Manuscript Format" 2731:Kolers, Duchinsky, and Ferguson 1981 2684:John Wiley & Sons Australia 2007 1614:John Wiley & Sons Australia 2007 1568:. (1st edition published in 1960.); 1564:. (1st edition published in 1918.); 467:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française 110:↓ (1909) sentences with at least an 4822:. A List Apart Magazine17 May 2010. 4453:The Journal of Typographic Research 2852:(4th ed.). Delmar Publishers. 2576:A Psychological Study of Typography 2357:. pp. 88, 108, 127, 128, 153; 1773:Council for German Orthography 2010 1691:. (1st edition published in 1986.) 5714:McArdle, Megan (14 January 2011). 5701:Manjoo, Farhad (13 January 2011). 5455:"On Two Spaces Following a Period" 5453:Weiderkehr, Sarah (30 July 2009). 5156:. New York: Gotham Books. p. 4996:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 512. 4872:. Mountain View, CA: Adobe Press. 4018:. IT and Communication17 May 2010. 3657:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 240. 2913:Style Manual for Political Science 1797:Bibliographisches Institut AG 2010 1785:Bibliographisches Institut AG 2010 1572:. (1st edition published in 1962.) 753:University of Chicago Press 2003, 28:are inserted between sentences in 14: 5774:Barrett, Mark (19 January 2011). 4773:ASEE Southeast Section Conference 4657:. Silman-James Press. 483 pages. 4511:Rhodes, John S. (13 April 1999). 3896:A Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar 3699:. New York: Springer Publishing. 3695:Health Professionals Style Manual 3597:The Complete Manual of Typography 3222:The Elements of Typographic Style 3035:American Sociological Association 1801:German orthography reform of 1996 1674:University of Chicago Press 2003 1570:American Medical Association 2007 1498:Authors' and Printers' Dictionary 1433:American Sociological Association 1399:University of Chicago Press 1969 1273:American Medical Association 2007 544:Sentence spacing in digital media 484:Diccionario de la lengua española 353:(2003) in the United Kingdom and 35:and is a matter of typographical 6778: 6777: 5727:Okrent, Arika (2 October 2013). 4831:. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. 4483:"Interinstitutional Style Guide" 4430:Oxford University Press (1983). 3614:Felici, James (24 August 2009). 3330:Council for German Orthography. 2279:University of Chicago Press 2010 2239:Modern Language Association 2009 2231:University of Chicago Press 2010 2207:Garner, Newman, and Jackson 2006 1965:Modern Language Association 2009 1744:"Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?" 1353:University of Chicago Press 1911 1181:University of Chicago Press 2009 564:The text-editing environment in 379:. For the English language, the 121: 101: 5740:Rhodes, John S. (13 May 1999). 5462:Wershler-Henry, Darren (2005). 5037:Style Manual Committee (2006). 4655:Screenplay, Writing the Picture 4494:Real Academia Española (2001). 4012:"Guide to the Unicode Standard" 3925:Jacobi, Charles Thomas (1890). 3797:Haley, Allan (June–July 2006). 3527:(PDF). Lulu. pp. 185–188. 3487:. University of Chicago Press. 3404:De Vinne, Theodore Low (1901). 3196:Bricker, Dave (27 March 2013). 2592:Journal of Typographic Research 1961:Garner, Newman and Jackson 2006 1566:Council of Science Editors 2006 1369:Garner, Newman and Jackson 2006 290:by the punctuation mark itself. 5759:"Double-spacing After Periods" 5489:. Berkeley: Strathmoor Press. 5432:HTML 4.01 Coding Specification 5405:HTML 4.01 Coding Specification 5337:Chicago Manual of Style Online 4582:The Typographic Desk Reference 3742:Garner's Modern American Usage 3083:The Associated Press Stylebook 3079:Associated Press, ed. (2004). 2867:Allen, Moira Anderson (2001). 2674:; Garzia, R.P, and R. London. 373:Interinstitutional Style Guide 1: 6734:History of Western typography 4846:Smith, Laurie (8 July 2009). 4378:Journal of Applied Psychology 4010:Korpela, Jukka (3 May 2005). 3913:Imprimerie nationale (1993). 3676:. New York: Holt Paperbacks. 3484:Glossary of Typesetting Terms 3387:Oxford Guide to Plain English 3334:[German Orthography] 2034:Warren, Tom (24 April 2020). 1586:"Welcome to the style guide!" 1404:(commonly referred to as the 1075:Chicago University Press 1911 610:Complete Manual of Typography 396:distracting gaps on a page." 271:Elements of Typographic Style 267:Complete Manual on Typography 6581:traditional point-size names 4829:Desktop Publishing by Design 4619:Rosendorf, Theodore (2010). 4578:Rosendorf, Theodore (2009). 4489:. European Union12 May 2010. 4123:. Wordpress.com4 April 2010. 4044:Guide to Legal Writing Style 3960:. Rotovision. pp. 28–87 3627:Flinn, Denny Martin (1999). 3268:(in Italian). Archived from 1987:. Free Software Foundation. 1510:University of Chicago Press 636:Claims abound regarding the 608:James Felici, author of the 580:The Unix typesetter program 247:Desktop Publishing by Design 165:Transition to single spacing 71: 39:. Since the introduction of 5834:Canons of page construction 5776:"Two Spaces After a Period" 5671:"Writing Tips: Spacing (2)" 5647:"Writing Tips: Spacing (1)" 5353:University of Chicago Press 5309:University of Chicago Press 5282:University of Chicago Press 5258:University of Chicago Press 5186:University of Chicago Press 4797:Dynamics in Document Design 4795:Schriver, Karen A. (1997). 4528:Ritter, R. M., ed. (2003). 4466:"The Canadian Style Online" 4288:. Microsoft. Archived from 3338:(in German). Archived from 3172:Bishop, Henry Gold (1895). 3155:(in German). Archived from 2825:Académie française (1992). 2584:Bases for effective reading 2082: 2018:"Nroff/Troff User's Manual" 1761:Real Academia Española 2001 1746:(in French). Archived from 1313:Spiekermann and Ginger 1993 356:the Chicago Manual of Style 215:desktop publishing software 88:History of sentence spacing 6832: 5765:. Punchcut. Archived from 5565:The PC is Not a Typewriter 5105:Reading Research Quarterly 5062:Taggart, Caroline (2009). 4910:. Alpha Books. 208 pages. 4889:Getting it Right with Type 4718:The Gregg Reference Manual 4695:The Gregg Reference Manual 4229:MacKellar, Thomas (1885). 3987:10.1177/001872088102300502 3719:"5.2 Commenting Your Work" 3435:Dowding, Geoffrey (1995). 3332:"Deutsche Rechtschreibung" 3153:"Duden – Deutsche Sprache" 2640:John Wiley & Sons 2007 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2286: 2278: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2114: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2070: 2059: 1981:Stallman, Richard (1987). 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1828: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1734: 1716: 1698: 1688: 1673: 1661: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1613: 1601: 1581: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1525: 1509: 1480:. The 2003 edition of the 1477: 1465: 1453: 1449: 1432: 1421: 1398: 1386: 1368: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1336: 1324: 1312: 1308: 1296: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1214: 1199: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1164: 1152: 1140: 1128: 1117: 1103:Mergenthaler Linotype 1940 1102: 1098: 1086: 1074: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1006: 938: 934: 930: 926: 918: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 874: 870: 866: 854: 833: 821: 806: 789: 785: 763: 759: 752: 588:In the April 2020 update, 541: 298: 85: 6773: 5991:Subscript and superscript 5590:"Thirteen Telltale Signs" 5380:. New York: McGraw Hill. 5209:Unicode Technical Reports 5184:(7th ed.). Chicago: 4764:Scales, Alice Y. (2002). 4621:"The Double Space Debate" 4405:Osgood, Harry W. (1919). 4263:Microsoft Language Portal 3738:Garner, Bryan A. (2009). 3521:Eijkhout, Victor (2008). 3504:The Economist Style Guide 3253:10.1080/00140138108924885 2992:"Corrected Sample Papers" 2572:How to Make Type Readable 1957:Fondiller and Nerone 2007 1923:. pp. xvi, 123. 1372: 1141:Imprimerie nationale 1993 571:sentence-end-double-space 451:, as their academies set 426:Il Nuovo Manuale di Stile 295:Style and language guides 47:. These include a normal 6749:Vox-ATypI classification 5879:Intentionally blank page 5619:Williams, Robin (2003). 5561:Williams, Robin (1995). 5483:Wheildon, Colin (1995). 5426:W3C (24 December 1999). 5399:W3C (24 December 1999). 5124:Trottier, David (2005). 4969:Strizver, Ilene (2010). 4517:Webword.com21 March 2010 4498:. Real Academia Española 4411:Industrial-arts Magazine 4074:Lesina, Roberto (2009). 4042:LeClercq, Terri (2007). 4023:Kouguell, Susan (2006). 4016:Characters and Encodings 3672:Fogarty, Mignon (2009). 1496:(first published as the 951:Fogarty, Mignon (2008). 5677:. NIVA Inc. June 2009. 5599:. Adobe. Archived from 5238:"U.S. Navy Style Guide 4906:Stevenson, Jay (2005). 4866:; Ginger, E.M. (1993). 4714:Sabin, William (2005). 4691:Sabin, William (1985). 4676:. London: Bodley Head. 4674:The Case for Legibility 4547:Rollo, Lindsay (1993). 3266:Il Mestiere di Scrivere 3260:Carrada, Luisa (2010). 2283:Chicago Manual of Style 2219:Lloyd and Hallahan 2009 2163:Shushan and Wright 1989 1735:Académie française 1992 1676:Chicago Manual of Style 1512:Chicago Manual of Style 1466:Lutz and Stevenson 2005 1406:Chicago Manual of Style 1297:Shushan and Wright 1989 1019:Lloyd and Hallahan 2009 764:Shushan and Wright 1989 755:Chicago Manual of Style 532:Chicago Manual of Style 432:Guida di Stile Italiano 421:Chicago Manual of Style 337:Chicago Manual of Style 311:Chicago Manual of Style 93:Traditional typesetting 6282: 5653:. NIVA Inc. May 2009. 5014:; White, E.B. (2008). 4265:– Style Guide Download 3869:Harpel, Oscar (1870). 3595:Felici, James (2003). 3385:Cutts, Martin (2009). 3102:Baugh, L. Sue (2005). 2759:North and Jenkins 1951 2361:. pp. 8, 35. 1721: 1703: 1693: 979:. IVLA. Archived from 714: 694: 490: 482: 465: 457: 431: 425: 361:Gregg Reference Manual 313: 292: 5018:The Elements of Style 4925:Straus, Jane (2009). 3955:"What is Typography?" 3848:Hart, Horace (1983). 3799:"Typographic Details" 3549:Einsohn, Amy (2006). 2111:Russin and Downs 2003 1562:Strunk and White 1999 1486:Oxford Guide to Style 1247:. 7 June 2011. 16.6. 786:Eckersley et al. 1994 704: 692: 478:Royal Spanish Academy 308: 282: 108:↑ (1874) typeset text 6619:Typographic features 5769:on 10 December 2007. 5508:Wide Spacer (2014). 5374:Walsh, Bill (2004). 5244:. United States Navy 5066:. London: JA Wines. 4672:Ryder, John (1979). 4286:Microsoft Typography 3953:Jury, David (2009). 3934:Jury, David (2004). 3723:GNU Coding Standards 3416:Dodd, Robin (2006). 3062:ALWD Citation Manual 2808:Black and Watts 1993 2668:Craig and Scala 2006 2546:Jury, David (2004). 2522:Haber and Haber 1981 2465:Johnson et al 2018, 2418:Leonard, et al. 2009 1984:The GNU Emacs Manual 1488:(first published as 1454:Leonard, et al. 2009 1373:Rusch and Smith 1990 740:Notes and references 510:terminal punctuation 6744:Technical lettering 6643:Typography in other 6384:Hanging punctuation 5689:on 16 October 2007. 5665:on 16 October 2007. 5333:"One Space or Two?" 5086:Legibility of Print 4631:on 11 February 2010 4530:Oxford Style Manual 4438:on 30 November 2010 4332:on 12 October 2006. 3876:. Cincinnati Press. 3856:on 30 November 2010 3272:on 14 February 2010 2848:Printing Technology 2761:. p. 68., cited in 2580:Legibility of Print 2524:. pp. 147–148, 152. 1993:1987gem..book.....S 1636:Oxford Style Manual 1616:. p. 153. The 1482:Oxford Style Manual 1202:. pp. 254–255. 1200:Wershler-Henry 2005 684:What is Typography? 455:. For example, the 405:Oxford Style Manual 385:English Style Guide 381:European Commission 350:Oxford Style Manual 230:Early positions on 114:-space between them 6707:Handwriting script 6634:Desktop publishing 6604:Character encoding 6597:Digital typography 6111:Horizontal aspects 6064:Visual distinction 5922:Widows and orphans 5757:Typophile (2011). 5606:on 3 December 2010 5232:on 31 August 2008. 4256:Microsoft (2010). 4168:Thinking with Type 3582:on 5 December 2010 3502:Economist (2005). 3345:on 25 January 2012 3218:Bringhurst, Robert 2676:Vision and Reading 1739:Francophone Africa 1658:Dundurn Press 1997 1165:Adams, et al. 1996 788:. p. 46, and 695: 682:David Jury's book 459:Académie française 453:prescriptive rules 332:desktop publishing 314: 276:David Jury's book 6791: 6790: 6538:Typographic units 6456:For position only 6355: 6354: 6207: 6206: 5630:978-0-201-78263-9 5580:978-0-938151-49-4 5539:978-0-7016-3648-7 5500:978-0-9624891-5-0 5475:978-0-8014-4586-6 5434:. 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W3C17 May 2010. 5401:"9.1 White Space" 5391:978-0-07-142268-0 5366:978-0-226-10420-1 5324:978-0-226-10403-4 5297:978-0-226-77008-6 5273:978-1-145-26446-5 5195:978-0-226-82337-9 5176:Turabian, Kate L. 5167:978-1-59240-087-4 5137:978-1-879505-84-1 5095:978-0-8138-2450-5 5073:978-1-60652-026-0 5054:978-0-9779665-0-9 5029:978-0-205-63264-0 5003:978-0-8050-7560-1 4992:The Grammar Bible 4980:978-0-470-54251-4 4944:Strizver, Ilene. 4936:978-0-470-22268-3 4917:978-1-59257-393-6 4898:978-1-85669-474-2 4879:978-0-672-48543-5 4864:Spiekermann, Erik 4838:978-1-55615-134-7 4806:978-0-471-30636-8 4756:978-1-58297-571-9 4733:978-0-07-293653-7 4706:978-0-07-054399-7 4683:978-0-370-30158-7 4664:978-1-879505-70-4 4597:978-1-58456-231-3 4539:978-0-19-860564-5 4348:978-1-60329-024-1 4316:978-0-947623-62-3 4221:978-0-300-13737-8 4202:978-1-58297-335-7 4183:978-1-56898-448-3 4139:978-0-470-41080-6 4107:978-0-07-144133-9 4053:978-0-7355-6837-2 4034:978-0-312-35575-3 3945:978-2-88046-798-2 3905:978-0-7641-2690-1 3776:978-0-314-16891-7 3753:978-0-19-538275-4 3710:978-0-8261-0207-2 3683:978-0-8050-9165-6 3664:978-0-8050-8831-1 3638:978-1-58065-015-1 3606:978-0-321-12730-3 3560:978-0-520-24688-1 3534:978-0-201-56882-0 3513:978-1-86197-916-2 3494:978-0-226-18371-8 3473:978-1-55002-276-6 3446:978-0-88179-119-8 3427:978-0-88179-210-2 3396:978-0-19-955850-6 3377:978-0-8230-1413-2 3304:978-0-465-01262-6 3231:978-0-88179-206-5 3159:on 8 January 2010 3113:978-0-07-145708-8 3094:978-0-465-01262-6 3071:978-0-7355-5571-6 3052:978-0-912764-29-0 2962:978-1-4338-0561-5 2936:on 21 August 2010 2926:978-1-878147-33-2 2902:978-0-19-517633-9 2836:978-2-7433-0407-2 2241:, pp. 77–78. 1719:. p. 4.1.8. 1500:in 1905) Preface. 1492:in 1893) and the 1327:. pp. 80–81. 968:978-0-8050-8831-1 909:. pp. 13–14. 733:Scriptio continua 553:software such as 221:Modern literature 6823: 6781: 6780: 6758:Related template 6690:Related articles 6491:Phototypesetting 6345:reverse-contrast 6330:Display typeface 6287: 6264:Blackletter type 6220: 6157:Vertical aspects 6138:Sentence spacing 5948:Typeface anatomy 5944: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5783: 5770: 5753: 5752:on 9 March 2010. 5748:. 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1995: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1903: 1899: 1887:. p. 200; 1883: 1879: 1871:. p. 408; 1863:. p. 123; 1859:. p. 158; 1851:. p. 935; 1843:. p. 200; 1839: 1835: 1829:Bringhurst 2004 1827: 1823: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1715: 1711: 1687: 1683: 1672: 1668: 1656: 1652: 1642:MHRA Style Book 1632: 1628: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1580: 1576: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1540:. pp. 5–6. 1536: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1508: 1504: 1476: 1472: 1468:. p. viii. 1464: 1460: 1448: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1410:Manual of Style 1401:Manual of Style 1397: 1393: 1383: 1379: 1367: 1363: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1213: 1206: 1198: 1191: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1005: 996: 986: 984: 983:on 5 March 2012 974: 969: 950: 949: 945: 935:Weiderkehr 2009 917: 913: 885: 881: 865: 861: 853: 840: 832: 828: 820: 813: 807:Bringhurst 2004 805: 796: 783: 779: 774: 770: 762:. p. 113; 758:. p. 243; 751: 747: 742: 723: 676: 674:Related studies 664:monospaced font 659: 634: 606: 597: 546: 540: 506: 441: 439:Language guides 407:(2003) and the 319: 303: 297: 228: 223: 194:monospaced font 184:introduced the 167: 150: 138:printers' rules 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 117: 116: 115: 109: 106: 95: 90: 84: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6829: 6827: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6798: 6797: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6679:National Fonts 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Web typography 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6501:Reversing type 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6228: 6226: 6217: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6128:Letter-spacing 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Color printing 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6016:Capitalization 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5854:Page numbering 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5771: 5754: 5737: 5724: 5711: 5696: 5695:External links 5693: 5692: 5691: 5675:Writer's Block 5667: 5651:Writer's Block 5641: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5629: 5616: 5597:Adobe Magazine 5585: 5579: 5558: 5538: 5525: 5505: 5499: 5480: 5474: 5459: 5450: 5423: 5396: 5390: 5371: 5365: 5349: 5329: 5323: 5305: 5296: 5278: 5272: 5254: 5234: 5221: 5200: 5194: 5172: 5166: 5142: 5136: 5121: 5100: 5094: 5078: 5072: 5059: 5053: 5034: 5028: 5008: 5002: 4985: 4979: 4966: 4941: 4935: 4922: 4916: 4903: 4897: 4884: 4878: 4860: 4843: 4837: 4824: 4811: 4805: 4792: 4761: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4711: 4705: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4663: 4650: 4641: 4616: 4596: 4575: 4565:on 22 May 2010 4544: 4538: 4525: 4508: 4491: 4478: 4461: 4448: 4427: 4402: 4373: 4353: 4347: 4334: 4321: 4315: 4302: 4277: 4253: 4236: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4158: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4112: 4106: 4093: 4071: 4058: 4052: 4039: 4033: 4020: 4007: 3981:(5): 517–527. 3970: 3950: 3944: 3931: 3922: 3910: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3866: 3845: 3819: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3758: 3752: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3688: 3682: 3669: 3663: 3643: 3637: 3624: 3611: 3605: 3592: 3565: 3559: 3546: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3499: 3493: 3478: 3472: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3426: 3413: 3401: 3395: 3382: 3376: 3355: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3282: 3257: 3247:(8): 633–640. 3236: 3230: 3214: 3193: 3180: 3169: 3148: 3131: 3118: 3112: 3099: 3093: 3076: 3070: 3057: 3051: 3031: 3007: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2946: 2925: 2907: 2901: 2884: 2864: 2859:978-0827369078 2858: 2841: 2835: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2796: 2779: 2767: 2747: 2745:. pp. 5–6, 29. 2735: 2723: 2707: 2688: 2660: 2628: 2596: 2556: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2471:Haelle, Tara. 2458: 2454:Ni et al. 2009 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2399: 2387: 2363: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2307: 2291: 2271: 2243: 2233:, p. 60; 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2181:, p. 3; 2139: 2131:Stevenson 2005 2119: 2103: 2091: 2075: 2063: 2052: 2026: 2005: 1973: 1955:. p. 78; 1951:. p. 85; 1937: 1935:. p. 408. 1925: 1921:Stevenson 2005 1913: 1911:. p. 158. 1907:. p. 85; 1897: 1895:. p. 123. 1893:Stevenson 2005 1877: 1867:. p. 52; 1861:Stevenson 2005 1847:. p. 79; 1833: 1821: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1727: 1717:Microsoft 2010 1709: 1681: 1666: 1650: 1626: 1606: 1594: 1574: 1554: 1552:. p. 165. 1542: 1530: 1518: 1502: 1470: 1458: 1452:. p. 85; 1437: 1425: 1414: 1391: 1377: 1375:, p. 113. 1361: 1341: 1329: 1317: 1315:, p. 123. 1311:. p. 90; 1301: 1289: 1277: 1275:. p. 917. 1265: 1253: 1233: 1219: 1204: 1189: 1169: 1157: 1145: 1133: 1121: 1107: 1101:. p. 73; 1091: 1079: 1067: 1061:. p. 19; 1055:MacKellar 1885 1047: 1035: 1033:. p. 142. 1023: 1011: 994: 967: 943: 929:, p. 81; 911: 897:. p. 56; 893:. p. 85; 889:. p. 80; 879: 873:. p. 13; 869:. p. 57; 859: 838: 826: 811: 794: 777: 768: 744: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 729: 722: 719: 675: 672: 658: 655: 633: 630: 605: 602: 590:Microsoft Word 542:Main article: 539: 536: 505: 504:Grammar guides 502: 463:publishes the 440: 437: 369:European Union 318: 315: 299:Main article: 296: 293: 227: 224: 222: 219: 203:World Wide Web 166: 163: 149: 146: 120: 119: 118: 107: 100: 99: 98: 97: 96: 94: 91: 86:Main article: 83: 80: 58:French spacing 45:Latin alphabet 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6828: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6794: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6629:Bézier curves 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Rasterization 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6471:Microprinting 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429:Etaoin shrdlu 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5243: 5241: 5240:"Punctuation" 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5111:(4): 67–118. 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4467: 4462: 4459:(2): 125–136. 4458: 4454: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4292:on 3 May 2010 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4162:Lupton, Ellen 4159: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975:Human Factors 3971: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3835:on 3 May 2003 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3792:(2): 147–182. 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3408:Proof-Reading 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191:(3): 364–377. 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3020: 3013: 3008: 2993: 2988: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719:Schriver 1997 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2656:Williams 2003 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:Schriver 1997 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557:2-88046-798-5 2553: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534:Williams 2003 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2442:Clinton 2003. 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2407:Clinton 2003. 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2385:. p. 36. 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359:Wheildon 1995 2356: 2351: 2348: 2345:. p. 50. 2344: 2339: 2336: 2333:. p. 13. 2332: 2331:Wheildon 1995 2327: 2324: 2320: 2319:Williams 1995 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:Williams 2003 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2269:, p. 85. 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257:, p. 5; 2256: 2253:, p. 6; 2252: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2185:, p. 13. 2184: 2183:Williams 2003 2180: 2176: 2175:Strizver 2010 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2137:, p. 10. 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127:Loberger 2009 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085:, p. 1; 2084: 2079: 2076: 2073:, p. 13. 2072: 2071:Williams 2003 2067: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2006: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1974: 1971:. p. 52. 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909:Loberger 2009 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:Loberger 2009 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Liechtenstein 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1528:. p. 85. 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484:combined the 1483: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 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