1825:. He is widely considered one of the most important English-language political philosophers of the 20th century. His theory of justice uses a method called "original position" to ask us which principles of justice we would choose to regulate the basic institutions of our society if we were behind a "veil of ignorance". Imagine we do not know who we areâour race, sex, wealth, status, class, or any distinguishing featureâso that we would not be biased in our own favour. Rawls argued from this "original position" that we would choose exactly the same political liberties for everyone, like freedom of speech, the right to vote, and so on. Also, we would choose a system where there is only inequality because that produces incentives enough for the economic well-being of all society, especially the poorest. This is Rawls's famous "difference principle". Justice is fairness, in the sense that the fairness of the original position of choice guarantees the fairness of the principles chosen in that position.
1446:, he criticised what he called the "weak social thesis" to explain law. He formulates the weak social thesis as "(a) Sometimes the identification of some laws turn on moral arguments, but also with, (b) In all legal systems the identification of some law turns on moral argument." Raz argues that law's authority is identifiable purely through social sources, without reference to moral reasoning. This view he calls "the sources thesis". Raz suggests that any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authority is better left to sociology than to jurisprudence. Some philosophers used to contend that positivism was the theory that held that there was "no necessary connection" between law and morality; but influential contemporary positivistsâincluding Joseph Raz,
1621:, Dworkin argued that law is an "interpretive" concept that requires barristers to find the best-fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. According to him, law is not entirely based on social facts, but includes the best moral justification for the institutional facts and practices that form a society's legal tradition. It follows from Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some truths about the moral justifications of the social and political practices of that society. It is consistent with Dworkin's viewâin contrast with the views of legal positivists or legal realistsâthat
792:
868:, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the "particular" laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a "common" law that is according to nature. The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle thought that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the "particular" law of one's own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law. Aristotle, moreover, considered certain candidates for a universally valid, natural law to be wrong. Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed.
1408:
are divided into rules of adjudication (how to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (how laws are amended), and the rule of recognition (how laws are identified as valid). The validity of a legal system comes from the "rule of recognition", which is a customary practice of officials (especially barristers and judges) who identify certain acts and decisions as sources of law. In 1981, Neil MacCormick wrote a pivotal book on Hart (second edition published in 2008), which further refined and offered some important criticisms that led MacCormick to develop his own theory (the best example of which is his
985:(law of nations), and thus is an important figure in the transition to modernity. He extrapolated his ideas of legitimate sovereign power to international affairs, concluding that such affairs ought to be determined by forms respecting of the rights of all and that the common good of the world should take precedence before the good of any single state. This meant that relations between states ought to pass from being justified by force to being justified by law and justice. Some scholars have upset the standard account of the origins of International law, which emphasises the seminal text
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1037:, Lon L. Fuller defended a secular and procedural form of natural law. He emphasised that the (natural) law must meet certain formal requirements (such as being impartial and publicly knowable). To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argued, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect. Thus, the law must have a morality that goes beyond the societal rules under which laws are made.
1210:
but with increasing criticism of dominant orientations of legal philosophy in
English-speaking countries in the present century, it has attracted renewed interest. Increasingly, its contemporary focus is on providing theoretical resources for jurists to aid their understanding of new types of regulation (for example, the diverse kinds of developing transnational law) and the increasingly important interrelations of law and culture, especially in multicultural Western societies.
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1376:, are understood to derive their authority or the extent to which they are binding. Kelsen contends that the extent to which legal norms are binding, their specifically "legal" character, can be understood without tracing it ultimately to some suprahuman source such as God, personified Nature orâof great importance in his timeâa personified State or Nation.
276:
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1713:, emphasize the role of character in morality. Virtue jurisprudence is the view that the laws should promote the development of virtuous character in citizens. Historically, this approach has been mainly associated with Aristotle or Thomas Aquinas. Contemporary virtue jurisprudence is inspired by philosophical work on virtue ethics.
548:, which holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from basic social facts; and "legal realism", which argues that the real-world practice of law determines what law is, the law having the force that it does because of what legislators, lawyers, and judges do with it. Unlike
993:, and argued for Vitoria and, later, SuĂĄrez's importance as forerunners and, potentially, founders of the field. Others, such as Koskenniemi, have argued that none of these humanist and scholastic thinkers can be understood to have founded international law in the modern sense, instead placing its origins in the post-1870 period.
489:
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taken as a statement that is similar to the views of modern natural law theorists. But it must also be remembered that
Aristotle is describing a view of morality, not a system of law, and therefore his remarks as to nature are about the grounding of the morality enacted as law, not the laws themselves.
1766:
Utilitarianism is the view that the laws should be crafted so as to produce the best consequences for the greatest number of people. Historically, utilitarian thinking about law has been associated with the philosopher Jeremy
Bentham. John Stuart Mill was a pupil of Bentham's and was the torch bearer
1407:
Hart claimed that law is the union of primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules require individuals to act or not act in certain ways and create duties for the governed to obey. Secondary rules are rules that confer authority to create new primary rules or modify existing ones. Secondary rules
1300:
John Austin and Jeremy
Bentham were early legal positivists who sought to provide a descriptive account of law that describes the law as it is. Austin explained the descriptive focus for legal positivism by saying, "The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be
854:
and begins by asking what sort of mean a just act is. He argues that the term "justice" actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and particular justice. When a person's actions toward others are completely virtuous in all matters, Aristotle calls them "just" in the sense of
465:. That includes questions of how persons and social relations are understood in legal terms, and of the values in and of law. Work that is counted as jurisprudence is mostly philosophical, but it includes work that also belongs to other disciplines, such as sociology, history, politics and economics.
1326:
answer to "what is law?" was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". H. L. A. Hart criticized Austin and
Bentham's early legal positivism because the command theory failed to account for individual's compliance with
538:
Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems internal to law and legal systems and problems of law as a social institution that relates to the larger political and social context in which it exists. Ancient natural law is the idea that there are rational
1572:
are a new theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s. The theory can generally be traced to
American legal realism and is considered "the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the United States to have espoused a committed Left political stance and perspective". It
1479:
Legal realism is the view that a theory of law should be descriptive and account for the reasons why judges decide cases as they do. Legal realism had some affinities with the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. The essential tenet of legal realism is that all law is made by humans and
1209:
In the 1930s, a significant split between the sociological jurists and the
American legal realists emerged. In the second half of the twentieth century, sociological jurisprudence as a distinct movement declined as jurisprudence came more strongly under the influence of analytical legal philosophy;
1051:
Sophisticated positivist and natural law theories sometimes resemble each other and may have certain points in common. Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work.
858:
Aristotle moves from this unqualified discussion of justice to a qualified view of political justice, by which he means something close to the subject of modern jurisprudence. Of political justice, Aristotle argues that it is partly derived from nature and partly a matter of convention. This can be
560:
is concerned with "evaluative" theories of law. It deals with what the goal or purpose of law is, or what moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law. It not only addresses the question "What is law?", but also tries to determine what the proper function of law should be, or what
1670:
In addition to the question, "What is law?", legal philosophy is also concerned with normative, or "evaluative" theories of law. What is the goal or purpose of law? What moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law? What is the proper function of law? What sorts of acts should be
1628:
Interpretation, according to
Dworkin's "integrity theory of law", has two dimensions. To count as an interpretation, the reading of a text must meet the criterion of "fit". Of those interpretations that fit, however, Dworkin maintains that the correct interpretation is the one that portrays the
751:
In its general sense, natural law theory may be compared to both state-of-nature law and general law understood on the basis of being analogous to the laws of physical science. Natural law is often contrasted to positive law which asserts law as the product of human activity and human volition.
1224:
Legal positivism is the view that the content of law is dependent on social facts and that a legal system's existence is not constrained by morality. Within legal positivism, theorists agree that law's content is a product of social facts, but theorists disagree whether law's validity can be
1734:
formulated one influential deontological theory of law. He argued that any rule we follow must be able to be universally applied, i.e. we must be willing for everyone to follow that rule. A contemporary deontological approach can be found in the work of the legal philosopher Ronald
Dworkin.
1423:
In recent years, debates on the nature of law have become increasingly fine-grained. One important debate is within legal positivism. One school is sometimes called "exclusive legal positivism" and is associated with the view that the legal validity of a norm can never depend on its moral
1501:. Holmes's writings on jurisprudence also laid the foundations for the predictive theory of law. In his article "The Path of the Law", Holmes argues that "the object of study...is prediction, the prediction of the incidence of the public force through the instrumentality of the courts."
706:
were supposed to be simple interpretations of the traditional customs, butâapart from considering what traditional customs applied in each caseâsoon developed a more equitable interpretation, coherently adapting the law to newer social exigencies. The law was then adjusted with evolving
1052:
The natural law theorists of the distant past, such as
Aquinas and John Locke made no distinction between analytic and normative jurisprudence, while modern natural law theorists, such as John Finnis, who claim to be positivists, still argue that law is moral by nature. In his book
1072:
Analytic, or "clarificatory", jurisprudence means taking a neutral point of view and using descriptive language when referring to various aspects of legal systems. This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be.
1305:
authority. Through the sovereign's authority come laws, which for Austin and Bentham are commands backed by sanctions for non-compliance. Along with Hume, Bentham was an early and staunch supporter of the utilitarian concept, and was an avid prison reformer, advocate for
597:
meaning prudence (also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection). It refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters. The word first appeared in written English in 1628, at a time when the word
1190:) encouraged the use of sociological insights in the development of legal and juristic theory. The most internationally influential advocacy for a "sociological jurisprudence" occurred in the United States, where, throughout the first half of the twentieth century,
850:. Indeed, his treatment of what he calls "political justice" derives from his discussion of "the just" as a moral virtue derived as the mean between opposing vices, just like every other virtue he describes. His longest discussion of his theory of justice occurs in
1114:
law?"; "What is the relationship between law and power/sociology?"; and "What is the relationship between law and morality?" Legal positivism is the dominant theory, although there is a growing number of critics who offer their own interpretations.
855:"general justice"; as such, this idea of justice is more or less coextensive with virtue. "Particular" or "partial justice", by contrast, is the part of "general justice" or the individual virtue that is concerned with treating others equitably.
1523:). Karl Llewellyn, another founder of the U.S. legal realism movement, similarly believed that the law is little more than putty in the hands of judges who are able to shape the outcome of cases based on their personal values or policy choices.
1229:
legal positivism is an example of exclusive legal positivism. Legal positivists who argue that law's validity can be explained by incorporating moral values are labeled inclusive (or soft) legal positivists. The legal positivist theories of
543:
rejects natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be. It espouses the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to aspects of legal systems. It encompasses such theories of jurisprudence as
1508:, judges start with the facts before them and then move to legal principles. Before legal realism, theories of jurisprudence turned this method around where judges were thought to begin with legal principles and then look to facts.
1675:, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted? What is justice? What rights do we have? Is there a duty to obey the law? What value has the rule of law? Some of the different schools and leading thinkers are discussed below.
3307:
719:, schools of law were created, and practice of the law became more academic. From the early Roman Empire to the 3rd century, a relevant body of literature was produced by groups of scholars, including the Proculians and
1143:
did not have a legal language that would support codification because the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the German people did not include a belief in a code. Historicists believe that law originates with society.
480:. General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered.
1349:
describes law as "binding norms", while at the same time refusing to evaluate those norms. That is, "legal science" is to be separated from "legal politics". Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a
4356:
1647:
Consequences of the operation of legal rules or legal proceduresâor of the behavior of legal actors (such as lawyers and judges)âmay be either beneficial (therapeutic) or harmful (anti-therapeutic) to people.
1270:
and the Cromwellian dictatorship had taken place; and, in reacting to that, Hobbes felt that absolute authority vested in a monarch, whose subjects obeyed the law, was the basis of a civilized society.
1015:(which corresponds to modern international law) was something common to the majority of countries, although, being positive law, not natural law, it was not necessarily universal. On the other hand,
752:
Another approach to natural-law jurisprudence generally asserts that human law must be in response to compelling reasons for action. There are two readings of the natural-law jurisprudential stance.
1266:, Hobbes argues that without an ordered society life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." It is commonly said that Hobbes's views on human nature were influenced by his times. The
1633:
a single best moral justification for the complex practices of any given community, and others have doubted whether, even if there is, it should be counted as part of the law of that community.
539:
objective limits to the power of legislative rulers. The foundations of law are accessible through reason, and it is from these laws of nature that human laws gain whatever force they have.
1771:
philosophy throughout the late nineteenth century. In contemporary legal theory, the utilitarian approach is frequently championed by scholars who work in the law and economics tradition.
1225:
explained by incorporating moral values. Legal positivists who argue against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity are labeled exclusive (or hard) legal positivists.
1158:
An effort to systematically inform jurisprudence from sociological insights developed from the beginning of the twentieth century, as sociology began to establish itself as a distinct
953:... this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are based on this ...
1301:
not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry." For Austin and Bentham, a society is governed by a sovereign who has
552:, which seeks to investigate the content of folk legal concepts using the methods of social science, the traditional method of both natural law and analytic jurisprudence is
1526:
The Scandinavian school of legal realism argued that law can be explained through the empirical methods used by social scientists. Prominent Scandinavian legal realists are
1424:
correctness. A second school is labeled "inclusive legal positivism", a major proponent of which is Wil Waluchow, and is associated with the view that moral considerations
775:
Notions of an objective moral order, external to human legal systems, underlie natural law. What is right or wrong can vary according to the interests one is focused on.
8350:
1404:, Hart rejected Kelsen's views that sanctions were essential to law and that a normative social phenomenon, like law, cannot be grounded in non-normative social facts.
3258:
759:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it is not properly a "law" at all. This is captured, imperfectly, in the famous maxim:
1454:âreject that view. Raz claims it is a necessary truth that there are vices that a legal system cannot possibly have (for example, it cannot commit rape or murder).
6504:
926:
Eternal law refers to divine reason, known only to God. It is God's plan for the universe. Man needs this plan, for without it he would totally lack direction.
1341:
Hans Kelsen is considered one of the preeminent jurists of the 20th century and has been highly influential in Europe and Latin America, although less so in
1483:
There are two separate schools of legal realism: American legal realism and Scandinavian legal realism. American legal realism grew out of the writings of
843:). Aquinas's influence was such as to affect a number of early translations of these passages, though more recent translations render them more literally.
771:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it can still be called a "law", but it must be recognised as a defective law.
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For the American legal realists of the early twentieth century, legal realism sought to describe the way judges decide cases. For legal realists such as
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is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by
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It has become common today to identify Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., as the main precursor of American Legal Realism (other influences include
2653:
779:, one of the most important of modern natural lawyers, has argued that the maxim "an unjust law is no law at all" is a poor guide to the classical
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1202:. In the United States, many later writers followed Pound's lead or developed distinctive approaches to sociological jurisprudence. In Australia,
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3308:"In Praise of John Rawls, The Man Who Made Moral Philosophy Respectable Again â And Whose Views Also Profoundly Informed American Legal Thought"
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The desires to live and to procreate are counted by Aquinas among those basic (natural) human values on which all other human values are based.
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practices of the community in their best light, or makes them "the best that they can be". But many writers have doubted whether there
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holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of a dominant social group.
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Joseph Raz's theory of legal positivism argues against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity. In Raz's 1979 book
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methods and data to study the extent to which a legal rule or practice affects the psychological well-being of the people it impacts.
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Despite its decline in popularity, legal realism continues to influence a wide spectrum of jurisprudential schools today, including
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Koskenniemi: "International Law and raison d'Ă©tat: Rethinking the Prehistory of International Law", in Kingsbury & Strausmann,
699:, later a private individual appointed to judge a specific case) would then prescribe a remedy according to the facts of the case.
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831:. This was based on Aquinas' conflation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the
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Alan Hunt, "The Theory of Critical Legal Studies", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 1-45, esp. 1, 5. See
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711:(legal concepts), while remaining in the traditional mode. Praetors were replaced in the 3rd century BC by a laical body of
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The Rights of Strangers: theories of international hospitality, the global community, and political justice since Vitoria
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for proper paragraphing. Excessively long, run-on paragraph needs to be split into multiple paragraphs of moderate length
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3746:"L'Ircocervo. Rivista elettronica italiana di metodologia giuridica, teoria generale del diritto e dottrina dello stato"
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3045:"Jurisprudence". West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Jeffrey Lehman, Shirelle Phelps. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
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901:, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy, for a long time the primary philosophical approach of the
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3683:(Juristische Methodenlehre), translated from the tenth German Edition by Kirk W. Junker, P. Matthew Roy. Durham:
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in a society may know what its laws are, because no-one may know the best moral justification for its practices.
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731:(5th century) that legal studies were once again undertaken in depth, and it is from this cultural movement that
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1493:, he claims that "he life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience". This view was a reaction to
3581:. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library. (Contains penetrating classic "The Bramble Bush" on nature of law).
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The Progressive Revolution, 2007â08 Writings-Vol. 1; 2009 Writings-Vol. 2, Liberal Fascism through the Ages
687:, the annual pronunciation of prosecutable offences, or in extraordinary situations, additions made to the
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John Rawls, who turned 80 this year, is the most distinguished moral and political philosopher of our age.
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sorts of acts should be subject to legal sanctions, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted.
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John Rawls, who died in 2002, was the most influential American philosopher of the twentieth century.
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to follow a particular course of action. But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we
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3398:"The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism"
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In the English-speaking world, the most influential legal positivist of the twentieth century was
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is the "participation" in the eternal law by rational human creatures, and is discovered by reason
723:. The scientific nature of the studies was unprecedented in ancient times. After the 3rd century,
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1615:'s legal theory attacks legal positivists that separate law's content from morality. In his book
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and believed that the law had peoples' tacit consent. He believed that society was formed from a
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must be treated as a strictly separate question from normative and evaluative questions of what
915:, he is considered by many Catholics to be the Church's greatest theologian. Consequently, many
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Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law. Like his philosophical forefathers
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545:
367:
3758:(Routledge, 1998.) Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.
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The province of jurisprudence determined ; and, the uses of the study of jurisprudence
1683:
715:. Admission to this body was conditional upon proof of competence or experience. Under the
216:
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by judging whether or not singular cases were capable of being prosecuted either by the
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Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was based on the first principles of
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2020:
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The most important questions of analytic jurisprudence are: "What are laws?"; "What is
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The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the
828:
477:
2138:
999:, regarded as among the greatest scholastics after Aquinas, subdivided the concept of
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meant knowledge of, or skill in, a matter. It may have entered English via the French
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Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 378 (2d Coll. Ed. 1978).
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The Opticon: Online Repository of Materials covering Spectrum of U.S. Jurisprudence
2528:
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The Inseparability of Law and Morality: Essays on Law, Race, Politics and Religion
1480:
thus should account for reasons besides legal rules that led to a legal decision.
457:
is the philosophy and theory of law. It is concerned primarily with both what law
3544:
Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality
3542:
2281:"Classical Chinese Jurisprudence and the Development of the Chinese Legal System"
727:
became a more bureaucratic activity, with few notable authors. It was during the
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2395:, Loeb Classical Library; J. A. K. Thomson, trans. (revised by Hugh Tedennick),
2035:
2005:
2000:
1398:. Hart argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. In
1336:
1046:
981:
971:
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886:
827:). His association with natural law is largely due to how he was interpreted by
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1314:. Bentham's views about law and jurisprudence were popularized by his student
1226:
1123:
Historical jurisprudence came to prominence during the debate on the proposed
1074:
935:
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Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, divine, and human:
17:
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See H L A Hart, 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71
1790:
1743:
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1307:
941:
795:
720:
680:
617:
383:
3665:(The Concept of Law), an introduction to Legal Theory, 6th ed., Stuttgart:
2178:
3495:
The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy
1286:
utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century.
1058:(1980, 2011), John Finnis provides a restatement of natural law doctrine.
1003:. Working with already well-formed categories, he carefully distinguished
8302:
7881:
7618:
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7150:
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5688:
5391:
5276:
5073:
4617:
4180:
1527:
1302:
806:
672:
582:
31:
3316:
Rawls remained the most important American philosopher since John Dewey.
8339:
8252:
7140:
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1935:
1311:
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to protect people from the state of war that would exist otherwise. In
1171:
1140:
780:
676:
275:
1538:. Scandinavian legal realists also took a naturalist approach to law.
7088:
6889:
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6642:
6612:
6597:
5693:
5546:
5291:
5182:
5177:
5123:
4794:
4428:
3166:
Brooks, "Review of Dworkin and His Critics with Replies by Dworkin",
3105:
3103:
1175:
638:
3741:
3024:
2680:
125:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
37:"Concept of law" redirects here. For the book by H. L. A. Hart, see
3776:
3409:
938:
is revealed in the scriptures and is God's positive law for mankind
7118:
6607:
6542:
5787:
5634:
5578:
5484:
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4627:
1742:
1687:
1682:
1467:
1428:, but do not necessarily, determine the legal validity of a norm.
1278:
885:
790:
274:
7113:
6537:
5516:
5464:
5320:
4718:
4634:
4185:
3817:
3634:
Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology.
2738:
Leviathan: With selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668
1920:
6486:
5791:
4561:
4548:
3821:
3508:
Sociological Jurisprudence: Juristic Thought and Social Inquiry
6682:
6577:
5978:
4588:
2956:"Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence"
662:
482:
298:
152:
90:
49:
44:
3147:
Constitutions and Constitutionalism in the Slaveholding South
2335:
The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory
1730:
is the "theory of duty or moral obligation". The philosopher
1083:, that people invariably slip from describing what the world
846:
Aristotle's theory of justice is bound up in his idea of the
3604:
Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory
2632:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
1133:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
3801:
Bibliography on the Philosophy of Law. Peace Palace Library
3743:
2200:
3721:
John Witte Jr.: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on
1178:, the work of the "free law" theorists (e.g. Ernst Fuchs,
3482:
Law's Community: Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective
3061:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 124 n.1.
2323:(American Philological Society, 1953, 1991), p. 518.
1652:("TJ") studies law as a social force (or agent) and uses
3205:"Editorial: Current Issues in Therapeutic Jurisprudence"
2333:
Golding, Martin P.; Edmundson, William A., eds. (2013).
1099:
the case. So analysing and clarifying the way the world
893:
was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar.
4533:
3751:
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Nine New Opinions
3725:, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (
944:
is supported by reason and enacted for the common good.
114:
4557:
3788:
897:
Thomas Aquinas is the foremost classical proponent of
3805:
3771:
Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
3704:, 3rd Edition, Reprinted 2016: Eastern Book Company.
3408:(1) (published 3 March 2010): 295â360. Archived from
1412:, 2007). Other important critiques include those of
8210:
7979:
7627:
7360:
7240:
7159:
7071:
7062:
6928:
6762:
6691:
6520:
6391:
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6122:
5848:
5712:
5602:
5425:
5334:
5225:
5104:
5006:
4727:
4595:
4420:
4337:
4244:
3926:
3868:
2920:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47â48.
183:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3586:Introduction to Law, Legal Process, and Procedure
3402:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
3396:Grechenig, Kristoffel R.; Gelter, Martin (2008).
3381:(9th ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota, US: West.
2503:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1828:There are many other normative approaches to the
3426:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2917:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
2890:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
2860:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
1206:strongly defended and developed Pound's ideas.
282:of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?"
3109:
2893:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2863:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
2434:. Translated by Irwin, Terrence (2nd ed.).
1318:. Austin was the first chair of law at the new
3767:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
2765:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. p. 184.
809:and Plato, Aristotle posited the existence of
6498:
5803:
4573:
3833:
3203:; Vols, Michel; et al. (December 2016).
3000:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. pp. vi.
2443:
2441:
1709:Aretaic moral theories, such as contemporary
979:was perhaps the first to develop a theory of
905:. The work for which he is best known is the
649:all had competing theories of jurisprudence.
435:
8:
7004:
3535:Justice, Legal Systems, and Social Structure
3086:. London: Stevens & Sons. pp. vii.
3011:Holmes, O.W. (1897). "The Path of the Law".
2997:A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts
1363:
1238:are examples of inclusive legal positivism.
1019:, or civil law, is specific to each nation.
948:Natural law is based on "first principles":
603:
569:The English word is derived from the Latin,
6940:
3149:(University of Georgia Press, 1989). p. 1.
2983:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 1.
2581:The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations
2566:e.g. James Brown Scott, cited in Cavallar,
2492:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law", 75â81
2107:
2105:
736:
592:
586:
576:
570:
84:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7068:
6505:
6491:
6483:
5810:
5796:
5788:
4580:
4566:
4558:
4545:
3840:
3826:
3818:
3806:Norwegian Association for Legal Philosophy
2795:The Providence of Jurisprudence Determined
2597:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 18â19.
1789:John Rawls was an American philosopher; a
622:Ancient jurisprudence begins with various
442:
428:
285:
3280:"The Enduring Significance of John Rawls"
3222:
1095:to do something merely because something
526:Learn how and when to remove this message
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
141:Learn how and when to remove this message
5725:History of the American legal profession
4357:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
3777:Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law
3472:The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
8088:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3789:Foundation for Law, Justice and Society
3599:. (Philosophical treatment of justice).
3567:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
3362:For full discussion see Cotterrell 2018
3355:
2685:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2650:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2077:
401:
375:
339:
313:
297:
30:For the "jurisprudence" of courts, see
3574:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3537:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
2666:
2084:
3521:Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence
2882:
2880:
2734:"Of the Natural Condition of Mankind"
2656:from the original on 4 December 2023.
2543:: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995)
2369:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law."
1750:believed law should create happiness.
1582:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1497:that was popular the time due to the
1198:, used this term to characterise his
7:
6441:
3736:LII Law about ... Jurisprudence
3681:Introduction to German Legal Methods
3572:Legal History: Law and Social Change
2818:
2806:
2321:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
181:adding citations to reliable sources
8198:The End of History and the Last Man
8108:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4519:
4285:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3433:Philosophy of law: the fundamentals
2711:. New York: Routledge. p. 54.
3579:Karl N. Llewellyn on Legal Realism
3561:Hutchinson, Allan C., ed. (1989).
3135:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2740:. Hackett Publishing. p. 76.
2459:"Nicomachean Ethics", Bk. V, ch. 1
2137:Sommers, Roseanna (23 July 2021).
2126:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2098:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
1996:Models of judicial decision making
1816:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement
25:
4709:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3570:Kempin Jr., Frederick G. (1963).
3287:The Chronicle of Higher Education
3133:Moore, "Critical Legal Studies",
2634:(Abraham A. Hayward trans., 1831)
2421:"Nicomachean Ethics" Bk. II ch. 6
765:(an unjust law is no law at all).
65:This article has multiple issues.
8168:The Open Society and Its Enemies
6464:
6453:
6440:
6429:
6428:
5756:
5755:
5741:
4518:
4503:
4494:
4493:
3588:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
1475:was a self-styled legal realist.
1394:, professor of jurisprudence at
626:texts of India. Dharmasutras of
487:
305:
157:
95:
54:
6975:Family as a model for the state
6383:List of social science journals
5720:History of the legal profession
2954:Leiter, Brian (December 1997).
1856:Artificial intelligence and law
1296:John Austin (legal philosopher)
1087:to asserting that we therefore
168:needs additional citations for
73:or discuss these issues on the
8325:Separation of church and state
8223:Collectivism and individualism
8178:The Origins of Totalitarianism
6340:Science and technology studies
4315:Natural Law and Natural Rights
3702:Jurisprudence and Legal Theory
2595:Natural Law and Natural Rights
2242:"Ancient Indian Jurisprudence"
1055:Natural Law and Natural Rights
618:Roman law § Jurisprudence
1:
8365:Category:Political philosophy
8238:Critique of political economy
3762:The Roman Law Library, incl.
3584:Murphy, Cornelius F. (1977).
3533:Hartzler, H. Richard (1976).
2832:"The University of Edinburgh"
2644:Green, Leslie (Spring 2018).
2516:"Greek Theory of Natural Law"
2096:Shiner, "Philosophy of Law",
1836:, critical legal studies and
1499:Christopher Columbus Langdell
1194:, for many years the Dean of
757:The strong natural law thesis
671:(traditional law), a body of
8263:Institutional discrimination
8258:History of political thought
6990:Negative and positive rights
3729:, 1982; pp. 1â4, 132).
3679:Zippelius, Reinhold (2008).
3661:Zippelius, Reinhold (2012).
3643:Zippelius, Reinhold (2011).
3265:at Metalibri Digital Library
2630:Friedrich Carl von Savigny,
2279:Chang, Wejen (Spring 2010).
2201:"jurisprudence - Wiktionary"
2139:"Experimental jurisprudence"
2041:Rule according to higher law
8273:Justification for the state
8058:Two Treatises of Government
4392:Libertarian theories of law
3731:Redeemer University College
3627:University Press of America
3617:University Press of America
3577:Llewellyn, Karl N. (1986).
3110:Grechenig & Gelter 2008
3055:Schauer, Frederick (2009).
2380:Thomism and Aristotelianism
2124:Soper, "Legal Positivism",
2021:Postmodernist jurisprudence
1986:Libertarian theories of law
1838:libertarian theories of law
1611:American legal philosopher
1487:. At the start of Holmes's
919:have been named after him.
769:The weak natural law thesis
121:the claims made and adding
8443:
6943:Bellum omnium contra omnes
5387:International legal theory
4866:International slavery laws
4861:International human rights
4856:International criminal law
3903:International legal theory
3622:Washington, Ellis (2013).
3612:Washington, Ellis (2002).
3519:Freeman, M. D. A. (2014).
3124:. DOI, 10.1093/ojls/6.1.1.
2736:. In Curley, Edwin (ed.).
2609:A Treatise of Human Nature
2046:Sociological jurisprudence
1926:International legal theory
1778:
1759:
1753:
1720:
1702:
1663:
1640:
1604:
1581:
1461:
1435:
1383:
1334:
1289:
1245:
1217:
1151:
1148:Sociological jurisprudence
1137:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
1080:A Treatise of Human Nature
1065:
1044:
1026:
965:
875:
615:
608:, which appeared earlier.
550:experimental jurisprudence
314:Foundations and Philosophy
36:
29:
8360:
6424:
5825:
5735:
5440:Administration of justice
4555:
4550:Links to related articles
4489:
3855:
3723:Hendrik van Eikema Hommes
3700:Pillai, P. S. A. (2016).
3638:Harper Collins Publishers
3595:, revised ed. Cambridge:
3541:Engle, Eric (July 2010).
3435:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
3377:Garner, Bryan A. (2009).
3082:Olivecrona, Karl (1971).
2977:Holmes, O.W. Jr. (1881).
2337:. Malden, Massachusetts:
2286:Tsinghua China Law Review
2225:Oxford English Dictionary
1650:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1643:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1637:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1594:a body of fundamental law
911:. One of the thirty-five
656:had its origins with the
376:Methodological background
8148:The Revolt of the Masses
5217:Basic structure doctrine
5067:Natural and legal rights
4948:Public international law
4474:Rational-legal authority
4362:German historical school
4347:Analytical jurisprudence
3695:The Concept of Injustice
3597:Harvard University Press
3523:(9th ed.). London:
3497:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
3431:Murphy, Mark C. (2006).
3333:"What John Rawls Missed"
3185:Harvard University Press
2705:Martinich, A.P. (2013).
2250:Banaras Hindu University
2026:Publius Juventius Celsus
1886:Constitutional economics
1851:Analytical jurisprudence
917:institutions of learning
27:Theoretical study of law
8128:The Communist Manifesto
7054:Tyranny of the majority
6965:Consent of the governed
6028:international relations
5397:Principle of typicality
4871:International trade law
4442:Judicial interpretation
3811:9 February 2010 at the
3685:Carolina Academic Press
3607:Oxford University Press
3602:Wacks, Raymond (2009).
3506:Cotterrell, R. (2018).
3499:Oxford University Press
3493:Cotterrell, R. (2003).
3486:Oxford University Press
3480:Cotterrell, R. (1995).
3224:10.5204/qutlr.v16i3.692
2994:Langdell, C.C. (1871).
2732:Hobbes, Thomas (1668).
2163:10.1126/science.abf0711
2016:Political jurisprudence
1866:Cautelary jurisprudence
1660:Normative jurisprudence
1392:H. L. A. Hart
1380:H. L. A. Hart
1232:H. L. A. Hart
762:lex iniusta non est lex
558:Normative jurisprudence
353:Judicial interpretation
7005:
6955:Clash of civilizations
6941:
6355:Quantum social science
4529:WikiProject Philosophy
3883:Critical legal studies
3794:5 January 2016 at the
3564:Critical Legal Studies
3379:Black's law dictionary
3058:Thinking Like a Lawyer
2679:Himma, Kenneth Einar.
2618:20 August 2006 at the
2087:, Jurisprudence entry.
1911:Feminist jurisprudence
1751:
1700:
1607:Interpretivism (legal)
1570:Critical legal studies
1565:Critical legal studies
1543:critical legal studies
1476:
1364:
1322:, from 1829. Austin's
1287:
1068:Analytic jurisprudence
1062:Analytic jurisprudence
987:De iure belli ac pacis
956:
894:
802:
737:
679:established a working
637:In Ancient China, the
604:
593:
587:
577:
571:
554:philosophical analysis
541:Analytic jurisprudence
283:
43:. For law itself, see
6970:Divine right of kings
6392:Other categorizations
6245:International studies
6230:History of technology
6165:Communication studies
6048:public administration
5392:Principle of legality
5151:Delegated legislation
4851:Intellectual property
4452:Law without the state
3632:Zinn, Howard (1990).
3145:Don E. Fehrenbacher,
2761:Austin, John (1832).
2593:Finnis, John (1980).
2056:Strict interpretation
1916:Feminist legal theory
1746:
1694:(right), a detail of
1686:
1547:feminist legal theory
1485:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1473:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1471:
1282:
950:
913:Doctors of the Church
903:Roman Catholic Church
889:
794:
702:The sentences of the
278:
8397:Academic disciplines
8118:Democracy in America
7497:political philosophy
7480:political philosophy
7295:political philosophy
7124:political philosophy
7034:Separation of powers
6995:Night-watchman state
6980:Monopoly on violence
6514:Political philosophy
6225:Historical sociology
5610:Barristers' chambers
5552:Legal representation
5490:Justice of the peace
4836:Financial regulation
4412:Virtue jurisprudence
4352:Deontological ethics
3663:Das Wesen des Rechts
3591:Rawls, John (1999).
3306:(11 December 2002).
2942:The Authority of Law
2914:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2887:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2857:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2391:H. Rackham, trans.,
2339:Blackwell Publishing
2240:(27 November 2010).
2061:Virtue jurisprudence
1901:Defeasible reasoning
1896:Critical rationalism
1891:Critical race theory
1810:Political Liberalism
1795:political philosophy
1723:Deontological ethics
1705:Virtue jurisprudence
1697:The School of Athens
1679:Virtue jurisprudence
1666:Political philosophy
1601:Legal interpretivism
1551:critical race theory
1444:The Authority of Law
1320:University of London
1254:social contractarian
1162:, especially in the
977:Francisco de Vitoria
739:Corpus Juris Civilis
729:Eastern Roman Empire
177:improve this article
8308:Right-wing politics
8188:A Theory of Justice
8158:The Road to Serfdom
8078:The Social Contract
6785:Christian democracy
6405:Geisteswissenschaft
6399:Behavioral sciences
6325:Political sociology
6240:Information science
6185:Development studies
5645:Election commission
5357:Expressive function
4886:Landlordâtenant law
4785:Consumer protection
3764:Responsa prudentium
3593:A Theory of Justice
3525:Sweet & Maxwell
3510:. New York/London:
3331:(29 October 2019).
3112:, pp. 295â360.
2940:ch. 2, Joseph Raz,
2669:, pp. 132â135.
2408:Joe Sachs, trans.,
2399:, Penguin Classics.
2315:Adolf Berger, s.v.
2297:on 18 December 2021
2293:(2). Archived from
2155:2021Sci...373..394S
1991:Living Constitution
1804:A Theory of Justice
1785:A Theory of Justice
1416:, John Finnis, and
1410:Institutions of Law
1180:Hermann Kantorowicz
968:School of Salamanca
962:School of Salamanca
8320:Political violence
8315:Political theology
8298:Left-wing politics
8293:Political spectrum
6460:Society portal
5947:auxiliary sciences
5603:Legal institutions
5470:Lawsuit/Litigation
5460:Dispute resolution
5265:Catholic canon law
4973:State of emergency
4936:Will and testament
4660:Law of obligations
4613:Constitutional law
4603:Administrative law
4305:The Concept of Law
4295:Pure Theory of Law
3647:, 6th ed. Munich:
3423:The Concept of Law
3261:5 May 2007 at the
3013:Harvard Law Review
2681:"Legal Positivism"
2646:"Legal Positivism"
2554:"Summa Theologica"
2469:Nicomachean Ethics
2448:Nicomachean Ethics
2432:Nicomachean Ethics
2412:, Focus Publishing
2410:Nicomachean Ethics
2397:Nicomachean Ethics
2393:Nicomachean Ethics
2260:on 4 November 2011
2227:, 2nd edition 1989
1946:Law and literature
1881:Constitutional law
1822:The Law of Peoples
1799:Harvard University
1752:
1701:
1477:
1401:The Concept of Law
1374:constitutional law
1347:Pure Theory of Law
1288:
1275:Bentham and Austin
1196:Harvard Law School
1168:continental Europe
895:
852:Nicomachean Ethics
834:Nicomachean Ethics
813:or natural right (
803:
506:You can assist by
284:
106:possibly contains
40:The Concept of Law
8422:Social philosophy
8412:Philosophy of law
8379:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8283:Philosophy of law
8228:Conflict theories
8068:The Spirit of Law
7975:
7974:
7024:Original position
6480:
6479:
6320:Political economy
6315:Political ecology
6170:Community studies
6160:Cognitive science
6123:Interdisciplinary
6023:Political science
5785:
5784:
5445:Constitutionalism
5367:Law and economics
5205:Act of parliament
4943:Product liability
4896:Legal archaeology
4821:Environmental law
4815:Entertainment law
4655:International law
4542:
4541:
4514:Philosophy portal
4275:The Spirit of Law
3913:Philosophy of law
3893:Economic analysis
3878:Constitutionalism
3710:978-93-5145-326-0
3697:(Routledge, 2013)
3675:978-3-17-022355-4
3657:978-3-406-61191-9
3645:Rechtsphilosophie
3554:978-0-9807318-4-2
3412:on 13 March 2020.
3388:978-0-314-19949-2
3201:Perlin, Michael L
3168:Modern Law Review
3155:978-0-8203-1119-7
2809:, pp. 79â99.
2205:en.wiktionary.org
2149:(6553): 394â395.
2031:Philosophy of law
2011:New legal realism
1941:Law and economics
1931:Judicial activism
1834:constitutionalism
1830:philosophy of law
1590:Constitutionalism
1584:Constitutionalism
1577:Constitutionalism
1559:law and economics
1396:Oxford University
1372:, beginning with
1268:English Civil War
1119:Historical school
652:Jurisprudence in
591:meaning law, and
536:
535:
528:
452:
451:
416:judicial opinions
363:Law and economics
271:
270:
263:
253:
252:
245:
227:
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150:
143:
108:original research
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16:(Redirected from
8434:
8288:Political ethics
8278:Machiavellianism
8218:Authoritarianism
8203:
8193:
8183:
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8163:
8153:
8143:
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7993:
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6936:Balance of power
6910:Social democracy
6905:Social Darwinism
6880:Multiculturalism
6825:Environmentalism
6800:Communitarianism
6507:
6500:
6493:
6484:
6468:
6458:
6457:
6444:
6443:
6432:
6431:
6335:Regional science
6180:Cultural studies
6155:Business studies
5812:
5805:
5798:
5789:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5746:
5745:
5569:Question of fact
5450:Criminal justice
4780:Construction law
4775:Conflict of laws
4740:Agricultural law
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4546:
4522:
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4507:
4497:
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4377:Legal positivism
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3918:Sociology of law
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3276:Nussbaum, Martha
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2960:Texas Law Review
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2911:
2905:
2904:
2884:
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2874:
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2238:Katju, Markandey
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2222:
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2100:
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2051:Sociology of law
1971:Legal positivism
1801:; and author of
1762:Lysander Spooner
1555:sociology of law
1521:Benjamin Cardozo
1367:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1220:Legal positivism
1214:Legal positivism
1200:legal philosophy
1154:Sociology of Law
1017:ius intra gentes
1013:Ius inter gentes
1009:ius intra gentes
1005:ius inter gentes
997:Francisco SuĂĄrez
908:Summa Theologiae
899:natural theology
837:(Book IV of the
815:dikaion physikon
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660:âexperts in the
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574:
546:legal positivism
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368:Sociology of law
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8441:
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8427:Social sciences
8382:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8356:
8345:Totalitarianism
8206:
8201:
8191:
8181:
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8121:
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8101:
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8018:Treatise on Law
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7044:State of nature
7039:Social contract
7019:Ordered liberty
7007:Noblesse oblige
6924:
6758:
6687:
6516:
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6481:
6476:
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6345:Science studies
6129:Administration
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5821:
5819:Social sciences
5816:
5786:
5781:
5754:
5740:
5731:
5708:
5699:Political party
5672:Legal education
5660:Law enforcement
5640:Court of equity
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5574:Question of law
5527:Practice of law
5507:Judicial review
5421:
5372:Legal formalism
5352:Comparative law
5347:Contract theory
5330:
5250:Legal pluralism
5221:
5210:Act of Congress
5134:Executive order
5100:
5002:
4921:Nationality law
4846:Immigration law
4770:Competition law
4723:
4591:
4586:
4551:
4543:
4538:
4524:WikiProject Law
4485:
4469:Question of law
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4288:
4278:
4268:
4265:Treatise on Law
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3888:Comparative law
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3846:
3813:Wayback Machine
3796:Wayback Machine
3718:
3555:
3540:
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3505:
3492:
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3465:
3462:
3460:Further reading
3457:
3443:
3430:
3416:
3395:
3389:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3352:
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3263:Wayback Machine
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3195:
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3170:, vol. 69 no. 6
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1951:Legal formalism
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1777:
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1345:countries. His
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1290:Main articles:
1277:
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8300:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8243:Egalitarianism
8240:
8235:
8233:Contractualism
8230:
8225:
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8214:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8194:
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7366:
7364:
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3716:External links
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3019:(8): 457â478.
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2980:The Common Law
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1517:Karl Llewellyn
1490:The Common Law
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1170:. In Germany,
1160:social science
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1131:. In his book
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7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7628:20th and 21st
7626:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7361:18th and 19th
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:Nizam al-Mulk
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6900:Republicanism
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:Human science
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6367:Vegan studies
6365:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6330:Public health
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6264:Philosophies
6263:
6261:
6260:Media studies
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:Human ecology
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Anthrozoology
6143:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:developmental
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:public policy
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:legal systems
5992:
5990:
5989:legal history
5987:
5985:
5984:jurisprudence
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:Civil society
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Trier of fact
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Legal opinion
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Court-martial
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5427:Jurisprudence
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:Statutory law
5314:
5312:
5311:Socialist law
5309:
5305:
5304:Byzantine law
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5255:Religious law
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5227:Legal systems
5224:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5195:Statutory law
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:Statutory law
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:Transport law
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Legal fiction
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Financial law
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Corporate law
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Statutory law
4712:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:Core subjects
4594:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Legal realism
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Legal history
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:Jurisprudence
3843:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:Lircocervo.it
3742:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:W. Kohlhammer
3664:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3463:
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2821:, p. 81.
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2793:John Austin,
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1981:Legal science
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1464:Legal realism
1458:Legal realism
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1386:H. L. A. Hart
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1252:Hobbes was a
1249:
1248:Thomas Hobbes
1242:Thomas Hobbes
1241:
1239:
1237:
1236:Jules Coleman
1233:
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1221:
1213:
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1197:
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1189:
1188:François Gény
1185:
1184:Eugen Ehrlich
1181:
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1164:United States
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1029:Lon L. Fuller
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746:
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722:
718:
714:
710:
709:institutiones
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:and customs.
674:
670:
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665:
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659:
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648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
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619:
611:
609:
606:
605:jurisprudence
601:
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589:
584:
579:
573:
564:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
530:
527:
519:
509:
503:
501:
496:This section
494:
485:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Jurisprudence
445:
440:
438:
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351:
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348:Jurisprudence
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320:
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244:
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211:
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197:
194: â
193:
189:
188:Find sources:
182:
178:
172:
171:
166:This article
164:
160:
155:
154:
145:
142:
134:
124:
120:
116:
110:
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104:This article
102:
93:
92:
87:
85:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
61:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
33:
19:
8407:Legal ethics
8349:
8267:
8248:Elite theory
8196:
8186:
8176:
8166:
8156:
8146:
8136:
8126:
8116:
8106:
8096:
8086:
8076:
8066:
8056:
8046:
8036:
8026:
8016:
8006:
7996:
7986:
7285:Guicciardini
7241:Early modern
7064:Philosophers
7014:Open society
6950:Body politic
6820:Distributism
6810:Conservatism
6805:Confucianism
6724:Gerontocracy
6714:Dictatorship
6668:Sovereigntyâ
6658:Ruling class
6548:Emancipation
6533:Citizenshipâ
6469:
6445:
6433:
6403:
6210:Food studies
6150:Area studies
5983:
5903:mathematical
5898:econometrics
5856:Anthropology
5774:
5767:
5753:
5739:
5512:Jurisdiction
5480:Legal remedy
5435:Adjudication
5426:
5335:Legal theory
5173:Ratification
5168:Promulgation
5139:Proclamation
5119:Codification
5052:Human rights
5040:Divine right
5030:Constitution
4998:Women in law
4916:Military law
4911:Marriage law
4906:Maritime law
4805:Election law
4745:Aviation law
4735:Abortion law
4687:Property law
4623:Criminal law
4480:Usul al-Fiqh
4478:
4461:
4457:Legal system
4434:
4427:
4325:Law's Empire
4323:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4253:
3928:Philosophers
3870:Legal theory
3848:
3763:
3749:
3701:
3694:
3691:Heinze, Eric
3680:
3662:
3644:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3543:
3534:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3471:
3467:Austin, John
3432:
3422:
3410:the original
3405:
3401:
3378:
3370:Bibliography
3358:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3270:
3250:
3241:
3214:
3208:
3191:
3181:Law's Empire
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3117:
3083:
3077:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2996:
2989:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2916:
2909:
2889:
2859:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2826:
2814:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2762:
2756:
2737:
2727:
2707:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2662:
2649:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2608:
2607:David Hume,
2603:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2548:
2532:
2529:Louis Pojman
2524:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2447:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2290:
2284:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2248:
2232:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2097:
2092:
2080:
1876:Constitution
1832:, including
1827:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1788:
1765:
1726:
1708:
1695:
1669:
1646:
1627:
1618:Law's Empire
1616:
1610:
1568:
1540:
1525:
1513:Roscoe Pound
1510:
1506:Jerome Frank
1503:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1452:Leslie Green
1448:John Gardner
1443:
1441:
1422:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1370:legal system
1340:
1299:
1262:
1251:
1227:Joseph Raz's
1223:
1208:
1204:Julius Stone
1192:Roscoe Pound
1157:
1139:argued that
1132:
1125:codification
1122:
1111:
1109:
1107:to be done.
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1050:
1035:World War II
1032:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:Hugo Grotius
986:
980:
975:
957:
952:
951:
947:
921:
906:
896:
863:
861:
857:
851:
845:
838:
832:
824:ius naturale
822:
818:
814:
804:
774:
768:
760:
756:
750:
724:
717:Roman Empire
712:
708:
703:
701:
692:
688:
684:
681:body of laws
666:
661:
657:
654:ancient Rome
651:
636:
624:DharmaĆÄstra
621:
599:
568:
537:
522:
513:
500:copy editing
498:may require
497:
467:
462:
461:and what it
458:
454:
453:
403:Legal debate
389:Prescriptive
358:Positive law
347:
340:Legal theory
280:Philosophers
272:
257:
239:
230:
220:
213:
206:
199:
187:
175:Please help
170:verification
167:
137:
128:
105:
81:
74:
68:
67:Please help
64:
39:
8122:(1835â1840)
8002:(c. 350 BC)
7992:(c. 375 BC)
7609:Tocqueville
7574:Saint-Simon
7539:Montesquieu
7390:Bolingbroke
7322:Machiavelli
7202:Ibn Khaldun
7167:Alpharabius
7160:Middle Ages
6985:Natural law
6960:Common good
6885:Nationalism
6845:Imperialism
6815:Corporatism
6790:Colonialism
6770:Agrarianism
6749:Technocracy
6729:Meritocracy
6709:Bureaucracy
6699:Aristocracy
6471:Wikiversity
6362:Social work
6250:Linguistics
6175:Criminology
6092:criminology
6075:personality
6033:comparative
6011:Linguistics
6004:private law
5861:archaeology
5684:Legislature
5615:Bureaucracy
5412:Rule of man
5407:Rule of law
5382:Libertarian
5245:Chinese law
5146:Legislation
5096:Regulations
5084:Law reports
5062:Natural law
4958:Reparations
4953:Refugee law
4876:Jurimetrics
4817:(Media law)
4755:Banking law
4750:Amnesty law
4728:Disciplines
4665:Private law
4402:Paternalism
4397:Natural law
4259:(c. 355 BC)
4106:Montesquieu
3898:Legal norms
3756:Peter Suber
3084:Law as Fact
2667:Murphy 2006
2085:Garner 2009
2036:Rule of law
2006:Natural law
2001:Originalism
1769:utilitarian
1690:(left) and
1671:subject to
1337:Hans Kelsen
1331:Hans Kelsen
1324:utilitarian
1316:John Austin
1310:, and firm
1077:argued, in
1047:John Finnis
1041:John Finnis
1001:ius gentium
982:ius gentium
972:ius gentium
930:Natural law
848:golden mean
777:John Finnis
747:Natural law
668:mos maiorum
470:natural law
463:ought to be
394:Jurimetrics
8386:Categories
8330:Separatism
8138:On Liberty
8038:The Prince
7767:Huntington
7270:Campanella
7197:al-Ghazali
7146:Thucydides
7104:Lactantius
7049:Statolatry
6875:Monarchism
6855:Liberalism
6780:Capitalism
6763:Ideologies
6744:Plutocracy
6692:Government
6648:Revolution
6633:Propaganda
6583:Legitimacy
6558:Government
6416:Humanities
6350:historical
6283:psychology
6255:Management
6097:demography
6055:Psychology
6038:philosophy
5999:public law
5930:integrated
5677:Law school
5557:Prosecutor
5495:Magistrate
5282:Jewish law
5240:Common law
5161:Rulemaking
5156:Regulation
5106:Law making
5045:Divine law
5021:Legal code
4968:Sports law
4891:Law of war
4841:Health law
4826:Family law
4810:Energy law
4760:Bankruptcy
4697:Punishment
4692:Public law
4509:Law portal
4136:PetraĆŒycki
4126:Pashukanis
4121:Olivecrona
4056:HÀgerström
3971:Blackstone
3636:New York:
3484:. Oxford:
3217:(3): 1â3.
2772:0872204332
2068:References
1906:Divine law
1781:John Rawls
1775:John Rawls
1760:See also:
1728:Deontology
1717:Deontology
1673:punishment
1664:See also:
1438:Joseph Raz
1432:Joseph Raz
1418:Joseph Raz
1356:basic norm
1343:common law
1129:German law
1075:David Hume
1023:Lon Fuller
936:Divine law
783:position.
743:was born.
697:magistrate
643:Confucians
632:BaudhÄyana
616:See also:
508:editing it
476:, and the
327:Philosophy
322:Definition
203:newspapers
115:improve it
70:improve it
8417:Roman law
8048:Leviathan
8028:Monarchia
8022:(c. 1274)
7857:Oakeshott
7802:Mansfield
7797:Luxemburg
7782:Kropotkin
7677:Bernstein
7630:centuries
7544:Nietzsche
7487:Jefferson
7415:Condorcet
7363:centuries
7342:Pufendorf
7207:Marsilius
7094:Confucius
7079:Aristotle
7072:Antiquity
7000:Noble lie
6920:Third Way
6915:Socialism
6840:Feudalism
6795:Communism
6775:Anarchism
6754:Theocracy
6739:Oligarchy
6719:Democracy
6704:Autocracy
6618:Pluralism
6603:Obedience
6568:Hierarchy
6528:Authority
6294:Planning
6273:economics
6190:Education
6087:Sociology
6065:cognitive
6016:semiotics
5967:political
5925:technical
5910:Geography
5883:Economics
5655:Judiciary
5650:Executive
5625:The bench
5562:Solicitor
5537:Barrister
5417:Sociology
5402:Pseudolaw
5342:Anarchist
5299:Roman law
5287:Parsi law
5272:Hindu law
5260:Canon law
5235:Civil law
5188:Concordat
5079:Precedent
4988:Trust law
4963:Space law
4800:Drugs law
4670:Procedure
4608:Civil law
4269:(c. 1270)
4151:Pufendorf
4086:Llewellyn
3946:Aristotle
3727:The Hague
3649:C.H. Beck
3512:Routledge
3420:(2012) .
3233:2201-7275
2819:Hart 2012
2807:Hart 2012
2483:1373b2â8.
2357:841495455
2187:236179587
2171:0036-8075
2073:Citations
1791:professor
1692:Aristotle
1365:Grundnorm
1327:the law.
1308:democracy
1284:Bentham's
1263:Leviathan
942:Human law
796:Aristotle
787:Aristotle
733:Justinian
721:Sabinians
713:prudentes
673:oral laws
647:Legalists
628:Äpastaáčba
594:prudentia
565:Etymology
474:civil law
384:Normative
233:June 2018
131:June 2018
119:verifying
76:talk page
8303:Centrism
7998:Politics
7988:Republic
7957:Voegelin
7937:Spengler
7922:Shariati
7897:Rothbard
7852:Nussbaum
7752:Habermas
7727:Fukuyama
7717:Foucault
7642:Ambedkar
7619:Voltaire
7589:de Staël
7564:Rousseau
7445:Franklin
7420:Constant
7380:Beccaria
7212:Muhammad
7192:Gelasius
7177:Averroes
7151:Xenophon
7131:Polybius
7084:Chanakya
6929:Concepts
6895:Populism
6865:Localism
6850:Islamism
6835:Feminism
6734:Monarchy
6638:Property
6628:Progress
6593:Monopoly
6563:Hegemony
6435:Category
6303:regional
6298:land use
6133:business
6102:internet
6060:abnormal
5962:military
5952:economic
5942:cultural
5915:physical
5876:physical
5866:cultural
5762:Category
5704:Tribunal
5689:Military
5532:Attorney
5502:Judgment
5362:Feminist
5277:Jain law
5074:Case law
4795:Cyberlaw
4702:Corporal
4680:Criminal
4650:Evidence
4640:Doctrine
4618:Contract
4499:Category
4421:Concepts
4387:Legalism
4339:Theories
4226:Voegelin
4196:Scaevola
4156:Radbruch
4131:Perelman
4116:Nussbaum
4061:Jellinek
4026:Habermas
4021:Gurvitch
3991:Durkheim
3961:Beccaria
3809:Archived
3792:Archived
3469:(1831).
3451:62281976
3259:Archived
2781:39539515
2654:Archived
2616:Archived
2481:Rhetoric
2264:11 April
2179:34437107
1961:Legalism
1844:See also
1807:(1971),
1528:Alf Ross
1303:de facto
865:Rhetoric
821:, Latin
807:Socrates
677:Praetors
600:prudence
585:form of
583:genitive
291:a series
289:Part of
32:Case law
8340:Statism
8253:Elitism
8211:Related
8012:(51 BC)
7942:Strauss
7917:Scruton
7912:Schmitt
7902:Russell
7822:Michels
7817:Maurras
7812:Marcuse
7772:Kautsky
7742:Gramsci
7737:Gentile
7707:Dworkin
7697:Du Bois
7692:Dmowski
7687:Chomsky
7682:Burnham
7667:Benoist
7637:Agamben
7604:Thoreau
7594:Stirner
7584:Spencer
7529:Mazzini
7519:Maistre
7514:Madison
7509:Le Play
7440:Fourier
7405:Carlyle
7385:Bentham
7375:Bastiat
7370:Bakunin
7347:Spinoza
7337:MĂŒntzer
7307:Leibniz
7280:Grotius
7260:Bossuet
7227:Plethon
7172:Aquinas
7141:Sun Tzu
7109:Mencius
7099:Han Fei
6870:Marxism
6830:Fascism
6663:Society
6588:Liberty
6573:Justice
6553:Freedom
6447:Commons
6278:history
6268:science
6203:studies
5937:History
5849:Primary
5835:History
5830:Outline
5776:Outline
5713:History
5620:The bar
5594:Verdict
5542:Counsel
5522:Justice
5377:History
5200:Statute
5016:Charter
4978:Tax law
4926:Probate
4534:changes
4447:Justice
4201:Schmitt
4191:Savigny
4171:Reinach
4096:Maistre
4091:Luhmann
4066:Jhering
4016:Grotius
4001:Ehrlich
3996:Dworkin
3986:Cardozo
3966:Bentham
3956:Bastiat
3941:Aquinas
3312:FindLaw
3183:(1986)
3033:1322028
2611:(1739)
2570:, p.164
2537:Belmont
2378:Jaffa,
2301:27 June
2151:Bibcode
2143:Science
1936:Justice
1312:atheist
1172:Austria
1166:and in
1141:Germany
781:Thomist
639:Daoists
612:History
581:is the
332:History
217:scholar
113:Please
8202:(1992)
8192:(1971)
8182:(1951)
8172:(1945)
8162:(1944)
8152:(1929)
8142:(1859)
8132:(1848)
8112:(1820)
8102:(1791)
8092:(1790)
8082:(1762)
8072:(1748)
8062:(1689)
8052:(1651)
8042:(1532)
8032:(1313)
7962:Walzer
7952:Taylor
7907:Sartre
7872:Popper
7867:Pareto
7862:Ortega
7847:Nozick
7837:Mouffe
7787:Laclau
7747:Guénon
7732:Gandhi
7672:Berlin
7662:Bauman
7657:Badiou
7647:Arendt
7614:Tucker
7504:Le Bon
7465:Herder
7455:Haller
7450:Godwin
7435:Fichte
7430:Engels
7425:Cortés
7395:Bonald
7352:SuĂĄrez
7327:Milton
7317:Luther
7290:Hobbes
7275:Filmer
7265:Calvin
7250:Boétie
7243:period
7222:Ockham
7089:Cicero
6890:Nazism
6678:Utopia
6653:Rights
6643:Regime
6613:People
6598:Nation
6138:public
6080:social
5972:social
5871:social
5694:Police
5665:Agency
5547:Lawyer
5292:Sharia
5183:Treaty
5178:Repeal
5124:Decree
5035:Custom
4931:Estate
4881:Labour
4645:Equity
4429:Dharma
4329:(1986)
4319:(1980)
4309:(1961)
4299:(1934)
4289:(1820)
4279:(1748)
4231:Walzer
4211:SuĂĄrez
4176:Renner
4141:Posner
4111:MĂŒller
4076:Kelsen
4051:Hobbes
4031:Haller
4011:Fuller
4006:Finnis
3976:Bobbio
3951:Austin
3708:
3673:
3655:
3551:
3449:
3439:
3385:
3231:
3153:
3090:
3065:
3031:
2966:: 268.
2944:(1979)
2924:
2897:
2867:
2842:24 May
2797:(1831)
2779:
2769:
2744:
2715:
2708:Hobbes
2690:31 May
2533:Ethics
2355:
2345:
2210:24 May
2185:
2177:
2169:
1819:, and
1623:no-one
1557:, and
1534:, and
1450:, and
1176:France
689:edicta
685:edicta
658:periti
645:, and
219:
212:
205:
198:
190:
8351:Index
7980:Works
7967:Weber
7932:Spann
7927:Sorel
7892:Röpke
7887:Rawls
7842:Negri
7832:Mosca
7827:Mises
7792:Lenin
7762:Hoppe
7757:Hayek
7722:Fromm
7712:Evola
7702:Dugin
7599:Taine
7579:Smith
7559:Renan
7554:Paine
7475:Iqbal
7460:Hegel
7410:Comte
7400:Burke
7312:Locke
7302:James
7255:Bodin
7187:Dante
7182:Bruni
7136:Shang
7119:Plato
6673:State
6623:Power
6608:Peace
6543:Elite
6521:Terms
6308:urban
6112:urban
6107:rural
5957:human
5920:human
5840:Index
5769:Index
5635:Court
5579:Trial
5485:Judge
5326:Yassa
5129:Edict
4675:Civil
4628:Crime
4246:Works
4236:Weber
4221:Unger
4216:Stahl
4206:Shang
4161:Rawls
4146:Pound
4081:Leoni
4046:Hegel
3936:Alexy
3860:Index
3754:, by
3350:Notes
3283:(PDF)
3254:see,
3029:JSTOR
2613:Etext
2317:iudex
2258:(PDF)
2245:(PDF)
2183:S2CID
1688:Plato
1105:ought
1093:ought
1089:ought
1007:from
798:, by
704:iudex
693:iudex
578:Iuris
412:Legal
224:JSTOR
210:books
7882:Rand
7877:Qutb
7777:Kirk
7652:Aron
7569:Sade
7549:Owen
7534:Mill
7524:Marx
7492:Kant
7470:Hume
7332:More
7232:Wang
7114:Mozi
6538:Duty
6376:List
5517:Jury
5465:Fiqh
5321:Xeer
4719:Tort
4635:Deed
4255:Laws
4186:Rumi
4181:Ross
4101:Marx
4071:Kant
4041:Hart
3981:Bork
3706:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3447:OCLC
3437:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3229:ISSN
3151:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3063:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2844:2006
2777:OCLC
2767:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2692:2019
2353:OCLC
2343:ISBN
2303:2019
2266:2019
2212:2019
2175:PMID
2167:ISSN
1921:Fiqh
1783:and
1767:for
1748:Mill
1294:and
1234:and
1186:and
1174:and
970:and
880:and
691:. A
630:and
414:and
196:news
8402:Law
7947:Sun
7807:Mao
6683:War
6578:Law
5979:Law
4589:Law
4166:Raz
4036:Han
3219:doi
3021:doi
2159:doi
2147:373
2115:593
1797:at
1793:of
1561:.
1426:may
1127:of
1112:the
989:by
735:'s
663:jus
588:ius
299:Law
179:by
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