1339:
498:
forms "go", "goes", "going", "went", and "gone". The relationship between an inflected form and its lemma is usually denoted by an angle bracket, e.g., "went" < "go". Of course, the disadvantage of such simplifications is the inability to look up a declined or conjugated form of the word, but some
594:
is the part of the word that never changes even when morphologically inflected; a lemma is the least marked form of the word. In linguistic analysis, the stem is defined more generally as a form without any of its possible inflectional morphemes (but including derivational morphemes and may contain
715:
entries appears. The headword is used to locate the entry, and dictates its alphabetical position. Depending on the size and nature of the dictionary or encyclopedia, the entry may include alternative meanings of the word, its
823:, has around 330,000 headwords. These values are cited by the dictionary makers and may not use exactly the same definition of a headword. In addition, headwords may not accurately reflect a dictionary's physical size. The
378:
the third-person singular masculine of the past/perfect tense is the least-marked form and is used for entries in modern dictionaries. In older dictionaries, which are still commonly used, the
599:
is taken into account, the definition of the unchangeable part of the word is not useful, as can be seen in the phonological forms of the words in the preceding example: "produced"
809:
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for determining word frequency. In that usage, the specific definition of "lemma" is flexible depending on the task it is being used for.
1316:
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797:
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is traditionally used, but some modern dictionaries use the infinitive instead (except for
Bulgarian, which lacks infinitives; for
1371:
1175:
547:
433:, words are highly inflected by case (genitive, nominative, dative and vocative) and by their place within a sentence because of
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A minor... problem can arise when the canonical form of the headword, i.e. the form in which it is to be cited, is to be chosen.
106:
refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. Lemmas have special significance in highly
917:
838:
The term 'lemma' comes from the practice in Greco-Roman antiquity of using the word to refer to the headwords of marginal
1326:
1240:
102:, in this context, refers to the set of all the inflected or alternating forms in the paradigm of a single word, and
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956:
1004:
803:
1070:
192:, the citation form of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language also has
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or phrases that contain the headword, and encyclopedic information about the concepts represented by the word.
31:
1280:
1215:
1210:
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in
Ancient Greek, an uncontracted first person singular present tense is used to reveal the contract vowel:
234:
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when unstressed). Dictionaries usually give the pronunciation used when the word is pronounced alone (its
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form, but there are several exceptions such as the use of the infinitive for verbs in some languages.
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dictionaries list verbs not under their root, but under the first infinitive, marked with
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1119:
304:
35:
17:
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has no infinitive, and both lemmas are their lexemes' present tense forms). For
831:, for instance, include exhaustive historical reviews and exact citations from
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725:
708:
680:
582:) and with stress, but they may also note common weak forms of pronunciation.
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204:
143:
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The form of a word that is chosen to serve as the lemma is usually the least
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807:(OED) has around 273,000 headwords along with 220,000 other lemmas, while
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250:
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Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance the verb "
1067:
863:
375:
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478:(literally, "Carthage must be destroyed") is a common way of citing
441:, the lemma for the noun meaning "speaker", has a variety of forms:
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of the word, either a verb or a noun, is used. This is similar to
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with no infinitive the present tense is used (for example,
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environment (the neighbouring sounds) or on the degree of
655:
908:
Zgusta, Ladislav (2006). Dolezal, Fredric F. M. (ed.).
374:, the non-past (present and future) tense is used. For
134:, although lemmatisation is at least partly arbitrary.
938:
Frequency
Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Usage
683:: the past tense was co-opted from a different verb, "
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may contain the following (simplified) definitions:
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486:("I hold Carthage to be in need of destruction").
546:in a sentence. An example of the latter is the
494:In a dictionary, the lemma "go" represents the
791:to know how to act in your own best interests.
130:. The lemma can be viewed as the chief of the
1104:
8:
835:not usually found in standard dictionaries.
810:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
755:A common food made from the combination of
472:Some phrases are cited in a sort of lemma:
199:For many languages, the citation form of a
1111:
1097:
1089:
789:to know which side your bread is buttered
98:as the lemma by which they are indexed.
900:
801:contains around 500,000 headwords. The
679:" has the stems "go" and "went" due to
173:, the citation form uses a form of the
1025:"Glossary - Oxford English Dictionary"
850:plural form is sometimes used, namely
165:. For multiword lexemes that contain
7:
1077:at the BBAW, retrieved 22-June-2012.
259:) is its least marked (for example,
149:For English, the citation form of a
1317:International scientific vocabulary
507:dictionary of German does not list
43:
936:Francis, W. N.; Kučera, H (1982).
819:(DWB), the largest lexicon of the
25:
798:Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian
586:Difference between stem and lemma
482:, but what he said was nearer to
122:. The process of determining the
1337:
636:
601:
484:censeo Carthaginem esse delendam
70:forms. In English, for example,
27:Root word of a set of word forms
1236:Language-for-specific-purposes
1:
707:under which a set of related
188:. In European languages with
126:for a given lexeme is called
854:(Greek λῆμμα, pl. λήμματα).
311:, the first person singular
1327:List of online dictionaries
940:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
157:(and non-possessive) form:
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957:Cambridge University Press
735:For example, the headword
534:A word may have different
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339:
330:
321:
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1049:. www.merriam-webster.com
1005:Oxford English Dictionary
910:Lexicography then and now
804:Oxford English Dictionary
728:, related lemmas such as
515:), but the Cassell does.
410:is attached to the stem.
239:
233:
1068:The Deutsches Wörterbuch
951:Rochelle Lieber (2022).
869:Lexical Markup Framework
291:has only one form while
1372:Linguistics terminology
846:; for this reason, the
813:has about 470,000. The
1322:List of lexicographers
1008:, 3rd. edition, 2018,
953:Introducing morphology
782:To coat in breadcrumbs
595:multiple roots). When
419:agglutinative language
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90:are forms of the same
1251:Monolingual learner's
965:10.1017/9781108957960
548:weak and strong forms
167:possessive adjectives
816:Deutsches Wörterbuch
501:Webster's Dictionary
475:Carthago delenda est
1291:Spelling dictionary
1201:Defining vocabulary
550:of certain English
538:, depending on its
499:dictionaries, like
108:inflected languages
18:Lemma (linguistics)
1343:Linguistics portal
1176:Advanced learner's
1073:2016-08-12 at the
884:Root (linguistics)
570:when stressed but
524:corpus linguistics
522:are used often in
190:grammatical gender
175:indefinite pronoun
171:reflexive pronouns
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974:978-1-108-95796-0
634:vs. "production"
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16:(Redirected from
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1211:Encyclopedic
1191:Biographical
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355:"I love" ).
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29:
1286:Specialized
1256:Multi-field
1221:Explanatory
1152:Phrase book
726:inflections
467:gcainteoirí
463:chainteoirí
437:. The noun
400:verbal noun
337:"I love" ,
1356:Categories
1226:Historical
1206:Electronic
1196:Conceptual
1137:Dictionary
991:Q125778052
919:3484391294
895:References
709:dictionary
681:suppletion
520:word stems
518:Lemmas or
459:cainteoirí
455:chainteora
447:gcainteoir
443:chainteoir
380:triliteral
231:Hindustani
205:infinitive
138:Morphology
32:morphology
1367:Morphemes
1296:Sub-field
1186:Bilingual
1166:Types of
1157:Thesaurus
1127:Types of
1053:3 October
1031:3 October
983:35578155M
718:etymology
701:catchword
597:phonology
496:inflected
451:cainteora
439:cainteoir
398:uses the
309:Bulgarian
54:) is the
1142:Glossary
1071:Archived
987:Wikidata
858:See also
827:and the
787:—
697:headword
691:Headword
540:phonetic
396:Georgian
372:Japanese
277:breaking
265:to break
155:singular
110:such as
88:breaking
1271:Rhyming
1266:Reverse
1261:Picture
1246:Medical
1181:Anagram
1147:Lexicon
852:lemmata
844:scholia
840:glosses
771:(slang)
703:is the
685:to wend
572:/s(ə)m/
357:Finnish
283:); for
246:Spanish
203:is the
153:is the
120:Russian
116:Turkish
94:, with
52:lemmata
1301:Visual
989:
981:
971:
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864:Lexeme
778:(verb)
769:Money
751:(noun)
544:stress
511:(<
404:Korean
402:. For
394:deny.
392:kaphar
388:bara'
384:Hebrew
376:Arabic
344:agapáō
340:ἀγαπάω
326:philéō
307:, and
281:broken
279:, and
269:breaks
220:German
209:French
144:marked
118:, and
112:Arabic
100:Lexeme
92:lexeme
84:broken
76:breaks
48:lemmas
1310:Other
1231:Idiom
765:yeast
761:water
757:flour
746:Bread
738:bread
705:lemma
677:to go
576:/bət/
568:/bʌt/
564:/sʌm/
554:like
513:gehen
431:Irish
417:, an
415:Tamil
365:-(t)ä
361:-(t)a
353:agapō
349:ἀγαπῶ
335:philō
322:φιλέω
297:Latin
293:shall
273:broke
261:break
225:gehen
214:aller
194:cases
159:mouse
124:lemma
104:lemma
96:break
80:broke
72:break
62:, or
40:lemma
1276:Rime
1055:2016
1033:2016
1011:s.v.
969:ISBN
914:ISBN
795:The
763:and
724:and
592:stem
590:The
558:and
556:some
509:ging
480:Cato
465:and
370:For
346:for
331:φιλῶ
328:for
289:must
241:جانا
235:जाना
201:verb
163:mice
151:noun
86:and
68:word
38:, a
34:and
961:doi
842:in
829:DWB
825:OED
711:or
699:or
687:".
560:but
429:In
424:இரு
413:In
408:-da
178:one
169:or
50:or
44:pl.
30:In
1358::
985:.
979:OL
977:.
967:.
959:.
922:.
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720:,
695:A
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665:ən
621:uː
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