Paralegal - Knowledge (XXG)

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1990s the term "paralegal" became more common. In 1993 Scottish Paralegals Association was founded. It is a voluntary body whose remit is to promote the interests of paralegals in Scotland. From 1991 Scotland's colleges began to offer paralegal qualifications, awarded by the Scottish Qualification Authority, namely the Higher National Diploma and Certificate in Legal Services. They were offered by Central College of Commerce, Stevenson College and Dundee College. As a result of the efforts of the Scottish Paralegal Association and in particular its president Christine Lambie, in 2010 the Law Society of Scotland, the solicitors' professional body, instituted the Law Society of Scotland Registered Paralegal scheme. This was a voluntary scheme providing a professional status for high quality paralegals. Around 400 paralegals, mainly individuals who had come through the ranks in legal firms, joined the scheme. From 2010 Scottish Qualification Authority and Stirling University offered qualifications for individuals wishing to enter the Registered Paralegal profession. Paralegals qualify in particular legal domains, e.g., Domestic Conveyancing; and Wills & Executries. In 2017 the name of the scheme was changed to Law Society of Scotland Accredited Paralegal scheme.

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Court Forms Providers. The State of Florida has numerous companies that prepare court documents for a variety of issues, such as Divorce, Bankruptcy, Paternity, Custody, Modification of Child Support, Name Change, Wills, Power of Attorney, Quit Claim Deeds, etc. If you do not have the ability to remedy your situation because of the high cost fees of any attorney a Court Document Preparer can save thousands of dollars. Such document preparers, however, frequently come under the scrutiny of various state bar organizations by overstepping the basic document preparation and engaging in what could be considered "unauthorized practice of law." Such document preparation is indeed cost-saving for those who truly want to represent themselves in a legal matter, but want to pay someone to create the required documents. If problems arise in the legal case, however, the person who hired the paralegal service needs to understand that there is typically no legal liability on the part of the paralegal service and that such institutions cannot be sued for legal malpractice. Again, the philosophy is that the person utilizing such service is representing himself or herself in all legal matters and merely hiring a document preparer.

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list of nine substantive areas of the law. These sub-section tests cover general knowledge of the following practice areas: Administrative Law, Bankruptcy, Business Organizations, Civil Litigation, Contracts, Criminal Law and Procedure, Estate, Planning and Probate, Family Law and Real Estate. After successful completion of the examination, NALA awards the paralegal the "CLA" (Certified Legal Assistant) or "CP" (Certified Paralegal) designation. Both the "CLA" and "CP" designations are proprietary trademarks owned by NALA. Paralegals who have attained further education and received a paralegal certificate are referred to as "Certificated" unless they have passed the examination and have been awarded the "Certified" designation. Additionally, those paralegals who receive the "Certified Paralegal" designation then have the opportunity to earn the "Advanced Certified Paralegal" designation. There is a 45 to 50 percent pass rate for persons taking the NALA exams.

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assistance. Certification may be acquired at: Tshwane University of Technology National Diploma in Legal Assistance/Paralegal, University of Johannesburg Diploma in Paralegal, UNISA National Diploma in Law, South African School of Paralegals, Intec College Diploma in Paralegal, South African Law School Qualification in Paralegal, Damelin College Paralegal, Boston City Campus Paralegal certificate. Salaries range from R60,000 to R450,000 per year depending on experience. Newly established law firms in South Africa are likely to hire qualified Paralegals with 3 year qualification in Legal Studies to provide Legal assistance. Though the South African Law Society and The Minister of Justice do want to come with regulation to guide paralegals in South Africa just like Canada and the US, many practicing attorneys and Advocates did disprove in many instances however the new legislation is pending.

97: 227:. Although legal secretaries may be trained to prepare some basic legal papers and letters, they generally have little or no knowledge of particular legal doctrines, statutes or regulations, and typically have no training or experience in conducting legal research or drafting legal documents, pleadings, motions, briefs or other court papers. On the other hand, a typical paralegal in the United States can perform all of these tasks under an attorney or law office. Paralegals bill for their time at a higher rate than legal secretaries. In Canada the title Legal Secretary is outdated. The recognized title of that position is Legal Administrative Assistant, or Legal Assistant. 1092:

be allowed to provide all types of legal services as long as they are registered with a state agency and disclose their non-lawyer status to all customers." After many local bar associations reacted in dismay, "The California Bar then appointed a third group (The Commission on Legal Technicians) to restudy the issue. This commission largely agreed with the conclusions of its predecessors and recommended that non-lawyers be authorized by the California Supreme Court to deliver legal services in several major areas (bankruptcy, family, immigration, and landlord-tenant), under the terms of a licensing scheme that would be supervised by an independent state agency."

597:. Ontario is with Washington State the only jurisdiction in the western hemisphere where paralegals are licensed and the profession is regulated as officers of the court. Licensed paralegals operate within a defined scope of practice, representing clients in matters such as provincial offenses (traffic tickets, etc.), immigration, landlord and tenant disputes, labor law, small claims court (up to $ 35,000), and specific criminal matters. They are currently not permitted to represent clients in family court or wills and estates. By virtue of their office, licensed paralegals are commissioners for taking affidavits (swearing oaths). 822:

qualification. This provides the underpinning knowledge which will help in day-to-day work and will also allows progression onto the CILEx route to becoming a lawyer. The qualification is divided into units and is assessed by way of assignments and a multiple-choice test. A Level 3 Diploma in Vocational Paralegal Studies qualification is also available, and this is equivalent to A-level standard. The qualification is divided into units and again, is assessed by way of assignments. The qualifications are also recognized by the CILEx as a route into their membership grades.

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of Licensed Paralegals(NALP) was established in 1987 and is the professional self-regulatory governing body for accredited paralegals. Access into the profession can either be with a law degree or without. Those who are already graduates can take The Post Graduate Diploma in Paralegal Practice (PPC) (similar to the LPC for solicitors). Those that have no previous qualification can do the Diploma in Paralegal Studies. The NALP is an awarding body regulated by OFQUAL and is also a member of the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (based in the US).

882: 127:. The market for paralegals is broad, including consultancies, companies that have legal departments or that perform legislative and regulatory compliance activities in areas such as environment, labor, intellectual property, zoning, and tax. Legal offices and public bodies also have many paralegals in support activities using other titles outside of the standard titles used in the profession. There is a diverse array of work experiences attainable within the paralegal (legal assistance) field, ranging between 635:. The role that a paralegal has in the United States is similar to the role of a law clerk or legal assistant in Ontario. Many paralegals in Ontario work in the areas of permitted practice for paralegals and also work alongside lawyers in areas of practice that are only permitted to be practiced by lawyers. It is illegal for paralegals in Ontario to independently practice in an area of law that is permitted only for lawyers. An example of this is family law, or an indictable offence in criminal law. 750:

2014 by the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) predicts that this figure is set to grow by 17% within the next decade. Moreover, it is estimated that there are now almost 4,000 government registered/regulated paralegal advisory firms offering services that would previously have been offered only by lawyers.This is because most legal work in the United Kingdom is deregulated and therefore there is nothing to stop anyone from opening their own paralegal law firm.

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This programme is uniquely designed to impart a comprehensive overview of all aspects of paralegal specialisation and an understanding of individual rights and the rights of others. Paralegal offers the use and application of skills and competencies related to criminal law and procedure, civil litigation, wills and estates, dispute resolution, legal advice, property law and conveyancing as well as legal office practice management and debt collecting/counselling.

952:, Stanford law professor Deborah Rhode states: "Over four-fifths of surveyed attorneys have supported prosecution of lay practitioners, and the profession has repeatedly blocked licensing proposals that would enable independent paralegals to offer routine services. Many local, state and national bar associations have recently launched initiatives to broaden the definition, raise the penalties, and increase the enforcement of unauthorized practice prohibitions." 449:

Paralegal Education (AAPE) itself has more than 450 members; 260 of them are ABA-approved. Seminars and events are being held by various institutes to help broaden the knowledge base of the paralegal service providers and the importance associated with it. Although the nation is experiencing a recession, the paralegal profession continues to grow. Law firms and legal departments are cutting costs and increasing access to legal services by hiring paralegals.

170:. Paralegals often handle drafting much of the paperwork in probate cases, divorce actions, bankruptcies, and investigations. Consumers of legal services are typically billed for the time paralegals spend on their cases. In the United States, they are not authorized by the government or other agency to offer legal services (including legal advice) except in some cases in Washington State (through LLLT designation) in the same way as lawyers, nor are they 898:, the lack of local legal profession/judiciary oversight means that the definition of paralegal encompasses non-lawyers doing legal work, regardless of whom they do it for. Although most jurisdictions recognize paralegals to a greater or lesser extent, there is no international consistency as to definition, job-role, status, terms and conditions of employment, training, regulation or anything else and so each jurisdiction must be looked at individually. 3499: 3513: 631:

partnership or professional corporation. Licensees are strongly encouraged to seek professional advice on the best business structure for their particular situations. A paralegal license allows a paralegal to independently represent clients in provincial offences court, summary conviction criminal court, small claims court and administrative tribunals such as the Financial Services Commission of Ontario or the

483: 47: 615:(founded in 1797), which already regulates Ontario's 40,000 or so lawyers. Aspiring paralegals must complete an accredited educational program and complete a licensing exam. The Society will also be responsible for disciplining paralegals who do not conform to rules of professional conduct, known as the Paralegal Rules of Conduct. 191:

may be retained or employed by a lawyer, law office, governmental agency or other entity or may be authorized by administrative, statutory or court authority to perform this work. Substantive shall mean work requiring recognition, evaluation, organization, analysis, and communication of relevant facts and legal concepts."

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regarding the legal system and substantive and procedural law which qualify them to do work of a legal nature under the supervision of an attorney." This is the NALA's former 1984 definition. In 2001, the organization adopted the American Bar Association's (ABA) definition of a paralegal/Legal Assistant.

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This development culminated in some paralegals being forced to give up the title paralegal for Legal Document Assistant (LDA) in order to administer legal services directly to the public in the allowed areas under California Bus & Prof. Code § 6400. Paralegals who are members of professional

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In response, the State Bar appointed a Public Protection Committee to look at the L.A. bar's claim. Then, "in 1988, the Public Protection Committee unanimously recommended that the California legislature completely abolish the state's UPL laws. It further concluded that independent paralegals should

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A bachelor's degree or advanced degree in any subject and at least one year of experience performing legal tasks under the supervision of an attorney that has at least three years' legal experience in California himself. The attorney must sign a written declaration stating the paralegal is qualified

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The largest number of paralegals in the UK are represented by the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEx). Unlike other paralegal bodies CILEx is an Approved Regulator, meaning all its members are independently regulated in the public interest and must comply with a code of conduct, including

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The original concept of paralegals in the UK started with the Paralegal Association in the mid-1980s (now the National Association of Licensed Paralegals). However the oldest incorporated professional body for paralegals in the UK who set the competency standards for paralegals and legal secretaries,

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Paralegals in South Africa are hired mostly by Legal Aid South Africa, big corporations, Patent law firms, legal firms, Estate agents, Government Departments etc. to provide legal support to those corporate world. Legal support may be by legal research, investigation/inspectors, legal advice or legal

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exists, and functions similarly to paralegals. Scriveners perform legal work, above the level of secretary but below the level of attorney, and may be attached to an attorney's office or operate independently. Scriveners may represent clients in some low-level matters, but not in more advanced stages

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All lawyers and paralegals who practice law and provide legal services in Ontario, are required to complete the CPD program. Continuing professional development (CPD) is the maintenance and enhancement of a lawyer or paralegal's professional knowledge, skills, attitudes and professionalism throughout

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Some attorneys who practice in fields involving medical care have only a limited knowledge of healthcare and medical concepts and terminology. Therefore, legal medical consultants which are professional physicians, physician assistants, paramedics, nurses and respiratory therapists, have become fully

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Paralegals exist precisely because they are not lawyers and thus can do the work more cheaply. Other than expertise, the main constraint on what work a paralegal can or cannot do tends to be local rules that reserve particular activities to lawyers. Some jurisdictions have a reserved activities list.

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A legal secretary is generally a secretary who has a basic understanding of legal terminology and the specific formatting required by a particular court or government agency. Legal secretaries are also typically responsible for keeping case files organized and indexed, often taking on the duties of a

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See NALA Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility" (Canon 2 "A paralegal may perform any task which is properly delegated and supervised by an attorney…"); the NFPA "Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility" (1.8: "A Paralegal Shall Not Engage In The Unauthorized Practice of Law");

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NALA offers its Certified Legal Assistant or Certified Paralegal examination, a comprehensive two-day examination that covers the following subjects: Communications, Ethics, Legal Research, Judgment and Analytical Ability, American Legal System and four sub-sections selected by the applicants from a

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In some areas, legal document assistants actually advertise themselves as paralegals. Many states, including Florida, have enacted laws or bar rules which require any person referring to himself or herself as a paralegal to work under the supervision of a licensed attorney. This rule would prohibit

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The NFPA offers its non-accredited Paralegal Advanced Competency Exam, which is a four-hour exam on a variety of legal topics; those who pass that exam can call themselves PACE-Registered Paralegals and display the "RP" designation. NFPA's core purpose is to advance the paralegal profession and is

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The Institute of Paralegals (IOD) is an incorporated professional body for paralegals in the UK. A not-for-profit organisation, they set the competency standards for paralegals and legal secretaries, issue legal qualifications, and support, represent and promote paralegals. The National Association

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In South Africa, legal assistants or paralegals must have extensive knowledge of the law and the administration of justice. Their duties may include: liaising with clients of their employers to assist in solving legal problems, legal research, preparing cases for court and liaising with the public.

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in accordance with By-Law 6, Part II, section 12 (1). Licensees must provide written proof of their compliance with this requirement to carry mandatory insurance before they begin providing legal services, as well as on an annual basis. Paralegal services may be provided via a sole proprietorship,

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The growing demand of paralegal professionals at a rapid rate has resulted in schools and colleges catering to such education being established in many places. It has been found through a survey that currently 50,000 students are enrolled in paralegal education courses. The American Association for

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From the American Association for Paralegal Education (AAfPE) : "Paralegals perform substantive and procedural legal work as authorized by law, which work, in the absence of the paralegal, would be performed by an attorney. Paralegals have knowledge of the law gained through education, or education

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From the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) : "A paralegal is a person, qualified through education, training or work experience to perform substantive legal work that requires knowledge of legal concepts and is customarily, but not exclusively, performed by a lawyer. This person

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In the United States, paralegals originated as assistants to lawyers at a time when only lawyers offered legal services. In those jurisdictions where the local legal profession/judiciary is involved in paralegal recognition/accreditation, the profession of paralegal still basically refers to those

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As a not-for-profit professional body incorporated by guarantee, they were formed in 2003. They were granted institute status by the UK government in 2005, with the support of, among others, The Law Society of England & Wales, the Bar Council, Citizens Advice and the Crown Prosecution Service,

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Scotland has separate legal jurisdiction from the rest of the United Kingdom. The term "paralegal" came into use from the 1980s. There have always been individuals undertaking legal work but not qualified as a solicitor but they would have had other titles such as 'legal assistant'. From the early

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Due to a lack of metrics it is unclear exactly how many paralegals there are in the United Kingdom. The Office of National Statistics and the register of Standard Occupational Classification estimate that there are currently 76,000 mid-skilled "legal associate professionals". Research published in

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The increased use of paralegals has slowed the rising cost of legal services and serves in some small measure (in combination with contingency fees and insurance) to keep the cost of legal services within the reach of the regular population. However, one commentator has warned that "our profession

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A certificate of completion of a paralegal program at, or a degree from, a post-secondary institution that requires the successful completion of a minimum of 24 semester, or equivalent, units in law-related courses and that has been accredited by a national or regional accrediting organization or

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The greatest differences between lawyers and paralegals are that lawyers give legal advice, can set fees, appear as counsel of record in court, and sign pleadings (and other court documents) in a representative capacity. A paralegal who attempts to do any of these acts will be in violation of the

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In the United Kingdom paralegal salaries in law firms can range from around £15,000 in some rural or suburban areas but may reach as high as £60,000 – £80,000 for the most senior in the larger city firms and some PLCs. A paralegal can also work as a freelance offering their services to solicitors

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In the United States, the need for accredited qualifications and bar licensure limits the number of licensed attorneys. There are some tasks for which a bar license is unnecessary but some amount of legal training is helpful. To lower costs, businesses may choose to employ paralegals to undertake

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There are a variety of services available to the general public depending on the State of residence. These companies have been known as Paralegal Services until they were required to change their names. These companies are now typically known to the general public as Court Document Preparers or

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There are various levels of certification and membership according to the level of training, qualification and experience. To become a Licensed Paralegal a person should have an acceptable qualification in law, e.g., the Association's Diploma in Paralegal Studies, ILEX, Law Degree or HND (plus a

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From National Association of Legal Secretaries (NALS) : "A Legal Assistant, qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for

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From the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) : "Legal Assistants (also known as paralegals) are a distinguishable group of persons who assist attorneys in the delivery of legal services. Through formal education, training and experience, Legal Assistants have knowledge and expertise

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The exact nature of their work and limitations that the law places on the tasks that they are allowed to perform vary between nations and jurisdictions. Paralegals generally are not allowed to offer legal services independently in most jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, paralegals can conduct

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in 2000, there was little regulation of paralegals in California. One of the purposes of regulation under Business and Professions Code § 6450 was to shut down the paralegals who were providing self-help legal services to consumers. There had been relatively few consumer complaints against

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In Canada, paralegals (except in Ontario) are generally trained assistants who assist lawyers, and work under the supervision of lawyers. Paralegals are not regulated by legislation (except in Ontario) and are not professionals in their own right. Some provinces (such as British Columbia) allow

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Since 1994 City and Guilds, in association with CILEx, has offered the UK's leading range of nationally and internationally approved qualifications for paralegals and legal secretaries, which have been taken by over 20,000 people. They offer a Level 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies

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In the United States, a paralegal is protected from some forms of professional liability under the theory that paralegals are working as an enhancement of an attorney, who takes ultimate responsibility for the supervision of the paralegal's work and work product. Paralegals often have taken a

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NALP (National Association of Licensed Paralegals) is an awarding body for paralegal qualifications, recognized as an awarding organisation by Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications in England and Wales. NALP offers self-regulation and Licensing for paralegals in England & Wales. NALP's

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CILEx provides a non-University route to qualification as lawyer, with the majority of its members learning on-the-job and working as paralegals. It is open to those with or without law degrees, and allows paralegals to progress through to ultimately become fully qualified lawyers, partners,

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objective is to raise the profile of paralegals in the UK and has dedicated itself to the promoting the status of paralegals and paralegal training in the United Kingdom and abroad. NALP offers training and qualifications at all levels. NALP is a not for profit company limited by guarantee.

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Before December 31, 2003, have completed a high school diploma or general equivalency diploma and a minimum of three years of law-related experience under the supervision of an attorney that has at least three years' legal experience in California himself. The attorney must sign a written

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There are two major national organizations that offer professional certification to paralegals who meet voluntary regulation standards: the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) established in 1976 and the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) established in 1996.

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The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) administer a Route to Qualification: the nationally recognized career path for professional paralegals. They also set and administer Competency Standards for paralegals and legal secretaries. The Institute of Paralegals (IOP) are:

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Non-attorneys, including paralegals, can appear in a representative capacity in many types of administrative hearings (that is, hearings held by administrative agencies located within the executive branch, as opposed to courts formally organized as part of the

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As the term 'paralegal' is not protected like the term 'solicitor' anyone may call himself/herself a paralegal without any qualification or registrations. Professional bodies are lobbying for this to change and the term 'paralegal' to become a protected title.

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The legal profession’s monopoly in Australia is, however, confined to the right of appearance in a court of law and to the preparation of certain documents for reward, which leaves a vast field of legal tasks open to performance by other workers, including

428:, factual investigation, preparation of exhibits, and the day-to-day tasks of case management. The key is that attorneys are entirely responsible for the actions of their paralegals and, by signing and filing court documents drafted by paralegals (or 178:, Canada, for example) paralegals are licensed and regulated the same way that lawyers are and these licensed professionals may be permitted to provide legal services to the public and appear before certain lower courts and administrative tribunals. 856:

procedural law qualification) or any other qualification deemed suitable, and who can satisfy the other criteria laid down by the Association namely: knowledge, competence, dedication, character requirements and continuous professional development.

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an organisation which administers a paralegal career path – the Route to Qualification. The R2Q turns a job into a career, and an occupation into a profession. It is supported by scores of local law societies, university law schools, law firms and

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an organisation which publishes Competency Standards for the paralegal profession (drafted with the assistance of law firms and (in part) by Her Majesty's Land Registry and vetted for professional conduct requirements by the Solicitors Regulation

445:(whose time is not billed) but for which lawyers can no longer bill. This in turn makes lawyers more efficient by allowing them to concentrate solely on the substantive legal issues of the case, while paralegals have become the "case managers". 625:

The Law Society began issuing the first paralegal licenses to grandparent applicants who fulfilled all the necessary licensing requirements (including insurance) in April 2008. Paralegals who provide legal services to the public must carry

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positions in law firms, in-house legal departments, or government agencies where depending on the type of work completed may or may not have required a bachelor's degree level of specialized knowledge in a given field. Many paralegals take

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the individual's career. It is a positive tool that benefits lawyers and paralegals and is an essential component of the commitment they make to the public to practice law or provide legal services competently and ethically.

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associations are also bound by those associations' codes of ethics many of which include sections prescribing that members not offer legal services directly to the public without the supervision of an attorney or law firm.

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people working under the direct supervision of a lawyer. The profession of paralegal varies greatly between the states, because some states do require paralegals to be licensed. In other jurisdictions however, such as the

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From the Paralegal Society of Ontario : "A paralegal is an individual qualified through education or experience licensed to provide legal services to the general public in areas authorized by the Law Society of Upper

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and NALS "Code of Ethics & Professional Responsibility" (Canon 7: Members of this association, unless permitted by law, shall not perform paralegal functions except under the direct supervision of a lawyer").

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performing tasks such assisting Counsel at court and taking notes in court and presenting applications to District Judges in chambers. They can be paid on a daily or hourly rate earning up to £60 – £260 per day.

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Paralegals technically have very limited rights to conduct litigation/rights of audience before courts/tribunals. In practice though many appear in courts and particularly tribunals at all levels as assistants.

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However, it is only recently that paralegals have begun to be seen as more than merely assistants to qualified lawyers. They are now a newly emergent, and increasingly distinct, group of legal professionals.

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prescribed series of courses in law and legal processes. Paralegals may analyze and summarize depositions, prepare and answer interrogatories, draft procedural motions and other routine briefs, perform

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an incorporated paralegal representative body in the United Kingdom whose application for institute status was supported by the Bar Council, Law Society, Crown Prosecution Service and Citizens Advice

388:(CPD) courses to fulfill the requirements of their firm, employer, government-appointed regulatory body, association, or to obtain and maintain a professional certificate or license to practice. 441:

such tasks. Paralegal time is typically billed at only a fraction of what a lawyer charges, and thus to the paralegal has fallen those substantive and procedural tasks which are too complex for

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their own business and provide services such as settlements, court filings, legal research and other auxiliary legal services; these tasks often have instructions from a solicitor attached.

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lawyers to designate certain paralegals to provide additional services to clients. However, lawyers remain fully responsible for all action or omission of the designated paralegals.

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From the Institute of Paralegals : "A paralegal is a non-lawyer who does legal work that previously would have been done by a lawyer, or if done by a lawyer, would be charged for."

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statutes in most U.S. states. Paralegals are responsible for handling tasks such as legal writing, research, and other forms of documentation for the lawyers for whom they work.

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Both NALA and the NFPA offer professional certification exams that should not be confused with a paralegal certificate offered by an officially accredited college or university.

343:. Many paralegals have completed all of their training or obtained a higher education degree in an adjacent field before entering the profession, while some, mostly those of the 2212: 1410: 1794: 1180:) works briefly as a paralegal – and his associate Deck Shifflet subsequently becomes Rudy's paralegal when he starts his own firm (although he terms himself a "paralawyer".) 65: 927:

Some states have considered the licensure of paralegals. Whether paralegals should be licensed or certified is one of the most important issues for paralegals today.

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From the National Association of Licensed Paralegals : "A person who is educated and trained to perform legal tasks but who is not a qualified solicitor or barrister."

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Paralegals are not regulated and work as assistants to lawyers in law offices. There is a role of Judicial Scrivener, but it is a different legal role in South Korea

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Ontario recently became the first jurisdiction in North America to provide for the licensing of independent paralegals. This task will be the responsibility of the

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and no formal higher education which was a common phenomenon during that time, with others later on completing their education while working their way up from some

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trained as paralegals in the manner described above and assist behind the scenes on these cases, in addition to serving as expert witnesses from time to time.

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and work experience, which qualifies them to perform legal work. Paralegals adhere to recognized ethical standards and rules of professional responsibility."

101: 1930: 1214:, Rebecca's first friend in West Covina is Paula Proctor, her new firm's paralegal. Paula later goes back to school and becomes a lawyer in her own right. 742:

Both the Association and Institute have similar roles in recognizing and registering Paralegals but do not always agree on all the principles of practice.

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Paralegals are restrained from exercising independence and prohibited from providing even basic legal advice to consumers of legal advice. In her book,

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paralegals; instead most of the complaints were from lawyers who urged the California State Bar to police the unauthorized practice of law (UPL).

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features an unassuming paralegal as the main character who is in love with her attorney boss and is the sole reason for the law firm's success.

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paralegals are a regulated body within the legal system. Paralegals become commissioners upon licensing, and may become non-lawyer notaries,

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In British Columbia, paralegals are not regulated and only work as legal assistants to lawyers and paralegals cannot open their own offices

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Paralegals in England and Wales may only offer limited legal advice, as may any person, with the following exceptions strictly forbidden:

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Furthermore, Australian paralegals have "little formal recognition of, or status accorded" them, yet they "require specialist education."

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Paralegals also act as Police Station Representatives if they are accredited, giving general advice to clients held in police custody.

2216: 2906: 2464: 2363: 2019: 1802: 1555: 1502: 1192:'s eagle, who is usually seen managing files, preparing and presenting documents to the attorneys, and drafting letters to clients. 522: 83: 1859: 1159:, was in training to become a paralegal in addition to her consultation work with the Phoenix, Arizona District Attorney's office. 814:

all its paralegal members. CILEx is also the only body that provides paralegals with a limited progression route to lawyer status.

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Many paralegals have completed a formal paralegal education program. Formal paralegal education programs may result in a

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Preparing and lodging documents concerning the conveying or charging of land. Since repealed and now also conducted by

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United States Bureau of Labor Statistics government web site Occupational Outlook for Paralegals and Legal Assistants

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is a legal professional who performs tasks that require knowledge of legal concepts but not the full expertise of a

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As of 2022, California "is the only state in the nation that comprehensively regulates the paralegal profession."

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the only body for professional paralegals to have relied on state funding to help develop the paralegal profession

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advocates, coroners and judges, subject to achieving the correct level of qualifications, skills, and experience.

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Several state governments have designated a "Paralegal Day", which is not the same day everywhere, in particular

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average around $ 73,580 per year while state and local government paralegals earn around $ 54,000 to $ 57,000.

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The United Kingdom has gone one step further. Much legal work by lawyers for the poorer elements of society is

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Undertaking certain types of claims/compensation related work if not registered with the Ministry of Justice.

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issue legal qualifications, and support, represent and promote paralegals is the Institute Of Paralegals.

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Undertaking immigration work if not registered with the Office of the Immigrations Services Commissioner;

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According to United States law, there are five specific acts which only a licensed attorney can perform:

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all of whom recognized the need for the developing paralegal profession to have a representative body.

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See Ralph Warner, The Independent Paralegal’s Handbook, California: Nolo (2004), pages 278 & 279.

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A comparative study of paralegalism in Australia, the United States of America, and England and Wales

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Leveraging with Legal Assistants (Chapter 7: "An Emerging Model: Legal Assistant as Colleague")

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Beyond the five acts above, the paralegal can perform practically any other task, including

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of litigation. As with lawyers in Japan, scriveners are regulated and must pass an exam.

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includes many paralegals in his novels; for example, Rudy Baylor (the main character in

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those individuals working as "independent paralegals" from using the title "paralegal".

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In Ontario, as of December 2017, licensed paralegals are now endorsed and recognized as

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Up until Business and Professions Code § 6450 was signed into law by Governor

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In the United States, as of May 2021, the median annual salary for a paralegal was

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Undertaking the activities reserved to solicitors under the Solicitors Act 1974;

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A discussion paper on introducing paralegals into the Saskatchewan legal market

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by a government body; rather, paralegals can be "registered," "certified," or

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Various professional organizations offer varying definitions of a paralegal.

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approved by the Bureau for Private Post-secondary and Vocational Education.

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has a distinct regime for the utilization of paralegals. According to one

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makes a serious error if it uses legal assistants only as economic tools."

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In South Korea a similar system to the Japanese exists, and is known as

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declaration stating the paralegal is qualified to perform legal tasks.

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Brian Craig, Paralegals and Legal Assistants in Film and Television;

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A Practical Introduction To Paralegal Studies: Strategies for Success

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Texas Paralegal Day Proclamation from Texas state government website

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Paralegals have been used in the United States for almost 50 years.

775:

reserves certain activities for solicitors. Broadly, these include:

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Paraprofessional who assists qualified lawyers in their legal work

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May 18, 2009 – Paralegal Day in Ohio per Ted Strickland, Governor

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May 3, 2005, as "Legal Assistant/Paralegal Day in Michigan", see

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Paralegal Day Proclamation from New York state government website

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is a dramatization of the real-life story of American paralegal

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California Alliance of Paralegal Association official website

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academic discipline of legal management and paralegal studies

135:, associate, junior, mid-senior, and senior level positions. 1841: 901:

In the United States, there is no such thing as a paralegal

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an organisation which publishes a Paralegal Code of Conduct

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have designated Paralegal Day in their respective states.

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Undertaking litigation (except in the small claims court).

2017:

Western New York Paralegals Association official website

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T. Brodrick, Jr, John (1993). Arthur G. Greene (ed.).

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Appear in court on behalf of another (i.e. the client)

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Sign legal papers and pleadings on behalf of a party

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Current ABA Definition of Legal Assistant/Paralegal

2003:Joel Irving, "Paralegal Day in New York", found at 1201:features a young paralegal named Rachel, played by 56:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

1931:"Section 20-2.1, Rules Regulating the Florida Bar" 1888:. Albany, N.Y.: Delmar Learning. pp. 2, 8–9. 2213:"Business and Professions Code Section 6450-6456" 1795:"Accredited Paralegals - Law Society of Scotland" 1635: 1633: 1631: 1842:"National Federation of Paralegal Associations" 1556:"LSBC discontinues 'paralegals in court' pilot" 1432:"Paralegal Training: paralegalcertificates.org" 665: 549: 1884:Miller, Roger; Mary Meinzinger Urisko (2007). 924:committed to the profession's Code of Ethics. 659: 2329: 1188:features a paralegal in the form of Avenger, 432:), attorneys make those documents their own. 8: 720: 714: 1960:Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2021 1691:"The paralegal conundrum – New Law Journal" 593:In Ontario, paralegals are licensed by the 2336: 2322: 2314: 1709:"Institute of Paralegals – Your Own Firm?" 1530:(Lismore, NSW, Australia 2004). Found at 1518: 1516: 1514: 404:Establish the attorney–client relationship 100:A paralegal in 2004, photo distributed by 1920:, Oxford: University Press (2004), at 88. 523:Learn how and when to remove this message 84:Learn how and when to remove this message 68:, without removing the technical details. 3481:History of the American legal profession 2166:. PDF file. Accessed September 4, 2008. 2147:. PDF file. Accessed September 4, 2008. 2274:Chukwuemeka, Onwe Damian (2022-08-18). 1313: 1118:involving groundwater contamination in 1043:Paralegal service or document preparers 416:Set and collect fees for legal services 2130:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2123: 1641:"Paralegal Frequently Asked Questions" 1067:An ABA approved paralegal certificate. 231:Education, training, and certification 2157:Utah Bar Association official website 1860:"Tips for Passing the CLA or CP Exam" 1497:. Chicago: American Bar Association. 1114:who won a successful lawsuit against 341:field of study or academic discipline 66:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 1622:"Home | Law Society of Ontario" 633:Workplace Safety and Insurance Board 505:adding citations to reliable sources 166:duties, as well as perform case and 1035:, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and 968:56,230. Paralegals working for the 944:Penalties for unauthorized practice 386:Continuing Professional Development 359:, and younger Gen Xers, have only 138:In the United States in 1967, the 25: 2465:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2037:Michigan state government website 1956:"Paralegals and Legal Assistants" 1574:"The Law Society of Upper Canada" 1532:Southern Cross University website 218:Difference from legal secretaries 3512: 3511: 3497: 1933:. Floridabar.org. Archived from 1224:Bullying in the legal profession 1116:Pacific Gas and Electric Company 628:professional liability insurance 481: 45: 3476:History of the legal profession 1964:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1668:. Rc.lsuc.on.ca. Archived from 1643:. Rc.lsuc.on.ca. Archived from 1254:History of the legal profession 1185:Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law 492:needs additional citations for 199:which a lawyer is responsible." 2072:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 2059:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 2050:Idaho state government website 2039:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 1994:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 1: 2258:Community.globeuniversity.edu 2185:Bouchoux, Deborah E. (2021). 2026:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 2007:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 1781:www.scottish-paralegal.org.uk 1061:Business and Professions Code 653:In Japan, the institution of 464:Paralegal medical consultants 1534:. Accessed August 26, 2010. 938:unauthorized practice of law 1596:Attorney General of Ontario 1039:also have a Paralegal Day. 771:In the United Kingdom, the 666: 3575: 3143:International legal theory 2622:International slavery laws 2617:International human rights 2612:International criminal law 2005:New York Paralegal website 1259:Individual rights advocate 909:by private organizations. 700: 646: 378:Continuing Legal Education 347:Generation and some older 29: 3491: 3196:Administration of justice 1560:www.canadianlawyermag.com 1528:Southern Cross University 721: 715: 660: 382:Continuing Education Unit 369:administrative assistance 125:admission to practice law 2973:Basic structure doctrine 2823:Natural and legal rights 2704:Public international law 2048:September 12, 2006, see 1298:Administrative Assistant 1149:, the lead character in 785:Undertaking probate law. 273:professional certificate 140:American Bar Association 30:Not to be confused with 3153:Principle of typicality 2627:International trade law 2087:April 20, 2009, at the 1799:Law Society of Scotland 1695:www.newlawjournal.co.uk 1075:to perform legal tasks. 970:U.S. federal government 931:Difference from lawyers 2278:. Knowledge of the Law 2068:October 23, 2005, see 1886:West's paralegal today 1407:"What is a paralegal?" 1368:"NALS.org: About NALS" 890: 809:Professional societies 613:Law Society of Ontario 595:Law Society of Ontario 560: 323:, other fields in the 156:legislative assistance 104: 3148:Principle of legality 2907:Delegated legislation 2607:Intellectual property 1284:Legislative assistant 1059:In California, under 884: 781:Licensed Conveyancers 620:officers of the court 363:entering only with a 297:public administration 172:officers of the court 117:paralegal specialist 99: 3366:Barristers' chambers 3308:Legal representation 3246:Justice of the peace 2592:Financial regulation 1289:Proprietary colleges 1005:Jennifer M. Granholm 501:improve this article 277:continuing education 265:graduate certificate 249:vocational education 182:Official definitions 3401:Election commission 3113:Expressive function 2642:Landlord–tenant law 2541:Consumer protection 1983:June 20, 2008, see 1823:http://www.nala.org 1758:. Statutelaw.gov.uk 1756:"Statutelaw.gov.uk" 1522:Jill Irene Cowley, 1461:Paralegal purgatory 1211:Crazy Ex-Girlfriend 1165:Diamond Girl (1998) 839:a member of LawCare 773:Solicitors Act 1974 600:In the province of 365:high school diploma 361:on-the-job training 3359:Legal institutions 3226:Lawsuit/Litigation 3216:Dispute resolution 3021:Catholic canon law 2729:State of emergency 2692:Will and testament 2416:Law of obligations 2369:Constitutional law 2359:Administrative law 2302:2004-12-09 at the 2263:2009-08-03 at the 2162:2008-12-01 at the 2055:2008-11-10 at the 2022:2009-01-18 at the 1990:2009-01-09 at the 1828:2012-03-09 at the 1466:2014-04-19 at the 1239:Clerk of the court 1100:In popular culture 891: 703:Judicial scrivener 655:judicial scrivener 649:Judicial scrivener 168:project management 111:, also known as a 105: 3554:Legal professions 3541: 3540: 3201:Constitutionalism 3123:Law and economics 2961:Act of parliament 2699:Product liability 2652:Legal archaeology 2577:Environmental law 2571:Entertainment law 2411:International law 2198:978-1-5438-1561-0 1918:Access to Justice 1895:978-1-4180-5032-0 1395:on June 15, 2006. 1234:Contract attorney 1229:Community college 1208:In the TV series 1157:Patricia Arquette 1141:Michelle Monaghan 1129:In the 2008 film 1021:Texas Legislature 950:Access to Justice 734:England and Wales 557:Jill Irene Cowley 545:paralegal studies 533: 532: 525: 443:legal secretaries 407:Give legal advice 293:political science 271:, or a paralegal 257:bachelor's degree 164:legal secretarial 94: 93: 86: 16:(Redirected from 3566: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3502: 3501: 3325:Question of fact 3206:Criminal justice 2536:Construction law 2531:Conflict of laws 2496:Agricultural law 2338: 2331: 2324: 2315: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2267: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2106:. 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Birdman 1147:Allison DuBois 1104:The 2000 film 1101: 1098: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1017:James E. Risch 1009:South Carolina 997:David Paterson 985: 982: 977: 974: 961: 958: 945: 942: 932: 929: 896:United Kingdom 878: 875: 869: 866: 849: 848: 844: 840: 837: 834: 831: 810: 807: 801: 798: 790: 789: 786: 783: 769: 768: 765: 762: 735: 732: 730: 729:United Kingdom 727: 701:Main article: 695: 692: 682: 679: 647:Main article: 644: 641: 590: 587: 579: 576: 567: 564: 554: 537: 534: 531: 530: 489: 487: 480: 474: 471: 465: 462: 437: 434: 422:legal research 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 393: 390: 335:, or proof of 241:higher diploma 232: 229: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 207: 204: 200: 196: 192: 183: 180: 154:and analysis, 152:legal research 92: 91: 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3571: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3386:Civil society 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3345:Trier of fact 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3231:Legal opinion 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3211:Court-martial 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3183:Jurisprudence 3180: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072:Statutory law 3070: 3068: 3067:Socialist law 3065: 3061: 3060:Byzantine law 3058: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3049: 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2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2657:Legal fiction 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587:Financial law 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2546:Corporate law 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2470:Statutory law 2468: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352:Core subjects 2350: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 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1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526:, Thesis for 1525: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504:0-89707-897-7 1500: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1438:on 2013-05-23 1437: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1413:on 2011-08-27 1412: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1349:on 2012-03-06 1348: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1203:Meghan Markle 1200: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1177:The Rainmaker 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1162:The TV movie 1160: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 991: 984:Paralegal Day 983: 981: 975: 973: 971: 967: 959: 957: 953: 951: 943: 941: 939: 930: 928: 925: 921: 917: 914: 910: 908: 904: 899: 897: 888: 883: 877:United States 876: 874: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 845: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 828: 827: 823: 819: 815: 808: 806: 799: 797: 794: 787: 784: 782: 778: 777: 776: 774: 766: 763: 760: 759: 758: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740: 733: 728: 726: 712: 711: 704: 699: 693: 691: 687: 680: 678: 670: 669: 656: 650: 642: 640: 636: 634: 629: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 603: 598: 596: 588: 586: 583: 577: 575: 572: 565: 563: 553: 548: 546: 542: 535: 527: 524: 516: 506: 502: 496: 495: 490:This section 488: 484: 479: 478: 472: 470: 463: 461: 457: 455: 454:legally aided 450: 446: 444: 436:Trends in use 435: 433: 431: 427: 426:legal writing 423: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 391: 389: 387: 383: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:legal studies 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NALS.org 1353:2012-03-08 1328:2011-11-23 1309:References 1155:played by 1124:California 1085:Gray Davis 1052:California 1025:California 889:Paralegals 843:Authority) 513:April 2023 473:By country 430:law clerks 384:(CEU), or 329:humanities 321:philosophy 309:literature 225:file clerk 129:internship 74:March 2021 3411:Judiciary 3406:Executive 3381:The bench 3318:Solicitor 3293:Barrister 3173:Sociology 3158:Pseudolaw 3098:Anarchist 3055:Roman law 3043:Parsi law 3028:Hindu law 3016:Canon law 2991:Civil law 2944:Concordat 2835:Precedent 2744:Trust law 2719:Space law 2556:Drugs law 2426:Procedure 2364:Civil law 1471:Lawyer 2B 1294:Secretary 1269:Law clerk 1135:starring 1132:Eagle Eye 885:Badge of 719:, Hanja: 713:(Hangul: 547:scholar: 541:Australia 536:Australia 392:Economics 305:sociology 109:paralegal 32:Law clerk 3518:Category 3460:Tribunal 3445:Military 3288:Attorney 3258:Judgment 3118:Feminist 3033:Jain law 2830:Case law 2551:Cyberlaw 2458:Corporal 2436:Criminal 2406:Evidence 2396:Doctrine 2374:Contract 2300:Archived 2261:Archived 2223:July 23, 2160:Archived 2126:cite web 2085:Archived 2053:Archived 2020:Archived 1988:Archived 1904:84737349 1826:Archived 1606:28 March 1464:Archived 1218:See also 1019:and the 1001:Michigan 994:governor 990:New York 903:licensed 800:Scotland 710:beopmusa 555:— 357:Gen Zers 349:Gen Xers 287:and the 210:Canada." 123:with an 3532:Outline 3469:History 3376:The bar 3350:Verdict 3298:Counsel 3278:Justice 3133:History 2956:Statute 2772:Charter 2734:Tax law 2682:Probate 1120:Hinkley 976:History 602:Ontario 589:Ontario 380:(CLE), 339:in any 317:history 237:diploma 176:Ontario 60:Please 3450:Police 3421:Agency 3303:Lawyer 3048:Sharia 2939:Treaty 2934:Repeal 2880:Decree 2791:Custom 2687:Estate 2637:Labour 2401:Equity 2195: 1902: 1892: 1501: 1264:Jurist 1152:Medium 960:Salary 868:Salary 847:others 566:Canada 331:, and 121:lawyer 3525:Index 3391:Court 3335:Trial 3241:Judge 3082:Yassa 2885:Edict 2431:Civil 2384:Crime 2111:(PDF) 2104:(PDF) 1198:Suits 1013:Idaho 643:Japan 263:, or 115:, or 3273:Jury 3221:Fiqh 3077:Xeer 2475:Tort 2391:Deed 2225:2014 2193:ISBN 2132:link 2081:see 1916:See 1900:OCLC 1890:ISBN 1608:2015 1499:ISBN 1139:and 1037:Utah 1033:Ohio 966:US$ 661:司法書士 311:and 102:NARA 2345:Law 992:'s 722:法務士 716:법무사 503:by 371:or 275:of 162:or 64:to 34:or 3550:: 2779:/ 2128:}} 2124:{{ 1962:. 1958:. 1898:. 1844:. 1797:. 1779:. 1740:. 1711:. 1693:. 1630:^ 1594:. 1576:. 1558:. 1513:^ 1451:^ 1126:. 1122:, 1031:, 1027:, 1011:, 1007:, 999:, 664:, 622:. 424:, 355:, 327:, 319:, 315:, 307:, 303:, 299:, 295:, 291:, 259:, 255:, 251:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 131:, 107:A 2337:e 2330:t 2323:v 2285:. 2227:. 2201:. 2134:) 2120:. 1973:. 1944:. 1906:. 1873:. 1848:. 1812:. 1783:. 1765:. 1726:. 1697:. 1679:. 1654:. 1624:. 1610:. 1580:. 1562:. 1507:. 1445:. 1420:. 1377:. 1356:. 1331:. 1296:/ 673:) 658:( 526:) 520:( 515:) 511:( 497:. 87:) 81:( 76:) 72:( 58:. 38:. 20:)

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