1767:. He is widely considered one of the most important English-language political philosophers of the 20th century. His theory of justice uses a method called "original position" to ask us which principles of justice we would choose to regulate the basic institutions of our society if we were behind a "veil of ignorance". Imagine we do not know who we areâour race, sex, wealth, status, class, or any distinguishing featureâso that we would not be biased in our own favour. Rawls argued from this "original position" that we would choose exactly the same political liberties for everyone, like freedom of speech, the right to vote, and so on. Also, we would choose a system where there is only inequality because that produces incentives enough for the economic well-being of all society, especially the poorest. This is Rawls's famous "difference principle". Justice is fairness, in the sense that the fairness of the original position of choice guarantees the fairness of the principles chosen in that position.
1388:, he criticised what he called the "weak social thesis" to explain law. He formulates the weak social thesis as "(a) Sometimes the identification of some laws turn on moral arguments, but also with, (b) In all legal systems the identification of some law turns on moral argument." Raz argues that law's authority is identifiable purely through social sources, without reference to moral reasoning. This view he calls "the sources thesis". Raz suggests that any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authority is better left to sociology than to jurisprudence. Some philosophers used to contend that positivism was the theory that held that there was "no necessary connection" between law and morality; but influential contemporary positivistsâincluding Joseph Raz,
1563:, Dworkin argued that law is an "interpretive" concept that requires barristers to find the best-fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. According to him, law is not entirely based on social facts, but includes the best moral justification for the institutional facts and practices that form a society's legal tradition. It follows from Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some truths about the moral justifications of the social and political practices of that society. It is consistent with Dworkin's viewâin contrast with the views of legal positivists or legal realistsâthat
737:
813:, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the "particular" laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a "common" law that is according to nature. The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle thought that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the "particular" law of one's own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law. Aristotle, moreover, considered certain candidates for a universally valid, natural law to be wrong. Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed.
1350:
are divided into rules of adjudication (how to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (how laws are amended), and the rule of recognition (how laws are identified as valid). The validity of a legal system comes from the "rule of recognition", which is a customary practice of officials (especially barristers and judges) who identify certain acts and decisions as sources of law. In 1981, Neil MacCormick wrote a pivotal book on Hart (second edition published in 2008), which further refined and offered some important criticisms that led MacCormick to develop his own theory (the best example of which is his
930:(the rights of peoples), and thus is an important figure in the transition to modernity. He extrapolated his ideas of legitimate sovereign power to international affairs, concluding that such affairs ought to be determined by forms respecting of the rights of all and that the common good of the world should take precedence before the good of any single state. This meant that relations between states ought to pass from being justified by force to being justified by law and justice. Some scholars have upset the standard account of the origins of International law, which emphasises the seminal text
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the influence of analytical legal philosophy; but with increasing criticism of dominant orientations of legal philosophy in
English-speaking countries in the present century, it has attracted renewed interest. Increasingly, its contemporary focus is on providing theoretical resources for jurists to aid their understanding of new types of regulation (for example, the diverse kinds of developing transnational law) and the increasingly important interrelations of law and culture, especially in multicultural Western societies.
307:
982:, Lon L. Fuller defended a secular and procedural form of natural law. He emphasised that the (natural) law must meet certain formal requirements (such as being impartial and publicly knowable). To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argued, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect. Thus, the law must have a morality that goes beyond the societal rules under which laws are made.
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1318:, are understood to derive their authority or the extent to which they are binding. Kelsen contends that the extent to which legal norms are binding, their specifically "legal" character, can be understood without tracing it ultimately to some suprahuman source such as God, personified Nature orâof great importance in his timeâa personified State or Nation.
276:
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1655:, emphasize the role of character in morality. Virtue jurisprudence is the view that the laws should promote the development of virtuous character in citizens. Historically, this approach has been mainly associated with Aristotle or Thomas Aquinas. Contemporary virtue jurisprudence is inspired by philosophical work on virtue ethics.
493:, which holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from basic social facts; and "legal realism", which argues that the real-world practice of law determines what law is, the law having the force that it does because of what legislators, lawyers, and judges do with it. Unlike
938:, and argued for Vitoria and, later, SuĂĄrez's importance as forerunners and, potentially, founders of the field. Others, such as Koskenniemi, have argued that none of these humanist and scholastic thinkers can be understood to have founded international law in the modern sense, instead placing its origins in the post-1870 period.
804:
taken as a statement that is similar to the views of modern natural law theorists. But it must also be remembered that
Aristotle is describing a view of morality, not a system of law, and therefore his remarks as to nature are about the grounding of the morality enacted as law, not the laws themselves.
1708:
Utilitarianism is the view that the laws should be crafted so as to produce the best consequences for the greatest number of people. Historically, utilitarian thinking about law has been associated with the philosopher Jeremy
Bentham. John Stuart Mill was a pupil of Bentham's and was the torch bearer
1349:
Hart claimed that law is the union of primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules require individuals to act or not act in certain ways and create duties for the governed to obey. Secondary rules are rules that confer authority to create new primary rules or modify existing ones. Secondary rules
1242:
John Austin and Jeremy
Bentham were early legal positivists who sought to provide a descriptive account of law that describes the law as it is. Austin explained the descriptive focus for legal positivism by saying, "The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be
799:
and begins by asking what sort of mean a just act is. He argues that the term "justice" actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and particular justice. When a person's actions toward others are completely virtuous in all matters, Aristotle calls them "just" in the sense of
465:. That includes questions of how persons and social relations are understood in legal terms, and of the values in and of law. Work that is counted as jurisprudence is mostly philosophical, but it includes work that also belongs to other disciplines, such as sociology, history, politics and economics.
1268:
answer to "what is law?" was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". H. L. A. Hart criticized Austin and
Bentham's early legal positivism because the command theory failed to account for individual's compliance with
1151:
strongly defended and developed Pound's ideas. In the 1930s, a significant split between the sociological jurists and the
American legal realists emerged. In the second half of the twentieth century, sociological jurisprudence as a distinct movement declined as jurisprudence came more strongly under
483:
Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems internal to law and legal systems and problems of law as a social institution that relates to the larger political and social context in which it exists. Ancient natural law is the idea that there are rational
1514:
are a new theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s. The theory can generally be traced to
American legal realism and is considered "the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the United States to have espoused a committed Left political stance and perspective". It
1421:
Legal realism is the view that a theory of law should be descriptive and account for the reasons why judges decide cases as they do. Legal realism had some affinities with the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. The essential tenet of legal realism is that all law is made by humans and
996:
Sophisticated positivist and natural law theories sometimes resemble each other and may have certain points in common. Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work.
803:
Aristotle moves from this unqualified discussion of justice to a qualified view of political justice, by which he means something close to the subject of modern jurisprudence. Of political justice, Aristotle argues that it is partly derived from nature and partly a matter of convention. This can be
505:
is concerned with "evaluative" theories of law. It deals with what the goal or purpose of law is, or what moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law. It not only addresses the question "What is law?", but also tries to determine what the proper function of law should be, or what
1612:
In addition to the question, "What is law?", legal philosophy is also concerned with normative, or "evaluative" theories of law. What is the goal or purpose of law? What moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law? What is the proper function of law? What sorts of acts should be
1570:
Interpretation, according to
Dworkin's "integrity theory of law", has two dimensions. To count as an interpretation, the reading of a text must meet the criterion of "fit". Of those interpretations that fit, however, Dworkin maintains that the correct interpretation is the one that portrays the
696:
In its general sense, natural law theory may be compared to both state-of-nature law and general law understood on the basis of being analogous to the laws of physical science. Natural law is often contrasted to positive law which asserts law as the product of human activity and human volition.
1166:
Legal positivism is the view that the content of law is dependent on social facts and that a legal system's existence is not constrained by morality. Within legal positivism, theorists agree that law's content is a product of social facts, but theorists disagree whether law's validity can be
1676:
formulated one influential deontological theory of law. He argued that any rule we follow must be able to be universally applied, i.e. we must be willing for everyone to follow that rule. A contemporary deontological approach can be found in the work of the legal philosopher Ronald
Dworkin.
1365:
In recent years, debates on the nature of law have become increasingly fine-grained. One important debate is within legal positivism. One school is sometimes called "exclusive legal positivism" and is associated with the view that the legal validity of a norm can never depend on its moral
1443:. Holmes's writings on jurisprudence also laid the foundations for the predictive theory of law. In his article "The Path of the Law", Holmes argues that "the object of study...is prediction, the prediction of the incidence of the public force through the instrumentality of the courts."
651:
were supposed to be simple interpretations of the traditional customs, butâapart from considering what traditional customs applied in each caseâsoon developed a more equitable interpretation, coherently adapting the law to newer social exigencies. The law was then adjusted with evolving
997:
The natural law theorists of the distant past, such as
Aquinas and John Locke made no distinction between analytic and normative jurisprudence, while modern natural law theorists, such as John Finnis, who claim to be positivists, still argue that law is moral by nature. In his book
1017:
Analytic, or "clarificatory", jurisprudence means taking a neutral point of view and using descriptive language when referring to various aspects of legal systems. This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be.
1247:
authority. Through the sovereign's authority come laws, which for Austin and Bentham are commands backed by sanctions for non-compliance. Along with Hume, Bentham was an early and staunch supporter of the utilitarian concept, and was an avid prison reformer, advocate for
542:
meaning prudence (also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection). It refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters. The word first appeared in written English in 1628, at a time when the word
1135:) encouraged the use of sociological insights in the development of legal and juristic theory. The most internationally influential advocacy for a "sociological jurisprudence" occurred in the United States, where, throughout the first half of the twentieth century,
795:. Indeed, his treatment of what he calls "political justice" derives from his discussion of "the just" as a moral virtue derived as the mean between opposing vices, just like every other virtue he describes. His longest discussion of his theory of justice occurs in
1059:
law?"; "What is the relationship between law and power/sociology?"; and "What is the relationship between law and morality?" Legal positivism is the dominant theory, although there is a growing number of critics who offer their own interpretations.
800:"general justice"; as such, this idea of justice is more or less coextensive with virtue. "Particular" or "partial justice", by contrast, is the part of "general justice" or the individual virtue that is concerned with treating others equitably.
1465:). Karl Llewellyn, another founder of the U.S. legal realism movement, similarly believed that the law is little more than putty in the hands of judges who are able to shape the outcome of cases based on their personal values or policy choices.
1171:
legal positivism is an example of exclusive legal positivism. Legal positivists who argue that law's validity can be explained by incorporating moral values are labeled inclusive (or soft) legal positivists. The legal positivist theories of
488:
rejects natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be. It espouses the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to aspects of legal systems. It encompasses such theories of jurisprudence as
1450:, judges start with the facts before them and then move to legal principles. Before legal realism, theories of jurisprudence turned this method around where judges were thought to begin with legal principles and then look to facts.
1617:, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted? What is justice? What rights do we have? Is there a duty to obey the law? What value has the rule of law? Some of the different schools and leading thinkers are discussed below.
3249:
664:, schools of law were created, and practice of the law became more academic. From the early Roman Empire to the 3rd century, a relevant body of literature was produced by groups of scholars, including the Proculians and
1088:
did not have a legal language that would support codification because the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the German people did not include a belief in a code. Historicists believe that law originates with society.
480:. General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered.
1291:
describes law as "binding norms", while at the same time refusing to evaluate those norms. That is, "legal science" is to be separated from "legal politics". Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a
4298:
1589:
Consequences of the operation of legal rules or legal proceduresâor of the behavior of legal actors (such as lawyers and judges)âmay be either beneficial (therapeutic) or harmful (anti-therapeutic) to people.
1212:
and the Cromwellian dictatorship had taken place; and, in reacting to that, Hobbes felt that absolute authority vested in a monarch, whose subjects obeyed the law, was the basis of a civilized society.
960:(which corresponds to modern international law) was something common to the majority of countries, although, being positive law, not natural law, it was not necessarily universal. On the other hand,
697:
Another approach to natural-law jurisprudence generally asserts that human law must be in response to compelling reasons for action. There are two readings of the natural-law jurisprudential stance.
1208:, Hobbes argues that without an ordered society life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." It is commonly said that Hobbes's views on human nature were influenced by his times. The
1575:
a single best moral justification for the complex practices of any given community, and others have doubted whether, even if there is, it should be counted as part of the law of that community.
484:
objective limits to the power of legislative rulers. The foundations of law are accessible through reason, and it is from these laws of nature that human laws gain whatever force they have.
1713:
philosophy throughout the late nineteenth century. In contemporary legal theory, the utilitarian approach is frequently championed by scholars who work in the law and economics tradition.
1167:
explained by incorporating moral values. Legal positivists who argue against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity are labeled exclusive (or hard) legal positivists.
1103:
An effort to systematically inform jurisprudence from sociological insights developed from the beginning of the twentieth century, as sociology began to establish itself as a distinct
898:... this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are based on this ...
1243:
not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry." For Austin and Bentham, a society is governed by a sovereign who has
497:, which seeks to investigate the content of folk legal concepts using the methods of social science, the traditional method of both natural law and analytic jurisprudence is
1468:
The Scandinavian school of legal realism argued that law can be explained through the empirical methods used by social scientists. Prominent Scandinavian legal realists are
1366:
correctness. A second school is labeled "inclusive legal positivism", a major proponent of which is Wil Waluchow, and is associated with the view that moral considerations
720:
Notions of an objective moral order, external to human legal systems, underlie natural law. What is right or wrong can vary according to the interests one is focused on.
8292:
1346:, Hart rejected Kelsen's views that sanctions were essential to law and that a normative social phenomenon, like law, cannot be grounded in non-normative social facts.
3200:
704:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it is not properly a "law" at all. This is captured, imperfectly, in the famous maxim:
1396:âreject that view. Raz claims it is a necessary truth that there are vices that a legal system cannot possibly have (for example, it cannot commit rape or murder).
6446:
871:
Eternal law refers to divine reason, known only to God. It is God's plan for the universe. Man needs this plan, for without it he would totally lack direction.
1283:
Hans Kelsen is considered one of the preeminent jurists of the 20th century and has been highly influential in Europe and Latin America, although less so in
1425:
There are two separate schools of legal realism: American legal realism and Scandinavian legal realism. American legal realism grew out of the writings of
788:). Aquinas's influence was such as to affect a number of early translations of these passages, though more recent translations render them more literally.
716:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it can still be called a "law", but it must be recognised as a defective law.
6877:
1446:
For the American legal realists of the early twentieth century, legal realism sought to describe the way judges decide cases. For legal realists such as
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is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by
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It has become common today to identify Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., as the main precursor of American Legal Realism (other influences include
2595:
724:, one of the most important of modern natural lawyers, has argued that the maxim "an unjust law is no law at all" is a poor guide to the classical
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1147:. In the United States, many later writers followed Pound's lead or developed distinctive approaches to sociological jurisprudence. In Australia,
861:
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3250:"In Praise of John Rawls, The Man Who Made Moral Philosophy Respectable Again â And Whose Views Also Profoundly Informed American Legal Thought"
903:
The desires to live and to procreate are counted by Aquinas among those basic (natural) human values on which all other human values are based.
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practices of the community in their best light, or makes them "the best that they can be". But many writers have doubted whether there
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holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of a dominant social group.
1384:
Joseph Raz's theory of legal positivism argues against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity. In Raz's 1979 book
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methods and data to study the extent to which a legal rule or practice affects the psychological well-being of the people it impacts.
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Despite its decline in popularity, legal realism continues to influence a wide spectrum of jurisprudential schools today, including
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Koskenniemi: "International Law and raison d'Ă©tat: Rethinking the Prehistory of International Law", in Kingsbury & Strausmann,
644:, later a private individual appointed to judge a specific case) would then prescribe a remedy according to the facts of the case.
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776:. This was based on Aquinas' conflation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the
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Alan Hunt, "The Theory of Critical Legal Studies", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 1-45, esp. 1, 5. See
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656:(legal concepts), while remaining in the traditional mode. Praetors were replaced in the 3rd century BC by a laical body of
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The Rights of Strangers: theories of international hospitality, the global community, and political justice since Vitoria
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3688:"L'Ircocervo. Rivista elettronica italiana di metodologia giuridica, teoria generale del diritto e dottrina dello stato"
1982:
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2987:"Jurisprudence". West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Jeffrey Lehman, Shirelle Phelps. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
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846:, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy, for a long time the primary philosophical approach of the
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3625:(Juristische Methodenlehre), translated from the tenth German Edition by Kirk W. Junker, P. Matthew Roy. Durham:
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in a society may know what its laws are, because no-one may know the best moral justification for its practices.
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676:(5th century) that legal studies were once again undertaken in depth, and it is from this cultural movement that
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1435:, he claims that "he life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience". This view was a reaction to
3523:. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library. (Contains penetrating classic "The Bramble Bush" on nature of law).
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The Progressive Revolution, 2007â08 Writings-Vol. 1; 2009 Writings-Vol. 2, Liberal Fascism through the Ages
632:, the annual pronunciation of prosecutable offences, or in extraordinary situations, additions made to the
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John Rawls, who turned 80 this year, is the most distinguished moral and political philosopher of our age.
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sorts of acts should be subject to legal sanctions, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted.
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John Rawls, who died in 2002, was the most influential American philosopher of the twentieth century.
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to follow a particular course of action. But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we
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3340:"The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism"
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In the English-speaking world, the most influential legal positivist of the twentieth century was
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is the "participation" in the eternal law by rational human creatures, and is discovered by reason
668:. The scientific nature of the studies was unprecedented in ancient times. After the 3rd century,
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1557:'s legal theory attacks legal positivists that separate law's content from morality. In his book
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and believed that the law had peoples' tacit consent. He believed that society was formed from a
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must be treated as a strictly separate question from normative and evaluative questions of what
860:, he is considered by many Catholics to be the Church's greatest theologian. Consequently, many
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Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law. Like his philosophical forefathers
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490:
367:
3700:(Routledge, 1998.) Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.
2705:
The province of jurisprudence determined ; and, the uses of the study of jurisprudence
1625:
660:. Admission to this body was conditional upon proof of competence or experience. Under the
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by judging whether or not singular cases were capable of being prosecuted either by the
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Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was based on the first principles of
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The most important questions of analytic jurisprudence are: "What are laws?"; "What is
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The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the
773:
477:
2080:
944:, regarded as among the greatest scholastics after Aquinas, subdivided the concept of
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meant knowledge of, or skill in, a matter. It may have entered English via the French
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Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 378 (2d Coll. Ed. 1978).
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3725:
The Opticon: Online Repository of Materials covering Spectrum of U.S. Jurisprudence
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979:
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The Inseparability of Law and Morality: Essays on Law, Race, Politics and Religion
1422:
thus should account for reasons besides legal rules that led to a legal decision.
457:
is the philosophy and theory of law. It is concerned primarily with both what law
3486:
Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality
3484:
2223:"Classical Chinese Jurisprudence and the Development of the Chinese Legal System"
672:
became a more bureaucratic activity, with few notable authors. It was during the
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2337:, Loeb Classical Library; J. A. K. Thomson, trans. (revised by Hugh Tedennick),
1977:
1947:
1942:
1340:. Hart argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. In
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991:
926:
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772:). His association with natural law is largely due to how he was interpreted by
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1256:. Bentham's views about law and jurisprudence were popularized by his student
1168:
1068:
Historical jurisprudence came to prominence during the debate on the proposed
1019:
880:
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Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, divine, and human:
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17:
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See H L A Hart, 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71
1732:
1685:
1633:
1249:
886:
740:
665:
625:
562:
383:
3607:(The Concept of Law), an introduction to Legal Theory, 6th ed., Stuttgart:
2120:
3437:
The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy
1228:
utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century.
1003:(1980, 2011), John Finnis provides a restatement of natural law doctrine.
948:. Working with already well-formed categories, he carefully distinguished
8244:
7823:
7560:
7153:
7118:
7092:
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7025:
6836:
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5630:
5333:
5218:
5015:
4559:
4122:
1469:
1244:
751:
617:
527:
31:
3258:
Rawls remained the most important American philosopher since John Dewey.
8281:
8194:
7082:
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6811:
6771:
6604:
6529:
6514:
6494:
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5141:
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3977:
2974:
1877:
1253:
1202:
to protect people from the state of war that would exist otherwise. In
1116:
1085:
725:
621:
275:
1480:. Scandinavian legal realists also took a naturalist approach to law.
7030:
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6554:
6539:
5635:
5488:
5233:
5124:
5119:
5065:
4736:
4370:
3108:
Brooks, "Review of Dworkin and His Critics with Replies by Dworkin",
3047:
3045:
1120:
583:
3683:
2966:
2622:
125:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
37:"Concept of law" redirects here. For the book by H. L. A. Hart, see
3718:
3351:
883:
is revealed in the scriptures and is God's positive law for mankind
7060:
6549:
6484:
5729:
5576:
5520:
5426:
5267:
5070:
4569:
1684:
1629:
1624:
1409:
1370:, but do not necessarily, determine the legal validity of a norm.
1220:
830:
735:
274:
7055:
6479:
5458:
5406:
5262:
4660:
4576:
4127:
3759:
3576:
Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology.
2680:
Leviathan: With selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668
1862:
6428:
5733:
4503:
4490:
3763:
3450:
Sociological Jurisprudence: Juristic Thought and Social Inquiry
6624:
6519:
5920:
4530:
2898:"Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence"
607:
298:
152:
90:
49:
44:
3089:
Constitutions and Constitutionalism in the Slaveholding South
2277:
The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory
1672:
is the "theory of duty or moral obligation". The philosopher
1028:, that people invariably slip from describing what the world
791:
Aristotle's theory of justice is bound up in his idea of the
3546:
Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory
2574:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
1078:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
3743:
Bibliography on the Philosophy of Law. Peace Palace Library
3685:
2142:
3663:
John Witte Jr.: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on
1123:, the work of the "free law" theorists (e.g. Ernst Fuchs,
3424:
Law's Community: Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective
3003:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 124 n.1.
2265:(American Philological Society, 1953, 1991), p. 518.
1594:("TJ") studies law as a social force (or agent) and uses
3147:"Editorial: Current Issues in Therapeutic Jurisprudence"
2275:
Golding, Martin P.; Edmundson, William A., eds. (2013).
1044:
the case. So analysing and clarifying the way the world
838:
was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar.
4475:
3693:
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Nine New Opinions
3667:, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (
889:
is supported by reason and enacted for the common good.
114:
4499:
3730:
842:
Thomas Aquinas is the foremost classical proponent of
3747:
3713:
Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
3646:, 3rd Edition, Reprinted 2016: Eastern Book Company.
3350:(1) (published 3 March 2010): 295â360. Archived from
1354:, 2007). Other important critiques include those of
8152:
7921:
7569:
7302:
7182:
7101:
7013:
7004:
6870:
6704:
6633:
6462:
6333:
6317:
6064:
5790:
5654:
5544:
5367:
5276:
5167:
5046:
4948:
4669:
4537:
4362:
4279:
4186:
3868:
3810:
2862:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47â48.
183:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3528:Introduction to Law, Legal Process, and Procedure
3344:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
3338:Grechenig, Kristoffel R.; Gelter, Martin (2008).
3323:(9th ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota, US: West.
2445:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1770:There are many other normative approaches to the
3368:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2859:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
2832:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
2802:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
282:of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?"
3051:
2835:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2805:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
2376:. Translated by Irwin, Terrence (2nd ed.).
1260:. Austin was the first chair of law at the new
3709:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
2707:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. p. 184.
754:and Plato, Aristotle posited the existence of
6440:
5745:
4515:
3775:
3145:; Vols, Michel; et al. (December 2016).
2942:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. pp. vi.
2385:
2383:
1651:Aretaic moral theories, such as contemporary
924:was perhaps the first to develop a theory of
850:. The work for which he is best known is the
594:all had competing theories of jurisprudence.
435:
8:
6946:
3477:Justice, Legal Systems, and Social Structure
3028:. London: Stevens & Sons. pp. vii.
2953:Holmes, O.W. (1897). "The Path of the Law".
2939:A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts
1305:
1180:are examples of inclusive legal positivism.
964:, or civil law, is specific to each nation.
893:Natural law is based on "first principles":
548:
514:The English word is derived from the Latin,
6882:
3091:(University of Georgia Press, 1989). p. 1.
2925:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 1.
2523:The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations
2508:e.g. James Brown Scott, cited in Cavallar,
2434:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law", 75â81
2049:
2047:
681:
537:
531:
521:
515:
84:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7010:
6447:
6433:
6425:
5752:
5738:
5730:
4522:
4508:
4500:
4487:
3782:
3768:
3760:
3748:Norwegian Association for Legal Philosophy
2737:The Providence of Jurisprudence Determined
2539:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 18â19.
1731:John Rawls was an American philosopher; a
567:Ancient jurisprudence begins with various
442:
428:
285:
3222:"The Enduring Significance of John Rawls"
3164:
1040:to do something merely because something
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
141:Learn how and when to remove this message
5667:History of the American legal profession
4299:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
3719:Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law
3414:The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
8030:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3731:Foundation for Law, Justice and Society
3541:. (Philosophical treatment of justice).
3509:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
3304:For full discussion see Cotterrell 2018
3297:
2627:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2592:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2019:
401:
375:
339:
313:
297:
30:For the "jurisprudence" of courts, see
3516:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3479:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
2608:
2026:
3463:Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence
2824:
2822:
2676:"Of the Natural Condition of Mankind"
2598:from the original on 4 December 2023.
2485:: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995)
2311:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law."
1692:believed law should create happiness.
1524:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1439:that was popular the time due to the
1143:, used this term to characterise his
7:
6383:
3678:LII Law about ... Jurisprudence
3623:Introduction to German Legal Methods
3514:Legal History: Law and Social Change
2760:
2748:
2263:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
181:adding citations to reliable sources
8140:The End of History and the Last Man
8050:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4461:
4227:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3375:Philosophy of law: the fundamentals
2653:. New York: Routledge. p. 54.
3521:Karl N. Llewellyn on Legal Realism
3503:Hutchinson, Allan C., ed. (1989).
3077:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2682:. Hackett Publishing. p. 76.
2401:"Nicomachean Ethics", Bk. V, ch. 1
2079:Sommers, Roseanna (23 July 2021).
2068:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2040:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
1938:Models of judicial decision making
1758:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement
25:
4651:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3512:Kempin Jr., Frederick G. (1963).
3229:The Chronicle of Higher Education
3075:Moore, "Critical Legal Studies",
2576:(Abraham A. Hayward trans., 1831)
2363:"Nicomachean Ethics" Bk. II ch. 6
710:(an unjust law is no law at all).
65:This article has multiple issues.
8110:The Open Society and Its Enemies
6406:
6395:
6382:
6371:
6370:
5698:
5697:
5683:
4460:
4445:
4436:
4435:
3530:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
1417:was a self-styled legal realist.
1336:, professor of jurisprudence at
571:texts of India. Dharmasutras of
305:
157:
95:
54:
6917:Family as a model for the state
6325:List of social science journals
5662:History of the legal profession
2896:Leiter, Brian (December 1997).
1798:Artificial intelligence and law
1238:John Austin (legal philosopher)
1032:to asserting that we therefore
168:needs additional citations for
73:or discuss these issues on the
8267:Separation of church and state
8165:Collectivism and individualism
8120:The Origins of Totalitarianism
6282:Science and technology studies
4257:Natural Law and Natural Rights
3644:Jurisprudence and Legal Theory
2537:Natural Law and Natural Rights
2184:"Ancient Indian Jurisprudence"
1000:Natural Law and Natural Rights
563:Roman law § Jurisprudence
1:
8307:Category:Political philosophy
8180:Critique of political economy
3704:The Roman Law Library, incl.
3526:Murphy, Cornelius F. (1977).
3475:Hartzler, H. Richard (1976).
2774:"The University of Edinburgh"
2586:Green, Leslie (Spring 2018).
2458:"Greek Theory of Natural Law"
2038:Shiner, "Philosophy of Law",
1778:, critical legal studies and
1441:Christopher Columbus Langdell
1139:, for many years the Dean of
702:The strong natural law thesis
616:(traditional law), a body of
8205:Institutional discrimination
8200:History of political thought
6932:Negative and positive rights
3671:, 1982; pp. 1â4, 132).
3621:Zippelius, Reinhold (2008).
3603:Zippelius, Reinhold (2012).
3585:Zippelius, Reinhold (2011).
3207:at Metalibri Digital Library
2572:Friedrich Carl von Savigny,
2221:Chang, Wejen (Spring 2010).
2143:"jurisprudence - Wiktionary"
2081:"Experimental jurisprudence"
1983:Rule according to higher law
8215:Justification for the state
8000:Two Treatises of Government
4334:Libertarian theories of law
3673:Redeemer University College
3569:University Press of America
3559:University Press of America
3519:Llewellyn, Karl N. (1986).
3052:Grechenig & Gelter 2008
2997:Schauer, Frederick (2009).
2322:Thomism and Aristotelianism
2066:Soper, "Legal Positivism",
1963:Postmodernist jurisprudence
1928:Libertarian theories of law
1780:libertarian theories of law
1553:American legal philosopher
1429:. At the start of Holmes's
864:have been named after him.
714:The weak natural law thesis
121:the claims made and adding
8385:
6885:Bellum omnium contra omnes
5329:International legal theory
4808:International slavery laws
4803:International human rights
4798:International criminal law
3845:International legal theory
3564:Washington, Ellis (2013).
3554:Washington, Ellis (2002).
3461:Freeman, M. D. A. (2014).
3066:. DOI, 10.1093/ojls/6.1.1.
2678:. In Curley, Edwin (ed.).
2551:A Treatise of Human Nature
1988:Sociological jurisprudence
1868:International legal theory
1720:
1701:
1695:
1662:
1644:
1605:
1582:
1546:
1523:
1403:
1377:
1325:
1276:
1231:
1187:
1159:
1096:
1093:Sociological jurisprudence
1082:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
1025:A Treatise of Human Nature
1010:
989:
971:
910:
820:
560:
553:, which appeared earlier.
495:experimental jurisprudence
314:Foundations and Philosophy
36:
29:
8302:
6366:
5767:
5677:
5382:Administration of justice
4497:
4492:Links to related articles
4431:
3797:
3665:Hendrik van Eikema Hommes
3642:Pillai, P. S. A. (2016).
3580:Harper Collins Publishers
3537:, revised ed. Cambridge:
3483:Engle, Eric (July 2010).
3377:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
3319:Garner, Bryan A. (2009).
3024:Olivecrona, Karl (1971).
2919:Holmes, O.W. Jr. (1881).
2279:. Malden, Massachusetts:
2228:Tsinghua China Law Review
2167:Oxford English Dictionary
1592:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1585:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1579:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1536:a body of fundamental law
856:. One of the thirty-five
601:had its origins with the
376:Methodological background
8090:The Revolt of the Masses
5159:Basic structure doctrine
5009:Natural and legal rights
4890:Public international law
4416:Rational-legal authority
4304:German historical school
4289:Analytical jurisprudence
3637:The Concept of Injustice
3539:Harvard University Press
3465:(9th ed.). London:
3439:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
3373:Murphy, Mark C. (2006).
3275:"What John Rawls Missed"
3127:Harvard University Press
2647:Martinich, A.P. (2013).
2192:Banaras Hindu University
1968:Publius Juventius Celsus
1828:Constitutional economics
1793:Analytical jurisprudence
862:institutions of learning
27:Theoretical study of law
8070:The Communist Manifesto
6996:Tyranny of the majority
6907:Consent of the governed
5970:international relations
5339:Principle of typicality
4813:International trade law
4384:Judicial interpretation
3753:9 February 2010 at the
3627:Carolina Academic Press
3549:Oxford University Press
3544:Wacks, Raymond (2009).
3448:Cotterrell, R. (2018).
3441:Oxford University Press
3435:Cotterrell, R. (2003).
3428:Oxford University Press
3422:Cotterrell, R. (1995).
3166:10.5204/qutlr.v16i3.692
2936:Langdell, C.C. (1871).
2674:Hobbes, Thomas (1668).
2105:10.1126/science.abf0711
1958:Political jurisprudence
1808:Cautelary jurisprudence
1602:Normative jurisprudence
1334:H. L. A. Hart
1322:H. L. A. Hart
1174:H. L. A. Hart
707:lex iniusta non est lex
503:Normative jurisprudence
353:Judicial interpretation
6947:
6897:Clash of civilizations
6883:
6297:Quantum social science
4471:WikiProject Philosophy
3825:Critical legal studies
3736:5 January 2016 at the
3506:Critical Legal Studies
3321:Black's law dictionary
3000:Thinking Like a Lawyer
2621:Himma, Kenneth Einar.
2560:20 August 2006 at the
2029:, Jurisprudence entry.
1853:Feminist jurisprudence
1693:
1642:
1549:Interpretivism (legal)
1512:Critical legal studies
1507:Critical legal studies
1485:critical legal studies
1418:
1306:
1264:, from 1829. Austin's
1229:
1013:Analytic jurisprudence
1007:Analytic jurisprudence
932:De iure belli ac pacis
901:
839:
747:
682:
624:established a working
582:In Ancient China, the
549:
538:
532:
522:
516:
499:philosophical analysis
486:Analytic jurisprudence
283:
43:. For law itself, see
6912:Divine right of kings
6334:Other categorizations
6187:International studies
6172:History of technology
6107:Communication studies
5990:public administration
5334:Principle of legality
5093:Delegated legislation
4793:Intellectual property
4394:Law without the state
3574:Zinn, Howard (1990).
3087:Don E. Fehrenbacher,
2703:Austin, John (1832).
2535:Finnis, John (1980).
1998:Strict interpretation
1858:Feminist legal theory
1688:
1636:(right), a detail of
1628:
1489:feminist legal theory
1427:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1415:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1413:
1224:
895:
858:Doctors of the Church
848:Roman Catholic Church
834:
739:
647:The sentences of the
278:
8339:Academic disciplines
8060:Democracy in America
7439:political philosophy
7422:political philosophy
7237:political philosophy
7066:political philosophy
6976:Separation of powers
6937:Night-watchman state
6922:Monopoly on violence
6456:Political philosophy
6167:Historical sociology
5552:Barristers' chambers
5494:Legal representation
5432:Justice of the peace
4778:Financial regulation
4354:Virtue jurisprudence
4294:Deontological ethics
3605:Das Wesen des Rechts
3533:Rawls, John (1999).
3248:(11 December 2002).
2884:The Authority of Law
2856:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2829:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2799:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2333:H. Rackham, trans.,
2281:Blackwell Publishing
2182:(27 November 2010).
2003:Virtue jurisprudence
1843:Defeasible reasoning
1838:Critical rationalism
1833:Critical race theory
1752:Political Liberalism
1737:political philosophy
1665:Deontological ethics
1647:Virtue jurisprudence
1639:The School of Athens
1621:Virtue jurisprudence
1608:Political philosophy
1543:Legal interpretivism
1493:critical race theory
1386:The Authority of Law
1262:University of London
1196:social contractarian
1107:, especially in the
922:Francisco de Vitoria
684:Corpus Juris Civilis
674:Eastern Roman Empire
177:improve this article
8250:Right-wing politics
8130:A Theory of Justice
8100:The Road to Serfdom
8020:The Social Contract
6727:Christian democracy
6347:Geisteswissenschaft
6341:Behavioral sciences
6267:Political sociology
6182:Information science
6127:Development studies
5587:Election commission
5299:Expressive function
4828:Landlordâtenant law
4727:Consumer protection
3706:Responsa prudentium
3535:A Theory of Justice
3467:Sweet & Maxwell
3452:. New York/London:
3273:(29 October 2019).
3054:, pp. 295â360.
2882:ch. 2, Joseph Raz,
2611:, pp. 132â135.
2350:Joe Sachs, trans.,
2341:, Penguin Classics.
2257:Adolf Berger, s.v.
2239:on 18 December 2021
2235:(2). Archived from
2097:2021Sci...373..394S
1933:Living Constitution
1746:A Theory of Justice
1727:A Theory of Justice
1358:, John Finnis, and
1352:Institutions of Law
1125:Hermann Kantorowicz
913:School of Salamanca
907:School of Salamanca
8262:Political violence
8257:Political theology
8240:Left-wing politics
8235:Political spectrum
6402:Society portal
5889:auxiliary sciences
5545:Legal institutions
5412:Lawsuit/Litigation
5402:Dispute resolution
5207:Catholic canon law
4915:State of emergency
4878:Will and testament
4602:Law of obligations
4555:Constitutional law
4545:Administrative law
4247:The Concept of Law
4237:Pure Theory of Law
3589:, 6th ed. Munich:
3365:The Concept of Law
3203:5 May 2007 at the
2955:Harvard Law Review
2623:"Legal Positivism"
2588:"Legal Positivism"
2496:"Summa Theologica"
2411:Nicomachean Ethics
2390:Nicomachean Ethics
2374:Nicomachean Ethics
2354:, Focus Publishing
2352:Nicomachean Ethics
2339:Nicomachean Ethics
2335:Nicomachean Ethics
2202:on 4 November 2011
2169:, 2nd edition 1989
1888:Law and literature
1823:Constitutional law
1764:The Law of Peoples
1741:Harvard University
1694:
1643:
1419:
1343:The Concept of Law
1316:constitutional law
1289:Pure Theory of Law
1230:
1217:Bentham and Austin
1141:Harvard Law School
1113:continental Europe
840:
797:Nicomachean Ethics
779:Nicomachean Ethics
758:or natural right (
748:
284:
106:possibly contains
40:The Concept of Law
8364:Social philosophy
8354:Philosophy of law
8321:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8225:Philosophy of law
8170:Conflict theories
8010:The Spirit of Law
7917:
7916:
6966:Original position
6422:
6421:
6262:Political economy
6257:Political ecology
6112:Community studies
6102:Cognitive science
6065:Interdisciplinary
5965:Political science
5727:
5726:
5387:Constitutionalism
5309:Law and economics
5147:Act of parliament
4885:Product liability
4838:Legal archaeology
4763:Environmental law
4757:Entertainment law
4597:International law
4484:
4483:
4456:Philosophy portal
4217:The Spirit of Law
3855:Philosophy of law
3835:Economic analysis
3820:Constitutionalism
3652:978-93-5145-326-0
3639:(Routledge, 2013)
3617:978-3-17-022355-4
3599:978-3-406-61191-9
3587:Rechtsphilosophie
3496:978-0-9807318-4-2
3354:on 13 March 2020.
3330:978-0-314-19949-2
3143:Perlin, Michael L
3110:Modern Law Review
3097:978-0-8203-1119-7
2751:, pp. 79â99.
2147:en.wiktionary.org
2091:(6553): 394â395.
1973:Philosophy of law
1953:New legal realism
1883:Law and economics
1873:Judicial activism
1776:constitutionalism
1772:philosophy of law
1532:Constitutionalism
1526:Constitutionalism
1519:Constitutionalism
1501:law and economics
1338:Oxford University
1314:, beginning with
1210:English Civil War
1064:Historical school
597:Jurisprudence in
536:meaning law, and
452:
451:
416:judicial opinions
363:Law and economics
271:
270:
263:
253:
252:
245:
227:
151:
150:
143:
108:original research
88:
16:(Redirected from
8376:
8230:Political ethics
8220:Machiavellianism
8160:Authoritarianism
8145:
8135:
8125:
8115:
8105:
8095:
8085:
8075:
8065:
8055:
8045:
8035:
8025:
8015:
8005:
7995:
7985:
7975:
7965:
7955:
7945:
7935:
7011:
6952:
6888:
6878:Balance of power
6852:Social democracy
6847:Social Darwinism
6822:Multiculturalism
6767:Environmentalism
6742:Communitarianism
6449:
6442:
6435:
6426:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6386:
6385:
6374:
6373:
6277:Regional science
6122:Cultural studies
6097:Business studies
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5688:
5687:
5511:Question of fact
5392:Criminal justice
4722:Construction law
4717:Conflict of laws
4682:Agricultural law
4524:
4517:
4510:
4501:
4488:
4464:
4463:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4319:Legal positivism
4272:
4262:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4212:
4202:
3860:Sociology of law
3784:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3500:
3470:
3457:
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3431:
3418:
3396:
3369:
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3334:
3305:
3302:
3286:
3285:
3279:The New Republic
3267:
3261:
3260:
3246:Dorf, Michael C.
3242:
3236:
3235:
3226:
3220:(20 July 2001).
3218:Nussbaum, Martha
3214:
3208:
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3188:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3135:
3129:
3121:Ronald Dworkin,
3119:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3085:
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3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3040:
3039:
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2994:
2988:
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2979:
2978:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2902:Texas Law Review
2893:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2776:. Archived from
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2671:
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2638:
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2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2564:
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2500:
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2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2218:
2212:
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2209:
2207:
2201:
2195:. Archived from
2188:
2180:Katju, Markandey
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
1993:Sociology of law
1913:Legal positivism
1743:; and author of
1704:Lysander Spooner
1497:sociology of law
1463:Benjamin Cardozo
1309:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1162:Legal positivism
1156:Legal positivism
1145:legal philosophy
1099:Sociology of Law
962:ius intra gentes
958:Ius inter gentes
954:ius intra gentes
950:ius inter gentes
942:Francisco SuĂĄrez
853:Summa Theologiae
844:natural theology
782:(Book IV of the
760:dikaion physikon
687:
605:âexperts in the
552:
541:
535:
525:
519:
491:legal positivism
444:
437:
430:
368:Sociology of law
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286:
266:
259:
248:
241:
237:
234:
228:
226:
185:
161:
153:
146:
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126:
123:inline citations
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98:
91:
80:
58:
57:
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21:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8369:Social sciences
8324:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8298:
8287:Totalitarianism
8148:
8143:
8133:
8123:
8113:
8103:
8093:
8083:
8073:
8063:
8053:
8043:
8033:
8023:
8013:
8003:
7993:
7983:
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7963:
7960:Treatise on Law
7953:
7943:
7933:
7913:
7571:
7565:
7304:
7298:
7184:
7178:
7097:
7000:
6986:State of nature
6981:Social contract
6961:Ordered liberty
6949:Noblesse oblige
6866:
6700:
6629:
6458:
6453:
6423:
6418:
6394:
6362:
6329:
6313:
6287:Science studies
6071:Administration
6060:
5786:
5763:
5761:Social sciences
5758:
5728:
5723:
5696:
5682:
5673:
5650:
5641:Political party
5614:Legal education
5602:Law enforcement
5582:Court of equity
5540:
5516:Question of law
5469:Practice of law
5449:Judicial review
5363:
5314:Legal formalism
5294:Comparative law
5289:Contract theory
5272:
5192:Legal pluralism
5163:
5152:Act of Congress
5076:Executive order
5042:
4944:
4863:Nationality law
4788:Immigration law
4712:Competition law
4665:
4533:
4528:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4466:WikiProject Law
4427:
4411:Question of law
4358:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4250:
4240:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4207:Treatise on Law
4200:
4182:
3864:
3830:Comparative law
3806:
3793:
3788:
3755:Wayback Machine
3738:Wayback Machine
3660:
3497:
3482:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3407:
3404:
3402:Further reading
3399:
3385:
3372:
3358:
3337:
3331:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3294:
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3271:Jedediah, Purdy
3269:
3268:
3264:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3224:
3216:
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3211:
3205:Wayback Machine
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3139:Wexler, David B
3137:
3136:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3112:, vol. 69 no. 6
3107:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3074:
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3062:
3058:
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3043:
3036:
3023:
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2967:10.2307/1322028
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2456:
2455:
2451:
2443:"Natural Law",
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:, Bk. V, ch. 7.
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2349:
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2073:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1908:Legal pluralism
1893:Legal formalism
1813:Comparative law
1788:
1729:
1721:Main articles:
1719:
1706:
1700:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1649:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1587:
1581:
1551:
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1478:Karl Olivecrona
1474:Axel HÀgerström
1437:legal formalism
1408:
1402:
1382:
1376:
1330:
1324:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1287:countries. His
1281:
1275:
1240:
1232:Main articles:
1219:
1200:state of nature
1192:
1186:
1164:
1158:
1101:
1095:
1066:
1015:
1009:
994:
988:
976:
970:
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911:Main articles:
909:
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821:Main articles:
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785:Eudemian Ethics
764:ÎŽÎčÎșÎ±ÎŻÎżÎœ ÏÏ
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756:natural justice
745:Francesco Hayez
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670:juris prudentia
579:are examples.
565:
559:
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267:
256:
255:
254:
249:
238:
232:
229:
192:"Jurisprudence"
186:
184:
174:
162:
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8303:
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8299:
8297:
8296:
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8284:
8279:
8277:Social justice
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
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8202:
8197:
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8187:
8185:Egalitarianism
8182:
8177:
8175:Contractualism
8172:
8167:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8136:
8126:
8116:
8106:
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8086:
8076:
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7866:
7861:
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7806:
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7394:
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7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
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7319:
7314:
7308:
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7300:
7299:
7297:
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6802:Libertarianism
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4349:Utilitarianism
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3658:External links
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3489:. Eric Engle.
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2961:(8): 457â478.
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2922:The Common Law
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2780:on 1 June 2006
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1698:Utilitarianism
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1645:Main article:
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1596:social science
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1555:Ronald Dworkin
1547:Main article:
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1461:, and Justice
1459:Karl Llewellyn
1432:The Common Law
1404:Main article:
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1378:Main article:
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1356:Ronald Dworkin
1326:Main article:
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1277:Main article:
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1234:Jeremy Bentham
1218:
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1188:Main article:
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1160:Main article:
1157:
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1115:. In Germany,
1105:social science
1097:Main article:
1094:
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1076:. In his book
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990:Main article:
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978:Writing after
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823:Thomas Aquinas
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7570:20th and 21st
7568:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7303:18th and 19th
7301:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:Nizam al-Mulk
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:Republicanism
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6445:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6353:Human science
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6309:Vegan studies
6307:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:Public health
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:Philosophies
6205:
6203:
6202:Media studies
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Human ecology
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6087:Anthrozoology
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:developmental
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:public policy
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:legal systems
5934:
5932:
5931:legal history
5929:
5927:
5926:jurisprudence
5924:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Civil society
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Trier of fact
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Legal opinion
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Court-martial
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5369:Jurisprudence
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Statutory law
5256:
5254:
5253:Socialist law
5251:
5247:
5246:Byzantine law
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:Religious law
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5169:Legal systems
5166:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5137:Statutory law
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Statutory law
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Transport law
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Legal fiction
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Financial law
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Corporate law
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Statutory law
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:Core subjects
4536:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4496:
4489:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Legal realism
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Legal history
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:Jurisprudence
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:Lircocervo.it
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:W. Kohlhammer
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:9781405129466
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3234:
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2869:9780199573561
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2808:
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2766:
2763:, p. 81.
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2735:John Austin,
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2689:9781603844857
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2055:Harv. L. Rev.
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1674:Immanuel Kant
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1406:Legal realism
1400:Legal realism
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1197:
1194:Hobbes was a
1191:
1190:Thomas Hobbes
1184:Thomas Hobbes
1183:
1181:
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1178:Jules Coleman
1175:
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654:institutiones
650:
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639:
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631:
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623:
620:and customs.
619:
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550:jurisprudence
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194: â
193:
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188:Find sources:
182:
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166:This article
164:
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145:
142:
134:
124:
120:
116:
110:
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104:This article
102:
93:
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87:
85:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
61:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
33:
19:
18:Legal studies
8349:Legal ethics
8291:
8209:
8190:Elite theory
8138:
8128:
8118:
8108:
8098:
8088:
8078:
8068:
8058:
8048:
8038:
8028:
8018:
8008:
7998:
7988:
7978:
7968:
7958:
7948:
7938:
7928:
7227:Guicciardini
7183:Early modern
7006:Philosophers
6956:Open society
6892:Body politic
6762:Distributism
6752:Conservatism
6747:Confucianism
6666:Gerontocracy
6656:Dictatorship
6610:Sovereigntyâ
6600:Ruling class
6490:Emancipation
6475:Citizenshipâ
6411:
6387:
6375:
6345:
6152:Food studies
6092:Area studies
5925:
5845:mathematical
5840:econometrics
5798:Anthropology
5716:
5709:
5695:
5681:
5454:Jurisdiction
5422:Legal remedy
5377:Adjudication
5368:
5277:Legal theory
5115:Ratification
5110:Promulgation
5081:Proclamation
5061:Codification
4994:Human rights
4982:Divine right
4972:Constitution
4940:Women in law
4858:Military law
4853:Marriage law
4848:Maritime law
4747:Election law
4687:Aviation law
4677:Abortion law
4629:Property law
4565:Criminal law
4422:Usul al-Fiqh
4420:
4403:
4399:Legal system
4376:
4369:
4267:Law's Empire
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4195:
3870:Philosophers
3812:Legal theory
3790:
3705:
3691:
3643:
3636:
3633:Heinze, Eric
3622:
3604:
3586:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3485:
3476:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3413:
3409:Austin, John
3374:
3364:
3352:the original
3347:
3343:
3320:
3312:Bibliography
3300:
3282:
3278:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3212:
3192:
3183:
3156:
3150:
3133:
3123:Law's Empire
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3059:
3025:
3019:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2938:
2931:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2858:
2851:
2831:
2801:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2768:
2756:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2704:
2698:
2679:
2669:
2649:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:
2616:
2604:
2591:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2550:
2549:David Hume,
2545:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2490:
2474:
2471:Louis Pojman
2466:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2232:
2226:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2190:
2174:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2039:
2034:
2022:
1818:Constitution
1774:, including
1769:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1730:
1707:
1668:
1650:
1637:
1611:
1588:
1569:
1560:Law's Empire
1558:
1552:
1510:
1482:
1467:
1455:Roscoe Pound
1452:
1448:Jerome Frank
1445:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1394:Leslie Green
1390:John Gardner
1385:
1383:
1364:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1331:
1312:legal system
1282:
1241:
1204:
1193:
1169:Joseph Raz's
1165:
1149:Julius Stone
1137:Roscoe Pound
1102:
1084:argued that
1077:
1070:codification
1067:
1056:
1054:
1052:to be done.
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1016:
998:
995:
980:World War II
977:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:Hugo Grotius
931:
925:
920:
902:
897:
896:
892:
866:
851:
841:
808:
806:
802:
796:
790:
783:
777:
769:ius naturale
767:
763:
759:
749:
719:
713:
705:
701:
695:
669:
662:Roman Empire
657:
653:
648:
646:
637:
633:
629:
626:body of laws
611:
606:
602:
599:ancient Rome
596:
581:
569:DharmaĆÄstra
566:
544:
513:
482:
467:
462:
461:and what it
458:
454:
453:
403:Legal debate
389:Prescriptive
358:Positive law
347:
340:Legal theory
280:Philosophers
272:
257:
239:
230:
220:
213:
206:
199:
187:
175:Please help
170:verification
167:
137:
128:
105:
81:
74:
68:
67:Please help
64:
39:
8064:(1835â1840)
7944:(c. 350 BC)
7934:(c. 375 BC)
7551:Tocqueville
7516:Saint-Simon
7481:Montesquieu
7332:Bolingbroke
7264:Machiavelli
7144:Ibn Khaldun
7109:Alpharabius
7102:Middle Ages
6927:Natural law
6902:Common good
6827:Nationalism
6787:Imperialism
6757:Corporatism
6732:Colonialism
6712:Agrarianism
6691:Technocracy
6671:Meritocracy
6651:Bureaucracy
6641:Aristocracy
6413:Wikiversity
6304:Social work
6192:Linguistics
6117:Criminology
6034:criminology
6017:personality
5975:comparative
5953:Linguistics
5946:private law
5803:archaeology
5626:Legislature
5557:Bureaucracy
5354:Rule of man
5349:Rule of law
5324:Libertarian
5187:Chinese law
5088:Legislation
5038:Regulations
5026:Law reports
5004:Natural law
4900:Reparations
4895:Refugee law
4818:Jurimetrics
4759:(Media law)
4697:Banking law
4692:Amnesty law
4670:Disciplines
4607:Private law
4344:Paternalism
4339:Natural law
4201:(c. 355 BC)
4048:Montesquieu
3840:Legal norms
3698:Peter Suber
3026:Law as Fact
2609:Murphy 2006
2027:Garner 2009
1978:Rule of law
1948:Natural law
1943:Originalism
1711:utilitarian
1632:(left) and
1613:subject to
1279:Hans Kelsen
1273:Hans Kelsen
1266:utilitarian
1258:John Austin
1252:, and firm
1022:argued, in
992:John Finnis
986:John Finnis
946:ius gentium
927:ius gentium
917:ius gentium
875:Natural law
793:golden mean
722:John Finnis
692:Natural law
613:mos maiorum
470:natural law
463:ought to be
394:Jurimetrics
8328:Categories
8272:Separatism
8080:On Liberty
7980:The Prince
7709:Huntington
7212:Campanella
7139:al-Ghazali
7088:Thucydides
7046:Lactantius
6991:Statolatry
6817:Monarchism
6797:Liberalism
6722:Capitalism
6705:Ideologies
6686:Plutocracy
6634:Government
6590:Revolution
6575:Propaganda
6525:Legitimacy
6500:Government
6358:Humanities
6292:historical
6225:psychology
6197:Management
6039:demography
5997:Psychology
5980:philosophy
5941:public law
5872:integrated
5619:Law school
5499:Prosecutor
5437:Magistrate
5224:Jewish law
5182:Common law
5103:Rulemaking
5098:Regulation
5048:Law making
4987:Divine law
4963:Legal code
4910:Sports law
4833:Law of war
4783:Health law
4768:Family law
4752:Energy law
4702:Bankruptcy
4639:Punishment
4634:Public law
4451:Law portal
4078:PetraĆŒycki
4068:Pashukanis
4063:Olivecrona
3998:HÀgerström
3913:Blackstone
3578:New York:
3426:. Oxford:
3159:(3): 1â3.
2714:0872204332
2010:References
1848:Divine law
1723:John Rawls
1717:John Rawls
1702:See also:
1670:Deontology
1659:Deontology
1615:punishment
1606:See also:
1380:Joseph Raz
1374:Joseph Raz
1360:Joseph Raz
1298:basic norm
1285:common law
1074:German law
1020:David Hume
968:Lon Fuller
881:Divine law
728:position.
688:was born.
642:magistrate
588:Confucians
577:BaudhÄyana
561:See also:
476:, and the
327:Philosophy
322:Definition
203:newspapers
115:improve it
70:improve it
8359:Roman law
7990:Leviathan
7970:Monarchia
7964:(c. 1274)
7799:Oakeshott
7744:Mansfield
7739:Luxemburg
7724:Kropotkin
7619:Bernstein
7572:centuries
7486:Nietzsche
7429:Jefferson
7357:Condorcet
7305:centuries
7284:Pufendorf
7149:Marsilius
7036:Confucius
7021:Aristotle
7014:Antiquity
6942:Noble lie
6862:Third Way
6857:Socialism
6782:Feudalism
6737:Communism
6717:Anarchism
6696:Theocracy
6681:Oligarchy
6661:Democracy
6646:Autocracy
6560:Pluralism
6545:Obedience
6510:Hierarchy
6470:Authority
6236:Planning
6215:economics
6132:Education
6029:Sociology
6007:cognitive
5958:semiotics
5909:political
5867:technical
5852:Geography
5825:Economics
5597:Judiciary
5592:Executive
5567:The bench
5504:Solicitor
5479:Barrister
5359:Sociology
5344:Pseudolaw
5284:Anarchist
5241:Roman law
5229:Parsi law
5214:Hindu law
5202:Canon law
5177:Civil law
5130:Concordat
5021:Precedent
4930:Trust law
4905:Space law
4742:Drugs law
4612:Procedure
4550:Civil law
4211:(c. 1270)
4093:Pufendorf
4028:Llewellyn
3888:Aristotle
3669:The Hague
3591:C.H. Beck
3454:Routledge
3362:(2012) .
3175:2201-7275
2761:Hart 2012
2749:Hart 2012
2425:1373b2â8.
2299:841495455
2129:236179587
2113:0036-8075
2015:Citations
1733:professor
1634:Aristotle
1307:Grundnorm
1269:the law.
1250:democracy
1226:Bentham's
1205:Leviathan
887:Human law
741:Aristotle
732:Aristotle
678:Justinian
666:Sabinians
658:prudentes
618:oral laws
592:Legalists
573:Äpastaáčba
539:prudentia
510:Etymology
474:civil law
384:Normative
233:June 2018
131:June 2018
119:verifying
76:talk page
8245:Centrism
7940:Politics
7930:Republic
7899:Voegelin
7879:Spengler
7864:Shariati
7839:Rothbard
7794:Nussbaum
7694:Habermas
7669:Fukuyama
7659:Foucault
7584:Ambedkar
7561:Voltaire
7531:de Staël
7506:Rousseau
7387:Franklin
7362:Constant
7322:Beccaria
7154:Muhammad
7134:Gelasius
7119:Averroes
7093:Xenophon
7073:Polybius
7026:Chanakya
6871:Concepts
6837:Populism
6807:Localism
6792:Islamism
6777:Feminism
6676:Monarchy
6580:Property
6570:Progress
6535:Monopoly
6505:Hegemony
6377:Category
6245:regional
6240:land use
6075:business
6044:internet
6002:abnormal
5904:military
5894:economic
5884:cultural
5857:physical
5818:physical
5808:cultural
5704:Category
5646:Tribunal
5631:Military
5474:Attorney
5444:Judgment
5304:Feminist
5219:Jain law
5016:Case law
4737:Cyberlaw
4644:Corporal
4622:Criminal
4592:Evidence
4582:Doctrine
4560:Contract
4441:Category
4363:Concepts
4329:Legalism
4281:Theories
4168:Voegelin
4138:Scaevola
4098:Radbruch
4073:Perelman
4058:Nussbaum
4003:Jellinek
3968:Habermas
3963:Gurvitch
3933:Durkheim
3903:Beccaria
3751:Archived
3734:Archived
3411:(1831).
3393:62281976
3201:Archived
2723:39539515
2596:Archived
2558:Archived
2423:Rhetoric
2206:11 April
2121:34437107
1903:Legalism
1786:See also
1749:(1971),
1470:Alf Ross
1245:de facto
810:Rhetoric
766:, Latin
752:Socrates
622:Praetors
545:prudence
530:form of
528:genitive
291:a series
289:Part of
32:Case law
8282:Statism
8195:Elitism
8153:Related
7954:(51 BC)
7884:Strauss
7859:Scruton
7854:Schmitt
7844:Russell
7764:Michels
7759:Maurras
7754:Marcuse
7714:Kautsky
7684:Gramsci
7679:Gentile
7649:Dworkin
7639:Du Bois
7634:Dmowski
7629:Chomsky
7624:Burnham
7609:Benoist
7579:Agamben
7546:Thoreau
7536:Stirner
7526:Spencer
7471:Mazzini
7461:Maistre
7456:Madison
7451:Le Play
7382:Fourier
7347:Carlyle
7327:Bentham
7317:Bastiat
7312:Bakunin
7289:Spinoza
7279:MĂŒntzer
7249:Leibniz
7222:Grotius
7202:Bossuet
7169:Plethon
7114:Aquinas
7083:Sun Tzu
7051:Mencius
7041:Han Fei
6812:Marxism
6772:Fascism
6605:Society
6530:Liberty
6515:Justice
6495:Freedom
6389:Commons
6220:history
6210:science
6145:studies
5879:History
5791:Primary
5777:History
5772:Outline
5718:Outline
5655:History
5562:The bar
5536:Verdict
5484:Counsel
5464:Justice
5319:History
5142:Statute
4958:Charter
4920:Tax law
4868:Probate
4476:changes
4389:Justice
4143:Schmitt
4133:Savigny
4113:Reinach
4038:Maistre
4033:Luhmann
4008:Jhering
3958:Grotius
3943:Ehrlich
3938:Dworkin
3928:Cardozo
3908:Bentham
3898:Bastiat
3883:Aquinas
3254:FindLaw
3125:(1986)
2975:1322028
2553:(1739)
2512:, p.164
2479:Belmont
2320:Jaffa,
2243:27 June
2093:Bibcode
2085:Science
1878:Justice
1254:atheist
1117:Austria
1111:and in
1086:Germany
726:Thomist
584:Daoists
557:History
526:is the
332:History
217:scholar
113:Please
8144:(1992)
8134:(1971)
8124:(1951)
8114:(1945)
8104:(1944)
8094:(1929)
8084:(1859)
8074:(1848)
8054:(1820)
8044:(1791)
8034:(1790)
8024:(1762)
8014:(1748)
8004:(1689)
7994:(1651)
7984:(1532)
7974:(1313)
7904:Walzer
7894:Taylor
7849:Sartre
7814:Popper
7809:Pareto
7804:Ortega
7789:Nozick
7779:Mouffe
7729:Laclau
7689:Guénon
7674:Gandhi
7614:Berlin
7604:Bauman
7599:Badiou
7589:Arendt
7556:Tucker
7446:Le Bon
7407:Herder
7397:Haller
7392:Godwin
7377:Fichte
7372:Engels
7367:Cortés
7337:Bonald
7294:SuĂĄrez
7269:Milton
7259:Luther
7232:Hobbes
7217:Filmer
7207:Calvin
7192:Boétie
7185:period
7164:Ockham
7031:Cicero
6832:Nazism
6620:Utopia
6595:Rights
6585:Regime
6555:People
6540:Nation
6080:public
6022:social
5914:social
5813:social
5636:Police
5607:Agency
5489:Lawyer
5234:Sharia
5125:Treaty
5120:Repeal
5066:Decree
4977:Custom
4873:Estate
4823:Labour
4587:Equity
4371:Dharma
4271:(1986)
4261:(1980)
4251:(1961)
4241:(1934)
4231:(1820)
4221:(1748)
4173:Walzer
4153:SuĂĄrez
4118:Renner
4083:Posner
4053:MĂŒller
4018:Kelsen
3993:Hobbes
3973:Haller
3953:Fuller
3948:Finnis
3918:Bobbio
3893:Austin
3650:
3615:
3597:
3493:
3391:
3381:
3327:
3173:
3095:
3032:
3007:
2973:
2908:: 268.
2886:(1979)
2866:
2839:
2809:
2784:24 May
2739:(1831)
2721:
2711:
2686:
2657:
2650:Hobbes
2632:31 May
2475:Ethics
2297:
2287:
2152:24 May
2127:
2119:
2111:
1761:, and
1565:no-one
1499:, and
1476:, and
1392:, and
1121:France
634:edicta
630:edicta
603:periti
590:, and
219:
212:
205:
198:
190:
8293:Index
7922:Works
7909:Weber
7874:Spann
7869:Sorel
7834:Röpke
7829:Rawls
7784:Negri
7774:Mosca
7769:Mises
7734:Lenin
7704:Hoppe
7699:Hayek
7664:Fromm
7654:Evola
7644:Dugin
7541:Taine
7521:Smith
7501:Renan
7496:Paine
7417:Iqbal
7402:Hegel
7352:Comte
7342:Burke
7254:Locke
7244:James
7197:Bodin
7129:Dante
7124:Bruni
7078:Shang
7061:Plato
6615:State
6565:Power
6550:Peace
6485:Elite
6463:Terms
6250:urban
6054:urban
6049:rural
5899:human
5862:human
5782:Index
5711:Index
5577:Court
5521:Trial
5427:Judge
5268:Yassa
5071:Edict
4617:Civil
4570:Crime
4188:Works
4178:Weber
4163:Unger
4158:Stahl
4148:Shang
4103:Rawls
4088:Pound
4023:Leoni
3988:Hegel
3878:Alexy
3802:Index
3696:, by
3292:Notes
3225:(PDF)
3196:see,
2971:JSTOR
2555:Etext
2259:iudex
2200:(PDF)
2187:(PDF)
2125:S2CID
1630:Plato
1050:ought
1038:ought
1034:ought
952:from
743:, by
649:iudex
638:iudex
523:Iuris
412:Legal
224:JSTOR
210:books
7824:Rand
7819:Qutb
7719:Kirk
7594:Aron
7511:Sade
7491:Owen
7476:Mill
7466:Marx
7434:Kant
7412:Hume
7274:More
7174:Wang
7056:Mozi
6480:Duty
6318:List
5459:Jury
5407:Fiqh
5263:Xeer
4661:Tort
4577:Deed
4197:Laws
4128:Rumi
4123:Ross
4043:Marx
4013:Kant
3983:Hart
3923:Bork
3648:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3389:OCLC
3379:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3171:ISSN
3093:ISBN
3030:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2837:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2786:2006
2719:OCLC
2709:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2634:2019
2295:OCLC
2285:ISBN
2245:2019
2208:2019
2154:2019
2117:PMID
2109:ISSN
1863:Fiqh
1725:and
1709:for
1690:Mill
1236:and
1176:and
1131:and
1119:and
915:and
825:and
636:. A
575:and
414:and
196:news
8344:Law
7889:Sun
7749:Mao
6625:War
6520:Law
5921:Law
4531:Law
4108:Raz
3978:Han
3161:doi
2963:doi
2101:doi
2089:373
2057:593
1739:at
1735:of
1503:.
1368:may
1072:of
1057:the
934:by
680:'s
608:jus
533:ius
299:Law
179:by
117:by
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4405:Li
4378:Fa
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3141:;
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2821:^
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2483:CA
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