857:
646:. This is made possible by a loose connection between the quadrate and its neighboring bones. Without this, snakes would not be able consume prey that are much larger than themselves. Amphisbaenians are mostly legless like snakes, but are generally much smaller. Three species of amphisbaenians have kept reduced front limbs and these species are known for actively burrowing in the ground. The tuatara and some extinct rhynchocephalians have a more rigid skull with a complete lower temporal bar closing the lower temporal fenestra formed by the fusion of the
596:
741:
690:
164:
1010:
125:
4084:
623:
815:
2768:
917:
978:. This is because it is not possible for this species to migrate on its own to cooler areas. Conservationists are beginning to consider the possibility of translocating them to islands with cooler climates. The range of the tuatara has already been minimized by the introduction of cats, rats, dogs, and mustelids to New Zealand. The
708:
their tails. However, this trait has been lost on some recent species. In lizards and rhynchocephalians, fracture planes are present within the vertebrae of the tail that allow for its removal. Some lizards have multiple fracture planes, while others just have a single fracture plane. The regrowth of
1059:
fed on the lizard population of
Jamaica, which has led to the elimination or decrease of many lizard species. Actions can be taken by humans to help endangered reptiles. Some species are unable to be bred in captivity, but others have thrived. There is also the option of animal refuges. This concept
996:
is the leading negative impact of humans on reptiles. Humans continue to develop land that is important habitat for the lepidosaurs. The clear-cutting of land has also led to habitat reduction. Some snakes and lizards migrate toward human dwellings because there is an abundance of rodent and insect
801:
as one of their main defenses. Some species have evolved to blend in with their ecosystem, while others are able to change their skin color to blend in with their current surroundings. The ability to autotomize the tail is another defense that is common among lepidosaurs. Other species, such as the
1063:
Reptile skins are still being sold. Accessories, such as shoes, boots, purses, belts, buttons, wallets, and lamp shades, are all made out of reptile skin. In 1986, the World
Resource Institute estimated that 10.5 million reptile skins were traded legally. This total does not include the illegal
658:
bones, similar to the condition found in primitive diapsids. However early rhynchocephalians and lepidosauromorphs had an open lower temporal fenestra, without a complete temporal bar, so this is thought to be a reversion rather than retention. The temporal bar is thought to stabilise the skull
1549:
Simōes, Tiago R.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Talanda, Mateusz; Bernardi, Massimo; Palci, Alessandro; Vernygora, Oksana; Bernardini, Federico; Mancini, Lucia; Nydam, Randall L. (30 May 2018). "The origin of squamates revealed by a Middle
Triassic lizard from the Italian Alps".
587:
present on the skull behind the eye socket. Until recently, Diapsida was said to be composed of
Lepidosauria and their sister taxa Archosauria. The subclass Lepidosauria is then split into Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. More recent morphological studies and
786:
that helps the animal emerge from the egg. A reptile will increase three to twentyfold in length from hatching to adulthood. There are three main life history events that lepidosaurs reach: hatching/birth, sexual maturity, and reproductive senility.
770:
species. Viviparous means that the female gives birth to live young, Ovoviviparous means that the egg will develop inside the female's body and
Oviparous means that the female lays eggs. A few species within Squamata have the ability to reproduce
606:
The reptiles in the subclass
Lepidosauria can be distinguished from other reptiles by a variety of characteristics. Lepidosaurs are suggested to be distinguished from more primitive lepidosauromorphs by the development of a conch on the
891:. Most lizard species and some snake species are insectivores. The remaining snake species, tuataras, and amphisbaenians, are carnivores. While some snake species are generalist, others eat a narrow range of prey - for example,
899:
are omnivores and can consume plants or insects. The broad carnivorous diet of the tuatara may be facilitated by its specialised shearing mechanism, which involves a forward movement of the lower jaw following jaw closure.
442:. Squamata contains over 9,000 species, making it by far the most species-rich and diverse order of non-avian reptiles in the present day. Rhynchocephalia was a formerly widespread and diverse group of reptiles in the
2115:
Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K.; Janke, Axel (Nov 2007). "Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the
Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary".
903:
While birds, including raptors, wading birds and roadrunners, and mammals are known to prey on reptiles, the major predator is other reptiles. Some reptiles eat reptile eggs, for example the diet of the
845:. This is done by first biting the prey, then coiling their body around the prey. The snake then tightens its grip as the prey struggles, which leads to suffocation. Some snakes have fangs that produce
2791:
1264:
Hay, Jennifer M.; Sarre, Stephen D.; Lambert, David M.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Daugherty, Charles H. (June 2010). "Genetic diversity and taxonomy: a reassessment of species designation in tuatara (
990:
showed that the tuatara expressed an island-specific increase of population after the rats' removal. However, it may be difficult to keep these small mammals from reinhabiting these islands.
709:
the tail is not always complete and is made of a solid rod of cartilage rather than individual vertebrae. In snakes, the tail separates between vertebrae and some do not experience regrowth.
853:
grasp their prey with a projectile tongue. This is made possible by a hyoid mechanism, which is the contraction of the hyoid muscle that drives the tip of the tongue outwards.
986:
from the islands where the tuatara still survives has helped the species increase its population. An experiment observing the tuatara population after the removal of the
4282:
2153:
Katsu, Y.; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. (2010-03-17). "From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes".
682:. The hemipenis can be found in the base of the tail. The tuatara does not have a hemipenis, but instead has shallow paired outpocketings of the posterior wall of the
2009:
2654:
Besson, A. A.; Cree, A. (2011). "Integrating physiology into conservation: an approach to help guide translocations of a rare reptile in a warming environment".
4203:
1047:
People have introduced species to the lepidosaurs' natural habitats that have increased predation on the reptiles. For example, mongooses were introduced to
2781:
561:
squamate from the Middle
Triassic the earliest modern members of the group are known from the Middle Jurassic. Squamates underwent a great radiation in the
3379:
2246:
1060:
is helpful to contain the reptiles and keep them from human dwellings. However, environmental fluctuations and predatorial attacks still occur in refuges.
849:
bites, which allows the snake to consume unconscious, or even dead, prey. Also, some venoms include a proteolytic component that aids in digestion.
4190:
1707:
Anantharaman, S.; DeMar, David G.; Sivakumar, R.; Dassarma, Dilip
Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-06-30).
1500:"The oldest known rhynchocephalian reptile from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany and its phylogenetic position among Lepidosauromorpha"
1040:, due to rattlesnake roundups, and these roundups have led to documented declines and local extirpations of rattlesnake populations, especially
856:
615:
in the ear (a trait lost in the tuatara, but present in early rhynchocephalians), as well as the development of a subolfactory process on the
2578:
2323:
2118:
1968:
1950:
1806:
1760:
1371:
1354:
Evans, S.E.; Jones, M.E.H. (2010). "The Origin, early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles". In
Bandyopadhyay, S. (ed.).
1240:
634:
The group Squamata includes snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians. Squamata can be characterized by the reduction or loss of limbs. Snakes and
2786:
4277:
1825:
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. (24 March 2015).
2607:"Shearing mechanics and the influence of a flexible symphysis during oral food processing in Sphenodon (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)"
2818:
2728:
Towns, David R (2009). "Eradication as reverse invasion: lesions from Pacific Rat (Rattus exulans) removals on New Zealand islands".
964:. The tuatara is confined to only a few rocky islands of New Zealand, where it digs burrows to live in and preys mostly on insects.
724:
seen in other reptiles. This is done in different cycles, depending on the species. However, lizards generally shed in flakes while
1084:
Jones, Marc EH; Anderson, Cajsa Lisa; Hipsley, Christy A; Müller, Johannes; Evans, Susan E; Schoch, Rainer R (25 September 2013).
928:
The geographic ranges of lepidosaurs are vast and cover all but the most extreme cold parts of the globe. Amphisbaenians exist in
3372:
2078:
751:(bottom) featuring pit organs for infrared sensing. Red arrows indicating pit organs and black arrows pointing to the nostrils
2450:"An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny"
2402:
2196:
Tyler R. Lyson; Erik A. Sperling; Alysha M. Heimberg; Jacques A. Gauthier; Benjamin L. King; Kevin J. Peterson (2012-02-23).
1219:
Jones, M.E.H. (2009). "Dentary Tooth Shape in Sphenodon and Its Fossil Relatives (Diapsida: Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)".
4195:
469:
of squamates and rhynchocephalians. Lepidosaurs can be distinguished from other reptiles via several traits, such as large
4272:
2593:
1827:"Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa"
163:
4164:
861:
794:
is so common in squamates, and is also found in the tuatara, it is assumed that it is an original trait in the group.
466:
1797:
Pough, F. Harvey; Andrews, Robin M.; Cadle, John E.; Crump, Martha L.; Savitzky, Alan H.; Wells, Kentwood D. (1998).
1086:"Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)"
4087:
4030:
3365:
4208:
2285:
3777:
595:
537:
from the Early Triassic may be the oldest known lepidosaur, but its exact placement is uncertain. The earliest
775:. The tuatara lays eggs that are usually about one inch in length and which take about 14 months to incubate.
1441:
Ford, David P.; Evans, Susan E.; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Fernandez, Vincent; Benson, Roger B. J. (2021-08-25).
740:
589:
2074:"Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins"
4104:
3745:
2811:
841:
receptors that allow them to target their prey's heat. Many snakes are able to obtain their prey through
4229:
643:
4267:
4177:
4151:
2018:
1935:
1900:
1838:
1561:
1443:"A reassessment of the enigmatic diapsid Paliguana whitei and the early history of Lepidosauromorpha"
941:
872:
819:
772:
1068:. Some humans are making a conscious effort to preserve the remaining species of reptiles, however.
3464:
1499:
1137:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4,161 species of lizards and snakes"
1041:
993:
971:
865:
717:
3965:
3902:
3795:
803:
2745:
2710:
2671:
2636:
2526:
2430:
2277:
2178:
2072:
Iwabe, N.; Hara, Y.; Kumazawa, Y.; Shibamoto, K.; Saito, Y.; Miyata, T.; Katoh, K. (2004-12-29).
1916:
1632:
1585:
1531:
1295:
1036:. Data shows that between 1959 and 1986 an average of 5,563 rattlesnakes were killed per year in
953:
830:
655:
592:
studies also place turtles firmly within Diapsida, even though they lack temporal fenestrations.
158:
151:
3975:
3872:
1389:"Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles"
689:
316:
4234:
4142:
4216:
3851:
3685:
3524:
3502:
3476:
3388:
2804:
2628:
2574:
2505:
Smith, James G (2010). "Survival estimation in a long-lived monitor lizard: radio-tracking of
2487:
2469:
2422:
2383:
2357:
2319:
2269:
2227:
2170:
2135:
2097:
2054:
2036:
1985:
1946:
1866:
1802:
1756:
1730:
1689:
1671:
1624:
1577:
1523:
1515:
1480:
1462:
1420:
1367:
1336:
1246:
1236:
1168:
1117:
1037:
1020:
Snakes are commonly feared throughout the world. Bounties were paid for dead cobras under the
838:
612:
584:
528:
516:
501:
218:
1966:
Mannen, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S. -L. (Oct 1999). "Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles".
4244:
3892:
2737:
2702:
2663:
2618:
2518:
2477:
2461:
2414:
2311:
2261:
2217:
2209:
2162:
2127:
2087:
2044:
2026:
1977:
1908:
1856:
1846:
1720:
1679:
1663:
1616:
1569:
1552:
1507:
1470:
1454:
1410:
1400:
1359:
1326:
1285:
1277:
1228:
1199:
1158:
1148:
1107:
1097:
638:
have evolved the complete loss of their limbs. The upper jaw of Squamates is movable on the
504:, a broader group defined as all reptiles (living or extinct) closer to lepidosaurs than to
371:
346:
4221:
3996:
3766:
3707:
3696:
3645:
3220:
2974:
2940:
2867:
2773:
1009:
937:
892:
698:
635:
600:
548:
538:
473:
431:
305:
249:
40:
2022:
1904:
1842:
1709:"First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India"
1565:
3841:
3718:
3089:
3061:
2968:
2689:
Nelson, Nicola J.; et al. (2002). "Establishing a new wild population of tuatara (
2482:
2449:
2349:
2303:
2222:
2197:
1861:
1826:
1684:
1651:
1475:
1442:
1415:
1388:
1163:
1136:
1112:
1085:
1014:
987:
967:
791:
124:
2302:
Evans, Susan E. (2016), Clack, Jennifer A.; Fay, Richard R; Popper, Arthur N. (eds.),
1885:
1604:
4261:
4156:
4007:
3944:
3861:
3733:
3332:
3237:
3100:
3044:
2706:
2667:
2049:
2004:
1636:
1535:
1033:
957:
763:
651:
608:
520:
485:
336:
233:
146:
82:
4169:
2749:
2714:
2675:
2640:
2530:
2434:
2182:
1589:
1299:
4077:
3923:
3821:
3604:
3573:
3562:
3551:
3167:
3072:
3016:
2853:
2281:
1920:
1748:
998:
949:
905:
842:
783:
616:
573:
553:
543:
481:
443:
283:
141:
1725:
1708:
1851:
4136:
3882:
3811:
3675:
3129:
3029:
2315:
2131:
1363:
1029:
1021:
945:
880:
833:
through bare nerve endings on the skin of their heads. Also, viperines and some
748:
713:
455:
137:
57:
2465:
2418:
1936:"The relationships among diapsid reptiles and the influence of taxon selection"
622:
4072:
3954:
3934:
3912:
3831:
3665:
3614:
3594:
3583:
3449:
3418:
3325:
3264:
3117:
3002:
2956:
2890:
2763:
2741:
2522:
2448:
Simões, Tiago R.; Kinney-Broderick, Grace; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-03-03).
2265:
1650:
Herrera-Flores, Jorge A.; Stubbs, Thomas L.; Benton, Michael J. (March 2021).
1620:
1573:
1331:
1314:
1281:
1204:
1187:
979:
798:
759:
744:
667:
647:
562:
558:
497:
489:
326:
294:
258:
102:
67:
4127:
2473:
2387:
2361:
2040:
2031:
1734:
1675:
1628:
1519:
1466:
1102:
3985:
3655:
3635:
3625:
3541:
3256:
2946:
2920:
2847:
2092:
2073:
1153:
1065:
961:
908:
includes crocodile eggs, and small reptiles are preyed upon by larger ones.
884:
850:
826:
814:
779:
767:
755:
728:
shed in one piece. Unlike scutes, lepidosaur scales will often overlap like
663:
533:
505:
272:
175:
107:
51:
2632:
2491:
2426:
2310:, vol. 59, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 245–284,
2273:
2231:
2213:
2174:
2139:
2101:
1989:
1981:
1870:
1693:
1581:
1527:
1484:
1458:
1424:
1405:
1340:
1250:
1172:
1121:
2796:
2247:"At the feet of the dinosaurs: the early history and radiation of lizards"
2058:
916:
17:
4121:
4019:
3412:
3226:
3154:
3142:
2904:
2875:
2828:
2605:
Jones, M.E.H.; O'Higgins, P.; Fagan, M.; Evans, S.E.; Curtis, N. (2012).
1056:
876:
705:
627:
580:
427:
352:
195:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
44:
2594:
Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods
2403:"The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians"
1667:
3783:
3424:
3339:
3178:
3024:
1387:
Simões, T. R.; Kammerer, C. F.; Caldwell, M. W.; Pierce, S. E. (2022).
1290:
1048:
975:
929:
896:
639:
524:
470:
447:
423:
205:
133:
112:
87:
2166:
2005:"Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles"
1232:
1055:
to control the rat infestation in sugar cane fields. As a result, the
4036:
3433:
3406:
3245:
3202:
3191:
2841:
2623:
2606:
1912:
1511:
983:
933:
921:
683:
679:
675:
599:
The quadrate bone is particularly elongated in snakes, to facilitate
435:
185:
4098:
3357:
4040:
1358:. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Vol. 132. pp. 27–44.
1052:
1025:
1008:
915:
888:
855:
846:
813:
739:
725:
721:
694:
688:
621:
594:
577:
477:
462:
439:
4182:
1652:"Ecomorphological diversification of squamates in the Cretaceous"
3270:
3168:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
1943:
Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates
1064:
trades of that year. Horned lizards are popularly harvested and
834:
729:
671:
666:
instead of a single penis with erectile tissue that is found in
565:, while rhynchocephalians declined during the same time period.
493:
4102:
3399:
3361:
2800:
2571:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
476:
which may overlap one another. Purely in the context of modern
997:
prey. However, these reptiles are seen as pests and are often
887:. The herbivores consist of iguanines, some agamids, and some
446:. However, it is represented by only one living species: the
401:
3062:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
410:
407:
392:
380:
720:, allowing them to be shed collectively, contrary to the
386:
1447:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1941:. In Arratia, G; Wilson, M.V.H.; Cloutier, R. (eds.).
132:
Collage of five lepidosaurs. Clockwise from top left:
398:
374:
4003:
3992:
3981:
3971:
3961:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3919:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3807:
3730:
3714:
3703:
3692:
3681:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3579:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3537:
404:
389:
383:
377:
342:
332:
322:
312:
301:
290:
279:
268:
254:
4111:
4017:
3794:
3765:
3756:
3729:
3522:
3475:
3448:
3255:
3236:
3211:
3200:
3176:
3152:
3127:
3098:
3070:
3042:
3015:
3000:
2955:
2929:
2903:
2888:
2866:
1498:Sues, Hans-Dieter; Schoch, Rainer R. (2023-11-07).
1013:Boots made from snake skin, the three closest from
395:
2401:Vidal, Nicolas; Hedges, S. Blair (February 2009).
778:While in the egg, the Squamata embryo develops an
697:, showing lepidosaurs' characteristic overlapping
519:is thought to have split off from the ancestor of
2380:The Phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods
1945:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 379–408.
2354:Reptiles life history, evolution, and structure
1820:
1818:
500:(crocodilians). Lepidosauria is encompassed by
2304:"The Lepidosaurian Ear: Variations on a Theme"
806:, have evolved the defense of feigning death.
454:a superficially lizard-like reptile native to
3373:
2812:
704:Second, most lepidosaurs have the ability to
461:Lepidosauria is a monophyletic group (i.e. a
8:
712:Third, the scales in lepidosaurs are horny (
2344:
2342:
2340:
2198:"MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade"
1605:"Mesozoic and Cenozoic squamates of Europe"
1135:Pyron, RA; Burbrink, FT; Wiens, JJ (2013).
871:Within the subclass Lepidosauria there are
4099:
3800:
3762:
3530:
3519:
3454:
3445:
3396:
3380:
3366:
3358:
3252:
3208:
3184:
3160:
3135:
3110:
3082:
3054:
3012:
3008:
2961:
2933:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2863:
2819:
2805:
2797:
630:showing the location of major dermal bones
123:
31:
2622:
2481:
2221:
2091:
2048:
2030:
1860:
1850:
1724:
1683:
1609:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
1474:
1414:
1404:
1330:
1289:
1203:
1162:
1152:
1111:
1101:
4283:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances
2564:
2562:
2560:
1792:
1028:; similarly, there have been advertised
974:efforts to protect the existence of the
2947:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2373:
2371:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1188:"The original descriptions of reptiles"
1076:
662:Male squamates have evolved a pair of
2119:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1969:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
480:, Lepidosauria can be considered the
465:), containing all descendants of the
7:
1436:
1434:
1356:New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity
611:, allowing for the development of a
1603:Rage, Jean-Claude (December 2013).
1751:; Parsons, Thomas Sturges (1986).
1713:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1884:Rieppel, O.; DeBraga, M. (1996).
422:) is a subclass or superorder of
4083:
4082:
3090:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
2766:
2707:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00381.x
2668:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00386.x
1313:Jones, M.E.H.; Cree, A. (2012).
895:only eat lizards. The remaining
527:period. The earliest members of
370:
162:
2308:Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear
2155:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
2079:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2003:Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. (1998).
1186:Uetz, Peter (13 January 2010).
2782:Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
1:
2787:Reptile taxonomy, Benton 2004
1886:"Turtles as diapsid reptiles"
1726:10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059
1852:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199
2921:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
2316:10.1007/978-3-319-46661-3_9
2132:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018
1364:10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7_2
862:eastern blue-tongued lizard
4299:
4278:Ladinian first appearances
3348:denote paraphyletic groups
3227:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
2466:10.1038/s42003-022-03144-y
2419:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010
1656:Royal Society Open Science
822:feeding on an invertebrate
4067:
3803:
3533:
3518:
3499:
3457:
3444:
3395:
3319:
3265:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
3221:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
3187:
3163:
3138:
3113:
3085:
3057:
3011:
2964:
2936:
2916:
2899:
2862:
2836:
2742:10.1007/s10530-008-9399-7
2523:10.1007/s10144-009-0166-0
2266:10.1017/S1464793103006134
1934:Müller, Johannes (2004).
1621:10.1007/s12549-013-0124-x
1574:10.1038/s41586-018-0093-3
1332:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.049
1282:10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7
1221:Frontiers of Oral Biology
1205:10.11646/zootaxa.2334.1.3
797:Most lepidosaurs rely on
642:, a configuration called
531:date the Early Triassic.
246:
241:
159:Scientific classification
157:
131:
122:
34:
3326:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
3118:Actinistia (coelacanths)
2407:Comptes Rendus Biologies
2032:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226
2010:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1141:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1103:10.1186/1471-2148-13-208
1090:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1015:diamondback rattlesnakes
1005:Interactions with humans
970:has led to the need for
426:, containing the orders
2876:Leptocardii (lancelets)
2569:Zug, George R. (1993).
1154:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
829:can sense their prey's
551:. While the lepidosaur
3030:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
2454:Communications Biology
2214:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477
1982:10.1006/mpev.1999.0640
1749:Romer, Alfred Sherwood
1459:10.1098/rspb.2021.1084
1406:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898
1017:
925:
868:
823:
752:
701:
631:
603:
583:, named for two pairs
27:Superorder of reptiles
4230:Paleobiology Database
2611:The Anatomical Record
2378:Benton, M. J (1988).
2093:10.1093/molbev/msi075
1504:The Anatomical Record
1270:Conservation Genetics
1012:
919:
859:
817:
743:
692:
626:Schematic skull of a
625:
598:
452:Sphenodon punctatus),
418:, from Greek meaning
4273:Chordate superorders
3246:Testudines (turtles)
2792:Lepidosaur phylogeny
2695:Conservation Biology
2245:Evans, S.E. (2003).
1042:Eastern Diamondbacks
942:Mediterranean region
820:green crested lizard
716:) structures of the
576:reptiles are in the
547:, is known from the
467:last common ancestor
434:. Squamata includes
3340:Reptilia (reptiles)
3048:(jawed vertebrates)
2656:Animal Conservation
2350:Bellairs, Angus d'A
2023:1998PNAS...9514226Z
2017:(24): 14226–14231.
1905:1996Natur.384..453R
1843:2015PLoSO..1018199R
1753:The Vertebrate Body
1668:10.1098/rsos.201961
1566:2018Natur.557..706S
994:Habitat destruction
866:eastern brown snake
758:are represented by
736:Biology and ecology
3192:Mammalia (mammals)
3104:(lobe-finned fish)
3076:(bony vertebrates)
2573:. Academic Press.
2511:Population Ecology
2254:Biological Reviews
1453:(1957): 20211084.
1018:
954:sub-Saharan Africa
926:
869:
864:preyed upon by an
831:infrared radiation
824:
753:
702:
632:
604:
585:temporal fenestrae
152:reticulated python
4255:
4254:
4217:Open Tree of Life
4105:Taxon identifiers
4096:
4095:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
3852:Eichstaettisaurus
3686:Helveticosauridae
3525:Lepidosauromorpha
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3503:Lepidosauromorpha
3495:
3494:
3477:Lepidosauromorpha
3389:Lepidosauromorpha
3355:
3354:
3337:³orders of class
3323:¹orders of class
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3143:Dipnoi (lungfish)
3038:
3037:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2884:
2883:
2691:Sphendon guntheri
2580:978-0-12-782620-2
2325:978-3-319-46659-0
2167:10.1159/000297715
1952:978-3-89937-052-2
1808:978-0-13-850876-0
1801:. Prentice Hall.
1762:978-0-03-058446-6
1560:(7707): 706–709.
1373:978-3-642-10310-0
1242:978-3-8055-9229-1
1233:10.1159/000242382
1038:Sweetwater, Texas
613:tympanic membrane
529:Lepidosauromorpha
517:Lepidosauromorpha
502:Lepidosauromorpha
488:, which includes
362:
361:
237:
219:Lepidosauromorpha
16:(Redirected from
4290:
4248:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4198:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4160:
4159:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4100:
4086:
4085:
4005:
3994:
3983:
3973:
3963:
3952:
3942:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3900:
3893:Huehuecuetzpalli
3890:
3880:
3870:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3801:
3763:
3732:
3716:
3705:
3694:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3581:
3571:
3560:
3549:
3539:
3531:
3520:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3397:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3253:
3209:
3205:
3185:
3181:
3161:
3157:
3136:
3132:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3025:Myxini (hagfish)
3013:
3009:
3005:
2962:
2934:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2864:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2798:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2754:
2753:
2736:(7): 1719–1733.
2725:
2719:
2718:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2626:
2624:10.1002/ar.22487
2617:(7): 1075–1091.
2602:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2566:
2535:
2534:
2507:Varanus mertensi
2502:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2413:(2–3): 129–139.
2398:
2392:
2391:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2284:. Archived from
2251:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2034:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1913:10.1038/384453a0
1890:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1767:
1766:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1512:10.1002/ar.25339
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1399:(33): eabq1898.
1393:Science Advances
1384:
1378:
1377:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1276:(3): 1063–1081.
1261:
1255:
1254:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1081:
920:Global range of
810:Hunting and diet
557:may represent a
539:rhynchocephalian
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
347:Huehuecuetzpalli
344:
334:
324:
314:
303:
292:
281:
270:
256:
232:
167:
166:
127:
117:
54:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4047:
4013:
3997:Tamaulipasaurus
3790:
3778:Rhynchocephalia
3767:Rhynchocephalia
3752:
3725:
3708:Saurosphargidae
3697:Kuehneosauridae
3646:Tamaulipasaurus
3527:
3506:
3491:
3471:
3440:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3356:
3351:
3331:²subclasses of
3275:
3251:
3232:
3201:
3196:
3177:
3172:
3153:
3148:
3128:
3123:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3034:
3001:
2980:
2975:Aplousobranchia
2951:
2941:Stolidobranchia
2925:
2907:
2906:
2889:
2880:
2868:Cephalochordata
2858:
2832:
2825:
2774:Reptiles portal
2772:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2538:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2202:Biology Letters
2195:
2194:
2190:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1899:(6608): 453–5.
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1837:(3): e0118199.
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1770:
1763:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1325:(23): 986–987.
1319:Current Biology
1312:
1311:
1307:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1243:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1007:
938:Baja California
914:
812:
738:
659:during biting.
636:legless lizards
601:cranial kinesis
571:
549:Middle Triassic
514:
432:Rhynchocephalia
373:
369:
306:Tamaulipasaurus
250:Rhynchocephalia
231:
161:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
41:Middle Triassic
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4133:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3990:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3917:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3866:
3855:
3845:
3842:Dalinghosaurus
3835:
3825:
3815:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:Thalattosauria
3712:
3701:
3690:
3679:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3577:
3567:
3556:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2969:Phlebobranchia
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2761:
2760:External links
2758:
2756:
2755:
2730:Biol Invasions
2720:
2701:(4): 887–894.
2681:
2646:
2597:
2586:
2579:
2536:
2497:
2440:
2393:
2367:
2336:
2324:
2294:
2291:on 2019-02-19.
2260:(4): 513–551.
2237:
2208:(1): 104–107.
2188:
2161:(2–4): 79–93.
2145:
2126:(2): 663–673.
2107:
2086:(4): 810–813.
2064:
1995:
1976:(1): 144–148.
1958:
1951:
1926:
1876:
1814:
1807:
1768:
1761:
1740:
1699:
1642:
1615:(4): 517–534.
1595:
1541:
1490:
1430:
1379:
1372:
1346:
1305:
1268:: Reptilia)".
1256:
1241:
1211:
1178:
1127:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1006:
1003:
988:Polynesian rat
968:Climate change
913:
910:
811:
808:
737:
734:
693:The foot of a
619:of the skull.
570:
567:
513:
510:
420:scaled lizards
360:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
299:
288:
277:
263:
252:
244:
243:
239:
238:
226:
222:
221:
216:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
154:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
55:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4295:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4008:Yabeinosaurus
4002:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:Oculudentavis
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:Gephyrosaurus
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3746:Sauropterygia
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:Sauropterygia
3728:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3333:Sarcopterygii
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3238:Archelosauria
3235:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3101:Sarcopterygii
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3045:Gnathostomata
3041:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2908:(Urochordata)
2902:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2854:Deuterostomia
2851:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:North America
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
963:
959:
958:South America
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
918:
911:
909:
907:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
863:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
816:
809:
807:
805:
800:
795:
793:
792:gular pumping
788:
785:
781:
776:
774:
769:
765:
764:ovoviviparous
761:
757:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
707:
700:
696:
691:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
656:quadratojugal
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
624:
620:
618:
617:frontal bones
614:
610:
602:
597:
593:
591:
586:
582:
579:
575:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
521:Archelosauria
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:Archelosauria
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
415:
367:
354:
351:
349:
348:
341:
339:
338:
337:Oculudentavis
331:
329:
328:
321:
319:
318:
311:
308:
307:
300:
297:
296:
289:
286:
285:
278:
275:
274:
267:
266:
265:Pan-Squamata
264:
261:
260:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
240:
235:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
156:
153:
149:
148:
147:Smaug breyeri
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
4170:Lepidosauria
4157:Lepidosauria
4143:Lepidosauria
4113:Lepidosauria
4112:
4078:Eolacertilia
4006:
3995:
3984:
3974:
3966:Sakurasaurus
3964:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3924:Megachirella
3922:
3911:
3903:Kuroyuriella
3901:
3891:
3881:
3871:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3822:Bavarisaurus
3820:
3810:
3796:Pan-Squamata
3758:Lepidosauria
3757:
3717:
3706:
3695:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3613:
3605:Megachirella
3603:
3593:
3582:
3574:Fraxinisaura
3572:
3563:Feralisaurus
3561:
3552:Coartaredens
3550:
3540:
3501:
3429:
3345:
3338:
3324:
3271:Aves (birds)
3213:Lepidosauria
3212:
3073:Euteleostomi
3017:Cyclostomata
2852:Superphylum
2733:
2729:
2723:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2589:
2570:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2379:
2353:
2329:, retrieved
2307:
2297:
2286:the original
2257:
2253:
2240:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1942:
1929:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1834:
1830:
1798:
1755:. Saunders.
1752:
1743:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1503:
1493:
1450:
1446:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1355:
1349:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1198:(1): 59–68.
1195:
1191:
1181:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1062:
1046:
1044:in Georgia.
1032:roundups in
1019:
999:exterminated
992:
972:conservation
966:
950:North Africa
936:, including
927:
912:Conservation
906:Nile monitor
902:
881:insectivores
870:
843:constriction
825:
804:Echinosauria
796:
789:
784:premaxillary
777:
754:
711:
703:
668:crocodilians
661:
633:
605:
572:
554:Megachirella
552:
544:Wirtembergia
542:
532:
515:
496:(birds) and
482:sister taxon
460:
451:
444:Mesozoic Era
419:
366:Lepidosauria
365:
363:
345:
335:
325:
315:
304:
293:
284:Megachirella
282:
271:
257:
229:Lepidosauria
228:
225:Superorder:
212:
145:
142:green iguana
29:
4268:Lepidosaurs
4137:Wikispecies
3883:Hoyalacerta
3812:Ardeosaurus
3676:Vinitasaura
3257:Archosauria
3130:Rhipidistia
2846:(unranked)
2517:: 243–247.
1799:Herpetology
1291:10072/30480
1030:rattlesnake
1022:British Raj
980:eradication
946:Middle East
932:, mainland
749:rattlesnake
714:keratinized
664:hemipenises
569:Description
523:during the
492:(turtles),
456:New Zealand
138:black mamba
50:240–0
35:Lepidosaurs
4262:Categories
4073:Ankylopoda
4071:See also:
3976:Scandensia
3955:Palaeagama
3935:Meyasaurus
3913:Marmoretta
3873:Hongshanxi
3832:Bellairsia
3666:Vellbergia
3615:Palaeagama
3595:Marmoretta
3584:Lacertulus
3486:see below↓
3465:Sauropsida
3450:Sauropsida
3423:Subclass:
3419:Sauropsida
3003:Vertebrata
2957:Enterogona
2891:Olfactores
2460:(1): 195.
2382:. Oxford.
2356:. Harper.
2331:2024-01-08
1072:References
960:, and the
885:carnivores
873:herbivores
851:Chameleons
799:camouflage
760:viviparous
747:(top) and
730:roof tiles
706:autotomize
563:Cretaceous
559:stem-group
506:archosaurs
498:Crocodilia
490:Testudines
471:keratinous
327:Bellairsia
317:Hongshanxi
295:Marmoretta
259:Vellbergia
18:Lepidosaur
4035:includes
3986:Sophineta
3782:includes
3656:Taytalura
3636:Sophineta
3626:Paliguana
3542:Cargninia
3405:Kingdom:
3155:Tetrapoda
2848:Bilateria
2662:: 28–37.
2474:2399-3642
2388:681456805
2362:692993911
2041:0027-8424
1735:0272-4634
1676:2054-5703
1637:128588324
1629:1867-1594
1536:265050255
1520:1932-8486
1467:0962-8452
1315:"Tuatara"
1266:Sphenodon
1057:mongooses
962:Caribbean
893:Salvadora
877:omnivores
827:Viperines
780:egg tooth
773:asexually
768:oviparous
756:Squamates
718:epidermis
590:molecular
534:Sophineta
512:Evolution
273:Sophineta
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
4183:52570102
4122:Wikidata
4088:Category
4031:Squamata
4020:Squamata
3425:Diapsida
3413:Chordata
3411:Phylum:
3407:Animalia
2905:Tunicata
2842:Animalia
2840:Kingdom
2829:chordate
2750:44200993
2715:85262510
2676:84015883
2641:45065504
2633:22644955
2531:43055329
2492:35241764
2435:23137302
2427:19281946
2352:(1960).
2274:14700390
2232:21775315
2183:12116018
2175:20234127
2140:17719245
2102:15625185
1990:10508547
1871:25803280
1831:PLOS ONE
1694:33959350
1590:44108416
1582:29849156
1528:37937325
1485:34428965
1425:35984885
1341:23218010
1300:24965201
1251:19828962
1227:: 9–15.
1173:23627680
1122:24063680
847:venomous
790:Because
652:quadrate
628:squamate
609:quadrate
581:Diapsida
428:Squamata
424:reptiles
353:Squamata
206:Reptilia
196:Chordata
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
4128:Q728299
4037:lizards
3784:tuatara
3417:Class:
3346:italics
3179:Amniota
2831:classes
2827:Extant
2483:8894340
2282:4845536
2223:3259949
2059:9826682
2019:Bibcode
1921:4264378
1901:Bibcode
1862:4372529
1839:Bibcode
1685:8074880
1562:Bibcode
1476:8385343
1416:9390993
1192:Zootaxa
1164:3682911
1113:4016551
1096:: 208.
1066:stuffed
1049:Jamaica
984:mammals
982:of the
976:tuatara
930:Florida
924:species
897:lizards
839:thermal
782:on the
680:turtles
676:mammals
644:kinesis
640:cranium
525:Permian
448:tuatara
436:lizards
242:Orders
234:Haeckel
202:Class:
134:tuatara
45:Present
4245:655693
4242:uBio:
4196:173859
4041:snakes
4018:Crown-
3434:Sauria
3203:Sauria
2748:
2713:
2674:
2639:
2631:
2577:
2529:
2490:
2480:
2472:
2433:
2425:
2386:
2360:
2322:
2280:
2272:
2230:
2220:
2181:
2173:
2138:
2100:
2057:
2047:
2039:
1988:
1949:
1919:
1893:Nature
1869:
1859:
1805:
1759:
1733:
1692:
1682:
1674:
1635:
1627:
1588:
1580:
1553:Nature
1534:
1526:
1518:
1483:
1473:
1465:
1423:
1413:
1370:
1339:
1298:
1249:
1239:
1171:
1161:
1147:: 93.
1120:
1110:
944:, the
940:, the
934:Mexico
922:lizard
889:skinks
883:, and
766:, and
745:Python
726:snakes
722:scutes
699:scales
684:cloaca
678:, and
574:Extant
474:scales
440:snakes
236:, 1866
4235:37808
4222:35881
3430:Clade
2930:Acopa
2746:S2CID
2711:S2CID
2672:S2CID
2637:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2431:S2CID
2289:(PDF)
2278:S2CID
2250:(PDF)
2179:S2CID
2050:24355
1939:(PDF)
1917:S2CID
1889:(PDF)
1719:(1).
1662:(3).
1633:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1532:S2CID
1296:S2CID
1053:India
1051:from
1026:India
837:have
835:boids
695:skink
672:birds
648:jugal
578:clade
463:clade
213:Clade
4209:8504
4204:NCBI
4191:ITIS
4039:and
4029:see
3776:see
3744:see
3463:see
2693:)".
2629:PMID
2575:ISBN
2488:PMID
2470:ISSN
2423:PMID
2384:OCLC
2358:OCLC
2320:ISBN
2270:PMID
2228:PMID
2171:PMID
2136:PMID
2098:PMID
2055:PMID
2037:ISSN
1986:PMID
1947:ISBN
1867:PMID
1803:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1731:ISSN
1690:PMID
1672:ISSN
1625:ISSN
1578:PMID
1524:PMID
1516:ISSN
1481:PMID
1463:ISSN
1421:PMID
1368:ISBN
1337:PMID
1247:PMID
1237:ISBN
1196:2334
1169:PMID
1118:PMID
650:and
494:Aves
478:taxa
438:and
430:and
364:The
150:and
58:PreꞒ
4178:EoL
4165:AFD
4152:ADW
2738:doi
2703:doi
2664:doi
2619:doi
2615:295
2519:doi
2509:".
2478:PMC
2462:doi
2415:doi
2411:332
2312:doi
2262:doi
2218:PMC
2210:doi
2163:doi
2159:127
2128:doi
2088:doi
2045:PMC
2027:doi
1978:doi
1909:doi
1897:384
1857:PMC
1847:doi
1721:doi
1680:PMC
1664:doi
1617:doi
1570:doi
1558:557
1508:doi
1471:PMC
1455:doi
1451:288
1411:PMC
1401:doi
1360:doi
1327:doi
1286:hdl
1278:doi
1229:doi
1200:doi
1159:PMC
1149:doi
1108:PMC
1098:doi
1024:in
860:An
484:to
4264::
4232::
4219::
4206::
4193::
4180::
4167::
4154::
4139::
4124::
3432::
2744:.
2734:11
2732:.
2709:.
2699:16
2697:.
2670:.
2660:14
2658:.
2635:.
2627:.
2613:.
2609:.
2539:^
2525:.
2515:52
2513:.
2486:.
2476:.
2468:.
2456:.
2452:.
2429:.
2421:.
2409:.
2405:.
2370:^
2339:^
2318:,
2306:,
2276:.
2268:.
2258:78
2256:.
2252:.
2226:.
2216:.
2204:.
2200:.
2177:.
2169:.
2157:.
2134:.
2124:45
2122:.
2096:.
2084:22
2082:.
2076:.
2053:.
2043:.
2035:.
2025:.
2015:95
2013:.
2007:.
1984:.
1974:13
1972:.
1915:.
1907:.
1895:.
1891:.
1865:.
1855:.
1845:.
1835:10
1833:.
1829:.
1817:^
1771:^
1729:.
1717:42
1715:.
1711:.
1688:.
1678:.
1670:.
1658:.
1654:.
1631:.
1623:.
1613:93
1611:.
1607:.
1584:.
1576:.
1568:.
1556:.
1530:.
1522:.
1514:.
1506:.
1502:.
1479:.
1469:.
1461:.
1449:.
1445:.
1433:^
1419:.
1409:.
1395:.
1391:.
1366:.
1335:.
1323:22
1321:.
1317:.
1294:.
1284:.
1274:11
1272:.
1245:.
1235:.
1225:13
1223:.
1194:.
1190:.
1167:.
1157:.
1145:13
1143:.
1139:.
1116:.
1106:.
1094:13
1092:.
1088:.
1001:.
956:,
952:,
948:,
879:,
875:,
818:A
762:,
732:.
674:,
670:,
541:,
508:.
458:.
402:ɔː
393:oʊ
215::
144:,
140:,
136:,
108:Pg
52:Ma
47:,
43:-
4004:†
4000:?
3993:†
3989:?
3982:†
3972:†
3962:†
3958:?
3951:†
3941:†
3931:†
3927:?
3920:†
3916:?
3909:†
3899:†
3889:†
3879:†
3869:†
3865:?
3858:†
3848:†
3838:†
3828:†
3818:†
3808:†
3736:?
3731:†
3722:?
3715:†
3711:?
3704:†
3700:?
3693:†
3689:?
3682:†
3672:†
3662:†
3652:†
3642:†
3632:†
3622:†
3618:?
3611:†
3601:†
3591:†
3587:?
3580:†
3570:†
3566:?
3559:†
3555:?
3548:†
3538:†
3381:e
3374:t
3367:v
3267:³
3248:³
3229:³
3223:³
3145:²
3120:²
2977:¹
2971:¹
2943:¹
2820:e
2813:t
2806:v
2752:.
2740::
2717:.
2705::
2678:.
2666::
2643:.
2621::
2583:.
2533:.
2521::
2494:.
2464::
2458:5
2437:.
2417::
2390:.
2364:.
2314::
2264::
2234:.
2212::
2206:8
2185:.
2165::
2142:.
2130::
2104:.
2090::
2061:.
2029::
2021::
1992:.
1980::
1955:.
1923:.
1911::
1903::
1873:.
1849::
1841::
1811:.
1765:.
1737:.
1723::
1696:.
1666::
1660:8
1639:.
1619::
1592:.
1572::
1564::
1538:.
1510::
1487:.
1457::
1427:.
1403::
1397:8
1376:.
1362::
1343:.
1329::
1302:.
1288::
1280::
1253:.
1231::
1208:.
1202::
1175:.
1151::
1124:.
1100::
686:.
654:/
450:(
414:/
411:ə
408:i
405:r
399:s
396:ˈ
390:d
387:ɪ
384:p
381:ɛ
378:l
375:ˌ
372:/
368:(
343:†
333:†
323:†
313:†
309:?
302:†
298:?
291:†
287:?
280:†
276:?
269:†
262:?
255:†
113:N
103:K
98:J
93:T
88:P
83:C
78:D
73:S
68:O
63:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
