1491:
be exaggerated. Sibley et al reported in a New
Zealand sample that most differences in RWA scores are in the low to moderate range and that true high scoring authoritarians (5 or above on the RWA scale and 1-2 the SDO scale) likely represent only a small percentage of the population, estimated at around 7.6%. The research also found no evidence of Altemeyer's "double-highs" (people scoring 5 or more in both SDO and RWA), though it did find evidence of individuals who scored high in SDO and moderately in RWA, making up an estimated 1.2% of the population. Sibley et al concluded that while they could not rule out the existence of "double-highs", such individuals are likely extremely rare. Individuals uniquely high in RWA may be uncommon due to RWA representing an evolutionary strategy with concomitant fitness trade-offs, resulting in variation in RWA levels. In addition, RWA is subject to behavioural plasticity and thus can be altered due to an individual's life experiences and environmental contexts.
890:(an American data intelligence company) published the results of a survey measuring the levels of authoritarianism in adults in America and seven other Western countries. The study used Bob Altemeyer's right-wing authoritarianism scale, but they omitted the following two statements from Altemeyer's scale: (1) "The established authorities generally turn out to be right about things, while the radicals and protestors are usually just 'loud mouths' showing off their ignorance."; and (2) "Women should have to promise to obey their husbands when they get married." Morning Consult's scale thus had just 20 items, with a score range of 20 to 180 points. Morning Consult found that 25.6% of American adults qualify as "high RWA" (scoring between 111 and 180 points), while 13.4% of American adults qualify as "low RWA" (scoring 20 to 63 points). Altemeyer praised the Morning Consult survey as "the best study ever done on authoritarianism".
1268:, an Australian professor who specializes in authoritarianism, authoritarianism is different from conservatism because authoritarianism reflects aversion to difference across space (i.e. diversity of people and beliefs at a given moment) while conservatism reflects aversion to difference over time (i.e. change). Stenner argues that conservatives will embrace racial diversity, civil liberties and moral freedom to the extent they are already institutionalized authoritatively-supported traditions and are therefore supportive of social stability. Conservatives tend to be drawn to authoritarianism when public opinion is fractious and there is a loss of confidence in public institutions, but in general they value stability and certainty over increased uniformity. However, Stenner says that authoritarians also want difference restricted even when so doing would require significant social change and instability.
1419:
has items that also measure fundamentalist religiosity and attitudes to homosexuality, this undermines the interpretation of such analyses. Even worse is the possibility that the unrecognised dimensionality in RWA can cause a statistical artifact to arise in such regressions which can reduce or even reverse some of the relationships. Mavor and colleagues have argued that this artifact eliminates or even reverses any apparent tendency for fundamentalism to reduce racism once RWA is controlled. The implication is that in some domains such as the social psychology of religion it is not only preferable to think of RWA as consisting of at least two components, but it is essential in order to avoid statistical errors and incorrect conclusions. Several options currently exist for scales that acknowledge at least the two main underlying components in the scale (aggression/submission and conventionalism).
1226:
found that the evidence supported the hypothesis that individuals on the political right are uniformly more rigid in their thinking than those on the political left, regardless of how strong their beliefs are. Conversely, research and meta-analysis by Thomas
Costello found that the relationship between cognitive rigidity and political orientation was heterogeneous in terms of its strength and effect sizes, especially when dealing with political extremism and depending on whether social and economic ideologies were being examined. What these findings mean is also uncertain, as even if right-wing individuals do possess greater cognitive rigidity relative to left-wing individuals, it is not clear that this indicates high cognitive rigidity in absolute terms.
1372:(r = â0.29). Low openness to experience and high conscientiousness have been found to be predictive of social conformity. People low in openness to experience tend to prefer clear, unambiguous moral rules and are more likely to support the existing social order insofar as it provides clear guidance about social norms for behavior and how the world should be. People low in openness to experience are also more sensitive to threats (both real and symbolic) to the social order and hence tend to view outgroups who deviate from traditional social norms and values as a threat to ingroup norms and values. Conscientiousness is associated with a preference for order, structure and security, hence this might explain the connection with RWA.
2401:, chpt. 5: "Persons who score highly on the Social Dominance scale do not usually have all the nooks and crannies, contradictions and lost files in their mental life that we find in high RWAs. Most of them do not show weak reasoning abilities, highly compartmentalized thinking, and certainly not a tendency to trust people who tell them what they want to hear. They've got their head together. Nor are most of them dogmatic or particularly zealous about any cause or philosophy. So like high RWAs, social dominators are quite capable of hypocrisyâthe difference being that the RWAs probably don't realize the hypocrisy because their thinking is so compartmentalized, whereas the dominators do but don't care."
1826:, chpt. 1: "Secondly, they usually avoid anything approaching a fair fight. Instead they aggress when they believe right and might are on their side. âRightâ for them means, more than anything else, that their hostility is (in their minds) endorsed by established authority, or supports such authority. âMightâ means they have a huge physical advantage over their target, in weaponry say, or in numbers, as in a lynch mob. It's striking how often authoritarian aggression happens in dark and cowardly ways, in the dark, by cowards who later will do everything they possibly can to avoid responsibility for what they did. Women, children, and others unable to defend themselves are typical victims."
2356:, chpt. 7: "So, suppose for the sake of argument that you are a power-hungry, manipulative, totally unethical slimeball who decides to enter politics. You do stand for a few things, but it is best for you that the public never finds out what exactly. You need an army of gullible followers who will believe you when you are lying, inside-out and upside-down and through your teeth. Turns out, large clusters of chumps exist; they are the authoritarian followers we have been addressing, and they will lift you on high if you tell them you devoutly believe whatever they devoutly believe. They will gladly ignore reasons why you might be less trustworthy, which are conspicuous to most people."
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neutral", "slightly agree", "moderately agree", "strongly agree", and "very strongly agree". The examiner will then score each response according to how authoritarian it is, ranging from 1 to 9. Some of these statements are authoritarian in nature while others are liberal, so the examiner scores them differently. If the subject "very strongly agrees" with question #4, the examiner will give him 1 point because it is a liberal statement, and if he "very strongly agrees" with #3, the examiner will give him 9 points because it is an authoritarian statement. This mixture of authoritarian and liberal statements is designed to prevent test subjects from succumbing to
2386:, chpt. 5: "In a similar vein, remember those âgroup cohesivenessâ items in chapter 3, such as, âFor any group to succeed, all its members have to give it their complete loyalty.â We saw that authoritarian followers endorse such sentiments. But social dominators do not. Oh sure, they want their followers to be super loyal to the group they lead. But they themselves are not really in it so much for the group or its cause, but more for themselves. It's all about them, not about a higher purpose. If trouble arises, don't be surprised if they start playing âEvery man for himselfâ and even sell out the group to save their own skin."
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smaller fraction of their citizens than leaders in democratic countries do. Under these circumstances, appealing to RWAs is an effective strategy because their loyalty is easy to acquire and hold. By contrast, leaders in democratic countries (such as France and Canada) need to build a broader support base among the citizens to hold onto power, and RWAs are too few in number to form a sufficient base. The democratic leader is forced to consider the desires of centrists and liberals, and such citizens demand tolerance, liberty, and low corruption.
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it is then the case that the scale is no longer balanced since all the items primarily capturing authoritarian aggression are pro-trait worded (higher scores mean more authoritarianism) and all the items primarily measuring conventionalism are con-trait worded (higher scores mean less authoritarianism). Work by
Winnifred R. Louis, Kenneth I. Mavor and Chris G. Sibley recently demonstrated that the existence of two or three factors in the RWA scale reflects real differences in these dimensions rather than acquiescence response bias.
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people who are targeted. Examples include communists and Jews in Nazi
Germany, and feminists and homosexuals in the United States. But an authoritarian is more likely than a non-authoritarian to attack even conventional people if his authority figures sanction such an attack. Altemeyer has further observed that authoritarians prefer to attack when the odds are in their favor, going so far as to call authoritarians "cowardly" because they typically attack victims who cannot defend themselves, such as women.
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and the United States. Both at the individual level and the societal level, authoritarianism was correlated with vertical individualism or dominance seeking and vertical or hierarchical collectivism which is the tendency to submit to the demands of one's ingroup. A study done on both
Israeli and Palestinian students in Israel found that RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters and scores of secular subjects were lowest.
2546:. "A model of political bias in social science research." Psychological Inquiry 31, no. 1 (2020): 73-85. "haracterization of conservatives as ârigidâ is primarily based on research that has not actually demonstrated rigidity, if rigidity means an inability or unwillingness to change oneâs thinking. Instead, what has generally been demonstrated is some level of mean difference between liberals and conservatives on scales measuring constructs such as dogmatism and cognitive flexibility."
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and believe that the critics are troublemakers who do not know what they are talking about. RWAs are extremely submissive even to authority figures who are dishonest, corrupt, and inept. They will insist that their leaders are honest, caring, and competent, dismissing any evidence to the contrary as either false or inconsequential. They believe that the authorities have the right to make their own decisions, even if that includes breaking the rules that they impose on everyone else.
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just one kind of authoritarian personality, who could be either a follower or a leader. The discovery that followers and leaders are usually different types of authoritarians is based on research done by Sam McFarland. Altemeyer describes another scale called "Social
Dominance" which measures how domineering a person is. Altemeyer calls people who score highly on both his "Right-Wing Authoritarian" and "Social Dominance" scales as "Double Highs".
2416:, chpt. 6: "If their parents were anti-Semitic, if most of the people they associate with are anti-Semitic, they will think their own negative attitudes toward Jewish people are ordinary, free of any hint of prejudice, âjust the truth.â If you showed them how prejudiced they are compared to most people, they will say it simply could not be so. Conversely, social dominators will say, âYeah, you're right. I hate Jews. So what?â"
1403:. Stenner argues that RWA is best understood as expressing a dynamic response to external threat, not a static disposition based only on the traits of submission, aggression and conventionalism. Stenner is critical of Altemeyer's social learning interpretation and argues that it cannot account for how levels of authoritarianism fluctuate with social conditions. She argues that the RWA Scale can be viewed as a measure of
1282:
arguing that variables such as high verbal ability (indicative of high cognitive capacity) have a very substantial ameliorative effect in diminishing authoritarian tendencies. However, one study suggested the apparent negative relationship between cognition and RWA could be partially explained by methodological issues. Measured against other factors of personality, authoritarians generally score lower on
54:
653:) is a set of attitudes, describing somebody who is highly submissive to their authority figures, acts aggressively in the name of said authorities, and is conformist in thought and behavior. The prevalence of this attitude in a population varies from culture to culture, as a person's upbringing and education play a strong role in determining whether somebody develops this sort of worldview.
2239:, chpt. 6: "And as new ideas crash into the old ones, people try to make sense of what they have learned. Many of us integrate. But high RWAs do not. They stick with the old truths, and if a new learning contradicts an old one, it makes no difference because everything is in its own place and not to be disturbed. So even if you win the argument, it is not likely to change their minds."
2471:, chpt. 1: "An authoritarian follower submits excessively to some authorities, aggresses in their name, and insists on everyone following their rules. If these authorities are the established authorities in society, thatâs right-wing authoritarianism. If one submits to authorities who want to overthrow the establishment, thatâs left-wing authoritarianism, as I define things."
1130:
that when he lectures about the psychology of right-wing authoritarians to his students, the RWA students in his class fail to recognize themselves in his description. Altemeyer believes the tendency of authoritarians to avoid anyone who is not like them reinforces their belief that they are normal. They have relatively little contact with normal people.
1445:. Regality theory agrees that authoritarianism is a dynamic response to external threats, but rather than seeing it as a psychological aberration, regality theory posits that authoritarianism is an evolved response to perceived collective danger. The tendency to support a strong leader when faced with common existential threats has contributed to
2431:, chpt. 5: "However when it comes to racial and ethnic minorities, right-wing authoritarians will still aggressâovertly or sneakily, physically or verballyâbut such attacks are less clearly supported by religious and civic authorities than they used to be. So their prejudice in these cases has dropped some. But not that of social dominators."
2341:, chpt. 5: "The high RWAs went along with the unethical decision a lot more than the low RWAs did. In fact they liked it, they said in private afterwards, it was the right thing to do, and they gave their boss a high rating. The less authoritarian students did not like the boss's decision and said so, and they did not like the boss either."
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high-status individual against an unconventional or lower-status victim. In this regard, authoritarian aggression is about enforcing social hierarchies and norms. Examples cited by
Altemeyer include a policeman beating up an "uppity" protester, an accountant assaulting a beggar, or an anti-gay protester assaulting a gay rights activist.
1869:, p. 23: "It appears, then, that believing in punishment as they do and enjoying dishing it out as they do, High RWAs are more likely in general to sentence wrongdoers to long prison terms. But this is not true if the wrongdoers are officials whom the authoritarian admires, or if the crime involved attacking someone Highs believe
1547:
598:
2371:, chpt. 3: "Then once they have âtheirâ ideas, someone who comes along and says what authoritarian followers want to hear becomes trustworthy. High RWAs largely ignore the reasons why someone might have ulterior motives for saying what they want to hear; it's enough for them that another person indicates they are right."
2254:, chpt. 4: "They can be woefully uninformed about things they oppose, but they prefer ignorance and want to make others become as ignorant as they. They are also surprisingly uninformed about the things they say they believe in, and deep, deep, deep down inside many of them have secret doubts about their core belief."
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approve of the leader's unethical actions than a low-RWA. And likewise, social dominators seeking power like to appeal to authoritarians because their loyalty is easy to acquire and hold if the SD just tells them what they want to hear, and they are gullible and will turn a blind eye to his indiscretions.
3035:"When controlling for error variance and taking assortative mating into account, individual differences in RWA were primarily due to genetic contributions including genotypeâenvironment correlation, whereas variance in SDO was largely attributable to environmental sources shared and not shared by twins."
1534:
After extensive questionnaire research and statistical analysis, Altemeyer found that only three of the original nine hypothesized components of the model correlated together: authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism. Researchers have traditionally assumed that there was
1166:
The aggression of RWAs is mainly motivated by fear and by sanction by authorities, whereas the aggression of social dominators is motivated by a general desire to dominate others. Altemeyer has found that today in
America, SDs are more hostile to racial minorities than RWAs, because racism has become
1129:
Authoritarians also are often unaware of just how different they are from most people. They tend to believe they are very average. Altemeyer has found that authoritarians in
America underestimate how prejudiced and conformist they are compared to the majority of Americans. Altemeyer has also observed
713:
In his writings, Altemeyer sometimes refers to right-wing authoritarians as "authoritarian followers". This is to emphasize that he is not speaking of authoritarian leaders, which is the more commonly understood meaning of "authoritarian". Altemeyer refers to authoritarian leaders by the term "social
2532:
Arceneaux, Kevin, Bert N. Bakker, Neil
Fasching, and Yphtach Lelkes. "A critical evaluation and research agenda for the study of psychological dispositions and political attitudes." Political Psychology (2024). "A review...concluded that the correlation between measures of rigidity and conservatism
1490:
Honeycutt et al argue that RWA scores may be misrepresented by distribution as high-scorers on the scale may actually have moderate scores and are only "high" relative to lower scorers, rather than scoring high on the scale in any absolute sense. Thus differences between "high" and "low" scorers may
1422:
Altemeyer's research on authoritarianism has been challenged by psychologist John J. Ray, who questions the sampling methods used and the ability of the RWA Scale to predict authoritarian behavior and provides evidence that the RWA Scale measures conservatism rather than "directiveness", a construct
1337:
The vast majority of research on right-wing authoritarianism has been done in the United States and Canada. However, a 2003 cross-cultural study examined the relation between authoritarianism and individualismâcollectivism in samples (1,080) from Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Poland
1281:
that result from compartmentalized thinking. They are also more likely to uncritically accept insufficient evidence that supports their beliefs and they are less likely to acknowledge their own limitations. Whether right-wing authoritarians are less intelligent than average is disputed, with Stenner
872:
The uni-dimensionality of the scale has also been challenged recently. Florian Funke showed that it is possible to extract the three underlying dimensions of RWA if the double- and triple-barreled nature of the items is removed. Given the possibility of underlying dimensions emerging from the scale,
744:
Authoritarians can behave very aggressively towards people whom their leaders have marked as enemies, or whom the authoritarians perceive to be threats to the proper social order. Anyone can become the target of authoritarian aggression, but it is more frequently outsiders or socially unconventional
722:
Right-wing authoritarians tend to accept what their leaders say is true and readily comply with their commands. They believe that respecting authority is an important moral virtue that everyone in the community must hold. They tend to place strict limits on how far the authorities can be criticized,
1486:
Although some earlier scholars had claimed that a comparable construct of left-wing authoritarianism (LWA) on the political left does not exist and compared the search for LWA to trying to find the Loch Ness monster, more recent work suggests the possibility that LWA does exist and that it predicts
1418:
as another predictor and attitudes to homosexuality and racism as the outcomes. This research seemed to show that fundamentalism would be associated with reduced racism once the authoritarian component was removed and this was summarized in a recent review of the field. However, since the RWA scale
1225:
It has been suggested that the political left and right differ in terms of their cognitive rigidity, at least partially due to the influence of authoritarianism, as RWA tends to promote rigid thinking and cognition, although evidence on this is unclear. For example, a literature review by John Jost
1170:
Altemeyer believes this relationship explains why autocratic countries tend to have oppressive, highly hierarchical societies, where women, homosexuals, and religious minorities are oppressed; and higher levels of corruption. Generally speaking, autocratic rulers hold power through the support of a
1162:
Social dominators lack the irrational thinking patterns common to RWAs, such as compartmentalized thinking and hypocrisy. They might often spout contradictory and illogical things in order to manipulate their RWA followers, but they are usually aware of the bad logic in their arguments, they do not
752:
Authoritarians strongly believe in punishment. All things being equal, they tend to recommend harsher punishments than non-authoritarian judges would. They are more in favor of corporal punishment and the death penalty. But they tend to be forgiving or even approving if the crime was committed by a
2490:
left-wingers on a societal level during their opposition to the Establishment. But should their movement attain power in the flash of a revolution, their strong submission to the new societal authority would make them psychological right-wing authoritarians on that level, as they became in Germany
1199:
raised the question of whether there is such a thing as "left-wing authoritarians", since these countries were highly authoritarian yet also left-wing. This article concerns itself with the concept of authoritarianism as a psychological construct rather than a political ideology. The question that
1154:
Authoritarian followers are attracted to domineering leaders. This is measured in one of the items on the RWA scale: "Our country desperately needs a mighty leader who will do what has to be done to destroy the radical new ways and sinfulness that are ruining us." They are more likely to obey and
1082:
Authoritarians tend to hold stubbornly to their beliefs even when presented with evidence that suggests their beliefs are wrong. This is particularly true concerning beliefs that underpin the identity of the group. If anything, when confronted with contradictory evidence, their beliefs are often
726:
The "leader" is somebody whom the authoritarian believes has the moral right (if not legal right) to rule his society. Right-wing authoritarians are highly submissive to authority figures whom they consider legitimate, and conversely can be very rebellious towards authority figures they consider
774:
response. Subjects are given a questionnaire with 22 statements, and for each statement on the questionnaire, they must express how far they agree with the statement with one of these ratings: "very strongly disagree", "strongly disagree", "moderately disagree", "slightly disagree", "completely
1305:
in the United States. They generally have a conservative economic philosophy, are highly nationalistic, oppose abortion, support capital punishment, oppose gun control legislation and do not value social equality. The RWA scale reliably correlates with political party affiliation, reactions to
868:
Although Altemeyer has continually updated the scale, researchers in different domains have tended to lock-in on particular versions. In the social psychology of religion, the 1992 version of the scale is still commonly used. In addition, the length of the earlier versions (30 items) led many
1138:
Right-wing authoritarians were shown to have a higher level of disgust compared to those who are not. The correlation between moral disgust and disgust from body odour were used in a study to predict the likelihood of an individual's political standing using their sensitivity to body odour.
1073:
Although the conclusion of the syllogism happens to be correct, the reasoning before it is incorrect. Sharks are indeed fish, but not because they happen to live in the sea. Whales also live in the sea, and some fish live in rivers and lakes. Right-wing authoritarians are far more likely to
1317:
and prejudiced against racial and ethnic minorities and homosexuals. However, Stenner argues that authoritarians will support programs intended to increase opportunities for minority groups, such as affirmative action, if they believe such programs will lead to greater societal uniformity.
748:
The factor that best instigates authoritarian aggression is fear, particularly fear of people. This can include violent people such as bullies, terrorists, and foreign invaders, but it can also include people they perceive as morally degenerate, such as homosexuals and atheists.
1212:
thinks of a right-wing authoritarian as someone who submits to the established authorities in society whereas a left-wing authoritarian submits to authorities who want to overthrow the establishment. This distinction is one of circumstance, not personality. He asserts the
1368:(r = â0.36). SDO has a somewhat different pattern of correlations with the Big Five, as it is also associated with low openness to experience (r = â0.16), but is not significantly correlated with conscientiousness (r = â0.05) and instead has a negative correlation with
1423:
that John J. Ray invented and that he relates to authoritarianism. However, Ray's approach is a minority position among researchers and other psychologists have found that both the RWA scale and the original F-scale are good predictors of both attitudes and behavior.
683:
The RWA scale was designed to measure authoritarianism in North America. It has proven to be similarly reliable in English-speaking countries such as Australia, but less effective in other countries such as France due to cultural differences and translation issues.
2504:, chpt. 2: "The available data, which we summarize in Chapter 4, provide consistent support for the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis, no support for the extremity hypothesis in isolation, and some support for the notion that both effects are present in combination"
1260:
supporters scored that highly. The same study found that those Trump supporters who scored highly on the RWA scale were more likely than other Trump supporters to endorse conspiracy theories, such as the idea that the election was rigged by the Democratic Party.
1637:
A theoretical refinement of the theory of the authoritarian personality that identifies political conservatism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, and conventionalism as key predictors of prejudice, racism, and right-wing extremism.
1158:
Social dominators differ from authoritarian followers in several important ways. Both personality types demand loyalty from others, but RWAs usually reciprocate that loyalty whereas SDs have a tendency to betray their followers when it suits them.
1321:
In roleplaying situations, authoritarians tend to seek dominance over others by being competitive and destructive instead of cooperative. In a study by Altemeyer, 68 authoritarians played a three-hour simulation of the Earth's future entitled the
3627:
Sibley, Chris G., Robin Bergh, Nicole Satherley, Danny Osborne, Petar Milojev, Lara M. Greaves, Yanshu Huang et al. "Profiling authoritarian leaders and followers." TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology 26, no. 3 (2019):
1105:
Their tendency to compartmentalize information makes it hard to change the cherished opinion of a high-RWA by telling them evidence that contradicts their beliefs. They will ignore the contradiction even if they accept the evidence as factual.
1913:
Fodor, Eugene M.; Wick, David P.; Hartsen, Kim M.; Preve, Rebecca M. (20 December 2007). "Right-Wing Authoritarianism in Relation to Proposed Judicial Action, Electromyographic Response, and Affective Attitudes Toward a Schizophrenic Mother".
1200:
psychologists therefore asked was whether authoritarian individuals in communist countries are psychologically the same as right-wing authoritarians in America, or whether they are different enough to warrant a distinct category of their own.
2533:
is small (Fisher's Z=.133, 95% CI=) and highly variable, such that any given study is equally likely to find a strong positive effect, which is in line with the , as it is to find a weak negative relationship, which runs counter to ."
2491:
and Russia. I am proposing, in short, an underlying authoritarian personality that can be either psychologically left-wing or right-wing, depending on who holds power, and can be found at either extreme of the political spectrum."
761:
Authoritarians have a strong commitment to the traditional norms of society and consider conformity to be a moral imperative for all members of the group. Authoritarians want to be like everyone else and everyone to be like them.
1163:
care as long as it gets them what they want. Social dominators are also more self-aware than RWAs. For instance, RWAs often do not realize how abnormally prejudiced they are, whereas SDs often do (and are comfortable with that).
2522:
Costello, Thomas H., Shauna M. Bowes, Matt W. Baldwin, Ariel Malka, and Arber Tasimi. "Revisiting the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis: A meta-analytic review." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 124, no. 5 (2023):
735:
movement, espousing the conspiracy theory that Obama was actually born in Kenya and had used a forged birth certificate to qualify himself for office (in the United States, only natural-born citizens may serve as president).
1276:
According to research by Altemeyer, right-wing authoritarians tend to exhibit cognitive errors and symptoms of faulty reasoning. Specifically, they are more likely to make incorrect inferences from evidence and to hold
869:
researchers to develop shorter versions of the scale. Some of those are published, but many researchers simply select a subset of items to use in their research, a practice that Altemeyer strongly criticizes.
2906:
Kemmelmeier, M.; Burnstein, E.; Krumov, K.; Genkova, P.; Kanagawa, C.; Hirshberg, M. S.; Erb, H.; Wieczorkowska, G.; Noels, K. (2003). "Individualism, collectivism, and authoritarianism in seven societies".
2269:, chpt. 3: "And when I give feedback lectures to classes about my studies and describe right-wing authoritarians, it turns out the high RWAs in the room almost always think I am talking about someone else."
1873:
be attacked (the child molester, the hippie, the uppity demonstrator, Vietnamese peasants, and gay activists). In these cases the usual positive RWA Scale correlation drops and may even become negative."
795:
It is always better to trust the judgment of the proper authorities in government and religion than to listen to the noisy rabble-rousers in our society who are trying to create doubt in people's minds.
1256:
A study by Monmouth University found that 40% of people who voted for Trump in the 2020 presidential election scored in the highest quartile on the RWA scale. By contrast, only a negligible number of
865:
typically measuring between 0.85 and 0.94. The RWA scale has been modified over the years as many of the items lost their social significance as society changed. The current version is 22 items long.
3378:
Meloen, J. D.; Van der Linden, G.; De Witte, H.; et al. (1996). "A test of the approaches of Adorno et al., Lederer and Altemeyer of authoritarianism in Belgian Flanders: A research note".
2513:
Costello, Thomas H., and Shauna M. Bowes. "Absolute certainty and political ideology: a systematic test of curvilinearity." Social Psychological and Personality Science 14, no. 1 (2023): 93-102.
731:. Although Obama was legally their president and had won the election fair and square, many American conservatives felt he had no moral right to be president. An aspect of this attitude was the
1046:
published a paper containing a Japanese translation of Altemeyer's RWA scale. The researchers wrote that prior to this, there were no standardized translations of the RWA scale into Japanese.
2896:
Rios, Kimberly. "Right-wing authoritarianism predicts prejudice against 'homosexuals' but not 'gay men and lesbians'." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 6 (2013): 1177-1183.
1309:
Authoritarians are generally more favorable to punishment and control than personal freedom and diversity. They are more willing to suspend constitutional guarantees of liberty such as the
1151:(SDO) scale, which describes people who crave power over others. Bob Altemeyer has used the SDO scale to study the relationship between authoritarian followers and authoritarian leaders.
3143:
See Mavor, K. I.; Macleod, C. J.; Boal, M. J.; Louis, W. R. (2009). "Right-wing authoritarianism, fundamentalism and prejudice revisited: Removing suppression and statistical artefact".
1414:
Recent criticism has also come as a result of treating RWA as uni-dimensional even in contexts where it makes no sense to do so. This include RWA being used in regression analyses with
857:
which was the original measure of the authoritarian personality. The F-scale was worded so that agreement always indicated an authoritarian response, thus leaving it susceptible to the
3637:
Osborne, Danny, Thomas H. Costello, John Duckitt, and Chris G. Sibley. "The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism." Nature Reviews Psychology (2023): 1-13.
2093:
Mavor, K. I.; Louis, W. R.; Sibley, C. G. (2010). "A bias-corrected exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of right-wing authoritarianism: Support for a three-factor structure".
1987:
See; Smith, Allison; Winter, David G. (2002). "Right-wing authoritarianism, party identification, and attitudes toward feminism in student evaluations of the Clinton-Lewinsky story".
801:
The only way our country can get through the crisis ahead is to get back to our traditional values, put some tough leaders in power, and silence the troublemakers spreading bad ideas.
3073:
Laythe, Brian; Finkel, Deborah G.; Kirkpatrick, Lee A. (2001). "Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism: A multiple regression approach".
2684:
Burger, Axel M., Stefan Pfattheicher, and Melissa Jauch. "The role of motivation in the association of political ideology with cognitive performance." Cognition 195 (2020): 104124.
1348:
Some recent research has argued that the association with RWA and prejudice has dominated research into RWA, with recent developments discovering a more complicated relationship.
3794:
3284:
Smith, Allison; Winter, David G. (2002). "Right-wing authoritarianism, party identification, and attitudes toward feminism in student evaluations of the Clinton-Lewinsky story".
2442:
1960:
LaBouff, J. P.; Rowatt, W. C.; Johnson, M. K.; Thedford, M.; Tsang, J. A. (2010). "Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of religiousness-spirituality".
3257:
Duckitt, J.; Bizumic, B.; Krauss, S. W.; Heled, E. (2010). "A tripartite approach to right-wing authoritarianism: The authoritarianism-conservatism-traditionalism model".
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Rubinstein, G (1996). "Two peoples in one land: A validation study of Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale in the Palestinian and Jewish societies in Israel".
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to score highly on authoritarian aggression and group-based dominance. Furthermore, many left-leaning authoritarians have become less engaged with politics and voting.
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Our country will be great if we honor the ways of our forefathers, do what the authorities tell us to do, and get rid of the "rotten apples" who are ruining everything.
825:
Some of the best people in our country are those who are challenging our government, criticizing religion, and ignoring the "normal way things are supposed to be done."
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Participants who reported a higher sensitivity to body odour were found to agree with more Right-wing associated statements in a shortened version of the RWA scale
783:
The established authorities generally turn out to be right about things, while the radicals and protestors are usually just "loud mouths" showing off their ignorance.
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There are many radical, immoral people in our country today, who are trying to ruin it for their own godless purposes, whom the authorities should put out of action.
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Research has shown that, since the 1960s, voters who prefer authoritarian leadership styles are more likely to support Republican candidates. Supporters of former
819:
You have to admire those who challenged the law and the majority's view by protesting for women's abortion rights, for animal rights, or to abolish school prayer.
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1932:
Internal consistency of scale items for the RWA Scale (Altemeyer, 1996), as measured by alpha coefficients, consistently has been high, ranging from .85 to .94.
2806:
Narby, D. J.; Cutler, B. L.; Moran, G. (1993). "A meta-analysis of the association between authoritarianism and jurors' perceptions of defendant culpability".
834:
A "woman's place" should be wherever she wants to be. The days when women are submissive to their husbands and social conventions belong strictly in the past.
732:
628:
1313:. They are more likely to advocate strict, punitive sentences for criminals and report that punishing such people is satisfying for them. They tend to be
861:. The RWA scale is balanced to have an equal number of pro and anti authoritarian statements. The RWA scale also has excellent internal reliability, with
798:
Atheists and others who have rebelled against the established religions are no doubt every bit as good and virtuous as those who attend church regularly.
828:
God's laws about abortion, pornography and marriage must be strictly followed before it is too late, and those who break them must be strongly punished.
3787:
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1345:(SDO). The two measures can be thought of as two sides of the same coin as RWA provides submissive followers and SDO provides power-seeking leaders.
1059:
Right-wing authoritarians have trouble deciding what facts are valid or irrelevant, and making logical deductions. Consider the following syllogism:
338:
1483:, arguing that both reflected the tendency of insecure environments to produce individuals whose worldview values conformism over self-expression.
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less socially acceptable and even illegal, and RWAs to an extent want to conform to this norm even if it clashes with their natural ethnocentrism.
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incorrectly judge the above syllogism to be correct. Because they liked the conclusion, they assume that the reasoning that led to it was correct.
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3193:
Mavor, K. I.; Louis, W. R.; Laythe, B. (2011). "Religion, Prejudice, and Authoritarianism: Is RWA a Boon or Bane to the Psychology of Religion?".
846:
This country would work a lot better if certain groups of troublemakers would just shut up and accept their group's traditional place in society.
789:
Our country desperately needs a mighty leader who will do what has to be done to destroy the radical new ways and sinfulness that are ruining us.
1660:
565:
2833:
Duckitt, J.; Farre, B. (1994). "Right-wing authoritarianism and political intolerance among Whites in the future majority-rule South Africa".
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3713:
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3514:
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His students with authoritarian personalities were more likely to agree with both statements even though they are completely contradictory.
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Marco Tullio Liuzza; Torun Lindholm; Caitlin B. Hawley; Marie Gustafsson Sendén; Ingrid Ekström; Mats J. Olsson; Jonas K. Olofsson (2018).
2860:
Goodman, M. B.; Moradi, B. (2008). "Attitudes and behaviors toward lesbian and gay persons: Critical correlates and mediated relations".
1330:
and widespread international cooperation, the simulation by authoritarians became highly militarized and eventually entered the stage of
813:
Everyone should have their own lifestyle, religious beliefs, and sexual preferences, even if it makes them different from everyone else.
1091:
In one of his experiments, Bob Altemeyer presented his students a booklet which contained the following statements on different pages:
1624:
1512:
1464:. It is argued that regality theory adds a deeper level of analysis to our understanding of authoritarianism and avoids the political
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897:
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1306:
Watergate, pro-capitalist attitudes, religious orthodoxy and acceptance of covert governmental activities such as illegal wiretaps.
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a high degree of submission to the authorities who are perceived to be established and legitimate in the society in which one lives.
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a high degree of adherence to the social conventions that are perceived to be endorsed by society and its established authorities.
3703:
1302:
1250:
621:
545:
810:
Our country will be destroyed someday if we do not smash the perversions eating away at our moral fiber and traditional beliefs.
4550:
3879:
3100:
Hall, D. L.; Matz, D. C.; Wood, W. (2010). "Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism".
2063:
Funke, F (2005). "The Dimensionality of Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Lessons from the Dilemma between Theory and Measurement".
1434:
which they associated with authoritarianism, among other traits. In 2015, they released an erratum showing mixed correlations.
4650:
2017:
Manganelli Rattazzi, A. M.; Bobbio, A.; Canova, L. (2007). "A short version of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scale".
1387:
Education levels are also a factor, with a four-year undergraduate education found to lower RWA scores by approximately 10%.
1243:
540:
368:
680:
psychoanalysis. But Altemeyer felt that Adorno was on to something, and so developed a more scientifically rigorous theory.
1487:
similar outcomes as RWA. This has spurred debate about whether liberals might be similarly authoritarian as conservatives.
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4555:
1217:
were left-wing authoritarians before they rose to power, and after they took power they became right-wing authoritarians.
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a general aggressiveness, directed against various persons, that is perceived to be sanctioned by established authorities.
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137:
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580:
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2994:
Soral, Wiktor, and MichaĆ Bilewicz. "The Politics of Vaccine Hesitancy: An Ideological Dual-Process Approach." (2021).
1357:
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dominator", and he has written extensively on the relationship between authoritarian followers and social dominators.
614:
2582:
822:
What our country really needs is a strong, determined leader who will crush evil, and take us back to our true path.
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4768:
4722:
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4148:
3983:
1565:
854:
84:
2486:, pp. 218-219: "Such extremist groups, while submissive to their own perceived 'legitimate authorities,' would be
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1560:
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who first coined the term and its meaning in 1981, defined the right-wing authoritarian as someone who exhibits:
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535:
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149:
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The roots of the right-wing authoritarian personality are mostly down to genetics, a conclusion that comes from
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4199:
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4015:
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3464:"Erratum to "Correlation not causation: the relationship between personality traits and political ideologies.""
807:
Our country needs free thinkers who have the courage to defy traditional ways, even if this upsets many people.
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Sibley, Chris; Duckitt, John (2008). "Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Review".
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2443:"Left-wing authoritarianism is a "real and pervasive issue," according to a massive new psychology study"
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Authoritarians tend to be lacking in general knowledge, particularly on issues with which they disagree.
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4530:
4377:
4372:
3891:
3874:
3618:. "A model of political bias in social science research." Psychological Inquiry 31, no. 1 (2020): 73-85.
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Sibley, C. G.; Duckitt, J. (2008). "Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review".
1520:
555:
550:
468:
333:
298:
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169:
68:
63:
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Homosexuals and feminists should be praised for being brave enough to defy "traditional family values."
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Duckitt, J.; Fisher, K. (2003). "The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes".
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3811:
1656:"Right-wing Authoritarianism, Left-wing Authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism"
1503:
of right-wing authoritarianism was introduced in 1981 by the Canadian-American social psychologist
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3415:"Correlation not causation: the relationship between personality traits and political ideologies"
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2742:
The Prejudiced Personality? Using the Big Five to Predict Susceptibility to Stereotyping Behavior
2722:
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2179:
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1323:
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1095:"When it comes to love, men and women with opposite points of view are attracted to each other."
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3006:"The Structure and Sources of Right-wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation"
2160:[Development of Japanese versions of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) scale].
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1334:. By the end of the high RWA game, the entire population of the earth was declared dead.
1114:
Altemeyer has observed that authoritarians are often very ignorant when it comes to both
3005:
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1947:. University of Manitoba. pp. 11â12 in Chapter 1 "Who Are the Authoritarian Followers?"
816:
The "old-fashioned ways" and the "old-fashioned values" still show the best way to live.
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Ray, J.J. (1987). "Special review of "Right-wing authoritarianism" by R.A. Altemeyer".
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1326:. Unlike a comparison game played by individuals with low RWA scores which resulted in
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1973:
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which interact with threatening circumstances to produce the authoritarian response.
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illegitimate. An example of the latter is American conservatives' attitude towards
498:
189:
3324:
2981:
Altemeyer, Bob (1998). "The other 'authoritarian personality'". In M. Zanna (Ed.)
2846:
3545:
Conway, Lucian; Houck, Shannon; Gornick, Laura; Repke, Meredith (December 2017).
4898:
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4367:
4303:
4100:
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3908:
3868:
3547:"Finding the Loch Ness Monster: Left-Wing Authoritarianism in the United States"
3311:
Ray, J.J. (1985). "Defective validity in the Altemeyer authoritarianism scale".
2920:
1461:
1331:
1327:
1293:
Altemeyer suggested that authoritarian politicians are more likely to be in the
1278:
840:
There is no "ONE right way" to live life; everybody has to create their own way.
413:
118:
53:
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1542:
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313:
209:
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Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., Sanford, R. N. (1950).
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1407:
authoritarianism, but that other measures are needed to assess authoritarian
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2000:
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30:
This article is about the personality type. For the form of government, see
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3121:
2784:
2744:. APSA. Illinois State University â Department of Politics and Government.
2718:
2322:
2174:
1703:
1341:
Right-wing authoritarianism has been found to correlate only slightly with
786:
Women should have to promise to obey their husbands when they get married.
4888:
4346:
4003:
3918:
3725:
Left and Right: The Psychological Significance of a Political Distinction
2132:"How We Conducted Our International Study on Right-Wing Authoritarianism"
1669:
1430:
published an article discussing the correlation between conservatism and
488:
483:
443:
2304:
2048:
1948:
1191:
describes somebody who advocates social hierarchy. The existence of the
4836:
4619:
4500:
4163:
4083:
3562:
3480:
3463:
3399:
770:
Right-wing authoritarianism is measured by the RWA scale, which uses a
669:
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3215:
3165:
2115:
4893:
4858:
4460:
4298:
4105:
4042:
4008:
3955:
3021:
3576:
Clark, Cory; Liu, Brittany; Winegard, Bo; Ditto, Peter (June 2019).
3497:
Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture
3391:
676:, but his theory fell into disfavor because it was associated with
4435:
4254:
4048:
1214:
2281:"Body odour disgust sensitivity predicts authoritarian attitudes"
1465:
792:
Gays and lesbians are just as healthy and moral as anybody else.
503:
4188:
3776:
1457:
1395:
A recent refinement to this body of research was presented in
4184:
2977:
2975:
2973:
3366:
Strength and Weakness: The Authoritarian Personality Today
1098:"Birds of a feather flock together when it comes to love."
3004:
Christian Kandler; Edward Bell; Rainer Riemann (2016).
2600:
2598:
2596:
853:, the RWA scale was a significant improvement over the
3364:
Stone, W. F., Lederer, G., & Christie, R. (1993).
664:. Adorno was the first to propose the existence of an
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
1185:
describes somebody who advocates social equality and
1441:
suggested a reinterpretation of RWA in the light of
804:
There is absolutely nothing wrong with nudist camps.
4777:
4746:
4680:
4638:
4398:
4355:
4229:
4222:
4126:
3976:
3818:
1179:In political philosophy, the classic definition of
3462:Verhulst, B.; Eaves, L. J.; Hatemi, P. K. (2015).
3413:Verhulst, B.; Eaves, L. J.; Hatemi, P. K. (2012).
2692:
2690:
2156:Ryota Takano; Fumiaki Taka; Michio Nomura (2021).
2058:
2056:
1360:has found that RWA is positively correlated with
3744:Authoritarian Nightmare: Trump and his Followers
1607:
1605:
1452:in human prehistory because it helped solve the
2130:Rachel Vengalia; Laura Maxwell (28 June 2021).
1723:
1721:
4200:
3788:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2088:
2086:
2012:
2010:
668:as part of an attempt to explain the rise of
622:
8:
3195:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
3075:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
2985:. 30 (pp. 47â92). San Diego: Academic Press.
1962:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
1147:Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratto created the
894:Prevalence among adults in Western countries
656:The right-wing authoritarian was defined by
3582:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1249:were more likely than non-Trump-supporting
4226:
4207:
4193:
4185:
3795:
3781:
3773:
2983:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
2675:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1364:(r = 0.15) and negatively correlated with
629:
615:
36:
4668:Obsessiveâcompulsive personality disorder
3504:
3479:
3438:
3214:
3164:
2873:
2410:
2350:
2312:
2233:
2173:
2114:
1693:
3102:Personality and Social Psychology Review
2765:Personality and Social Psychology Review
2699:Personality and Social Psychology Review
892:
1601:
44:
3340:Personality and Individual Differences
3145:Personality and Individual Differences
2095:Personality and Individual Differences
2019:Personality and Individual Differences
1661:Personality and Individual Differences
3468:American Journal of Political Science
3419:American Journal of Political Science
3044:
2583:"Authoritarianism Among Trump Voters"
2480:
2465:
2425:
2395:
2380:
2365:
2335:
2263:
2248:
2218:
2203:
2049:http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~altemey/
1949:http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~altemey/
1897:
1882:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1805:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1746:
7:
4656:Right-wing authoritarian personality
3742:John W. Dean; Bob Altemeyer (2020).
2944:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2909:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
1916:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
1730:"A Shorter Version of the RWA Scale"
1650:Manson, Joseph H. (December 2020).
1613:"Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)"
1143:Relationship with social dominators
660:as a refinement of the research of
2562:American Psychological Association
2162:The Japanese Journal of Psychology
1625:American Psychological Association
1513:University of California, Berkeley
1352:Relationship to personality traits
25:
1472:and RWA is often criticized for.
3705:Conservatives without Conscience
3431:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00568.x
3271:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00781.x
3207:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01550.x
2862:Journal of Counseling Psychology
2077:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00415.x
1974:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01521.x
1928:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00303.x
1545:
1479:combined RWA with his theory of
1356:Research comparing RWA with the
1042:In 2021, three researchers from
596:
52:
3768:Interactive version of the RWAS
3010:European Journal of Personality
1728:Bob Altemeyer (March 2, 2022).
1511:theory originally pioneered by
4930:Control (social and political)
4651:Authoritarian leadership style
2610:"Three Kinds of "Conservatism"
1:
4556:Social construction of gender
3648:The Authoritarian Personality
3534:. Cambridge University Press.
3325:10.1080/00224545.1985.9922883
3063:. Cambridge University Press.
2847:10.1080/00224545.1994.9923008
2808:Journal of Applied Psychology
2441:Dolan, Eric W. (2023-03-12).
339:Industrial and organizational
4551:Rally 'round the flag effect
4159:Social dominance orientation
3368:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
3352:10.1016/0191-8869(87)90084-5
3313:Journal of Social Psychology
2835:Journal of Social Psychology
1571:Social dominance orientation
1428:Journal of Political Science
1343:social dominance orientation
1149:social dominance orientation
494:Human factors and ergonomics
4754:Asch conformity experiments
4471:Identification (psychology)
4174:List of totalitarian states
4154:Right-wing authoritarianism
3727:. Oxford University Press.
3650:. New York: Harper and Row.
3578:"Tribalism Is Human Nature"
2921:10.1177/0022022103034003005
2587:Monmouth University website
1358:Big Five personality traits
1069:Therefore, sharks are fish.
1055:Difficulty judging evidence
1050:Psychological comorbidities
898:2021 Morning Consult survey
647:right-wing authoritarianism
27:Submissive personality type
4971:
4769:Stanford prison experiment
4511:Normative social influence
4149:Left-wing authoritarianism
3984:Authoritarian conservatism
3157:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.016
2884:10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.371
2285:Royal Society Open Science
2107:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.006
2047:. University of Manitoba.
2031:10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.013
1678:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110251
1197:People's Republic of China
1087:Compartmentalized thinking
859:acquiescence response bias
29:
18:Left-wing authoritarianism
4718:Normalization of deviance
4646:Authoritarian personality
3848:Counterintelligence state
3666:The Authoritarian Specter
3061:The Authoritarian Dynamic
2820:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.34
2673:The authoritarian specter
2629:10.1080/10478400903028615
2483:The Authoritarian Specter
1885:The Authoritarian Specter
1867:The Authoritarian Specter
1853:The Authoritarian Specter
1808:The Authoritarian Specter
1779:The Authoritarian Specter
1749:The Authoritarian Specter
1561:Authoritarian personality
1509:authoritarian personality
1470:authoritarian personality
1468:that the research in the
1454:collective action problem
1401:The Authoritarian Dynamic
1391:Criticism and development
1376:Causes of RWA personality
1208:In some of his writings,
1063:All fish live in the sea.
666:authoritarian personality
269:Applied behavior analysis
4728:Preference falsification
4144:Inverted totalitarianism
4016:Authoritarian capitalism
3671:Harvard University Press
3594:10.1177/0963721419862289
3499:. Open Book Publishers.
3114:10.1177/1088868309352179
2956:10.1177/0022022196272005
2777:10.1177/1088868308319226
2711:10.1177/1088868308319226
2411:Dean; Altemeyer (2020).
2351:Dean; Altemeyer (2020).
2234:Dean; Altemeyer (2020).
1301:party in Canada, or the
1175:Left-wing authoritarians
695:, the Canadian-American
4390:Tyranny of the majority
4028:Authoritarian socialism
3688:Bob Altemeyer (2010) .
3614:Honeycutt, Nathan, and
3298:10.1111/0162-895x.00285
3244:10.1111/0162-895x.00322
3087:10.1111/0021-8294.00033
2542:Honeycutt, Nathan, and
2413:Authoritarian Nightmare
2353:Authoritarian Nightmare
2236:Authoritarian Nightmare
2043:Altemeyer, Bob (2007).
2001:10.1111/0162-895x.00285
1507:as a refinement of the
1443:evolutionary psychology
1286:and slightly higher on
1066:Sharks live in the sea.
459:Behavioral neuroscience
114:Behavioral neuroscience
32:Right-wing dictatorship
4693:Communal reinforcement
4446:False consensus effect
3663:Bob Altemeyer (1996).
2671:Altemeyer, B. (1996).
2558:"Politics is personal"
2175:10.4992/jjpsy.91.19225
1426:In 2012, the American
1366:openness to experience
1284:openness to experience
1134:Sensitivity to disgust
1122:Lack of self-awareness
729:President Barack Obama
509:Psychology of religion
449:Behavioral engineering
133:Cognitive neuroscience
99:Affective neuroscience
4797:Anti-social behaviour
4792:Anti-authoritarianism
4531:Pluralistic ignorance
4378:National conservatism
4373:Left-wing nationalism
4356:Governmental pressure
3892:Dominant-party system
3723:John T. Jost (2021).
2740:Palmer, Carl (2014).
2617:Psychological Inquiry
1734:theauthoritarians.org
1521:Else Frenkel-Brunswik
603:Psychology portal
4945:Political psychology
4759:Breaching experiment
4546:Operant conditioning
4491:Mere exposure effect
3551:Political Psychology
3380:Political Psychology
3286:Political Psychology
3259:Political Psychology
3232:Political Psychology
3059:Stenner, K. (2005).
2065:Political Psychology
1989:Political Psychology
1652:Saklofske, Donald H.
1591:System justification
1118:and current events.
4950:Right-wing politics
4639:Individual pressure
4516:Passing (sociology)
4451:Fear of missing out
4416:Closure (sociology)
4330:Enemy of the people
4079:Ecoauthoritarianism
3897:Illiberal democracy
3530:Inglehart, Ronald.
3495:Fog, Agner (2017).
2589:. January 19, 2021.
2305:10.1098/rsos.171091
2297:2018RSOS....571091L
1501:theoretical concept
1279:contradictory ideas
1221:Rigidity of thought
901:
697:social psychologist
454:Behavioral genetics
369:Occupational health
109:Behavioral genetics
40:Part of a series on
4940:Personality traits
4807:Civil disobedience
4764:Milgram experiment
4703:Creeping normality
4605:Social integration
4541:Psychosocial issue
4481:Invented tradition
4335:Enemy of the state
3746:. Melville House.
3691:The Authoritarians
3563:10.1111/pops.12470
3532:Cultural Evolution
3481:10.1111/ajps.12216
3047:The Authoritarians
3045:Altemeyer (2010).
2481:Altemeyer (1996).
2468:The Authoritarians
2466:Altemeyer (2010).
2428:The Authoritarians
2426:Altemeyer (2010).
2398:The Authoritarians
2396:Altemeyer (2010).
2383:The Authoritarians
2381:Altemeyer (2010).
2368:The Authoritarians
2366:Altemeyer (2010).
2338:The Authoritarians
2336:Altemeyer (2010).
2291:(171091): 171091.
2266:The Authoritarians
2264:Altemeyer (2010).
2251:The Authoritarians
2249:Altemeyer (2010).
2221:The Authoritarians
2219:Altemeyer (2010).
2206:The Authoritarians
2204:Altemeyer (2010).
2045:The Authoritarians
1945:The Authoritarians
1943:Altemeyer (2007).
1900:The Authoritarians
1898:Altemeyer (2010).
1883:Altemeyer (1996).
1851:Altemeyer (1996).
1838:The Authoritarians
1836:Altemeyer (2010).
1823:The Authoritarians
1821:Altemeyer (2010).
1806:Altemeyer (1996).
1794:The Authoritarians
1792:Altemeyer (2010).
1777:Altemeyer (1996).
1764:The Authoritarians
1762:Altemeyer (2010).
1747:Altemeyer (1996).
1617:dictionary.apa.org
1324:Global Change Game
913:Survey reliability
893:
571:Schools of thought
409:Sport and exercise
255:Applied psychology
4955:Social psychology
4907:
4906:
4787:Alternative media
4676:
4675:
4615:Spiral of silence
4486:Memory conformity
4426:Consensus reality
4319:Persona non grata
4240:Damnatio memoriae
4182:
4181:
4134:Democracy indices
3826:Absolute monarchy
3734:978-0-19-085835-3
3715:978-0-670-03774-2
3680:978-0-674-05305-2
3516:978-1-78374-403-9
3506:10.11647/OBP.0128
2158:"æ„æŹèȘçćłçżŒæš©ćšäž»çŸ©ć°șćșŠăźäœæ"
1553:Psychology portal
1517:Theodor W. Adorno
1437:In 2017, the new
1362:conscientiousness
1288:conscientiousness
1116:general knowledge
1035:
1034:
900:
882:Western countries
863:coefficient alpha
777:acquiescence bias
639:
638:
536:Counseling topics
479:Consumer behavior
220:Psycholinguistics
104:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
4962:
4935:Moral psychology
4920:Authoritarianism
4832:Devil's advocate
4802:Auto-segregation
4698:Countersignaling
4625:Toxic positivity
4600:Social influence
4561:Social contagion
4406:Bandwagon effect
4363:Authoritarianism
4227:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4186:
4033:MarxismâLeninism
3914:Managerial state
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3757:
3738:
3719:
3708:. Viking Adult.
3695:
3684:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3557:(5): 1049â1067.
3542:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3442:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3190:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3151:(5â6): 592â597.
3140:
3134:
3133:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3022:10.1002/per.2061
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2639:. Archived from
2623:(2â3): 142â159.
2614:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2025:(5): 1223â1234.
2014:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1865:Altemeyer 1996.
1863:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1621:Washington, D.C.
1609:
1581:Fascist (insult)
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1477:Ronald Inglehart
1303:Republican Party
1044:Kyoto University
917:Cronbach's alpha
902:
896:
851:Psychometrically
631:
624:
617:
601:
600:
599:
566:Research methods
225:Psychophysiology
85:Basic psychology
56:
37:
21:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4874:Insubordination
4822:Culture jamming
4812:Cosmopolitanism
4773:
4742:
4713:Internalization
4672:
4634:
4394:
4385:Totalitarianism
4351:
4218:
4213:
4183:
4178:
4122:
3972:
3939:Socialist state
3924:One-party state
3843:Communist state
3814:
3801:
3764:
3754:
3741:
3735:
3722:
3716:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3392:10.2307/3792131
3377:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2875:10.1.1.651.7781
2859:
2858:
2854:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2556:Weir, Kirsten.
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2375:
2364:
2360:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2164:(in Japanese).
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2136:Morning Consult
2129:
2128:
2124:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1741:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1630:
1628:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1586:Postmaterialism
1551:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1525:Daniel Levinson
1497:
1481:postmaterialism
1439:regality theory
1409:predispositions
1393:
1378:
1354:
1274:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1206:
1177:
1145:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1089:
1080:
1057:
1052:
1040:
914:
895:
888:Morning Consult
884:
879:
768:
759:
757:Conventionalism
742:
720:
690:
635:
597:
595:
588:
587:
586:
585:
561:Psychotherapies
529:
519:
518:
439:
431:
430:
429:
428:
257:
247:
246:
245:
244:
205:Neuropsychology
87:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4968:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:Counterculture
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4779:Anticonformity
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4738:Social reality
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4630:Untouchability
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4496:Milieu control
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Indoctrination
4473:
4468:
4466:Herd mentality
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4399:Group pressure
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Cancel culture
4274:
4264:
4257:
4252:
4243:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3863:Constitutional
3860:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3762:External links
3760:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3630:
3620:
3607:
3588:(6): 587â592.
3568:
3537:
3522:
3515:
3487:
3454:
3405:
3386:(4): 643â656.
3370:
3357:
3346:(5): 771â772.
3330:
3319:(2): 271â272.
3303:
3292:(2): 355â383.
3276:
3265:(5): 685â715.
3249:
3222:
3180:
3135:
3108:(1): 126â139.
3092:
3065:
3052:
3037:
3016:(4): 406â420.
2996:
2987:
2969:
2950:(2): 216â230.
2934:
2915:(3): 304â322.
2898:
2889:
2868:(3): 371â384.
2852:
2841:(6): 735â741.
2825:
2798:
2771:(3): 248â279.
2755:
2732:
2686:
2677:
2657:
2606:Stenner, Karen
2592:
2574:
2548:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2502:Left and Right
2493:
2473:
2458:
2433:
2418:
2403:
2388:
2373:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2271:
2256:
2241:
2226:
2211:
2196:
2168:(6): 398â408.
2148:
2122:
2082:
2071:(2): 195â218.
2052:
2036:
2006:
1995:(2): 355â383.
1979:
1968:(3): 439â455.
1952:
1936:
1922:(1): 215â233.
1905:
1890:
1875:
1858:
1843:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1717:
1642:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1540:
1537:
1529:Nevitt Sanford
1515:, researchers
1496:
1493:
1416:fundamentalism
1399:'s 2005 book,
1392:
1389:
1377:
1374:
1353:
1350:
1311:Bill of Rights
1273:
1270:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1205:
1202:
1176:
1173:
1144:
1141:
1135:
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1123:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1096:
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1064:
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1026:
1023:
1019:
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1012:
1009:
1005:
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1001:
998:
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991:
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987:
984:
981:
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976:
973:
970:
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962:
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953:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
935:
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931:
928:
925:
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920:
911:
908:
905:
883:
880:
878:
875:
848:
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844:
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835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
767:
764:
758:
755:
741:
738:
719:
718:Submissiveness
716:
711:
710:
707:
704:
689:
686:
662:Theodor Adorno
637:
636:
634:
633:
626:
619:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
590:
589:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
531:
530:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
259:
258:
253:
252:
249:
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243:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
150:Cross-cultural
147:
142:
141:
140:
130:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
89:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4967:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Individualism
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Herd behavior
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Control freak
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Socialization
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Peer pressure
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Normalization
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:Culture shock
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4287:Deplatforming
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4118:ShĆwa Statism
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Caesaropapism
4055:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3949:Islamic state
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:Authoritarian
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3753:9781612199061
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:(3): 248â79.
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2646:on 2013-05-12
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:Jost (2021).
2497:
2494:
2489:
2488:psychological
2485:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Bob Altemeyer
1502:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:and suppress
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Karen Stenner
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1370:agreeableness
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1266:Karen Stenner
1264:According to
1262:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1235:United States
1234:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:Bob Altemeyer
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:
912:
909:
906:
904:
903:
899:
891:
889:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
780:
778:
773:
765:
763:
756:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
734:
730:
724:
717:
715:
708:
705:
702:
701:
700:
698:
694:
693:Bob Altemeyer
687:
685:
681:
679:
675:
674:the Holocaust
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Bob Altemeyer
654:
652:
648:
644:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
612:
610:
609:
604:
594:
593:
592:
591:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Psychologists
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Organizations
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
522:
515:
514:Psychometrics
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Consciousness
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:Psychotherapy
392:
390:
389:Psychometrics
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
250:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Developmental
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
80:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4879:Pueblo clown
4864:Idiosyncrasy
4849:Eccentricity
4733:Social proof
4441:Echo chamber
4421:Collectivism
4411:Brainwashing
4342:Scapegoating
4325:Public enemy
4317:
4308:
4272:Blacklisting
4259:
4238:
4231:Proscription
4153:
4047:
3961:Majoritarian
3934:Police state
3902:Totalitarian
3867:
3853:Dictatorship
3808:totalitarian
3743:
3724:
3704:
3700:John W. Dean
3690:
3665:
3657:Bibliography
3647:
3642:
3633:
3623:
3610:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3496:
3490:
3474:(1): E3âE4.
3471:
3467:
3457:
3425:(1): 34â51.
3422:
3418:
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3201:(1): 22â43.
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2648:. Retrieved
2641:the original
2620:
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2565:. Retrieved
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2101:(1): 28â33.
2098:
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2022:
2018:
1992:
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1629:. Retrieved
1616:
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1436:
1432:psychoticism
1427:
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1394:
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1382:twin studies
1379:
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1315:ethnocentric
1308:
1295:Conservative
1292:
1275:
1263:
1255:
1247:Donald Trump
1238:
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1207:
1193:Soviet Union
1186:
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1083:reinforced.
1081:
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871:
867:
849:
772:Likert scale
769:
760:
751:
747:
743:
725:
721:
712:
691:
682:
655:
650:
646:
640:
499:Intelligence
230:Quantitative
195:Mathematical
190:Intelligence
180:Experimental
175:Evolutionary
165:Differential
4899:Shock value
4854:Eclecticism
4747:Experiments
4368:Nationalism
4304:Civil death
4223:Enforcement
4101:Imperialism
4067:Enlightened
4021:Pinochetism
3909:Mafia state
3880:Proletarian
3869:Dictablanda
3238:: 199â222.
1811:, pp. 10-11
1462:free riders
1332:nuclear war
1328:world peace
1251:Republicans
541:Disciplines
414:Suicidology
309:Educational
264:Anomalistic
240:Theoretical
215:Personality
145:Comparative
128:Cognitivism
119:Behaviorism
4925:Conformity
4914:Categories
4688:Compliance
4681:Conformity
4581:Hysterical
4571:Behavioral
4536:Propaganda
4521:Patriotism
4456:Groupthink
4282:Censorship
4261:Homo sacer
4216:Conformity
4139:Deep state
3999:Khomeinism
3977:Ideologies
3919:Ochlocracy
3885:Right-wing
3858:Benevolent
3812:government
3616:Lee Jussim
3216:10023/4025
3166:10023/3990
2544:Lee Jussim
2452:2023-03-14
2116:10023/3991
1672:: 110251.
1631:18 October
1576:Conformity
1188:right-wing
877:Prevalence
766:Assessment
740:Aggression
688:Definition
643:psychology
469:Competence
334:Humanistic
314:Ergonomics
299:Counseling
274:Assessment
210:Perception
170:Ecological
46:Psychology
4884:Rebellion
4842:Political
4723:Obedience
4593:Emotional
4566:Addiction
4310:Vogelfrei
4267:Ostracism
4250:Dissenter
4246:Dissident
4169:Strongman
4062:Despotism
4038:Stalinism
3994:Francoism
3989:Chiangism
3944:Theocracy
3929:Oligarchy
3831:Autocracy
3810:forms of
3602:202248532
3050:, chpt. 2
3030:152253763
2964:146603681
2870:CiteSeerX
2814:: 34â42.
2637:143878133
2224:, chpt. 3
2209:, chpt. 1
2184:229257927
1903:, chpt. 1
1841:, chpt. 2
1767:, chpt. 1
1712:220548278
1686:0191-8869
1597:Footnotes
1475:In 2019,
1447:Darwinian
1405:expressed
1258:Joe Biden
1244:president
1204:Altemeyer
1182:left-wing
1110:Ignorance
1078:Dogmatism
1008:Australia
886:In 2021,
733:"birther"
464:Cognition
379:Political
289:Community
124:Cognitive
74:Subfields
4889:Red team
4827:Deviance
4347:Shunning
4127:See also
4004:Putinism
3875:Military
3702:(2006).
3628:401-417.
3449:22400142
3175:62786433
3122:20018983
3081:: 1â10.
2929:32361036
2785:18641385
2719:18641385
2608:(2009).
2567:March 3,
2323:29515834
1856:, pp. 10
1704:32834284
1670:Elsevier
1539:See also
1272:Research
1230:Politics
1195:and the
910:High RWA
678:Freudian
576:Timeline
489:Feelings
484:Emotions
444:Behavior
438:Concepts
399:Religion
384:Positive
374:Pastoral
359:Military
324:Forensic
319:Feminist
304:Critical
294:Consumer
284:Coaching
279:Clinical
155:Cultural
94:Abnormal
4837:Dissent
4620:Teasing
4586:Suicide
4501:Mobbing
4294:Outcast
4164:Statism
4084:Fascism
3956:Tyranny
3836:Tsarist
3694:. Lulu.
3440:3809096
3400:3792131
3130:8678150
2793:5156899
2750:2455759
2727:5156899
2447:PsyPost
2314:5830723
2293:Bibcode
1888:, p. 11
1695:7365073
1654:(ed.).
1566:F-scale
1495:History
1450:fitness
1031:0.9040
1017:0.8922
1003:0.8426
989:0.8396
975:0.7472
961:0.8184
952:Germany
947:0.8814
933:0.8962
907:Low RWA
855:F-scale
670:fascism
551:Outline
424:Traffic
419:Systems
354:Medical
185:Gestalt
69:History
64:Outline
4894:Satire
4859:Hermit
4461:Hazing
4299:Outlaw
4106:Nazism
4043:Maoism
4009:Ziaism
3750:
3731:
3712:
3677:
3600:
3513:
3447:
3437:
3398:
3173:
3128:
3120:
3028:
2962:
2927:
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2748:
2725:
2717:
2650:2 June
2635:
2321:
2311:
2189:18 Jan
2182:
1871:should
1782:, p. 9
1752:, p. 6
1710:
1702:
1692:
1684:
1627:. 2021
1527:, and
1299:Reform
1022:Canada
966:France
581:Topics
404:School
329:Health
235:Social
138:Social
4576:Crime
4436:Dogma
4255:Exile
4049:Juche
3819:Forms
3598:S2CID
3396:JSTOR
3171:S2CID
3126:S2CID
3026:S2CID
2960:S2CID
2925:S2CID
2789:S2CID
2723:S2CID
2644:(PDF)
2633:S2CID
2613:(PDF)
2523:1025.
2180:S2CID
2141:3 Jan
1708:S2CID
1215:Nazis
1038:Japan
1028:13.4%
1025:21.3%
1014:12.9%
1011:17.1%
1000:12.9%
997:17.9%
994:Italy
983:17.9%
980:Spain
972:10.7%
969:10.2%
955:17.4%
944:10.4%
941:13.6%
930:25.6%
927:13.4%
527:Lists
364:Music
349:Media
344:Legal
200:Moral
4072:Soft
3966:Soft
3806:and
3748:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3445:PMID
3118:PMID
2781:PMID
2746:SSRN
2715:PMID
2652:2012
2569:2021
2319:PMID
2191:2022
2143:2022
1700:PMID
1682:ISSN
1633:2021
1499:The
1466:bias
1241:U.S.
986:9.2%
958:6.7%
672:and
504:Mind
4111:Neo
4094:Neo
4089:Eco
3590:doi
3559:doi
3501:doi
3476:doi
3435:PMC
3427:doi
3388:doi
3348:doi
3321:doi
3317:125
3294:doi
3267:doi
3240:doi
3211:hdl
3203:doi
3161:hdl
3153:doi
3110:doi
3083:doi
3018:doi
2952:doi
2917:doi
2880:doi
2843:doi
2839:134
2816:doi
2773:doi
2707:doi
2625:doi
2309:PMC
2301:doi
2170:doi
2111:hdl
2103:doi
2073:doi
2027:doi
1997:doi
1970:doi
1924:doi
1690:PMC
1674:doi
1666:167
1458:war
1456:in
1297:or
651:RWA
641:In
4916::
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