376:, "Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders". Completed in 1931, it attempted to positively identify all of the Texians who died during the battle. Her list was used to choose the names carved into the cenotaph memorial in 1936. Several historians, including Thomas Ricks Lindley, Thomas Lloyd Miller, and Richard G. Santos, believe her list included men who had not died at the Alamo. Despite the errors in some of her work, Williams collected a large amount of information and her work serves as a starting point for many historians. The first full-length, non-fiction book covering the battle was not published until 1948, when
67:
been an almost exclusively
American endeavor" that focuses on the Texian defenders, with less emphasis given to the Mexican Army or the Tejano soldiers who served in the Texian Army. Many Tejanos viewed the Alamo as more than just a battle site, but they or their ancestors had experienced the benefits of the Alamo compound when it served as a mission, a hospital, or a military post. Americans had arrived in Texas much later, when the Alamo no longer served in those roles, and they tended to see the compound solely in relation to the battle.
79:
Anna: Eternal Praise to the
Invincible Army of Mexico". Within days of the news, people began composing patriotic marching songs about Santa Anna and his victory at the Alamo. Santa Anna's political opponents were displeased that the focus had shifted to him; within days, newspapers supporting the federalist viewpoint began questioning whether the victory had come at too great a cost and whether it would actually help Mexico. Many of the newspapers were disenchanted with Santa Anna's deployment of General
36:
215:
289:
19:
223:
427:. In Schoelwer's opinion, the scenes "bore absolutely no resemblance to the original". These and other early paintings often depicted buildings that looked nothing like the Alamo and battles that occurred very differently than the 1836 battle at the Alamo. However, their presence and popularity increased the Alamo's fame, and likely contributed to the early waves of tourism at the battle site.
654:
436:
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editorialized, "If
Americans must remember the Alamo, let's remember that gallant men died needlessly in that old mission and that their sacrifice led eventually to a war that reflects little credit on the United States.... To persevere in folly is no virtue. To dare to retreat from error can be the
78:
In Mexico, perceptions of the battle have often mirrored those of Santa Anna. Initially, reports of the
Mexican victory concentrated on glorifying Santa Anna, especially among newspapers that supported the centralist cause. Typical headlines included, "Immortal Glory to the Illustrious General Santa
98:
announced that
Mexican soldiers who participated in the campaign to retake Texas would be eligible to receive a special medal. To commemorate the Battle of the Alamo, the establishment date for the program was retroactively set to March 6, 1836. Within weeks, however, the Mexican government learned
66:
Efforts to preserve the Alamo have largely been an Anglo-American cause. The first major calls to restore parts of the Alamo occurred after 1860, as
English-speaking settlers began to outnumber those of Mexican heritage. Likewise, according to Schoelwer, within "the development of Alamo imagery has
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over the minority
Mexican population. That symbolism followed the late-19th-century and the early-20th-century development of a new capitalist system in Texas that placed whites at the top of the social ladder as profit-earners and Mexicans at the bottom of the social ladder as wage-earners.
242:, it tore down many of the walls and burned the palisade that Crockett had defended. Within the next several decades, various buildings in the complex were torn down, and in 1850, the United States Army added a gable to the top of the chapel. Speculation is that the gable was originally at
673:
owner and founder 'bud" Hadfield on the Kwik Kopy
Northwest Forest Conference Training Center on Telge Road. The complex itself serves as a wedding reception and banquet hall with a seating apacity of 180. In mid 2020, the Cypress Alamo had suffered a decline in visits because of the
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regards as the most historically-accurate of all Alamo films. The movie Todish calls "the best theatrical film ever made about the Alamo" was also filmed in the 1980s. Filmed in IMAX format using historical re-enactors instead of professional actors,
455:, "there can be little doubt that most Americans have probably formed many of their opinions on what occurred at the Alamo not from books, but from the various movies made about the battle." The first film version of the battle appeared in 1911, when
260:. The church building remains standing and serves as an official state shrine to the Texian defenders. As the 20th century began, many Texans advocated razing the remaining building, the Long Barrack. A wealthy rancher's daughter,
465:, which has since been lost. Through the next four decades, several other movies were released and variously focus on Davy Crocket, Almeron Dickinson, and Louis Rose. The Alamo achieved prominence on television in 1955 with
533:
is shown only in San
Antonio, with several viewings per day at a theater near the Alamo. It runs only 45 minutes but has "an attention to detail and intensity that are remarkable". In 2004 another film, also called
411:, Susan Pendergrast Schoelwer noted that in these early novels "the Alamo passages seem almost incidental to the main plot, included perhaps as a means of attracting interest and encouraging sales".
299:
Many of the
Mexican officers who participated in the battle left memoirs, although some were not written until decades after the battle. Among those who provided written accounts of the battle were
483:. Although the film had its historical inaccuracies, it was the most detailed of the films on the Texas Revolution. Wayne continued to develop an Alamo movie, which resulted in the 1960 film
970:
136:
1592:
566:'s stolen bike is said by a fortune teller to be in the basement of the Alamo, but during a tour of the structure, he is told by the tour guide that the Alamo has no basement.
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was "Just like the Alamo, somebody damn well needed to go to their aid." Those and other similar remarks prompted a strong anti-Alamo backlash in the United States. The
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70:
According to the author Richard R. Flores, in the early 20th century, the Alamo was perceived by many in the majority white population of Texas as a symbol of
368:
in 1878. Potter based his work on interviews with many of the survivors of the Battle of the Alamo. One of the most used secondary sources about the Alamo is
1734:
615:'s cover of "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" (recorded February 7, 1955) spent 16 weeks on the country music charts to and peaked at number 4 in 1955.
516:
As the 150th anniversary of the battle approached in the 1980s, several additional movies were made about the Alamo, including the made-for-television
1758:
650:. Built in 2007 and with an estimated value of $ 1.35 million. Rustic on the outside, it is far more luxurious on the interior than the real Alamo.
327:
and John Sutherland also left memoirs, although some historians believe Sutherland was not at the Alamo and wrote his memoirs from hearsay. Of the
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demanded for their names to be removed from the credits as historical advisors. The movie was banned in Mexico. The set built for the movie,
335:, the only American adult to live. The other survivors, including former slaves and several Tejanos, were not lauded as much as Dickinson.
103:
and so the medal program was immediately cancelled. The Texas campaign, including the Battle of the Alamo, was soon overshadowed by the
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left a substantial legacy and influence within American culture and is an event that is told from the perspective of the vanquished.
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highest form of courage." In the late 1960s and the early 1970s, numerous anti-war protests were held on the grounds of the Alamo.
915:"State museum canceled book event examining slavery's role in Battle of the Alamo after Texas GOP leaders complained, authors say"
176:. ”This fact-free rewriting of TX history has no place @BullockMuseum.” The book received mostly-positive reviews, including from
161:
942:
261:
192:
opposed Mexican laws that would free the enslaved workers they needed to farm cotton." That censorship is occurring when Texas
477:, he was forced to leave behind a partial script. Republic Pictures had the script finished and developed into the 1955 movie
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300:
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As the 19th century progressed, the battle began to appear as a plot device in many novels and plays. In 1869, novelists
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to buy the long barracks, often compared the war to the Alamo. He remarked once that his decision to send more troops to
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The fall of the Alamo; an historical drama in four acts; concluded by an epilogue entitled, the battle of San Jacinto
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344:. The 115 names on the list came from John Smith and Gerald Navan, who had left as couriers. In 1843 former
264:, purchased the building to serve as a museum. The Texas Legislature later bought the property and appointed the
104:
312:
165:
1492:
The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History
276:
and erected in 1939, which commemorates the Texians who died during the battle. According to Bill Groneman's
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as permanent caretakers. In front of the church, in the center of Downtown San Antonio's Alamo Plaza, is a
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The first report of the names of the Texian victims of the battle came in the March 24, 1836 issue of the
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claimed to have done extensive historical research, according to Todish, "there is not a single scene in
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360:. No copies of the pamphlets have survived. The next major treatment of the battle was Reuben Potter's
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Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution
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as possibly "the most character-driven of all the movies made on the subject," the movie starred
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Replicas of the Alamo have also appeared. One is that a 6,533 sq.ft residential home located in
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Another replica of the historic mission is located on the grounds of the Cy-Hope foundation in
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because of its presence at that mission in 1846–1848 sketches and its absence in later images.
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recorded a version of the song "The Ballad of the Alamo," which spent and flying at number 34.
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began developing a film based on the Battle of the Alamo. When he left his contract with
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184:, with a consensus that it builds on widely-accepted academic research. The third author,
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A number of songwriters have also been inspired by the Battle of the Alamo. For example:
18:
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Cox, Mike (March 6, 1998), "Last of the Alamo big books rests with 'A Time to Stand'",
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An artist's conception of how the Alamo was used during its years as a Spanish mission
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40:
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Glaser, Tom W. (1985), "Victory or Death", in Schoelwer, Susan Prendergast (ed.),
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as Bowie. However, the film was one of the year's biggest box office failures. In
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172:, I told staff to cancel this event as soon as I found out about it,” he wrote on
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253:
111:
43:, featuring the "Remember the Alamo" battle cry as well the Alamo mission itself
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which corresponds to an historically verifiable incident," and the historians
470:
59:
Within weeks of the battle, it began to be compared to the Greek stand at the
1514:, Dallas, TX: The DeGlolyer Library and Southern Methodist University Press,
1436:"Remembering the Alamo: The Story of the Texas Revolution in Popular Culture"
1420:, Dallas, TX: The DeGlolyer Library and Southern Methodist University Press,
653:
435:
657:
Replica of the Alamo located on the grounds of the Cy-Hope Counseling in
269:
157:
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was released. Since then, a litany of books have followed, most notably
110:
In the 1960s, the battle was often used as a historical parallel to the
606:
352:
wrote and published the first history of the battle, a pamphlet called
189:
173:
88:
1545:
399:
and Bernard Lile wrote fictionalized accounts of the battle. Novelist
358:
Facts of the Alamo, Last Days of Crockett and Other Sketches of Texas
153:
1362:
943:"Opinion: Texas Republicans rush to guard the Alamo from the facts"
295:
wrote the first history of the battle, which was published in 1843.
652:
583:
509:, includes a replica of the Alamo Mission and the Mexican city of
434:
287:
257:
221:
213:
118:, whose father had authored the 1905 legislation that allowed the
34:
17:
280:, the Alamo has become "the most popular tourist site in Texas."
1549:
971:"Texas Lt. Gov. Says State History Museum No Place for History"
489:, starring himself as Davy Crockett. Although the screenwriter
541:
196:, like those across the country, are against the teaching of
188:, wrote one of the myths about the Alamo "leaves... out that
419:
The first artistic depiction of the battle came in 1838 in
160:
era. It was canceled four hours before the program time by
356:. He followed this in 1853 with a second pamphlet called
238:. As the Mexican army retreated from Texas following the
1511:
Alamo Images: Changing Perceptions of a Texas Experience
1417:
Alamo Images: Changing Perceptions of a Texas Experience
134:
A program on the Craft of Writing: Rewriting History on
1593:
To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World
1528:
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998),
1399:"The Mexican Press of 1836 and the Battle of the Alamo"
830:
Forget the Alamo: The Rise and Fall of an American Myth
469:, which was largely based on myth. In the early 1950s,
137:
Forget the Alamo: The Rise and Fall of an American Myth
467:
Walt Disney's Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier
1809:
1703:
1675:
1644:
1601:
1583:
1021:
1019:
1349:"History buffs will love this Alamo inspired home"
364:, originally published in 1860 and republished in
1013:. Uvalde, Texas: Aldine Books, 1998, pages 74–78.
913:Livingston, Abby; Zou, Isabella (July 2, 2021).
858:"WLT On the Craft of Writing: ReWriting History"
83:, who had been paroled back to Mexico after the
807:
805:
1471:Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions
1181:
1179:
1561:
1103:
1101:
8:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1229:
1227:
1225:
633:" (1972) is about the Mexican point of view.
226:Memorial to the fallen soldiers at the Alamo
94:On April 27, 1836, Mexican Secretary of War
1735:With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo
1568:
1554:
1546:
1494:, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc.,
1365:. thecypressalamo.net. September 26, 2020.
1215:
1213:
1055:
1053:
741:
739:
331:, more weight was given to the account of
152:, included the development of the Alamo's
99:of Santa Anna's defeat and capture at the
733:(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002)
443:, was built for the 1960 John Wayne film
1759:Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier
249:Today, the remnants of the Alamo are in
1473:, Lanham, MD: Republic of Texas Press,
1446:(1), Texas State Historical Association
1409:(4), Texas State Historical Association
1383:, Dallas, TX: Republic of Texas Press,
686:
1455:, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press,
513:is still used as an active movie set.
1508:Schoelwer, Susan Prendergast (1985),
87:if he no longer took up arms against
7:
403:produced her own fictional version,
144:and Chris Tomlinson co-sponsored by
1397:Costeloe, Michael P. (April 1988),
884:"Explore the craft of writing with
425:History of South America and Mexico
1751:The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty
1351:. www.chron.com. January 17, 2014.
1164:. New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons
892:Bullock Texas State History Museum
266:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
234:, Mexican troops quartered in the
150:Bullock Texas State History Museum
14:
1440:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1403:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1287:Culpepper, Andy (April 8, 2004),
1011:The Alamo: An Illustrated History
230:After the Mexican victory at the
941:Stanford, Jason (July 5, 2021).
366:The Magazine of American History
1290:A different take on 'The Alamo'
1469:Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003),
439:This replica of the Alamo, at
30:Texas Centennial Issue of 1936
1:
1379:Chariton, Wallace O. (1990),
1146:The Austin-American Statesman
540:, was released. Described by
969:Murphy, Tim (July 2, 2021).
781:Costeloe (1988), pp. 539–40.
341:Telegraph and Texas Register
210:Alamo Mission in San Antonio
1791:Alamo: The Price of Freedom
1783:The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory
1667:Manuel Fernández Castrillón
1652:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
1532:, Austin, TX: Eakin Press,
1381:Exploring the Alamo Legends
530:Alamo: The Price of Freedom
519:The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory
301:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
200:which the book represents.
1859:
589:the singer and songwriter
207:
1713:Remember the Alamo (song)
1434:Graham, Don (July 1985),
1086:Schoelwer (1985), p. 117.
811:Schoelwer (1985), p. 168.
799:Schoelwer (1985), p. 166.
407:, in 1888. In her book,
388:'s seminal work in 1961,
313:José Juan Sánchez Navarro
1194:Schoelwer (1985), p. 43.
1185:Schoelwer (1985), p. 41.
1095:Chariton (1990), p. 180.
862:Writers' League of Texas
772:Costeloe (1988), p. 538.
763:Costeloe (1988), p. 536.
754:Costeloe (1988), p. 537.
720:Schoelwer (1985), p. 18.
711:Schoelwer (1985), p. 56.
702:Schoelwer (1985), p. 52.
146:Writers' League of Texas
1662:JoaquĂn RamĂrez y Sesma
1451:Groneman, Bill (1998),
1107:Lindley (2003), p. 106.
1077:Lindley (2003), p. 115.
1047:Groneman (1998), p. 56.
1025:Groneman (1998), p. 52.
559:Pee-wee's Big Adventure
309:José Enrique de la Peña
178:The Wall Street Journal
1657:MartĂn Perfecto de Cos
1158:Nona, Francis (1879).
1134:Lindley (2008), p. 68.
1125:Lindley (2003), p. 41.
1116:Lindley (2003), p. 37.
790:Glaser (1985), p. 102.
662:
448:
348:and amateur historian
296:
227:
219:
168:: “As a member of the
81:Martin Perfecto de Cos
44:
32:
1685:Juana Navarro Alsbury
1453:Battlefields of Texas
1311:Jane Bowers' obituary
1246:Graham (1985), p. 59.
745:Glaser (1985), p. 98.
731:Remembering the Alamo
693:Glaser (1985), p. 61.
656:
582:" (1955), written by
438:
362:The Fall of the Alamo
354:The Fall of the Alamo
291:
278:Battlefields of Texas
240:Battle of San Jacinto
225:
217:
101:Battle of San Jacinto
61:Battle of Thermopylae
38:
21:
1727:Martyrs of the Alamo
1219:Nofi (1992), p. 213.
1068:Nofi (1992), p. 212.
1059:Nofi (1992), p. 211.
824:; Tomlinson, Chris;
613:Tennessee Ernie Ford
552:as Sam Houston, and
451:According to Todish
198:critical race theory
164:Lieutenant-Governor
105:Mexican–American War
39:Reverse side of the
1838:Battle of the Alamo
1743:Heroes of the Alamo
1577:Battle of the Alamo
948:The Washington Post
729:Flores, Richard R.
232:Battle of the Alamo
182:The Washington Post
49:Battle of the Alamo
1719:The Immortal Alamo
1645:Mexican commanders
663:
646:just northwest of
593:, was recorded by
580:Remember the Alamo
546:Billy Bob Thornton
491:James Edward Grant
462:The Immortal Alamo
449:
405:Remember the Alamo
370:Amelia W. Williams
333:Susannah Dickinson
297:
228:
220:
170:Preservation Board
45:
33:
1843:Aftermath of wars
1825:
1824:
1690:Susanna Dickinson
1636:William B. Travis
1626:Almaron Dickinson
1539:978-1-57168-152-2
1462:978-1-55622-571-0
1390:978-1-55622-255-9
920:The Texas Tribune
676:COVID-19 pandemic
625:English band the
595:the Kingston Trio
475:Republic Pictures
421:John Milton Niles
321:Francisco Becerra
114:. U.S. President
96:JosĂ© MarĂa Tornel
1850:
1767:The Last Command
1677:Texian survivors
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480:The Last Command
397:Jeremiah Clemens
378:John Myers Myers
350:John Henry Brown
329:Texian survivors
305:Vicente Filisola
293:John Henry Brown
244:Mission San José
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1488:Nofi, Albert A.
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1363:"Cy-Hope Alamo"
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1338:(1998), p. 196.
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1325:(1998), p. 194.
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1277:(1998), p. 191.
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1264:(1998), p. 190.
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1237:(1998), p. 188.
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1207:(1998), p. 187.
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1038:(1998), p. 199.
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1009:George Nelson,
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1000:(1998), p. 198.
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894:. June 24, 2021
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826:Stanford, Jason
822:Burrough, Bryan
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317:Juan N. Almonte
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272:, designed by
262:Clara Driscoll
208:Main article:
205:
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186:Jason Stanford
142:Bryan Burrough
128:New York Times
124:Southeast Asia
120:State of Texas
116:Lyndon Johnson
107:of the 1840s.
85:Siege of Bexar
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41:seal of Texas
37:
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25:~ The Alamo ~
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1611:James Bonham
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1295:, retrieved
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1199:
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1166:. Retrieved
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1005:
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992:
980:. Retrieved
976:Mother Jones
974:
964:
952:. Retrieved
946:
936:
924:. Retrieved
918:
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896:. Retrieved
891:
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866:. Retrieved
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550:Dennis Quaid
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409:Alamo Images
408:
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374:dissertation
372:'s doctoral
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346:Texas Ranger
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24:
23:
15:
1695:Juan SeguĂn
1616:James Bowie
669:. Built by
631:The Mexican
627:Babe Ruth's
609:and others.
599:Johnny Cash
591:Jane Bowers
511:San Antonio
401:Amelia Barr
386:Walter Lord
325:Juan SeguĂn
254:San Antonio
166:Dan Patrick
156:during the
112:Vietnam War
1832:Categories
1373:References
603:Tex Ritter
524:Albert Nof
503:Lon Tinkle
471:John Wayne
323:. Texians
284:Literature
162:Republican
55:Perception
1799:The Alamo
1775:The Alamo
1603:Defenders
682:Footnotes
671:Kwik Kopy
644:Spicewood
618:In 1960,
537:The Alamo
495:The Alamo
486:The Alamo
459:directed
445:The Alamo
382:The Alamo
148:with the
1810:See also
1490:(1992),
888:authors"
828:(2021).
638:Replicas
522:, which
270:cenotaph
251:Downtown
158:Jim Crow
1334:Todish
1321:Todish
1297:May 22,
1273:Todish
1260:Todish
1233:Todish
1203:Todish
1034:Todish
996:Todish
982:July 5,
954:July 5,
926:July 5,
898:July 5,
868:July 5,
667:Cypress
659:Cypress
607:Donovan
190:Texians
174:Twitter
89:Texians
1802:(2004)
1794:(1988)
1786:(1987)
1778:(1960)
1770:(1955)
1762:(1954)
1754:(1938)
1746:(1937)
1738:(1926)
1730:(1915)
1722:(1911)
1705:Legacy
1536:
1518:
1498:
1477:
1459:
1424:
1387:
1336:et al.
1323:et al.
1275:et al.
1262:et al.
1235:et al.
1205:et al.
1036:et al.
998:et al.
840:
648:Austin
629:song "
453:et al.
319:, and
154:mythos
1585:Siege
1293:, CNN
584:Texas
570:Music
258:Texas
140:with
1534:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1299:2008
1170:2014
984:2021
956:2021
928:2021
900:2021
870:2021
838:ISBN
587:folk
501:and
431:Film
180:and
47:The
542:CNN
423:'s
415:Art
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
