441:
The Lee rifles fitted with
Enfield barrels became known as Lee Enfields. Regardless of the shortfalls brought about by the use of black powder, the Lee–Metford went through several revisions during its short service life, with the principal changes being to the magazine (from eight-round single stack to ten-round staggered), sights, and safety. Starting in 1895, the Lee–Metford started to be phased out in favor of the Lee–Enfield for the reasons outlined above, involving a change to Enfield barrels and sights adjusted for the flatter trajectory enabled by the smokeless propellant.
545:
583:
38:
614:
496:
560:
598:
402:- The rear-mounted lugs placed the operating handle much closer to the rifleman, over the trigger. This made it much quicker to operate than other, forward-mounted lug designs which forced the rifleman to move his hand forward to operate the bolt. It also enabled the rifleman to operate the trigger with his middle finger while still holding the bolt between thumb and index finger.
392:
524:
defence should the
Japanese invade, and so the New Zealand Government funded the development of self-loading conversions for the Lee–Metford rifle. The end result was the Charlton Automatic Rifle (based on the obsolete MLE), which was issued to Home Guard units in NZ from 1942. Over 1,500 conversions were made, including a handful in Australia by
469:, as it was considered to be inherently more accurate than the Enfield pattern of rifling. In this context, barrels and boltheads could be replaced as frequently as the owner wished, or could afford. It remained a reserve arm in many parts of the British Empire into WWII, even being issued to the New Zealand
531:
The two
Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not), but shared the same operating mechanism. Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the
464:
In
British service the Lee–Metford was also upgraded to the standards of later rifle patterns (e.g. to charger loading and Short Rifle, the SMLE pattern), though the barrel was almost always switched to one with Enfield pattern rifling. The Lee–Metford was produced commercially and used by civilian
440:
cartridges were available, it was found that they were wholly unsuited for use with the shallow
Metford rifling, which would wear out and render barrels unusable after approximately 6,000 rounds, compared to the 10,000 rounds that the deeper, square-cut Enfield rifling pattern rifles could deliver.
523:
light machine guns which were in chronically short supply at the time. During the Second World War, the majority of New
Zealand's land forces were deployed in North Africa. When Japan entered the war in 1941, New Zealand found itself lacking the light machine guns that would be required for local
453:
in 1899. Poor sighting-in and quality control at the factory level resulted in
British rifles being woefully inaccurate at ranges greater than 400 yards (370 m). Nonetheless, captured Lee–Metford rifles became the primary weapon for the Boers too when their Mauser ammunition ran out.
435:
ammunition designed for the rifle was in fact originally intended to be loaded with a smokeless propellant, but as a result of protracted development, selection of a smokeless propellant was delayed, forcing the
British to rely on black powder in the interim. By the time
405:- The bolt's distance of travel was identical with the length of the cartridge, whereas in forward mounted lug designs bolt travel was cartridge length plus lug length. This also meant the firer did not have to lift his face out of the way when drawing back the bolt.
408:- The bolt lift was 60 degrees compared to the 90 degree rotation of some French and Mauser-style actions, both speedier and also meaning the rifleman did not lose the sight picture when the bolt handle was in the open position.
419:
was adopted to reduce fouling from powder residue building up in the barrel, and to make cleaning easier. The magazines were also chained to the weapon to prevent it missing as it was expensive at the time.
411:
In addition Lee introduced a superior detachable box magazine to replace the integral magazines in use with most repeaters, and this magazine offered greater capacity than the competing
1329:
1060:
Special
Service Lee-Enfields ... Commando & Auto Models: 45 De Lisle Commando Carbine, Charlton, Howell & Rieder Rifles and Howard Francis Carbine Notes & Illustrations
1772:
1473:
1777:
1767:
461:, based upon a modified Mauser design, but its development was cut short by the First World War and the eminently adaptable Lee–Enfield served for another half century.
925:
1322:
1124:
93:
1430:
607:: At the beginning of the 20th century, copies were made in local arsenals by Indian gunsmiths. In 1914, 5000 surplus British rifles were bought
1315:
1087:
1068:
1032:
1011:
990:
969:
901:
474:
1782:
503:
Small numbers of Lee–Metford rifles were built as, or converted to, experimental semi-automatic loading systems, such as the
British
1050:
940:"From Matchlocks to Machine Guns. The Modernisation of the Tibetan Army's Firearms Between Local Production and Import (1895-1950)"
705:
449:
Replacement of the Lee–Metford rifles took several years to achieve, and they were still in service in some units during the
379:
in 1888, following nine years of development and trials, but remained in service for only a short time until replaced by the
1412:
37:
118:
1240:
1195:
1117:
1757:
1440:
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1110:
143:
17:
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cartridges, which allowed bullets to be propelled at much higher velocities without as much smoke or residue. The
1203:
637:
423:
In spite of its many advantageous features, the Lee–Metford was something of an anachronism, due to its use of a
133:
103:
1670:
570:
490:
470:
218:
180:
170:
363:'s rear-locking bolt system and detachable magazine with an innovative seven-groove rifled barrel designed by
692:"Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1935, General, The Near East and Africa, Volume I"
677:
427:–loaded cartridge. By the time of the rifle's introduction, rifle design had moved on to using small-calibre
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1307:
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until more modern rifles could be obtained. The Lee–Metford is still in ceremonial use with the
368:
1248:
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1083:
1064:
1046:
1028:
1007:
986:
965:
907:
897:
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416:
279:
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980:
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1407:
1389:
1207:
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1151:
1147:
550:
428:
1368:
1363:
1244:
380:
1708:
1662:
1527:
1397:
1342:
1043:
Small Arms Identification Series No. 7: .303 Magazine Lee-Metford and Magazine Lee-Enfield
495:
450:
360:
301:
166:
113:
108:
939:
1338:
1191:
647:
619:
376:
515:, designed by a New Zealander, Philip Charlton in 1941 to act as a substitute for the
1751:
1685:
1575:
1522:
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1264:
1179:
1171:
1143:
372:
48:
1731:
1488:
1422:
1163:
588:
432:
424:
399:
Lee's bolt action mechanism was a great improvement over other designs of the day:
291:
262:
148:
338:
Sliding leaf rear sights, Fixed-post front sights, "Dial" long-range volley sights
1058:
1001:
959:
532:
Second World War, but a few examples survive in museums and private collections.
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353:
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128:
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241:
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1211:
1167:
841:"Linguistic and Cultural Data on the Penetration of Fire-Arms into Ethiopia"
574:
520:
138:
891:
391:
565:
1024:
The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914
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16:
This article is about the 1888 British rifle. For other uses, see
1045:. Arms & Militaria Press, Gold Coast QLD (Australia), 1997.
1311:
1106:
961:
The Chaco War 1932–35: South America's greatest modern conflict
1256:
1199:
706:"THE MANUFACTURING COST OF RIFLES. (Hansard, 23 March 1893)"
1082:. Gold Coast QLD (Australia): Arms & Militaria Press.
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457:The British considered an entirely new rifle, the
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1003:Five Hundred Years: A History of South Africa
893:Armies of the first Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
8:
1773:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
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924:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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25:
1778:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1884
1768:Bolt-action rifles of the United Kingdom
569:: 3000 were brought into the country by
1510:Nos. 3, 20, 24, 35 Hales rifle grenades
1369:Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE) rifle
669:
917:
730:
465:target shooters until the outbreak of
1431:Pattern 1897 infantry officer's sword
742:
7:
573:in 1904. Also in service during the
511:and the best-known of which was the
1139:Clip only (internal/fixed magazine)
528:using Lithgow SMLE Mk III* rifles.
14:
678:"La Revolucion Paraguaya de 1904"
1364:Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) rifle
612:
596:
581:
558:
543:
311:Effective firing range
36:
1398:Webley .455" Revolver Mk. IV–VI
1413:Smith & Wesson Triple Lock
1063:. Arms & Militaria Press.
958:de Quesada, Alejandro (2011).
319:Maximum firing range
306:2,040 ft/s (620 m/s)
1:
1228:Dual use (clip and magazine)
845:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
236:49.5 in (1,260 mm)
1057:Skennerton, Ian D. (2001).
890:Esposito, Gabriele (2022).
839:PANKHURST, RICHARD (1971).
395:Schematic. Image #9 and #10
119:British expedition to Tibet
1801:
1441:Pattern 1908 cavalry sword
488:
322:1,800 yards (1,600 m)
274:.303 in (7.7 mm)
247:30.2 in (770 mm)
144:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
124:1904 Paraguayan Revolution
94:British colonial conflicts
80:
15:
1783:North-West Mounted Police
1403:Webley .455" Pistol Mk. I
1021:Murray, Nicholas (2013).
1000:Muller, C. F. J. (1986).
896:. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford.
638:List of clip-fed firearms
499:Charlton Automatic Rifle.
314:c. 800 yards (730 m)
251:
134:Irish War of Independence
104:First Italo-Ethiopian War
71:1888–present (ceremonial)
55:Place of origin
35:
1671:Vickers 1.57-inch mortar
1196:Schönberger-Laumann 1892
1078:Skennerton, Ian (2007).
623:: Still in use with the
513:Charlton Automatic Rifle
491:Charlton Automatic Rifle
485:Charlton Automatic Rifle
219:Charlton Automatic Rifle
643:British military rifles
627:for ceremonial purposes
475:Volunteer Defence Corps
99:First Sino-Japanese War
982:Mauser Military Rifles
500:
396:
330:8 or 10-round magazine
292:Rate of fire
1704:Leach trench catapult
1681:Garland trench mortar
498:
394:
365:William Ellis Metford
1686:3-inch Stokes mortar
1676:2-inch medium mortar
1632:No. 32 "Spherical E"
1446:Pattern 1913 bayonet
1436:Pattern 1907 bayonet
1374:Pattern 1914 Enfield
979:Grant, Neil (2015).
459:Pattern 1913 Enfield
350:Magazine Lee–Metford
302:Muzzle velocity
193:= £3.75 in 1892-1893
1627:No. 32 Night Signal
1469:Vickers machine gun
653:M1885 Remington-Lee
473:and the Australian
348:(also known as the
263:Cartridge .303 Mk I
1586:No. 21 "Spherical"
1341:small arms of the
625:Atholl Highlanders
507:and South African
501:
479:Atholl Highlanders
415:design. Metford's
397:
367:. It replaced the
158:Production history
1758:Clip-fed firearms
1745:
1744:
1696:Grenade launchers
1622:No. 31 Day Signal
1305:
1304:
1249:Mauser Model 1889
1176:M1903 Springfield
1133:Clip-fed firearms
1089:978-0-949749-82-6
1070:978-0-949749-37-6
1041:Skennerton, Ian:
1034:978-1-61234-105-7
1013:978-0-86874-271-7
992:978-1-4728-0595-9
971:978-1-84908-417-8
903:978-1-4728-5130-7
805:, pp. 37–38.
745:, pp. 38–39.
417:polygonal rifling
342:
341:
1790:
1474:Hotchkiss Mark I
1408:Colt New Service
1332:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1184:Mannlicher M1895
1152:Roth-Steyr M1907
1148:Mannlicher M1894
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429:smokeless powder
371:as the standard
327:Feed system
296:20 rounds/minute
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1652:Steuart Pattern
1612:No. 28 Chemical
1515:Nos. 5, 23, 36
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1343:First World War
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878:de Quesada 2011
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815:Skennerton 2007
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451:Second Boer War
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361:James Paris Lee
359:which combined
352:) is a British
252:
223:
167:James Paris Lee
153:
114:Boxer Rebellion
109:Second Boer War
68:In service
63:Service history
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1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:0-949749-25-7
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:. Academica.
1005:
1004:
998:
994:
988:
984:
983:
977:
973:
967:
963:
962:
956:
955:
950:
941:
935:
932:
927:
921:
913:
909:
905:
899:
895:
894:
886:
883:
880:, p. 24.
879:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
832:
828:
823:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
793:, p. 37.
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
768:
763:
760:
757:, p. 33.
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
736:
732:
727:
724:
721:, p. 90.
720:
715:
712:
707:
701:
698:
693:
687:
684:
679:
673:
670:
663:
658:
654:
651:
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631:
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621:
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605:
593:
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540:
539:
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462:
460:
455:
452:
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430:
426:
421:
418:
414:
409:
406:
403:
400:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:service rifle
370:
369:Martini–Henry
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
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112:
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107:
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100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:Service rifle
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
23:Service rifle
19:
1763:Early rifles
1732:.303 British
1651:
1638:
1600:
1592:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1516:
1503:
1456:Machine guns
1358:
1164:Mosin-Nagant
1079:
1059:
1042:
1023:
1002:
981:
960:
934:
892:
885:
873:
851:(1): 47–82.
848:
844:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
700:
686:
672:
530:
512:
502:
463:
456:
448:
425:black powder
422:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
349:
345:
343:
244: length
181:RSAF Enfield
177:Manufacturer
171:RSAF Enfield
149:World War II
76:Used by
30:Lee–Metford
1737:.455 Webley
1359:Lee–Metford
1294:Speedloader
1245:Lee–Enfield
1204:Type 11 LMG
1160:Steyr M1912
1027:. Potomac.
731:Muller 1986
467:World War I
445:Replacement
381:Lee–Enfield
354:bolt action
346:Lee–Metford
285:Bolt-action
215:MLM Carbine
129:World War I
1752:Categories
1724:Cartridges
1714:Sauterelle
1617:No. 29 Gas
1528:Nos. 8, 9
1380:Ross Rifle
1156:Mauser C96
912:1350351894
743:Grant 2015
659:References
526:Electrolux
471:Home Guard
413:Mannlicher
1570:Opera hat
1479:Lewis gun
1464:Maxim gun
1273:T48 rifle
1253:Gewehr 43
1212:M1 Garand
1168:Gewehr 98
920:cite book
857:0304-2243
664:Citations
575:Chaco War
521:Lewis gun
258:Cartridge
212:MLM Mk II
201:1884–1896
139:Chaco War
18:Lee rifle
1601:Sangster
1390:Sidearms
1192:Pedersen
865:41965823
632:See also
566:Paraguay
551:Ethiopia
206:Variants
198:Produced
163:Designer
1663:Mortars
1650:No. 39
1637:No. 34
1599:No. 25
1591:No. 22
1568:No. 17
1560:No. 16
1552:No. 15
1546:Pitcher
1544:No. 14
1536:No. 13
1530:Jam Tin
1281:Type 81
1277:Type 63
1233:Ag m/42
1208:Type Kō
1188:Carcano
951:Sources
438:Cordite
375:of the
270:Calibre
191:£3/15/–
1645:No. 37
1607:No. 27
1581:No. 19
1576:No. 18
1538:Battye
1502:No. 2
1351:Rifles
1269:SVT-40
1261:MAS-49
1237:AVS-36
1086:
1067:
1049:
1031:
1010:
989:
968:
910:
900:
863:
855:
617:
601:
586:
563:
548:
509:Reider
505:Howell
387:Design
335:Sights
280:Action
242:Barrel
233:Length
1523:No. 6
1517:Mills
1497:No. 1
1376:rifle
1289:Other
861:JSTOR
604:Tibet
589:China
536:Users
357:rifle
81:Users
1562:Oval
1554:Ball
1084:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1029:ISBN
1008:ISBN
987:ISBN
966:ISBN
926:link
908:OCLC
898:ISBN
853:ISSN
519:and
517:Bren
433:.303
344:The
87:Wars
79:See
45:Type
1639:Egg
1257:K31
1200:SKS
1754::
1296:•
1279:•
1275:•
1271:•
1267:•
1263:•
1259:•
1255:•
1251:•
1247:•
1243:•
1239:•
1235:•
1218:•
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1202:•
1198:•
1194:•
1190:•
1186:•
1182:•
1178:•
1174:•
1170:•
1166:•
1162:•
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1150:•
1146:•
922:}}
918:{{
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859:.
847:.
843:.
481:.
383:.
169:,
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995:.
974:.
942:.
928:)
914:.
867:.
849:9
781:.
708:.
694:.
680:.
20:.
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