733:
455:. During his captivity, Leontius was cared for by two monks, Gregorios and Paulos, who prophesied his rise to the throne, and encouraged him to rise against Justinian after his release. Leontius, once free, quickly raised a rebellion against Justinian. Leontius had wide support from the aristocracy, who opposed Justinian's land policies, which restricted the aristocracy's ability to acquire land from peasant freeholders, and the peasantry, who opposed Justinian's tax policies, as well as the
47:
478:, done in order to remove threats to the throne, as mutilated people were traditionally barred from becoming emperor; however, Leontius did not kill Justinian, out of reverence for Constantine IV. After Justinian's nose was cut off, Leontius exiled him to
393:; during these campaigns he gathered loot. Leontius' successful campaigns compelled the Umayyad Caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, to sue for peace in 688, agreeing to tender part of the taxes from Umayyad territory in Armenia,
710:
in 705. Justinian then had both
Leontius and Tiberius dragged to the Hippodrome and publicly humiliated, before being taken away and beheaded. The execution took place on 15 February 706 according to the 13th-century
647:, allowing small raids against the border of the Byzantine empire to proceed without reprisal, and instead focused upon consolidation. Very little is known of his domestic policy, except that he had the port of
284:. He was sent to the Monastery of Dalmatou, where he remained until some time between August 705 and February 706. By this time Justinian had retaken the throne. Both Leontius and Tiberius were executed.
436:, suggest that Justinian did so because he believed that Leontius was seeking to take the throne, but it is possible that the crushing defeat at Sebastopolis played a part in his imprisonment; as
3196:
1687:
Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle
Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs
669:
to retake the city. John was able to seize
Carthage after a surprise attack on its harbor. However, Umayyad reinforcements soon retook the city, forcing John to retreat to
630:
3201:
777:, the empress of a preceding emperor, and minted coins of his own, he never successfully took the capital and is thus not normally counted or enumerated.
475:
3246:
3231:
1802:
809:
gives 15 February as the end of
Leontius' reign, but the chronicle clearly indicates that it was the date of both Tiberius and Leontius' execution.
3171:
2327:
1536:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
401:, and to renew a treaty signed originally under Constantine IV, providing for a weekly tribute of 1,000 pieces of gold, one horse, and one slave.
3226:
623:
243:
In 692, Justinian declared war upon the
Umayyads again, and sent Leontius to campaign against them. However, he was defeated decisively at the
3221:
3216:
3211:
3121:
2989:
1625:
1606:
1587:
1520:
1382:
1339:
1311:
1285:
2334:
805:
373:
The civil war in the
Umayyad Caliphate provided an opportunity for the Byzantine Empire to attack its weakened rival, and, in 686, Emperor
2957:
1450:
Catalogue of the
Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, 2: Phocas to Theodosius III, 602–717
3191:
1396:
443:
After further setbacks in the war, Justinian released
Leontius in 695 because he feared losing control of Carthage, and appointed him
3206:
1653:
1496:
1474:
1458:
717:. The body of Leontius was thrown into the sea alongside Tiberius, but was later recovered and buried in a church on the island of
616:
1408:
2923:
2906:
2733:
2721:
666:
2894:
2686:
2648:
2608:
2575:
1487:
543:
467:
429:
3154:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
3109:
2935:
2762:
2728:
2692:
2581:
643:
Upon his coronation, Leontius, now known as "Leo", adopted a moderate political stance. He restricted the activity of the
394:
673:
and regroup. A group of officers, fearing the
Emperor's punishment for their failure, revolted and proclaimed Apsimar, a
404:
Justinian invaded the Caliphate again in 692, feeling that the Umayyads were in a weak position, but was repulsed at the
2750:
1795:
1545:
690:, gathered a fleet and allied himself with the Green faction, before sailing for Constantinople, which was enduring the
460:
3176:
2831:
2510:
1976:
464:
1618:
Power and Subversion in Byzantium: Papers from the 43rd Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Birmingham, March 2010
3241:
3141:
3097:
3075:
3026:
2913:
2704:
2473:
1815:
1425:
746:
309:
259:. After being released, he led a rebellion against Justinian, and seized power, becoming emperor in the same year.
37:
440:
of the Anatolic Theme, he likely served in the battle, and may have even been the main Byzantine commander in it.
3048:
3016:
2841:
2021:
1645:
20:
3058:
3011:
2558:
2205:
1550:
1404:
1331:
694:. After several months of siege, the city surrendered to Tiberius, in 698. Tiberius captured Leontius, and had
433:
501:
2866:
2846:
2620:
2500:
1788:
738:
702:. Leontius stayed in the monastery under guard until Justinian retook the throne with the assistance of the
560:
412:
defected to the Umayyads, ensuring the Byzantine defeat. After this, the Umayyads renewed their invasion of
367:
237:
699:
370:, however, the Umayyads gained the upper hand, although the Zubayrids were not finally defeated until 692.
3136:
3115:
3021:
1811:
405:
359:
244:
662:
perceived weakness, invaded the Exarchate of Africa in 696, capturing Carthage in 697. Leontius sent the
3070:
3065:
3041:
3036:
2952:
2789:
2777:
2548:
2173:
182:
3181:
3053:
3001:
2861:
2836:
2801:
2716:
2630:
2480:
2311:
1780:
1530:
470:. Leontius and his supporters seized Justinian and brought him to the Hippodrome, where Justinian's
3186:
2984:
2969:
2947:
2882:
2871:
2826:
2772:
2262:
2200:
2163:
421:
301:
304:
speculates that Leontius was the son of certain Lazarus, who was the direct descendant of emperor
3031:
2974:
2918:
2900:
2889:
2851:
2821:
2699:
2417:
2321:
2071:
2040:
2033:
1571:
1512:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1468:
1236:
770:
713:
1208:
3236:
2996:
2942:
2783:
2681:
2656:
2505:
2367:
2103:
2088:
1966:
1934:
1762:
1673:
1663:
1649:
1621:
1602:
1583:
1516:
1492:
1482:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1378:
1335:
1307:
1281:
1273:
1228:
680:
593:
390:
382:
347:
247:, and imprisoned by Justinian for his failure. He was released in 695, and given the title of
229:
197:
76:
3126:
3103:
3006:
2979:
2964:
2930:
2856:
2816:
2806:
2531:
2458:
2428:
2291:
2246:
2241:
2113:
1635:
1358:
1265:
1220:
602:
378:
1701:
2767:
2757:
2666:
2453:
2361:
2349:
2343:
2195:
2016:
1986:
1929:
1909:
1506:
1295:
648:
479:
452:
256:
1667:
272:
who had taken part in a failed expedition that had been launched by Leontius to recover
2661:
2625:
2570:
2463:
2386:
2284:
2278:
2210:
2190:
1944:
1904:
1420:
1412:
791:
691:
652:
644:
568:
456:
448:
417:
386:
333:
323:
277:
273:
252:
225:
221:
173:
133:
53:
3165:
3131:
3091:
2635:
2443:
2251:
1576:
1416:
1400:
1392:
1370:
2876:
2671:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2411:
2273:
1914:
1772:
1755:
1257:
687:
533:
525:
428:. Around this time, Justinian imprisoned Leontius. Some Byzantine sources, such as
413:
374:
351:
263:
233:
200:
from 695 to 698. Little is known of his early life, other than that he was born in
104:
94:
46:
1278:
Signs of Sovereignty: The Shahāda, Quranic verses, and the Coinage of Abd Al-Malik
1639:
1510:
1325:
2740:
2615:
2565:
2490:
2064:
2011:
1954:
1321:
1299:
1194:
959:
787:
675:
552:
268:
144:
2796:
2711:
2676:
2641:
2553:
2468:
2228:
2221:
2168:
2148:
2093:
2058:
2051:
1996:
1961:
1824:
728:
205:
1677:
1555:
1439:
1232:
2543:
2495:
2405:
2392:
2179:
2108:
2081:
2076:
2045:
1991:
1939:
1874:
1869:
695:
471:
328:
326:, at the time the most senior military command of the Byzantine Empire, and
318:
313:
297:
281:
216:
210:
1362:
354:. Umayyad authority was challenged even in their metropolitan province of
2811:
2485:
2438:
2398:
2380:
2300:
2235:
2215:
2185:
2158:
2153:
2138:
2128:
2098:
2006:
2001:
1949:
1924:
1919:
1884:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1534:
425:
363:
1672:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
2745:
2448:
2355:
2268:
2123:
1899:
1240:
703:
483:
293:
201:
118:
2517:
2374:
2256:
2028:
1894:
774:
707:
487:
398:
305:
292:
Little of Leontius' early life is known, other than that he was from
1224:
2118:
1889:
1879:
1859:
718:
670:
655:
cleared, which allegedly led to a four-month outbreak of plague.
409:
355:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1864:
1854:
1784:
877:
875:
873:
871:
385:, where he campaigned successfully, before leading troops into
1088:
1086:
236:'s reign, securing victory and forcing the Umayyad caliph,
1533:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
1515:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
280:, Apsimar took the name Tiberius (III), and had Leontius'
834:
832:
830:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1304:
Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680–850: A History
1073:
1071:
316:
Tarasius as Leontius' son. Leontius was appointed as
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
794:, which are a purely historiographical intervention.
3084:
2530:
2427:
2310:
2137:
1975:
1823:
1327:
Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
187:
159:
143:
124:
114:
110:
100:
90:
82:
75:
30:
1575:
1349:Foss, Clive (2005). "Emperors named Constantine".
1375:Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200
773:. Though the 5th-century Leontius was crowned by
1491:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1209:"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors"
51:Leontius in imperial regalia, as depicted on a
3197:8th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire
1166:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
881:
262:He ruled until 698, when he was overthrown by
1796:
624:
377:sent Leontius to invade Umayyad territory in
8:
1641:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1135:
1092:
1539:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
1123:
2307:
1803:
1789:
1781:
1724:
1426:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1019:
1007:
850:
631:
617:
497:
45:
27:
1616:Saxby, Michael; Angelov, Dimiter (2016).
1306:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1195:Tiberios II. (III.) Apsimar (#8483/corr.)
1062:
971:
358:, while most of the Caliphate recognized
838:
786:While many Byzantine emperors did adopt
1434:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 76–77.
1178:
1154:
1031:
983:
826:
758:
579:
509:
500:
350:erupted into a civil war, known as the
1466:
1104:
1077:
995:
140:
59:
926:
19:For other people named Leontius, see
7:
1262:Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire
1043:
862:
806:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
771:5th-century usurper of the same name
765:Leontius is sometimes enumerated as
658:The Umayyads, emboldened by Leontius
312:. Furthermore, Settipani identifies
1599:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
1488:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
3202:Byzantine prisoners and detainees
63:
16:Byzantine emperor from 695 to 698
1453:(2nd ed.). Dumbarton Oaks.
1190:
955:
731:
66:
3247:People executed by decapitation
3232:Governors of the Anatolic Theme
1544:Moore, R. Scott (26 May 1999).
3172:7th-century Byzantine emperors
1578:History of the Byzantine State
698:before imprisoning him in the
416:, aimed at taking the city of
1:
3227:Byzantine governors of Hellas
1685:Settipani, Christian (2006).
1669:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
1473:: CS1 maint: date and year (
686:Apsimar took the regnal name
679:(mid-level commander) of the
476:practice in Byzantine culture
346:Starting in 680, the Islamic
337:
193:
128:
3222:700s in the Byzantine Empire
3217:690s in the Byzantine Empire
3212:8th-century Byzantine people
1582:. Rutgers University Press.
1330:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
228:. He led forces against the
208:. He was given the title of
1601:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
465:Patriarch of Constantinople
188:
3263:
3076:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3027:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2914:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1167:Brubaker & Haldon 2011
882:Brubaker & Haldon 2011
747:List of Byzantine emperors
408:, where a large number of
232:during the early years of
18:
3192:Executed Byzantine people
3152:
3049:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3017:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2842:Constantine IX Monomachos
1769:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1727:
1646:Stanford University Press
1447:Grierson, Philip (1993).
1397:"ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān"
1207:Grierson, Philip (1962).
177:
150:
139:
44:
35:
21:Leontius (disambiguation)
3012:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1644:. Stanford, California:
1597:Rosser, John H. (2001).
1551:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1546:"Leontius (695–98 A.D.)"
1332:Harvard University Press
1136:Saxby & Angelov 2016
1093:Saxby & Angelov 2016
2867:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2501:Tiberius II Constantine
739:Byzantine Empire portal
282:nose and tongue cut off
238:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
3022:Michael IX Palaiologos
1363:10.3406/numi.2005.2594
960:Leontius (#4547/corr.)
406:Battle of Sebastopolis
360:Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr
245:Battle of Sebastopolis
3207:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3116:Thessalonian emperors
3110:Trapezuntine emperors
3071:John VIII Palaiologos
3066:Manuel II Palaiologos
3037:John VI Kantakouzenos
2953:Andronikos I Komnenos
2790:Constantine Lekapenos
1818:and empresses regnant
1531:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
1213:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
700:Monastery of Dalmatou
503:Twenty Years' Anarchy
288:Origin and early life
196:15 February 706) was
38:Emperor of the Romans
3054:John VII Palaiologos
3002:Theodore II Laskaris
2862:Constantine X Doukas
2802:Nikephoros II Phokas
790:, none of them used
539:(restored; 2nd term)
240:, to sue for peace.
2985:Theodore I Laskaris
2970:Alexios III Angelos
2948:Alexios II Komnenos
2872:Romanos IV Diogenes
2827:Romanos III Argyros
2773:Romanos I Lekapenos
1572:Ostrogorsky, George
1126:, pp. 116–122.
1010:, pp. 168–169.
998:, pp. 181–182.
974:, pp. 202–206.
463:factions), and the
424:, and also invaded
422:Exarchate of Africa
302:Christian Settipani
3177:7th-century rebels
3104:Britannic emperors
3098:Palmyrene emperors
3032:John V Palaiologos
2975:Alexios IV Angelos
2924:Constantine Doukas
2919:Alexios I Komnenos
2907:Constantine Doukas
2890:Michael VII Doukas
2852:Michael VI Bringas
2418:Romulus Augustulus
2041:Trebonianus Gallus
2034:Herennius Etruscus
1816:Byzantine emperors
1706:The British Museum
1664:Wellhausen, Julius
1483:Kazhdan, Alexander
1409:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1351:Revue Numismatique
1274:Bacharach, Jere L.
714:Chronicon Altinate
494:Reign and downfall
296:, and possibly of
3242:Executed monarchs
3159:
3158:
2997:John III Vatatzes
2943:Manuel I Komnenos
2682:Michael I Rangabe
2526:
2525:
2368:Petronius Maximus
1967:Severus Alexander
1935:Septimius Severus
1779:
1778:
1770:Succeeded by
1763:Byzantine Emperor
1636:Treadgold, Warren
1627:978-1-317-07693-3
1608:978-0-810-86621-8
1589:978-0-813-51198-6
1522:978-1-138-78761-2
1384:978-1-351-95371-9
1341:978-0-674-05097-6
1313:978-0-521-43093-7
1287:978-9-004-18511-1
1280:. Leiden: Brill.
986:, pp. 89–90.
641:
640:
608:
607:
594:Heraclian dynasty
391:Caucasian Albania
348:Umayyad Caliphate
198:Byzantine emperor
186:
167:
166:
155:
154:
77:Byzantine emperor
3254:
3007:John IV Laskaris
2980:Alexios V Doukas
2965:Isaac II Angelos
2931:John II Komnenos
2857:Isaac I Komnenos
2817:Constantine VIII
2807:John I Tzimiskes
2534:Byzantine Empire
2308:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1753:Preceded by
1743:
1736:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1690:
1681:
1659:
1631:
1612:
1593:
1581:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1554:. Archived from
1540:
1526:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1443:
1388:
1366:
1345:
1317:
1296:Brubaker, Leslie
1291:
1269:
1266:Houghton Mifflin
1245:
1244:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1124:Ostrogorsky 1956
1121:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
953:
930:
924:
885:
879:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
810:
801:
795:
784:
778:
763:
741:
736:
735:
734:
661:
633:
626:
619:
603:Isaurian dynasty
586:
585:
504:
498:
472:nose was cut off
447:of the Theme of
342:
339:
276:. After seizing
251:of the Theme of
195:
191:
181:
179:
141:
130:
69:
68:
65:
61:
49:
28:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3092:Gallic emperors
3080:
2768:Constantine VII
2549:Constantine III
2536:
2533:
2522:
2431:
2423:
2362:Valentinian III
2350:Constantius III
2344:Priscus Attalus
2328:Constantine III
2314:
2306:
2196:Valerius Valens
2141:
2133:
1979:
1971:
1930:Didius Julianus
1910:Marcus Aurelius
1827:
1819:
1809:
1775:
1766:
1758:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1662:
1656:
1634:
1628:
1615:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1505:
1499:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1391:
1385:
1369:
1357:(161): 93–102.
1348:
1342:
1322:Donner, Fred M.
1320:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1272:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1225:10.2307/1291157
1206:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1181:, p. 2084.
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1020:Wellhausen 1927
1018:
1014:
1008:Wellhausen 1927
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
954:
933:
925:
888:
880:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
828:
824:
819:
814:
813:
802:
798:
785:
781:
764:
760:
755:
737:
732:
730:
727:
659:
637:
601:
592:
573:
565:
557:
549:
538:
530:
522:
502:
496:
453:Southern Greece
362:instead. Under
340:
290:
257:Southern Greece
132:
131:15 February 706
71:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3051:
3046:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2911:
2887:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:Theodora (III)
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2743:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Constantine VI
2659:
2654:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Theodosius III
2623:
2618:
2613:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2571:Constantine IV
2568:
2563:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:Eastern Empire
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:Western Empire
2305:
2304:
2297:
2285:Magnus Maximus
2281:
2279:Valentinian II
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2211:Constantius II
2208:
2206:Constantine II
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Antoninus Pius
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1828:27 BC – AD 235
1821:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:Regnal titles
1745:
1744:
1728:
1722:
1721:External links
1719:
1718:
1717:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1660:
1654:
1632:
1626:
1613:
1607:
1594:
1588:
1568:
1558:on 7 July 2019
1541:
1527:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1485:, ed. (1991).
1479:
1459:
1444:
1405:Kramers, J. H.
1401:Gibb, H. A. R.
1393:Gibb, H. A. R.
1389:
1383:
1371:Garland, Lynda
1367:
1346:
1340:
1318:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1199:
1183:
1171:
1169:, p. 730.
1159:
1140:
1128:
1109:
1107:, p. 120.
1097:
1082:
1067:
1063:Bacharach 2010
1048:
1036:
1024:
1022:, p. 182.
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
972:Settipani 2006
964:
931:
886:
884:, p. 586.
867:
855:
851:British Museum
843:
841:, p. 610.
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
811:
796:
792:regnal numbers
779:
757:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
743:
742:
726:
723:
692:bubonic plague
653:Constantinople
645:Byzantine army
639:
638:
636:
635:
628:
621:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
596:
582:
581:
577:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:Theodosius III
566:
563:
558:
555:
550:
547:
546:as co-emperor
540:
536:
531:
528:
523:
520:
512:
511:
507:
506:
495:
492:
482:, a Byzantine
334:Constantine IV
324:Anatolic Theme
289:
286:
278:Constantinople
226:Constantine IV
224:under Emperor
222:Anatolic Theme
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
137:
136:
134:Constantinople
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
72:
57:coin. Legend:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:Theodora (II)
2727:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:Constantine V
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Anastasius II
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Theodosius II
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Valentinian I
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:Constantine I
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Constantius I
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1702:"Leontius II"
1699:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:0-8047-2630-2
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:. Routledge.
1619:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:Kennedy, Hugh
1504:
1500:
1498:0-19-504652-8
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1460:0-88402-024-X
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:. Routledge.
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:(in French).
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Asimov, Isaac
1255:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:, p. 45.
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:, p. 27.
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:, p. 15.
1064:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:, p. 77.
1045:
1040:
1037:
1034:, p. 80.
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
856:
852:
847:
844:
840:
839:Grierson 1993
835:
833:
831:
827:
821:
816:
808:
807:
800:
797:
793:
789:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
762:
759:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
729:
724:
722:
720:
716:
715:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:his nose slit
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
665:
656:
654:
650:
646:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
612:
611:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
572:715–717
570:
567:
564:713–715
562:
561:Anastasius II
559:
556:711–713
554:
551:
548:706–711
545:
541:
537:705–711
535:
532:
529:698–705
527:
524:
521:695–698
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
508:
505:
499:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
190:
184:
175:
171:
162:
158:
149:
146:
142:
138:
135:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
56:
55:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3059:Andronikos V
3057:
3040:
2988:
2956:
2934:
2922:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2749:
2732:
2720:
2703:
2691:
2685:
2672:Nikephoros I
2647:
2646:
2640:
2607:
2604:Justinian II
2599:Tiberius III
2593:
2589:Justinian II
2580:
2574:
2557:
2509:
2481:Anastasius I
2472:
2416:
2412:Julius Nepos
2404:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2274:Theodosius I
2261:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2191:Maximinus II
2178:
2080:
2063:
2050:
2044:
2032:
2020:
1953:
1915:Lucius Verus
1773:Tiberius III
1761:
1756:Justinian II
1742:February 706
1739:
1732:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1689:(in French).
1686:
1668:
1640:
1617:
1598:
1577:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1549:
1535:
1511:
1486:
1449:
1431:
1424:
1374:
1354:
1350:
1326:
1303:
1300:Haldon, John
1277:
1261:
1251:Bibliography
1216:
1212:
1202:
1186:
1179:Kazhdan 1991
1174:
1162:
1157:, p. 2.
1155:Garland 2017
1131:
1100:
1080:, p. 2.
1039:
1032:Kennedy 2016
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
984:Kazhdan 1991
979:
967:
858:
846:
804:
799:
788:regnal names
782:
769:, after the
766:
761:
712:
685:
681:Cibyrrhaeots
674:
663:
657:
642:
598:
589:
534:Justinian II
526:Tiberius III
517:
459:(one of the
457:Blue faction
444:
442:
437:
414:North Africa
403:
375:Justinian II
372:
368:Abd al-Malik
366:and his son
352:Second Fitna
345:
327:
317:
308:and general
291:
267:
261:
248:
242:
234:Justinian II
215:
209:
169:
168:
105:Tiberius III
95:Justinian II
52:
36:
25:
3182:660s births
3118:(1224–1242)
3112:(1204–1461)
2901:Konstantios
2778:Christopher
2751:Constantine
2741:Michael III
2722:Constantine
2705:Constantine
2687:Theophylact
2616:Philippicus
2566:Constans II
2491:Justinian I
2387:Severus III
2335:Constans II
2089:Claudius II
2065:Silbannacus
2012:Gordian III
1987:Maximinus I
1955:Diadumenian
1695:Web sources
1421:Pellat, Ch.
1413:Schacht, J.
1105:Asimov 1970
1078:Rosser 2001
996:Donner 2010
767:Leontius II
683:, emperor.
676:droungarios
599:Followed by
590:Preceded by
553:Philippicus
474:, a common
336:, possibly
332:by Emperor
269:droungarios
214:, and made
163:Lazarus (?)
145:Regnal name
91:Predecessor
3187:706 deaths
3166:Categories
2895:Andronikos
2883:Nikephoros
2832:Michael IV
2797:Romanos II
2717:Theophilos
2712:Michael II
2693:Staurakios
2677:Staurakios
2649:Nikephoros
2642:Artabasdos
2554:Heraclonas
2511:Theodosius
2469:Basiliscus
2229:Nepotianus
2222:Magnentius
2216:Constans I
2169:Severus II
2149:Diocletian
2094:Quintillus
2059:Aemilianus
2052:Volusianus
1997:Gordian II
1962:Elagabalus
1825:Principate
927:Moore 1999
817:References
580:Succession
510:Chronology
468:Callinicus
461:Hippodrome
434:Theophanes
430:Nikephoros
341: 682
206:Asia Minor
3137:Classical
3122:Empresses
3106:(286–296)
3100:(267–273)
3094:(260–274)
2837:Michael V
2763:Alexander
2576:Heraclius
2544:Heraclius
2496:Justin II
2406:Glycerius
2393:Anthemius
2263:Procopius
2201:Martinian
2180:Maxentius
2109:Florianus
2082:Saloninus
2077:Gallienus
2046:Hostilian
2022:Philip II
1992:Gordian I
1940:Caracalla
1875:Vespasian
1870:Vitellius
1729:Leontius
1678:752790641
1469:cite book
1440:495469456
1430:Volume I:
1417:Lewis, B.
1233:0070-7546
1044:Gibb 1960
863:Foss 2005
822:Citations
664:patrikios
445:strategos
438:strategos
329:patrikios
319:strategos
314:patrikios
300:descent.
264:Apsimarus
249:strategos
217:strategos
211:patrikios
183:romanized
101:Successor
3237:Patricii
3132:Usurpers
3127:Augustae
3085:See also
2990:Nicholas
2812:Basil II
2609:Tiberius
2594:Leontius
2582:Tiberius
2559:Tiberius
2537:610–1453
2532:Eastern/
2486:Justin I
2439:Arcadius
2399:Olybrius
2381:Majorian
2322:Honorius
2301:Eugenius
2236:Vetranio
2186:Licinius
2159:Galerius
2154:Maximian
2139:Dominate
2129:Numerian
2099:Aurelian
2072:Valerian
2017:Philip I
2007:Balbinus
2002:Pupienus
1950:Macrinus
1925:Pertinax
1920:Commodus
1885:Domitian
1850:Claudius
1845:Caligula
1840:Tiberius
1835:Augustus
1767:695–698
1711:12 April
1666:(1927).
1638:(1997).
1574:(1956).
1509:(2016).
1423:(eds.).
1395:(1960).
1373:(2017).
1324:(2010).
1302:(2011).
1276:(2010).
1260:(1970).
725:See also
688:Tiberius
544:Tiberius
518:Leontius
426:Anatolia
418:Carthage
364:Marwan I
298:Armenian
274:Carthage
230:Umayyads
189:Leóntios
178:Λεόντιος
170:Leontius
31:Leontius
3142:Eastern
3042:Matthew
2936:Alexios
2784:Stephen
2746:Basil I
2631:Leo III
2506:Maurice
2449:Marcian
2432:395–610
2356:Joannes
2315:395–480
2269:Gratian
2142:284–610
2124:Carinus
2104:Tacitus
1980:235–285
1900:Hadrian
1735:Unknown
1241:1291157
649:Neorion
486:in the
484:exclave
480:Cherson
420:in the
379:Armenia
322:of the
310:Priscus
294:Isauria
220:of the
202:Isauria
192:; died
185::
119:Isauria
86:695–698
54:solidus
2904:&
2880:&
2787:&
2758:Leo VI
2734:Thekla
2690:&
2657:Leo IV
2579:&
2518:Phocas
2474:Marcus
2459:Leo II
2375:Avitus
2292:Victor
2257:Valens
2247:Jovian
2242:Julian
2114:Probus
2049:&
2029:Decius
1977:Crisis
1895:Trajan
1738:
1676:
1652:
1624:
1605:
1586:
1562:7 July
1519:
1495:
1457:
1438:
1419:&
1381:
1338:
1310:
1284:
1239:
1231:
1219:: 50.
775:Verina
708:Tervel
704:Bulgar
488:Crimea
449:Hellas
399:Cyprus
397:, and
395:Iberia
383:Iberia
306:Phocas
253:Hellas
160:Father
2700:Leo V
2667:Irene
2454:Leo I
2119:Carus
1890:Nerva
1880:Titus
1860:Galba
1812:Roman
1740:Died:
1733:Born:
1399:. In
1237:JSTOR
753:Notes
719:Prote
706:king
671:Crete
660:'
542:with
410:Slavs
387:Media
356:Syria
174:Greek
83:Reign
62:leon
3056:(w.
3039:(w.
2987:(w.
2958:John
2955:(w.
2933:(w.
2921:(w.
2892:(w.
2874:(w.
2775:(w.
2748:(w.
2731:(w.
2719:(w.
2702:(w.
2684:(w.
2645:(w.
2606:(w.
2573:(w.
2556:(w.
2508:(w.
2471:(w.
2464:Zeno
2331:(w.
2288:(w.
2079:(w.
2043:(w.
2031:(w.
2019:(w.
1952:(w.
1945:Geta
1865:Otho
1855:Nero
1814:and
1713:2021
1674:OCLC
1650:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1564:2019
1517:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1475:link
1455:ISBN
1436:OCLC
1379:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1229:ISSN
1191:PmbZ
956:PmbZ
803:The
667:John
432:and
389:and
381:and
343:AD.
266:, a
125:Died
115:Born
2877:Leo
2822:Zoe
2068:(?)
1432:A–B
1359:doi
1221:doi
651:in
451:in
255:in
204:in
151:Leo
3168::
2898:,
2781:,
1704:.
1648:.
1548:.
1471:}}
1467:{{
1428:.
1415:;
1411:;
1407:;
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1298:;
1264:.
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1227:.
1217:16
1215:.
1211:.
1193:,
1143:^
1112:^
1085:^
1070:^
1051:^
958:,
934:^
889:^
870:^
829:^
721:.
490:.
338:c.
194:c.
180:,
176::
129:c.
67:av
64:pe
60:dn
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1630:.
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1566:.
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1477:)
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172:(
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