348:, which could save a full day of travel. It was decided that he was the most qualified of the relay mushers to attempt this shortcut. The ice on Norton Sound was in constant motion due to currents from the sea and the incessant wind. It ranged from rough hills of smashed-together ice to slippery "glare ice" polished by the wind, where it was difficult for the dogs to get a foothold. Small cracks in the ice could suddenly widen, and driver and team could be plunged into the freezing water. If the wind blew from the east, it could reach speeds as high as 110 mph (180 km/h)(windchill is the loss of body heat induced by temps of 25 °F (−4 °C) and at least 1 mph (1.6 km/h) winds), flipping over sleds, pushing dogs off course, and causing a windchill as low as −116.5 °F (−82.5 °C). A sustained east wind could also push the ice out to sea, and a team caught on a drifting floe could find itself stranded on open water. Seppala had taken the shortcut across the Sound several times in his career; a less-experienced musher was likelier to lose not only his life and the lives of his dogs, but also the urgently needed serum. Seppala would cross the sound each way in the race to deliver the serum.
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372:, with blinding snow and winds of at least 65 mph (105 km/h). Seppala continued the trail across Norton Sound. This meant avoiding rocky cliffs along the shore, but it also exposed him and his team to the dangers of the Sound. Conditions on the ice were perilous, with sudden soft spots in the ice underfoot and outright open water sometimes only a few feet away. Only a few hours after they had crossed it, the ice broke up altogether and drifted out to sea.
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was too late to inform
Seppala that he would be meeting the relay closer to Nome than had originally been planned. After 3 days and 170 miles (270 km), he came in sight of another relay musher, Henry Ivanoff, but did not realise it. Seppala saw the musher stopped on the trail and having trouble with his dogs, but did not intend to stop and be delayed. Ivanoff had to run after Seppala as he raced past, shouting, "The serum! The serum! I have it here!".
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While most drivers considered 30 miles (48 km) a long run, Seppala travelled between 50 miles (80 km) and 100 miles (160 km) most days. This also meant he worked as long as 12 hours a day. He kept his dogs in form during the summer by having them pull a cart on wheels instead of a sled. It was unusual at that time to keep sled dogs working when the snow thawed, or to spend as much time with them as he did.
298:. Indeed, when the whiteout conditions suddenly lifted, Seppala found that he and his team were at the bottom of a hill, racing towards the cliffs along the sea. Fortunately, he succeeded in stopping 20 feet from the drop-off, saving all their lives. However, many of his dogs' paw pads had been shredded and claws broken by the ice-encrusted snow as they clawed their way back to the top of the hill. A few also suffered
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insufficient but also of presumably low efficacy, being past its expiry date. Without the antitoxin, estimated mortality rates stood anywhere from 75% to 99.99%, practically a killing blow to Nome. The only practical way to deliver more serum to Nome in the middle of the coldest winter in 20 years was by dog sled. A relay of respected mushers was organized to expedite the delivery, and
Seppala (with lead dog
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winds drove the windchill to an estimated −85 °F (−65 °C) from a real temperature of only −30 °F (−34 °C). When he arrived there at 8 pm, his dogs were exhausted; they had run 84 miles (135 km) that day, much of it against the wind and in brutal cold. However, they could only
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Seppala set out from Nome on
January 28—several days before he was due to meet the relay coming to Nulato. He crossed Norton Sound without incident. Meanwhile, the number of diphtheria cases in Nome continued to climb. To hasten delivery of the serum, more mushers were added to the relay. However, it
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in the winter of 1925. Previously unexposed children as well as adults were at risk of dying from the infection. Seppala's only child—an eight-year-old daughter named Sigrid—was also at risk. The only treatment available in 1925 was diphtheria antitoxin serum. However, the town's supply was not only
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was moving towards the trail from the Gulf of Alaska. Seppala had to decide whether to risk Norton Sound in high winds in the dark, when he could not see or hear potential warning signs from the ice. However, as going around the ice meant slowing the delivery of the serum by a full day, he chose to
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During his first winter in Alaska, Seppala became a dogsled driver for
Lindeberg's company. He enjoyed the task from his first run, which he recalled clearly for the rest of his life. He expressed pleasure in the rhythmic patter of the dogs' feet and the feeling of the sled gliding along the snow.
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together with the Serum Run publicity and the victory over Walden made it possible for
Seppala and partner Elizabeth Ricker to establish a Siberian kennel at Poland Spring. This was the start of the spread of the Siberian Husky breed in the United States and Canada. He bred Togo, and the dog's
294:, at the last minute. Neither he nor his canine freight leader, Suggen, knew the dangerous trail, and when a blizzard suddenly descended on the area during the race, Seppala realized his young dogs had lost the trail and they were all at great risk of death due to the nearby drop-off to the
287:. Seppala was assigned to train the dogs. "I literally fell in love with them from the start", he recalled; "I could hardly wait for sledding snow to start their training". When Amundsen cancelled his trip a few weeks after the puppies arrived in Nome, Lindeberg gave them to Seppala.
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formation that led to the summit of Little McKinley. The trail here was exposed and the steep grade grueling for the dogs, who were sleep-deprived and had already raced 260 miles (420 km) over the previous 4.5 days. However, at 3 P.M. that day, Seppala and his team arrived at
416:, founder of the New England Sled Dog Club and owner of the famous lead dog, "Chinook". Despite a series of time-consuming mishaps on the trail, Seppala won the race against the bigger, slower dogs driven by Walden and his followers. The enthusiasm for sled dog racing in
472:, enjoying a warm reception from the Alaskan people. He and his wife lived in Seattle until his death at the age of 89. His wife, Constance, died a few years later aged 85. Both are buried in Nome, Alaska. They were survived by their daughter, Sigrid Hanks.
302:. Seppala felt he had abused the dogs' loyalty by putting them in danger of death and injury, and withdrew from the race in shame. He nursed them back to health for most of the remainder of that year; they were not ready to train again until autumn.
309:, Seppala defeated him on the fourth day of the race and finished two hours ahead of Allan to win the Sweepstakes. He went on to win the race the following two years, as well, at which point the All Alaska Sweepstakes was suspended until 1983.
251:. While in Skjervøy, his father worked as a blacksmith and fisherman, building up a relatively large estate. Seppala initially followed in his father's footsteps as both a blacksmith and a fisherman. However, in 1900, he emigrated to
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and handed over the serum to the next musher. The serum was now only 78 miles (126 km) from Nome. Indeed, it arrived there the next day, Monday, February 2, at approximately 5:30 A.M., and was thawed and ready for use by 11 am.
344:. The whole trail was 674 miles from Nenana to Nome, and Seppala was initially selected to cover the more than 400 miles from Nome to Nulato and back. Seppala's section of trail featured a dangerous shortcut across
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In 1914, Seppala inherited his first team of sled dogs by chance. Lindeberg, his friend and supervisor at
Pioneer Mining Company, had brought the puppies from
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Seppala's racing career took off the following year, at the 1915 All Alaska
Sweepstakes. After a close competition between him and experienced musher
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in the
English-speaking world. The Leonhard Seppala Humanitarian Award, which honors excellence in sled dog care, is named in honour of him.
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had returned from Alaska and convinced
Seppala to come to work for his mining company in Nome. He became a naturalized citizen in 1906.
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born in Sweden) and Anne
Henrikke Henriksdatter. His father's family name is of Finnish origin. Seppälä comes from the Finnish word
207:. Seppala introduced the work dogs used by Native Siberians at the time to the American public; the breed came to be known as the
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With Norton Sound behind them, Seppala and his team now faced the final challenge of the trail—climbing an 8-mile (13 km)
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Leonhard Seppala with his dogs after the serum run in 1925. Dogs from left to right – Togo, Karinsky, Jafet, Pete, Zeus, Fritz.
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has established the Leonhard Seppala Humanitarian Award. In June 1999, a memorial was erected to him in
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This emergency delivery, also known as the "Great Race of Mercy", is commemorated annually with the
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243:. When Seppala was two years old, his family moved within Troms county to the nearby the island of
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487:. In 2019, Disney released a movie based on Seppala's feats in the 1925 serum run to Nome, titled
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336:) was chosen for the most forbidding part of the trail. The serum was to be taken by train to
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746:"Leonhard Seppala, Alaska, State Archives (Juneau), Naturalization Records, 1900-1972"
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After the Serum Run, Seppala and some 40 of his dogs toured the "lower 48" with an
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go across. While he raced to the roadhouse at Isaac's Point on the opposite shore,
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Photo: Winners of the Eighth All Alaska Sweepstakes from Alaska's Digital Archives
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The Cruelest Miles: The Heroic Story of Dogs and Men in a Race Against an Epidemic
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879:"Alaska Airlines continues long-standing support of Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race"
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breeder, trainer and musher who with his dogs played a pivotal role in the
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A street in Nome named Seppala Drive connects the town to its airport.
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Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer, and musher (1877–1967)
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When the serum passed to Seppala, night was falling and a powerful
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566:"Alaska Airlines To Serve As Iditarod's Official Airline Sponsor"
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Seppala made the decision to compete in his first race, the 1914
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191:; September 14, 1877 – January 28, 1967) was a Norwegian-
664:"Leonhard Seppala, kvenen som gjorde hundekjøring kjent | UiT"
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836:"The Siberian Husky: A Brief History of the Breed in America"
701:"The High North Tour 2021: "I Went to School to Learn Kven""
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in the event. In 1946, he and his wife Constance moved to
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The next day, the gale had intensified into a severe
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440:In 1928, Seppala moved his permanent home to near
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638:U.S., World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942
404:handler. His tour ended in January 1927 with the
444:. In 1931 the Seppala–Ricker partnership ended.
365:afford a short rest, and set out again at 2 am.
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955:(Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 1930)
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783:"2008 All Alaska Sweepstakes Media Guide"
313:Role in the "Great Race of Mercy" of 1925
1457:Norwegian emigrants to the United States
915:. What's on Disney Plus. 24 October 2019
537:Salisbury, Gay; Laney Salisbury (2003).
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909:"First look at Disney+ original movie
1497:Medalists at the 1932 Winter Olympics
627:U.S. Passport Applications, 1795–1925
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1472:People from the Territory of Alaska
1427:Norwegian people of Finnish descent
1422:Norwegian people of Swedish descent
1309:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
1151:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
885:. 22 February 2006. Archived from
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327:outbreak struck Seppala's town of
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1042:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
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858:"SeppalaWiki / ElizabethMRicker"
838:. Siberian Husky Club of America
817:(Iditarod Trail Committee, Inc.)
454:Lake Placid Winter Olympic Games
421:descendants contributed to the "
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1492:American people of Kven descent
1052:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
939:The Greatest Stories Never Told
1047:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
564:Alaska Airlines (2010-03-03).
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1057:Recent history (1959–present)
543:. W.W. Norton & Company.
1369:Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
815:The Last Great Race on Earth
390:Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
1037:Russian America (1733–1867)
953:Seppala: Alaskan Dog Driver
279:as a gift for the explorer
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951:Ricker, Elizabeth Miller,
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1129:Aleutian Islands campaign
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781:Nome Kennel Club (2008).
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1462:People from Nome, Alaska
1082:Russian-American Company
423:Seppala Siberian Sleddog
1487:Sportspeople from Troms
1447:Dog mushers from Alaska
1442:Animal-powered vehicles
1114:Alaska boundary dispute
456:in 1932, where Seppala
96:Sled dog breeder, racer
1257:1925 serum run to Nome
1119:1925 serum run to Nome
699:Bergquist, Elisabeth.
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319:1925 serum run to Nome
292:All Alaska Sweepstakes
201:1925 serum run to Nome
105:1925 serum run to Nome
1452:Norwegian dog mushers
705:www.highnorthnews.com
670:(in Norwegian Bokmål)
590:Store norske leksikon
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249:Skjervøy Municipality
1343:Balto II: Wolf Quest
1181:History of Fairbanks
1169:History of Anchorage
1141:Alaska Statehood Act
974:at Wikimedia Commons
616:(Balto's True Story)
436:in the Yukon in 1994
410:Poland Spring, Maine
219:Seppala was born in
205:1932 Winter Olympics
1502:People from Seattle
1282:Scott Cordelle Bone
450:demonstration event
396:After the Serum Run
357:low-pressure system
221:Lyngen Municipality
1467:People from Lyngen
1432:American explorers
1375:North of the Yukon
1025:Timeline of Alaska
822:2007-06-10 at the
725:"Leonhard Seppala"
688:1891 Norway Census
586:"Leonhard Seppala"
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442:Fairbanks, Alaska
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1507:Dog breeders
1381:James Horner
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1252:Samuel Balto
1246:
1235:Actual story
1186:Other topics
1162:Exxon Valdez
1161:
1134:Project Hula
1124:World War II
952:
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891:. Retrieved
887:the original
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750:FamilySearch
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495:Willem Dafoe
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346:Norton Sound
329:Nome, Alaska
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307:Scotty Allan
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127:
75:(1967-01-28)
1437:Kven people
1417:1967 deaths
1412:1877 births
919:13 December
418:New England
255:during the
233:Tornedalian
1406:Categories
1391:Mark Isham
1386:Adam Berry
1032:Prehistory
799:13 October
755:19 October
710:2021-05-30
674:2024-05-25
571:2012-10-14
501:References
466:Washington
362:gale-force
325:diphtheria
296:Bering Sea
285:North Pole
215:Background
195:-American
85:Washington
47:1877-09-14
1299:Cleveland
1164:oil spill
1107:Fairbanks
300:frostbite
245:Skjervøya
1174:timeline
1097:Klondike
842:18 March
820:Archived
408:race at
370:blizzard
197:sled dog
129:Leonhard
119:Children
932:Sources
893:16 June
863:16 June
730:16 June
595:16 June
481:Skibotn
462:Seattle
452:at the
406:dogsled
382:Golovin
277:Siberia
137:Seppala
81:Seattle
1354:(2019)
1346:(2002)
1338:(1995)
1277:Nenana
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485:Norway
448:was a
402:Eskimo
342:Nulato
338:Nenana
253:Alaska
229:Norway
111:Spouse
87:, U.S.
63:Norway
55:Lyngen
1512:Balto
1335:Balto
1327:Films
1228:Balto
793:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
377:ridge
237:seppä
225:Troms
59:Troms
1351:Togo
1292:Togo
1242:Nome
1102:Nome
943:ISBN
921:2019
911:Togo
895:2015
865:2015
844:2016
801:2012
757:2021
732:2015
597:2015
545:ISBN
490:Togo
334:Togo
241:Kven
193:Kven
133:Sepp
70:Died
41:Born
247:in
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