217:
Baron (1983) notes that most classifications, including Ross's, perpetuate an early copy error, placing Fas in the
Kwomtari family and Nai in the Baibai family. This contradicts the original classification of Loving and Bass, which is supported by their field notes. (See
133:
proposal (Loving & Bass 1964). However, the proposal is problematic; it's not clear if the Arai correspondences are with
Kwomtari, with Fas, or with both, as Kwomtari–Fas is itself dubious.
1896:
596:
1911:
1992:
1926:
942:
1941:
503:
1881:
447:
might be reconstructed for "you" and "they", with the former perhaps including Pyu as well. No pronouns obviously connect
Kwomtari and Fas.
898:
1916:
2002:
1936:
1866:
947:
222:.) Taking this into account weakens the case for the Left May-Kwomtari proposals. Some relevant pronouns are shown below (Baron 1983):
1906:
1931:
1921:
1776:
1295:
589:
556:
936:
777:
772:
219:
1051:
978:
960:
837:
952:
1744:
1739:
1239:
1127:
738:
733:
1318:
1065:
1970:
1901:
1876:
1754:
1108:
1103:
971:
966:
782:
652:
130:
83:
1856:
1841:
621:
1891:
1871:
1997:
1749:
905:
797:
582:
1946:
1356:
1037:
1622:
1819:
925:
1846:
1652:
887:
667:
540:
122:
498:. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
1951:
1642:
1471:
1455:
1364:
1081:
1076:
697:
662:
423:
418:
413:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
370:
365:
360:
355:
345:
340:
335:
330:
317:
312:
307:
297:
292:
287:
282:
272:
267:
262:
257:
748:
1861:
1851:
1836:
1568:
1486:
1301:
1044:
1007:
807:
574:
463:
206:
210:
family-level isolate (included in the
Kwomtari languages by Laycock (1973), but not addressed by Ross)
1720:
1550:
1512:
1398:
1389:
1332:
1281:
1886:
872:
702:
1561:
1556:
1351:
1336:
1313:
1229:
1088:
1026:
857:
852:
802:
683:
633:
174:
146:
126:
78:
1790:
1734:
1660:
1647:
1637:
1586:
1581:
1492:
1434:
1403:
1254:
1098:
1093:
1071:
867:
862:
847:
743:
707:
672:
562:
552:
526:
509:
499:
190:
17:
1762:
1667:
1632:
1627:
1477:
1466:
1413:
1378:
1161:
1147:
1140:
1113:
1000:
914:
824:
792:
767:
759:
725:
611:
605:
182:
118:
1724:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1574:
1445:
1423:
1418:
1340:
1322:
1288:
1189:
1168:
1154:
1014:
842:
832:
787:
713:
476:
163:
114:
66:
60:
1961:
1797:
1540:
1518:
1497:
1408:
1371:
1346:
1326:
1306:
1217:
1203:
1196:
1182:
1132:
1117:
1058:
692:
647:
492:
487:
549:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
1986:
1808:
1783:
1709:
1616:
1601:
1529:
1523:
1503:
1461:
1428:
1210:
1175:
1121:
993:
986:
813:
657:
544:
158:
1769:
1247:
642:
194:
167:
543:(2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In
1605:
482:
53:
566:
530:
92:
513:
1265:
525:. Port Moresby: Department of Information and Extension Services.
1269:
578:
494:
Sepik languages: checklist and preliminary classification
547:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
431:
It appears that for proto-Arai and proto-Fas a pronoun
1960:
1829:
1807:
1719:
1600:
1539:
1444:
1388:
1264:
1227:
1024:
924:
885:
823:
757:
723:
681:
631:
620:
91:
72:
59:
47:
32:
491:
551:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.
439:for "s/he", while for Arai and Kwomtari perhaps
590:
8:
1385:
628:
597:
583:
575:
458:Baron, Wietze (1983). "Kwomtari survey".
224:
472:
461:
435:might be reconstructed for "I", and a
29:
27:Proposed language family of New Guinea
71:
7:
523:Languages of the Amanab sub-district
521:Loving, Richard; Jack Bass (1964).
25:
1:
1993:Languages of Papua New Guinea
18:Left May – Kwomtari languages
1927:Central and South New Guinea
2019:
2003:Proposed language families
1897:East Bird's Head – Sentani
1937:East New Guinea Highlands
943:Nuclear South Bird's Head
422:
409:
364:
339:
323:
316:
291:
266:
250:
220:Kwomtari–Baibai languages
61:Linguistic classification
42:
37:
967:Nuclear East Bird's Head
606:Papuan language families
1942:Yele – West New Britain
1932:Central West New Guinea
111:Arai–Kwomtari languages
1971:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
1882:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
471:Cite journal requires
1922:West Papuan Highlands
1917:West Trans–New Guinea
1728:families and isolates
1609:families and isolates
1274:families and isolates
1233:families and isolates
1066:East Cenderawasih Bay
1030:families and isolates
929:families and isolates
926:Bird's Head Peninsula
891:families and isolates
113:are a possible small
1867:Binanderean–Goilalan
1721:Bismarck Archipelago
948:Inanwatan–Duriankere
1912:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
1907:Left May – Kwomtari
838:Greater Binanderean
1830:Proposed groupings
1745:South Bougainville
1740:North Bougainville
1230:Western New Guinea
1027:Western New Guinea
488:Laycock, Donald C.
125:, which links the
1980:
1979:
1596:
1595:
1319:Leonhard Schultze
937:South Bird's Head
899:Timor-Alor-Pantar
881:
880:
615:
505:978-0-85883-084-4
429:
428:
107:Left May–Kwomtari
103:
102:
33:Left May–Kwomtari
16:(Redirected from
2010:
1998:Papuan languages
1857:Southeast Papuan
1842:Northwest Papuan
1750:Central Solomons
1386:
1296:Lower Sepik-Ramu
979:West Bird's Head
961:East Bird's Head
825:Papuan Peninsula
760:Papua New Guinea
726:Papua New Guinea
629:
622:Trans-New Guinea
609:
599:
592:
585:
576:
570:
534:
517:
497:
480:
474:
469:
467:
459:
425:
420:
415:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
372:
367:
362:
357:
347:
342:
337:
332:
319:
314:
309:
299:
294:
289:
284:
274:
269:
264:
259:
225:
129:family with the
119:Papuan languages
30:
21:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1956:
1825:
1811:
1803:
1727:
1725:Solomon Islands
1715:
1608:
1592:
1535:
1440:
1384:
1273:
1260:
1232:
1223:
1029:
1020:
928:
920:
906:North Halmahera
890:
877:
819:
798:East Strickland
778:Kainantu-Goroka
773:Finisterre-Huon
753:
719:
677:
624:
616:
614:classification)
608:
603:
573:
559:
539:
520:
506:
486:
470:
460:
457:
453:
215:
139:
127:Left May (Arai)
67:language family
49:
43:(controversial)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:Proto-language
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Pahoturi River
1620:
1612:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1330:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
982:
981:
976:
975:
974:
969:
957:
956:
955:
953:Konda–Yahadian
950:
945:
932:
930:
922:
921:
919:
918:
910:
909:
902:
894:
892:
883:
882:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:Enga-Kewa-Huli
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
762:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
728:
721:
720:
718:
717:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
687:
679:
678:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
637:
626:
618:
617:
604:
602:
601:
594:
587:
579:
572:
571:
557:
537:
535:
518:
504:
484:
473:|journal=
454:
452:
449:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
378:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
325:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
214:
213:
212:
211:
202:
201:
200:
189:Kwomtari–Nai:
187:
170:
155:
140:
138:
137:Classification
135:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
81:
74:
70:
69:
63:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2015:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:South Pauwasi
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:Rossel Island
1806:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:Yelmek-Maklew
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:and southern
1603:
1602:Gulf of Papua
1599:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:Bayono-Awbono
1238:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Tofanma-Namla
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
917:
916:
912:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
900:
896:
895:
893:
889:
884:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
826:
822:
816:
815:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
763:
761:
756:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:Turama-Kikori
737:
735:
734:Gogodala-Suki
732:
731:
729:
727:
722:
716:
715:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
680:
674:
671:
669:
668:West Bomberai
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
638:
635:
630:
627:
623:
619:
613:
607:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
580:
577:
568:
564:
560:
554:
550:
546:
545:Andrew Pawley
542:
541:Ross, Malcolm
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
496:
495:
489:
485:
483:
481:, posted at:
478:
465:
456:
455:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
417:
412:
408:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
379:
376:
375:
369:
359:
354:
351:
350:
344:
334:
329:
326:
322:
311:
306:
303:
302:
296:
286:
281:
278:
277:
271:
261:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
221:
209:
208:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:
156:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
96:
94:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
68:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
46:
41:
38:Arai–Kwomtari
36:
31:
19:
1969:
1952:Indo-Pacific
1902:Kwomtari–Fas
1877:Asmat–Mombum
1818:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1755:Butam-Taulil
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1643:Doso-Turumsa
1615:
1573:
1549:
1528:
1511:
1502:
1485:
1476:
1472:Yellow River
1456:Middle Sepik
1454:
1431:(West Wapei)
1377:
1370:
1363:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1253:
1246:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1109:Lepki-Murkim
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
972:Hatam–Mansim
959:
935:
913:
904:
897:
812:
783:Chimbu-Wahgi
712:
698:Greater Awyu
663:Paniai Lakes
653:Asmat-Kamoro
548:
522:
493:
464:cite journal
444:
440:
436:
432:
430:
389:na,nɛni,nan-
216:
205:
197:
181:
173:
157:
151:
145:
131:Kwomtari–Fas
123:Malcolm Ross
121:proposed by
110:
106:
104:
97:
84:Kwomtari–Fas
73:Subdivisions
50:distribution
1892:Dani–Kwerba
1872:Arai–Samaia
1862:Papuan Gulf
1852:East Papuan
1837:West Papuan
1569:Middle Ramu
1487:Upper Sepik
1302:Lower Sepik
1045:Lakes Plain
1015:Tanah Merah
808:Duna-Bogaya
686:, Indonesia
643:Ok-Oksapmin
636:, Indonesia
612:Palmer 2018
1987:Categories
1947:Sepik–Ramu
1606:New Guinea
1551:Lower Ramu
1513:Sepik Hill
1399:Marienberg
1390:Torricelli
1357:Amto-Musan
1333:Upper Yuat
1282:Torricelli
1038:Tor-Kwerba
724:Southwest
682:Southeast
558:0858835622
451:References
54:New Guinea
48:Geographic
1887:Trans-Fly
1820:Yélî Dnye
1543:subgroups
1448:subgroups
1392:subgroups
1025:Northern
888:Nusantara
873:Manubaran
703:Kayagaric
625:subgroups
254:Kwomtari
93:Glottolog
65:Proposed
1791:Makolkol
1661:Dibiyaso
1589:(Tanggu)
1562:Misegian
1557:Ottilien
1352:Left May
1337:Arafundi
1314:Kwomtari
1255:Uhunduni
1228:Central
1089:Nimboran
886:Eastern
858:Goilalan
853:Koiarian
758:Central
632:Central
567:67292782
531:17101737
490:(1973).
304:Guriaso
283:nɔmbwirɛ
251:Kwomtari
231:language
191:Kwomtari
186:language
178:family:
175:Kwomtari
162:family:
147:Left May
79:Left May
1812:isolate
1735:Baining
1668:Kaki Ae
1648:Komolom
1638:Teberan
1587:Ataitan
1582:Tamolan
1493:Wogamus
1478:Yerakai
1435:Monumbo
1404:Arapesh
1162:Kapauri
1148:Burmeso
1141:Abinomn
1099:Mairasi
1094:Sentani
1072:Pauwasi
1001:Maybrat
915:Tambora
868:Kwalean
863:Yareban
848:Mailuan
749:Awin-Pa
744:Kiwaian
708:Kolopom
673:Somahai
514:5027628
399:wa,tat-
384:asi,na-
380:Yinibu
341:nɛfɛ,wɔ
327:Baibai
198:(Biaka)
183:Guriaso
1703:Purari
1696:Porome
1689:Pawaia
1682:Karami
1675:Kamula
1633:Oriomo
1628:Eleman
1467:Nukuma
1414:Maimai
1272:basin
1190:Massep
1169:Kembra
1155:Elseng
1114:Senagi
1052:Border
803:Kutubu
793:Bosavi
768:Madang
714:Marori
565:
555:
529:
512:
502:
394:ani,w-
228:family
164:Baibai
154:family
115:family
1798:Sulka
1575:Grass
1446:Sepik
1424:Palei
1419:Wapei
1372:Tayap
1341:Piawi
1323:Walio
1289:Sepik
1266:Sepik
1218:Yetfa
1204:Molof
1197:Mawes
1183:Kimki
1133:Yapen
1118:Angor
1104:Kaure
843:Dagan
833:Angan
684:Papua
634:Papua
445:*amwa
433:*atie
377:Arai
366:wɔ(β)
298:tɔmwɔ
273:topai
246:they
1784:Kuot
1763:Anêm
1723:and
1710:Tabo
1541:Ramu
1530:Amal
1519:Tama
1504:Abau
1498:Iwam
1409:Urim
1379:Yadë
1365:Busa
1347:Yuat
1327:Papi
1307:Ramu
1270:Ramu
1211:Usku
1176:Keuw
1122:Dera
1082:West
1077:East
994:Mpur
987:Abun
814:Wiru
693:Anim
648:Dani
563:OCLC
553:ISBN
527:OCLC
510:OCLC
500:ISBN
477:help
443:and
410:Pyu
352:Fas
346:anjɛ
336:aŋɡi
331:ɛtjɛ
324:Fas
288:wonɔ
279:Nai
258:mɔro
237:thou
152:Arai
105:The
98:None
1777:Kol
1770:Ata
1617:Yam
1524:Ram
1462:Ndu
1429:One
1248:Dem
1059:Sko
1008:Mor
658:Mek
441:*na
437:*wa
414:kwa
404:mwa
371:nəb
361:haj
318:amo
313:waw
308:nan
293:ɛni
268:ɛto
263:ɔno
243:she
207:Pyu
195:Nai
168:Fas
159:Fas
150:or
117:of
109:or
1989::
561:.
508:.
468::
466:}}
462:{{
424:na
419:no
356:tɛ
240:he
204:?
193:,
172:?
166:,
1578:?
1437:?
1343:)
1339:-
1335:(
1329:)
1325:-
1321:(
1268:-
1124:)
1120:-
1116:(
610:(
598:e
591:t
584:v
569:.
533:.
516:.
479:)
475:(
234:I
20:)
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