5212:
2347:
5218:
1052:
122:
767:
5768:
2427:
144:
1837:
1661:
553:
1427:
973:
5798:
2216:
1068:
275 mm (10.8 in) long. Extrapolating the complete CMN skulls to the preserved material of AMNH 5205 and UWGM-200 gives lengths of 529 mm (20.8 in) and 468β540 mm (18.4β21.3 in) respectively. The skull bones of CMN 8889 are fused suggesting it is an adult, while those of CMN 8887 and UWGM-200 are unfused indicating they may not yet be fully grown. There is no horn on the
5774:
1327:
4493:
1504:, where they are more slender, and ceratopsids, where they are more robust. The humeri, 290 mm (11 in) long in AMNH 5205, 242 mm (9.5 in) long in CMN 8889, 255 mm (10.0 in) long in CMN 8888, and 185 mm (7.3 in) long in CMN 8887, are shorter proportionally and more robust than in
1652:. The first four digits are fully developed and bear claws, with the first being slightly outturned from the rest, while the fifth digit is reduced to just a splint-like metatarsal. The third metatarsal is the longest, followed by the second, fourth, and first, and the pes has a phalangeal formula of 2-3-4-5-0.
1414:. The number of fused sacral vertebrae is variable between individuals, but there are six sacral vertebrae based on the anatomy of rib articulations of the last dorsal and first caudal. The neural spines of the caudal vertebrae are very elongate, reaching two to four times the height of the centrum; when
2288:
specimens of various ages. Originally believed to represent a miring event, Denver Fowler and colleagues presented in 2019 the belief that the sites instead represent adults buried during burrow collapses in a multi-generational burrow. All three bonebeds are from the lower third of Hell Creek, where
1067:
in general form, but is lower and longer and uniquely lacks a crest at the back of the skull to make a prominent frill. The complete skulls known range from 450 mm (18 in) long in CMN 8889 to 330 mm (13 in) long in CMN 8887, with respective mandibles 345 mm (13.6 in) and
1821:. While there were many unresolved areas of the strict consensus, including all of Leptoceratopsidae, a single most parsimonious tree was found that was most consistent with the relative ages of the taxa included, which is shown below. Further phylogenetic analysis added the new leptoceratopsid taxa
1422:
exceed five to eight times their centrum height. Neural spines are present on all but the last five caudals, and are increasingly sloped towards the end of the tail. The number of caudal ribs varies between specimens, with ribs persisting to the 18th caudal in the CMN specimens, but only as far as
2393:
due to their smaller size, though large basal neoceratopsians could have consumed seeds and fruits not available to their smaller counterparts. Ceratopsids have been found with cycad material in their teeth, showing that they did consume the plants, and large neoceratopsians could have used their
2401:
is inconsistent with the standard chewing of neoceratopsians, indicating that the bite included an arcing path to create the curved tooth wear seen. The consistency of tooth wear shows that a powerful chewing stroke was used, with the power initiated by the same jaw adductor muscles as in other
682:
number 8889), student assistant T. P. Chammery found a smaller individual missing most of the head and a partial left hand (CMN 8888), and excavation of CMN 8888 uncovered a third individual (CMN 8887) directly beside it. CMN 8888 and 8887 were 15 m (50 ft) above the base of the Upper
2581:
Palaeoenvironments of the
Scollard and Hell Creek formation show that the very end of the Cretaceous was intermediate between semi-arid and humid, with both formations showing braided streams and floodplains and meandering channels, that shifted to become more humid and wetland following the
1006:
are of a similar size, but the type (AMNH 5205) and one referred specimen (YPM VPPU 18133) appear to be larger than the three CMN specimens, with CMN 8887 being the smallest. The complete skeleton of CMN 8889, with the tail of CMN 8887 added and scaled up to match the other bones, measures
821:
1273:
are similar to other basal neoceratopsians in being very wide with a lowered articular surface for the skull, reflective of different feeding adaptations during the evolution of ceratopsians where the closing of the jaws brings all the teeth into contact at the same time. The teeth in
1305:
shows a strong ridge down along the crown, which is slightly offset from central and often follows a curved path. Two to three weaker ridges are present parallel to that primary ridge in the teeth, with the entire ornamented region of the crown surrounded by a strong ridge called the
4281:
Eberth, D.A.; Kamo, S.L. (2019). "First high-precision UβPb CAβIDβTIMS age for the Battle
Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada: implications for ages, correlations, and dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Scollard, Frenchman, and Hell Creek formations".
2573:
is from the upper. The Hell Creek
Formation in contrast lasts from earlier in the Maastrichtian, approximately 67.20 mya, to the end. Middle and lower sections of Hell Creek would be older than the entire Scollard Formation and instead be equivalent to the underlying
2253:, limiting quadrupedal posture to when the hands spread to the sides. The forelimb would be held upright with the elbow flexed and the thumb and second finger pointing forwards while the other digits splayed to the side, although a more lateral sprawl was possible.
584:, Canada. The two individuals were found together in a weathered-out cow trail that had destroyed and fragmented some of the material, so that only parts of each skeleton were recovered. One of these individuals preserves a partial skull and was designated as the
731:. This specimen, including a well-preserved skeleton with a fragmentary skull, was prepared in 1918 at the AMNH and then mounted in 1935 to be put on display; the skull of this mount was completely modelled out of plaster. Differences in the skull from the first
1778:. The latter hypothesis gained support as studies progressed, with the name Leptoceratopsidae adopted for the group, which soon included a diverse variety of early ceratopsians from the Late Cretaceous, including both existing and newly described genera.
2606:
environments. While slightly older floras were codominated by cycad-palm-fern meadows, by the time of the Hell Creek angiosperms were dominant in a forested landscape of small trees. Many fossil vertebrates are found in the
Scollard Formation alongside
1463:
in shape, but clavicles are absent in ceratopsids and non-ceratopsian ornithischians. The remainder of the forelimb is similar to other ceratopsians in general anatomy, showing similar areas for muscle attachment despite differences in bone form. The
421:, which has a mixture of primitive and derived ceratopsian features and is around 2 m (6.6 ft) long. The head is very large with a strong jaw, but lacks horns and has a very reduced frill. The forelimbs and hindlimbs are robustly built, and
794:
remains, also included a complete foot for the first time, along with other elements not represented in other specimens. The older age of the Two
Medicine material than that from Scollard or St. Mary River suggested that Gilmore's specimens,
1575:
but thinner and without any expansion of its margin found in later ceratopsians. The anterior process of the ilium does not curve substantially and is unexpanded, and the posterior process narrows gradually, being much narrower than that of
1620:, which is 270 mm (11 in) long in CMN 8889, 265 mm (10.4 in) long in CMN 8888, 230 mm (9.1 in) long in CMN 8887, and over 257 mm (10.1 in) long in YPM VPPU 18133, is always slightly shorter than the
4210:
Maiorino, L.; Farke, A.A.; Kotsakis, T.; Raia, P.; Piras, P. (2018). "Who is the most stressed? Morphological disparity and mechanical behavior of the feeding apparatus of ceratopsian dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Marginocephalia)".
1296:
teeth are also the largest in absolute size of any ceratopsian with single-rooted teeth; the tooth roots of ceratopsids are split to be double-rooted. The facet formed by tooth wear is nearly or fully vertical in the teeth of
3968:
Ryan, M.J.; Micucci, L.; Rizo, H.; Sullivan, C.; Lee, Y.-N.; Evans, D.C. (2023). "A New Late
Cretaceous leptoceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". In Lee, Y.-N. (ed.).
958:, showed clear differences in anatomy from the Dinosaur Park specimen. Additional descriptions of other new leptoceratopsids following 1998 led Ryan, Currie and colleagues to redescribe TMP 95.12.6 in 2012 as the new taxon
677:
from the
Edmonton Formation in 1951, including one complete individual. The specimens were discovered towards the end of the 1947 field season, where Sternberg located a skull, jaw, and most of a skeleton of an individual
2368:
were not widespread in the Early
Cretaceous, and despite their taxonomic diversity by the end of the Cretaceous they might not have been abundant, with conifers and ferns comprising most of the vegetation. The foliage of
2314:. The evolution of the syncervical in small-bodied neoceratopsians shows that it was likely not an adaptation for a large head or intraspecific combat. Most modern animals with syncervicals, ranging from two vertebrae in
711:
was known in 2013 from nine specimens found in the lower portion, with an estimated range of 65.5-66.1 million years old (0.5 my older with recalibration). Along with the described types and CMN specimens, known
3070:
Eberth, D.A.; Evans, D.C.; Brinkman, D.M.; Therrien, F.; Tanke, D.H.; Russell, L.S. (2013). "Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the
Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada: evidence for climate influence".
2402:
ceratopsians, but with a smooth transition of power between the external and posterior adductor muscles, which was given the name circumpalinal by Frank
Varriale in 2016 when he described the jaw motion of
4461:
Weishampel, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Coria, R.A.; Le Loeuff, J.; Xu, X.; Zhao, X.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E.M.P.; Noto, C.R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; OsmΓ³lska, H. (eds.).
437:
are unique among dinosaurs, showing tooth wear in a fashion that must have been driven by mammal-like rotation of the jaw while chewing. This, along with the handling of stress in the jaws, show that
2553:
at 66.043 mya, with differences in sediment deposits suggesting that the lower Scollard Formation (Cretaceous deposits) lasted around 0.68 million years and the upper 0.16. The assemblage including
1338:
is known thanks to the preservation of multiple specimens. Complete vertebral columns of CMN 8888 and 8887 are 1.66 m (5.4 ft) and 1.35 m (4.4 ft) long respectively, with nine
1112:. There is a large ridge above the teeth on the maxilla, which would have supported a large muscled cheek pouch to assist in shredding large amounts of vegetation. As in other ceratopsians, the
4317:
Eberth, D.A.; O'Connell, S.C. (1994). "Notes on changing paleoenvironments across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (Scollard Formation) in the Red Deer River valley of southern Alberta".
3703:
Sereno, P.C. (2000). "The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia". In Benton, M.J.; Shiskin, M.A.; Unwin, D.M.; Kurochkin, E.N. (eds.).
2257:
lacks opposable digits to allow for one-handed prehension, but would have been able to hold with two hands when moving bipedally. Proportions of the fore and hindlimbs suggest that both
3882:
Morschhauser, E.M.; You, H.; Li, D.; Dodson, P. (2019). "Phylogenetic history of Auroraceratops rugosus (Ceratopsia: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Gansu Province, China".
1269:, in which it is longer and straighter. There is a smooth beveling on the dentary to form the matching surface of the cheek to the maxilla above. When articulated, the mandibles of
2418:, as well as other leptoceratopsids, had efficient bites allowing them to be adaptable to different food types, not simply showing improvements along the evolution of ceratopsids.
4032:(Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) Raised its Young in Communal Nesting Burrows: Evidence from Three New Bonebeds in the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous), Montana"
4039:
Presented Abstracts. Cretaceous and Beyond: Paleontology of the Western Interior. A Symposium Focusing on Cretaceous and Paleogene Vertebrate Paleontology of the Western Interior
5950:
2227:
has been assumed to be quadrupedal. The first investigation specifically into the function of the neoceratopsian forelimb was published by Phil Senter in 2007, who looked at
904:
of Montana, equivalent in age to the Scollard and Lance Formations of Alberta and Wyoming, in 1992 with the discovery of a rear part of a skull by Brig Konecke. The skull,
4344:
1604:, but does not show any expansion towards its end or internal groove near the base. The ischia show a pronounced curvature along their length and are more slender than in
2410:
is different from all other dinosaurs, with the jaw undergoing an orbital motion that is mammal-like, despite the very large differences in jaw joint anatomy between
1362:. The number of caudal vertebrae varies, with 38 in CMN 8887, 48 in CMN 8888, and 48 or 49 in YPM VPPU 18133. The first three cervicals are not fused together into a
5891:
5990:
1746:
and other early ceratopsians were not all united within Protoceratopsidae began with the descriptions of new genera from Asia since 1975 and the introduction of
1257:, which forms a lower beak, is shorter than in any more advanced ceratopsian, though the union with the dentary is strong. The dentary is short and deep in
1833:, but the inclusion of these taxa and the fragmentary nature of many early ceratopsians resulted in a lack of resolution of leptoceratopsid relationships.
683:
Edmonton member, and CMN 8889 was an additional 1.5 m (5 ft) above them. These specimens were complete enough to allow Canadian palaeontologist
657:, and one caudal vertebrae. Both individuals are catalogued under the specimen number AMNH 5205, with the second individual being slightly larger. The
799:
numbers 13863 and 13864, could belong to a distinct species, but the fragmentary nature meant he did not give it a name and left it as indeterminate
5995:
5878:
1011:
were likely around 2 m (6.6 ft) long and weighed 100 kg (220 lb). This is similar in size to some other early ceratopsians like
848:) number 18133, preserves a nearly complete hindlimb, pelvis, and tail alongside some isolated teeth. Described in 1978 by American palaeontologist
3109:
Ryan, M.J.; Currie, P.J. (1998). "First report of protoceratopsians (Neoceratopsia) from the Late Cretaceous Judith River Group, Alberta, Canada".
3825:"A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong, China and Its Implications for Neoceratopsian Evolution"
669:, but the description of it provided by Brown was sufficient for Sternberg to conclude that it was from within the Upper Edmonton member of the
5955:
3418:
Tanoue, K.; You, H.; Dodson, P. (2010). "Mandibular Anatomy in Basal Ceratopsia". In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.).
2590:
dividing western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous, a broad coastal plain extending westward from the seaway to the newly formed
3358:
Ryan, M.J.; Evans, D.C.; Currie, P.J.; Brown, C.M.; Brinkman, D. (2012). "New leptoceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada".
5211:
4445:
4420:
4392:
4367:
3978:
3427:
2952:
2927:
1418:
was first described, they were the longest of any ceratopsian known at that time. However, the neural spines of the more recently discovered
717:
472:
also extended into coastal plains where it lived alongside much larger herbivorous dinosaurs. It is possible that within these environments,
3757:
Xu, X.; Makovicky, P.J.; Wang, X.; Norell, M.A.; You, H. (2002). "A ceratopsian dinosaur from China and the early evolution of Ceratopsia".
1781:
All previously published neoceratopsian phylogenetic analyses were incorporated into the analysis of Eric M. Morschhauser and colleagues in
4533:
1758:, instead forming a successive acquisition of features closer to Ceratopsidae. This was supported by multiple phylogenetic analyses, where
1592:, with a short and narrow anterior process and a curved and tapered posterior process that is only 50 mm (2.0 in) in length. The
5960:
5217:
565:
4471:
3741:
3712:
3402:
3337:
358:. Additional specimens found in the Scollard include one complete and two mostly complete skeletons together, uncovered in 1947 by
1542:, which articulate with the ulna and radius, respectively, are large, while the three distal carpals are small and irregular. The
5985:
5980:
5791:
4506:
1556:, but show the ability for free movement of the fingers, unlike in ceratopsids. The manus has a phalangeal formula of 2-3-4-3-1.
4246:
Lehman, T.M. (1987). "Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America".
3595:
Makovicky, P.J. (2002). "Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships of basal Neoceratopsia (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".
1762:
was either unrelated to other forms, within Protoceratopsidae, or outside Protoceratopsidae but forming a clade with taxa like
779:
2892:
6000:
4120:
Tanoue, K.; Grandstaff, B.S.; You, H.; Dodson, P. (2009). "Jaw Mechanics in Basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria)".
3732:(Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta". In Tanke, D.H.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).
1787:
924:
796:
1628:, which is unlike the heavier ceratopsids. The trochanters for muscle articulations are pronounced. There are two distal
5767:
3919:"A new leptoceratopsid dinosaur from Maastrichtian-aged deposits of the Sustut Basin, northern British Columbia, Canada"
2308:
2062:
1922:
1642:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1594:
1582:
1561:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1466:
1443:
1435:
1404:
1396:
1376:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1308:
1251:
1239:
1214:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1070:
996:
988:
651:
643:
143:
2038:
1987:
1867:
1301:, but only extends partway down the tooth so that there is a sharp and distinct shelf. The unworn surface of teeth of
2223:
The early evolution of ceratopsians saw a transition from the primitive bipedality to quadrupedality. Traditionally,
2284:
suggesting burrowing. Three fossil bonebeds were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation containing large amounts of
1208:
4027:
753:. Comparisons between the St. Mary River specimen and the skeletons collected by Sternberg in Alberta showed that
691:
based only on the CMN individuals. Newer geology has separated the Edmonton Formation into four formations as the
5970:
5945:
4090:
VanBuren, C.S.; Evans, D.C. (2017). "Evolution and function of anterior cervical vertebral fusion in tetrapods".
2127:
1946:
905:
679:
130:
3629:
Zhao, X.; Cheng, Z.; Xu, X. (1999). "The earliest ceratopsian from the Tuchengzi Formation of Liaoning, China".
3328:(Dinosauria: Ornithischia) Specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, Southeast Montana". In Carpenter, K. (ed.).
3303:
1136:
bone, which forms an eyebrow in ornithischians, is only small and loosely positioned within the eye socket. The
4624:
4526:
2110:
912:
yet described. An isolated tooth, UWGM-201, was also found. UWGM-200 was found within a 1 m (3.3 ft)
786:
of Montana in 1913, 1928 and 1935, discovering two specimens in the third expedition that he later referred to
724:
468:
and small-treed forests. The climate was cool in the foothills of the mountainous cordillera, but the range of
3212:
2346:
2522:
fauna, and its extremely small sample size of specimens (6% of the Scollard dinosaur fauna) instead preclude
994:, a more forwards center of mass suggesting quadrupedality, and a higher number of vertebrae in front of the
5975:
4742:
3199:
Chinnery, B.J.; Horner, J.R. (2007). "A new neoceratopsian dinosaur linking North American and Asian taxa".
3169:
Gilmore, C.W. (1939). "Ceratopsian dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Upper Cretaceous of Montana".
2587:
2494:, where the latter is found the former is less abundant than elsewhere. The sediments of these regions were
1970:
939:
658:
2265:
could have been bipedal when moving at high speeds but reverted to quadrupedality when moving slowly, with
621:, 'horned face', though Brown did not explain its etymology. The specimen preserves parts of the skull and
5818:
783:
604:
1476:
while lacking the ridge that extends diagonally across the scapular blade found in the other genera. The
433:, and the pectoral and pelvis girdle bones were slender and more like earlier ceratopsians. The teeth of
5917:
5801:
4651:
4338:
3446:
Tanoue, K.; You, H.; Dodson, P. (2009). "Comparative anatomy of selected basal ceratopsian dentitions".
2086:
869:
296:
5773:
3481:
Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. (2011). "The locomotor musculature of basal ornithischian dinosaurs".
1051:
121:
5965:
5865:
4291:
4255:
4220:
3836:
3766:
3677:
3638:
3455:
3367:
3118:
3080:
2390:
2281:
1782:
901:
841:
666:
387:
359:
273:
1423:
the seventh caudal in YPM VPPU 18133. All vertebral bodies but the last eight are taller than long.
4907:
4519:
2686:
2414:
and analogous mammals. Biomechanical studies of the jaws of ceratopsians have also identified that
2249:
the radius could rotate around the forearm to allow pronation of the hand, this is not possible in
913:
891:
865:
845:
766:
596:
1245:
of CMN 8889 is well preserved and has been separated from the rest of the skull by the removal of
5856:
5627:
5577:
5009:
3899:
2759:
1829:
1518:
in form and strength of the ridge along its length. The hand is complete, displaying two rows of
775:
700:
670:
494:
351:
138:
2426:
2338:, but further evidence is needed to understand the origins of the syncervicals of ceratopsians.
2327:
820:
735:
specimens lead Brown and Erich M. Schlaijker to describe the specimen in 1942 as a new species,
5922:
5904:
5896:
5710:
5648:
5611:
5085:
4972:
4467:
4441:
4416:
4388:
4363:
4192:
4137:
3974:
3950:
3864:
3782:
3737:
3708:
3423:
3398:
3333:
2948:
2923:
2713:
2698:
1853:
1724:
1720:
1698:
750:
403:
249:
5909:
2743:
544:, and there are also fishes, amphibians, turtles, crocodilians, pterosaurs, and birds known.
5740:
5538:
5363:
5065:
4760:
4498:
4326:
4299:
4263:
4228:
4182:
4172:
4129:
4099:
4072:
4008:
3940:
3930:
3891:
3854:
3844:
3774:
3685:
3646:
3574:
3490:
3463:
3375:
3299:
3208:
3178:
3126:
3088:
3052:
2702:
2575:
1279:
1246:
1017:
935:
634:
4059:
Li, D.; Morschhauser, E.M.; You, H.; Dodson, P. (2019). "The anatomy of the syncervical of
1785:, along with all previously published diagnostic species excluding the incomplete juvenile
923:
shells from the upper Hell Creek, and UWGM-201 was found 75 m (246 ft) below the
5634:
5586:
5545:
5481:
5384:
5335:
5037:
4961:
4916:
4790:
4776:
4735:
4609:
4593:
3290:
gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana".
2786:
2591:
1288:
833:
759:
684:
465:
391:
372:
339:
30:
2452:
fauna" in the Scollard, Lance and Pinyon Canyon Formations of Alberta and Wyoming, where
4295:
4259:
4224:
3840:
3770:
3681:
3642:
3459:
3371:
3122:
3084:
1836:
5641:
5600:
5531:
5518:
5489:
5474:
5444:
5405:
5391:
5308:
5269:
5148:
5058:
5023:
5016:
4896:
4846:
4769:
4749:
4187:
4156:
3971:
Windows into Sauropsid and Synapsid Evolution: Essays in Honor of Prof. Louis L. Jacobs
3945:
3918:
3859:
3824:
3734:
Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie
3578:
2753:
2681:
2612:
2495:
2302:
2229:
1751:
1685:
1660:
1341:
1189:
960:
950:
sp. by Michael J. Ryan and Currie in 1998 despite being substantially older than other
814:
692:
577:
552:
506:
441:
had an efficient bite allowing it to be adaptable to different food types, such as the
220:
1426:
1167:
5939:
5719:
5698:
5668:
5659:
5559:
5453:
5398:
5377:
5349:
5342:
5328:
5321:
5127:
5116:
5109:
5051:
5044:
4988:
4923:
4889:
4860:
4813:
4267:
4012:
3903:
2850:
2842:
2823:
2780:
2771:
2569:
2546:
2468:
2462:
2445:
1805:
1793:
1768:
1747:
1703:
1349:
1315:
1039:
1033:
1023:
886:
745:
704:
608:
569:
536:
531:
511:
488:
480:
was not a common component of the dinosaur fauna, but coexisted with the herbivorous
411:
72:
34:
3420:
New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium
1394:
are more distinct, as the neural spines are far more slanted and, together with the
5733:
5684:
5677:
5593:
5566:
5552:
5460:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5370:
5356:
5248:
5235:
5166:
5155:
5140:
5102:
5094:
5076:
4981:
4947:
4930:
4882:
4875:
4831:
4636:
4584:
3689:
3650:
2833:
2828:
2816:
2807:
2731:
2672:
2660:
2656:
2645:
2621:
2616:
2563:
2245:
are long enough to reach the ground upright, allowing for quadrupedality. While in
2215:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1774:
1755:
1712:
1690:
1680:
1459:
1436:
1226:
1175:
972:
600:
520:
482:
347:
269:
204:
4358:
Lofgren, D.F. (1997). "Hell Creek Formation". In Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (eds.).
4232:
4076:
3895:
3379:
3182:
2306:, is formed by the fusion of the first three cervical vertebrae and the first two
1377:
934:
of a protoceratopsian, TMP 95.12.6, was found in 1995 by Canadian palaeontologist
884:
was questioned by Chinnery in 2004, as the jugal is similar to that described for
3849:
3494:
2586:
fossils have been found represent different sections of the western shore of the
2289:
the environment was better-drained than the swampy upper Hell Creek, which lacks
1526:, and three digits with hooves on the first three. The two proximal carpals, the
1397:
5850:
5726:
5620:
5503:
5467:
5290:
5002:
4867:
4383:
Breithaupt, B.H. (1997). "Lance Formation". In Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (eds.).
4330:
2796:
2765:
2719:
2633:
2474:
2365:
2309:
1842:
1823:
1552:
1545:
1514:
1365:
1202:
1183:
1079:
849:
500:
442:
425:
was likely bipedal when moving at speed and quadrupedal when moving slowly. The
332:
47:
1643:
1326:
1252:
1091:
5496:
5412:
5262:
4995:
4783:
4717:
4704:
4663:
4542:
4488:
4436:
Johnson, K.R. (1997). "Hell Creek Flora". In Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (eds.).
3610:
Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs (Ornithischia)".
2837:
2811:
2802:
2791:
2737:
2668:
2664:
2627:
2603:
2550:
2507:
2319:
1689:
may form their own family. This was not followed by Hungarian palaeontologist
1676:
1648:
and one capping the fourth. Overall the foot is longer proportionally than in
1444:
1131:
954:
material then known, as the only other North American protoceratopsian named,
813:
when it was named in 2007 by American palaeontologists Brenda J. Chinnery and
809:
644:
573:
526:
515:
461:
378:
236:
92:
57:
5841:
4157:"Dental microwear reveals mammal-like chewing in the neoceratopsian dinosaur
1309:
1240:
1139:
1123:
1043:
which was around 4 m (13 ft) long and 700 kg (1,500 lb).
641:. The second individual also preserves part of the forelimb, as well as four
3261:
2855:
2776:
2725:
2651:
2595:
2371:
2361:
2334:. Fossorial behaviour has been hypothesised in small ceratopsians including
2315:
1631:
1595:
1537:
1521:
1479:
1467:
1405:
1149:
1107:
1099:
943:
917:
909:
817:
based on an 80% complete skeleton also found in the Two Medicine Formation.
638:
426:
414:
deposits of Alberta, Montana and Wyoming, representing the entire skeleton.
155:
97:
41:
4411:
Eberth, D.A. (1997). "Edmonton Group". In Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (eds.).
4303:
4196:
4141:
3954:
3868:
3786:
3092:
1529:
1487:
1357:
1120:
of the cheek are flared to the side and are capped by an ossification, the
997:
986:
was an unusual early ceratopsian, displaying a very large head but minimal
652:
3999:
Senter, P. (2007). "Analysis of forelimb function in basal ceratopsians".
1623:
1615:
1583:
1562:
1215:
1115:
1071:
989:
840:
by Michael Ramus, where a single individual was collected. This specimen,
429:
of the tail were high-spined, though not as high as those of its relative
5835:
5297:
5283:
5276:
4839:
4575:
4566:
3668:(Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) and relationships among basal neoceratopsians".
3565:
Romer, A.S. (1927). "The pelvic musculature of ornithischian dinosaurs".
3266:, a Cretaceous dinosaur in the Pinyon Conglomerate, northwestern Wyoming"
2707:
2639:
2599:
2545:
is known was deposited from 66.88 million years ago until the end of the
2514:
has since been found within the Hell Creek Formation that is part of the
2506:
fauna consequently inhabiting cool environments flanking the mountainous
2499:
2323:
2300:, which is also shared with most other neoceratopsians more derived than
1495:
630:
626:
617:
585:
446:
335:
188:
175:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
4026:
Fowler, D.W.; Wilson, J.P.; Freedman Fowler, E.A.; Horner, J.R. (2019).
2526:
from being a suitable diagnostic animal for a faunal province. With the
5883:
5691:
4853:
4797:
4177:
4063:(Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), the oldest known ceratopsian syncervical".
3935:
2331:
931:
920:
837:
728:
581:
395:
363:
355:
102:
77:
4103:
3800:
You, H.; Dodson, P. (2003). "Redescription of neoceratopsian dinosaur
2444:
has been used as an indicator of faunal provinciality during the late
2280:
based on its forelimb anatomy, which is supported by fossils from the
1278:
are some of the most distinct in Ceratopsia, showing a unique type of
665:
was first found in could not be relocated by Canadian palaeontologist
4560:
4133:
2382:
2377:
1711:. A similar classification was supported by American palaeontologist
723:
In 1916, Brown collected an additional specimen, AMNH 5464, from the
450:
165:
5812:
3778:
3467:
3130:
3056:
2897:, a new genus of Ceratopsia from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta"
807:
by Sternberg in 1951, and then later referred to its close relative
1390:, but the vertebrae are otherwise similar. The dorsal vertebrae of
342:
of North America. First found in Alberta in 1910, the type species
4466:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 517β606.
2425:
2386:
2345:
2214:
1835:
1754:
suggested in 1986 that Protoceratopsidae as traditionally used is
1727:, formed the group Ceratopsia. The description of new material of
1659:
1425:
1325:
1050:
971:
819:
790:. The material, which is fragmentary but clearly similar to other
765:
589:
551:
328:
3324:
Ott, C.J. (2006). "Cranial Anatomy and Biogeography of the First
1815:
that are very closely related to and potentially synonymous with
350:
for a partial skull and skeleton of two individuals found in the
5870:
1007:
1.81 m (5.9 ft) in length. The largest individuals of
5816:
5233:
4702:
4553:
4515:
2389:
may have provided starch. Basal ceratopsians were obligate low
1512:
is far more similar to ceratopsids, differing very little from
1249:
during preparation so its anatomy can be more easily seen. The
716:
specimens from the Scollard also include the partial skeletons
1739:
after its separation, were included within Protoceratopsidae.
908:
number 200, was prepared in 1998 and shows the first complete
864:
material from Montana. An isolated tooth (AMNH 2571) from the
622:
4511:
1612:, though the structure of the foot is equally primitive. The
603:. The name translates as "slender small horn face", with the
3043:
from the upper Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta".
3013:
from the Upper Edmonton member on Red Deer River, Alberta".
1608:. As with the forelimb, the hindlimb is more robust than in
540:. Mammals are known from diverse forms that lived alongside
4045:. North Dakota Geological Survey. Miscellaneous Series: 20.
3823:
Xu, X.; Wang, K.; Zhao, X.; Sullivan, C.; Chen, S. (2010).
3304:
10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0572:DOPPGE]2.0.CO;2
1164:
with minor differences, including a restricted neck to the
852:, the skeleton is very similar to the material assigned to
3546:
Nopcsa, F. (1929). "Dinosaurierreste aus SiebenbΓΌrgen V".
2276:
Scratch-digging is also believed to have been possible in
749:, and that both genera should be united within the family
3397:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 280.
3213:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[625:ANNDLN]2.0.CO;2
2538:
is not as ecologically restricted as previously thought.
1370:
until adulthood, which is distinctly more primitive than
417:
Multiple unusual features can be seen in the skeleton of
3273:
United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 700-D
2922:(6th ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 357.
1750:
to ceratopsian classification. American palaeontologist
856:
from Alberta, while also displaying differences to both
2478:
are absent. Lehman first separated the fauna including
2448:
of North America, with Thomas Lehman identifying the "
3330:
Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
3147:
Brown, B.; Schlaikjer, E.M. (1942). "The skeleton of
2567:
is from the lower Scollard, while the large theropod
1382:
in cervical vertebrae are more slender and longer in
1180:, and an elevated articulation for the palate on the
757:
should be given its own genus, which Sternberg named
568:(AMNH) discovered two ceratopsian specimens from the
3039:
Russell, D.A. (1969). "A skeletal reconstruction of
2582:
Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The formations where
1096:
of the snout, though there are 17 teeth in both the
673:. Sternberg described three additional skeletons of
510:
among other ornithischians, and theropods including
5825:
5709:
5667:
5658:
5610:
5576:
5517:
5443:
5307:
5246:
5165:
5126:
5084:
5075:
4971:
4945:
4906:
4811:
4759:
4715:
4662:
4635:
4608:
3973:. Dinosaur Science Center Press. pp. 151β165.
2486:-bearing locations in 1987, identifying that while
1472:is more slender than in ceratopsids but similar to
3262:"Local stratigraphic and tectonic significance of
2901:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2667:and birds, a variety of theropod groups including
880:, by Ostrom. The assignment of YPM VPPU 018133 to
687:to publish a completely reconstructed skeleton of
410:is known from more than ten individuals, all from
4248:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3508:Nopcsa, F. (1923). "Die Familien der Reptilien".
1571:is primitive for a ceratopsian, being similar to
803:species. These specimens were later removed from
3707:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 480β516.
3590:
3588:
3171:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
1840:Life-sized model of the related leptoceratopsid
1410:. The rib articulations are also longer than in
3194:
3192:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
1723:in 1927, which, together with Ceratopsidae and
1196:have the same arrangement patterns as those of
4343:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
4115:
4113:
3736:. Indiana University Press. pp. 243β262.
3422:. Indiana University Press. pp. 234β250.
3332:. Indiana University Press. pp. 213β234.
3009:Sternberg, C.M. (1951). "Complete skeleton of
2747:. Within the Hell Creek Formation of Montana,
1735:, and as a result, the two genera, as well as
1697:within Ceratopsidae and in its own subfamily,
1588:is similar but proportionally smaller than in
906:University of Wisconsin-Madison Geology Museum
4527:
4406:
4404:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3597:Unpublished Dissertation, Columbia University
3527:Nopcsa, F. (1928). "The genera of reptiles".
3441:
3439:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3164:
3162:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2360:, like other ceratopsians, would have been a
1076:unlike more derived ceratopsians, nor on the
476:dug and lived in multi-generational burrows.
8:
3510:Fortschritte der Geologie und Palaeontologie
3705:The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia
3548:Geologica Hungarica. Series Palaeontologica
3353:
3351:
3349:
3142:
3140:
2947:. Princeton University Press. p. 346.
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2594:. These formations are composed largely of
1265:and most other leptoceratopsids except for
1224:, only otherwise preserved in specimens of
390:of Montana and a partial skeleton from the
5951:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
5813:
5664:
5523:
5313:
5254:
5243:
5230:
5132:
5081:
4953:
4823:
4819:
4727:
4723:
4712:
4699:
4641:
4614:
4605:
4550:
4534:
4520:
4512:
3664:Chinnery, B.J.; Weishampel, D.B. (1998). "
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3104:
3102:
1453:; the sternals are comparable to those of
370:have since been moved to their own genera
120:
20:
4186:
4176:
4054:
4052:
3944:
3934:
3858:
3848:
2269:tending to be slightly more bipedal than
1675:was first named as a primitive member of
366:that were among the earliest referred to
3241:from the "Lance" Formation of Wyoming".
3151:with the description of a new species".
2751:lived alongside the dinosaurs including
703:, which was deposited at the end of the
3804:and early evolution of Neoceratopsia".
3286:Chinnery, B.J. (2004). "Description of
2868:
1318:is present on both sides of the crown.
1148:are elongated to form a frill and bear
4336:
4319:Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology
3395:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
2697:. Mammals are also very diverse, with
2394:strong bites to consume them as well.
2330:, are most often fossorial diggers or
832:locality was found in 1962 within the
739:. Brown and Schlaijker concluded that
5991:Maastrichtian genus first appearances
1128:, which is unique for the group. The
824:Isolated maxillary tooth of AMNH 5205
718:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
402:is the eponymous genus of the family
129:Fossils CMN 8888 and CMN 8887 at the
16:Extinct genus of ceratopsian dinosaur
7:
4440:. Academic Press. pp. 300β302.
4415:. Academic Press. pp. 199β204.
4387:. Academic Press. pp. 394β395.
4362:. Academic Press. pp. 302β303.
3917:Arbour, V. M.; Evans, D. C. (2019).
2397:The unique wear pattern on teeth of
1683:, with Brown suggesting that it and
1449:of the pectoral region are known in
890:and the locality may be part of the
599:in 1914 by American palaeontologist
2102:
2078:
2054:
2030:
1962:
1938:
1914:
1907:
1883:
1859:
1849:
699:known from the uppermost named the
4284:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
4065:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3884:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3670:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3631:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3579:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1927.tb00653.x
3483:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3448:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3292:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3260:McKenna, M.C.; Love, J.D. (1970).
3201:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3111:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3073:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3045:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3015:National Museum of Canada Bulletin
2826:and troodontids, the ornithomimid
2541:The Scollard Formation from which
2375:provides large amounts of energy,
1156:. The anatomy of the braincase of
1144:bones of the rear skull, which in
946:in age. It was first described as
916:cross-bedded sandstone containing
566:American Museum of Natural History
14:
2534:fauna being from coastal plains,
1002:. All the described specimens of
707:. Within the Scollard Formation,
386:include bonebed remains from the
327:(meaning 'small horn face') is a
5797:
5796:
5772:
5766:
5216:
5210:
4507:Timeline of ceratopsian research
4491:
4013:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00329.x
2602:, which have been attributed to
1701:; this subfamily also contained
637:, as well as two other isolated
142:
5996:Maastrichtian genus extinctions
2679:, and ornithischians including
1550:are more compact than those of
780:United States Geological Survey
3690:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011085
3651:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011181
1731:highlighted its similarity to
1668:(C) and other leptoceratopsids
1282:only shared with taxa such as
398:. Together with related taxa,
1:
5956:Fossil taxa described in 1914
4438:The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
4413:The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
4385:The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
4360:The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
4233:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.012
4077:10.1080/02724634.2018.1510411
3896:10.1080/02724634.2018.1509866
3806:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3380:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.018
3183:10.5479/si.00963801.87-3066.1
2437:in the Hell Creek environment
2350:Jaw motion during chewing in
1788:Archaeoceratops yujingziensis
1037:, but smaller than the large
925:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
797:United States National Museum
778:led three expeditions of the
743:was a very close relative of
456:The environment inhabited by
4268:10.1016/0031-0182(87)90032-0
3850:10.1371/journal.pone.0013835
3730:Montanoceratops cerorhynchus
3666:Montanoceratops cerorhynchus
3612:National Geographic Research
3495:10.1080/02724634.2011.606857
2063:Montanoceratops cerorhynchus
1923:Ischioceratops zhuchengensis
942:of Alberta, which is middle
4331:10.35767/gscpgbull.43.1.044
3728:Makovicky, P.J. (2001). "A
2381:contains high protein, and
2039:Koreaceratops hwaseongensis
1988:Zhuchengceratops inexpectus
1868:Helioceratops brachygnathus
1791:and the problematic genera
1600:is also similar to that of
1354:, and six vertebrae in the
1152:, are reduced and solid in
6017:
5961:Taxa named by Barnum Brown
2219:Complete hand of AMNH 5205
1209:Chasmosaurus mariscalensis
1172:, an unsplit ridge on the
1088:there are no teeth in the
927:in the middle Hell Creek.
737:Leptoceratops cerorhynchus
453:found in its environment.
5786:
5764:
5526:
5316:
5257:
5242:
5229:
5207:
5135:
4956:
4826:
4822:
4730:
4726:
4711:
4698:
4644:
4617:
4604:
4549:
3288:Prenoceratops pieganensis
3153:American Museum Novitates
2128:Unescoceratops kopelhusae
2124:
2107:
2100:
2083:
2076:
2059:
2052:
2035:
2028:
1984:
1967:
1960:
1947:Prenoceratops pieganensis
1943:
1936:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1888:
1881:
1864:
1857:
1500:are intermediate between
774:American palaeontologist
680:Canadian Museum of Nature
564:A 1910 expedition by the
382:, while new specimens of
302:
295:
139:Scientific classification
137:
131:Canadian Museum of Nature
128:
119:
23:
2729:, and the insectivorans
2111:Gryphoceratops morrisoni
1640:, one capping the third
725:St. Mary River Formation
5986:Paleontology in Wyoming
5981:Paleontology in Alberta
4743:Micropachycephalosaurus
4155:Varriale, F.J. (2016).
3890:(Supplement): 117β147.
3243:Journal of Paleontology
2920:Dinosaurs: The Textbook
2588:Western Interior Seaway
2490:overlaps in range with
1971:Udanoceratops tchizhovi
1334:The entire skeleton of
940:Dinosaur Park Formation
900:was first found in the
770:Skeletal reconstruction
4333:(inactive 2024-08-16).
4304:10.1139/cjes-2018-0098
4159:Leptoceratops gracilis
3326:Leptoceratops gracilis
3239:Leptoceratops gracilis
3237:Ostrom, J.H. (1978). "
3093:10.1139/cjes-2012-0185
3041:Leptoceratops gracilis
3011:Leptoceratops gracilis
2757:, pachycephalosaurids
2438:
2354:
2326:to seven vertebrae in
2220:
1892:Leptoceratops gracilis
1846:
1719:within the new family
1669:
1431:
1331:
1160:is similar to that of
1056:
1055:Skull cast of CMN 8887
980:
825:
784:Two Medicine Formation
771:
593:Leptoceratops gracilis
561:
344:Leptoceratops gracilis
309:Leptoceratops gracilis
5918:Paleobiology Database
4122:The Anatomical Record
4028:"The Horned Dinosaur
2578:of southern Alberta.
2561:, and the ankylosaur
2429:
2406:. The mastication of
2349:
2218:
2087:Cerasinops hodgskissi
1839:
1693:, who instead placed
1663:
1429:
1329:
1054:
975:
872:was also referred to
870:Teton County, Wyoming
823:
769:
720:93.95.1 and 95.86.1.
555:
548:Discovery and species
346:was named in 1914 by
6001:Ornithischian genera
2945:The Horned Dinosaurs
2918:Lucas, S.G. (2016).
2675:, the tyrannosaurid
2649:, turtles including
2282:Hell Creek Formation
1430:Humerus of AMNH 5205
1322:Postcranial skeleton
1234:among ceratopsians.
902:Hell Creek Formation
842:Princeton University
667:Charles M. Sternberg
464:region with regular
388:Hell Creek Formation
360:Charles M. Sternberg
4908:Archaeoceratopsidae
4296:2019CaJES..56.1041E
4260:1987PPP....60..189L
4225:2018CrRes..84..483M
4213:Cretaceous Research
3841:2010PLoSO...513835X
3771:2002Natur.416..314X
3682:1998JVPal..18..569C
3643:1999JVPal..19..681X
3460:2009CaJES..46..425S
3393:Paul, G.S. (2016).
3372:2012CrRes..35...69R
3360:Cretaceous Research
3123:1998CaJES..35..820R
3085:2013CaJES..50..701E
2943:Dodson, P. (1996).
2687:pachycephalosaurids
2456:occurs, along with
2296:The syncervical of
2241:. The forelimbs of
1679:outside the family
1280:tooth-on-tooth wear
1220:bones are known in
892:Meeteetse Formation
866:Pinyon Conglomerate
846:Yale Peabody Museum
625:, a complete right
5628:Crittendenceratops
5578:Albertaceratopsini
4178:10.7717/peerj.2132
4092:Biological Reviews
4001:Journal of Zoology
3936:10.7717/peerj.7926
2891:Brown, B. (1914).
2760:Pachycephalosaurus
2643:, amphibians like
2439:
2355:
2221:
1847:
1670:
1432:
1402:, overhanging the
1342:cervical vertebrae
1332:
1057:
981:
826:
776:Charles W. Gilmore
772:
701:Scollard Formation
671:Edmonton Formation
562:
495:Pachycephalosaurus
352:Scollard Formation
5933:
5932:
5905:Open Tree of Life
5819:Taxon identifiers
5810:
5809:
5782:
5781:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5711:Pachyrhinosaurini
5649:Yehuecauhceratops
5612:Nasutoceratopsini
5513:
5512:
5225:
5224:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5086:Protoceratopsidae
4973:Leptoceratopsidae
4941:
4940:
4807:
4806:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4447:978-0-12-226810-6
4422:978-0-12-226810-6
4394:978-0-12-226810-6
4369:978-0-12-226810-6
4290:(10): 1041β1051.
4104:10.1111/brv.12245
3980:978-89-5708-358-1
3765:(6878): 314β317.
3429:978-0-253-35358-0
2954:978-0-691-02882-8
2929:978-0-231-54184-8
2705:, the marsupials
2699:multituberculates
2202:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1854:Leptoceratopsidae
1742:Recognition that
1725:Protoceratopsidae
1721:Leptoceratopsidae
1699:Leptoceratopsinae
1374:and ceratopsids.
1168:occipital condyle
1092:premarillary bone
860:and other former
751:Protoceratopsidae
633:, a series of 24
607:derived from the
460:was a semi-humid
404:Leptoceratopsidae
362:. Specimens from
320:
319:
276:
250:Leptoceratopsidae
6008:
5971:Hell Creek fauna
5946:Leptoceratopsids
5926:
5925:
5913:
5912:
5900:
5899:
5887:
5886:
5874:
5873:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5814:
5800:
5799:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5741:Pachyrhinosaurus
5665:
5539:Machairoceratops
5524:
5364:Coahuilaceratops
5314:
5255:
5244:
5231:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5133:
5082:
5066:Zhuchengceratops
4954:
4824:
4820:
4761:Chaoyangsauridae
4728:
4724:
4713:
4700:
4642:
4615:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4551:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4513:
4501:
4499:Dinosaurs portal
4496:
4495:
4494:
4478:
4477:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4134:10.1002/ar.20979
4128:(9): 1352β1369.
4117:
4108:
4107:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3996:
3985:
3984:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3573:(2β3): 225β275.
3562:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3489:(6): 1265β1291.
3478:
3472:
3471:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3321:
3308:
3307:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3234:
3217:
3216:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3036:
3023:
3022:
3006:
2959:
2958:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2888:
2655:, indeterminate
2576:Battle Formation
2342:Feeding and diet
2311:
2103:
2079:
2055:
2031:
1963:
1939:
1915:
1908:
1884:
1860:
1850:
1645:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1597:
1585:
1564:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1508:. The radius of
1497:
1489:
1481:
1469:
1446:
1438:
1407:
1399:
1379:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1350:dorsal vertebrae
1343:
1330:Life restoration
1311:
1254:
1242:
1217:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1081:
1073:
1018:Zhuchengceratops
999:
991:
936:Philip J. Currie
654:
646:
635:caudal vertebrae
311:
307:
288:L. gracilis
268:
261:
248:
235:
219:
203:
147:
146:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6005:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5921:
5916:
5908:
5903:
5895:
5890:
5882:
5877:
5869:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5821:
5811:
5806:
5778:
5771:
5746:
5705:
5654:
5635:Furcatoceratops
5606:
5587:Albertaceratops
5572:
5546:Menefeeceratops
5509:
5482:Tatankaceratops
5439:
5385:Mercuriceratops
5336:Arrhinoceratops
5303:
5251:
5238:
5221:
5209:
5181:
5161:
5122:
5071:
5038:Montanoceratops
4967:
4962:Graciliceratops
4950:
4937:
4917:Archaeoceratops
4902:
4816:
4803:
4791:Xuanhuaceratops
4777:Hualianceratops
4755:
4736:Albalophosaurus
4720:
4707:
4678:
4658:
4631:
4625:Avemetatarsalia
4610:Avemetatarsalia
4600:
4594:Marginocephalia
4556:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4335:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4020:
3998:
3997:
3988:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3802:Archaeoceratops
3799:
3798:
3794:
3779:10.1038/416314a
3756:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3529:Palaeobiologica
3526:
3525:
3521:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3468:10.1139/E09-030
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3340:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3236:
3235:
3220:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3131:10.1139/e98-033
3108:
3107:
3100:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3057:10.1139/e70-014
3038:
3037:
3026:
3008:
3007:
2962:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2890:
2889:
2870:
2865:
2853:, and the bird
2787:Parasaurolophus
2703:deltatheridiids
2592:Rocky Mountains
2482:from the other
2424:
2344:
2328:Risso's dolphin
2313:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1764:Montanoceratops
1737:Montanoceratops
1658:
1647:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1606:Montanoceratops
1599:
1587:
1578:Montanoceratops
1566:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1471:
1448:
1440:
1420:Montanoceratops
1409:
1401:
1381:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1324:
1313:
1289:Archaeoceratops
1267:Montanoceratops
1256:
1244:
1219:
1198:Montanoceratops
1187:
1179:
1171:
1162:Montanoceratops
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1083:
1075:
1049:
1029:Montanoceratops
1001:
993:
970:
956:Montanoceratops
858:Montanoceratops
834:Lance Formation
760:Montanoceratops
755:L. cerorhynchus
685:Dale A. Russell
656:
648:
615:, 'small', and
550:
466:braided streams
431:Montanoceratops
392:Lance Formation
373:Montanoceratops
340:Late Cretaceous
316:
313:
305:
304:
291:
267:
259:
246:
233:
217:
201:
141:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
40:67.2β66.2
39:
38:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6014:
6012:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5976:Scollard fauna
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5914:
5901:
5888:
5875:
5862:
5847:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5642:Nasutoceratops
5638:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5601:Medusaceratops
5597:
5590:
5582:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5532:Diabloceratops
5527:
5521:
5519:Centrosaurinae
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5490:Titanoceratops
5486:
5478:
5475:Regaliceratops
5471:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5447:
5445:Triceratopsini
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5406:Sierraceratops
5402:
5395:
5392:Navajoceratops
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5309:Chasmosaurinae
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5270:Brachyceratops
5266:
5258:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5149:Turanoceratops
5145:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5059:Unescoceratops
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5024:Ischioceratops
5020:
5017:Gryphoceratops
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4951:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4897:Sasayamagnomus
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4847:Auroraceratops
4843:
4836:
4827:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4770:Chaoyangsaurus
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4750:Psittacosaurus
4746:
4739:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4612:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4464:The Dinosauria
4453:
4446:
4428:
4421:
4400:
4393:
4375:
4368:
4350:
4309:
4273:
4238:
4202:
4147:
4109:
4098:(1): 608β626.
4082:
4061:Auroraceratops
4048:
4018:
4007:(3): 305β314.
3986:
3979:
3960:
3909:
3874:
3835:(11): e13835.
3815:
3792:
3749:
3742:
3720:
3713:
3695:
3676:(3): 569β585.
3656:
3637:(4): 681β691.
3621:
3602:
3584:
3567:Acta Zoologica
3557:
3538:
3519:
3500:
3473:
3454:(6): 425β439.
3435:
3428:
3410:
3403:
3385:
3345:
3338:
3309:
3298:(3): 572β590.
3278:
3252:
3218:
3207:(3): 625β641.
3188:
3177:(3066): 1β18.
3158:
3136:
3117:(7): 820β826.
3098:
3079:(7): 701β726.
3062:
3024:
2960:
2953:
2935:
2928:
2910:
2907:(36): 567β580.
2867:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2843:tyrannosaurids
2824:dromaeosaurids
2754:Thescelosaurus
2682:Thescelosaurus
2613:Chondrichthyes
2496:alluvial plain
2423:
2420:
2343:
2340:
2307:
2303:Auroraceratops
2230:Psittacosaurus
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1752:Paul C. Sereno
1709:Brachyceratops
1686:Brachyceratops
1657:
1656:Classification
1654:
1641:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1593:
1581:
1560:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1465:
1442:
1437:Sternal plates
1434:
1403:
1395:
1375:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1323:
1320:
1307:
1250:
1238:
1213:
1190:cranial nerves
1181:
1176:supraoccipital
1173:
1165:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1077:
1069:
1063:is similar to
1048:
1045:
995:
987:
969:
966:
961:Unescoceratops
938:in the middle
815:John R. Horner
693:Edmonton Group
650:
642:
578:Red Deer River
560:type AMNH 5205
549:
546:
512:dromaeosaurids
507:Thescelosaurus
318:
317:
314:
300:
299:
293:
292:
284:
282:
278:
277:
257:
253:
252:
244:
240:
239:
231:
224:
223:
221:Neornithischia
215:
208:
207:
199:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6013:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5857:Leptoceratops
5852:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5827:Leptoceratops
5824:
5820:
5815:
5803:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5775:
5769:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5720:Achelousaurus
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5700:
5699:Styracosaurus
5696:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5669:Centrosaurini
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Eucentrosaura
5657:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5560:Wendiceratops
5557:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5454:Eotriceratops
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5399:Pentaceratops
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5378:Kosmoceratops
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5350:Bravoceratops
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:Bisticeratops
5340:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5329:Anchiceratops
5326:
5324:
5323:
5322:Agujaceratops
5319:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5213:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Ceratopsoidea
5125:
5119:
5118:
5117:Protoceratops
5114:
5112:
5111:
5110:Breviceratops
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5052:Udanoceratops
5049:
5047:
5046:
5045:Prenoceratops
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:Leptoceratops
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4989:Bainoceratops
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:Helioceratops
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:Mosaiceratops
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:Koreaceratops
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4814:Neoceratopsia
4810:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4489:
4484:
4475:
4473:0-520-24209-2
4469:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4071:(S1): 69β74.
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4030:Leptoceratops
4022:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3812:(2): 261β272.
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3743:0-253-33907-3
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3714:0-521-55476-4
3710:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3618:(2): 234β256.
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3404:9780691167664
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3339:0-253-34817-X
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3264:Leptoceratops
3256:
3253:
3249:(3): 697β704.
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:(1169): 1β15.
3154:
3150:
3149:Leptoceratops
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:Leptoceratops
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:alvarezsaurid
2848:
2847:Tyrannosaurus
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2784:and possibly
2783:
2782:
2781:Edmontosaurus
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:Sphaerotholus
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:Leptoceratops
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:Tyrannosaurus
2674:
2673:ornithomimids
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:Leptoceratops
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:Leptoceratops
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:Tyrannosaurus
2566:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:Leptoceratops
2552:
2548:
2547:Maastrichtian
2544:
2543:Leptoceratops
2539:
2537:
2536:Leptoceratops
2533:
2532:Edmontosaurus
2529:
2525:
2524:Leptoceratops
2521:
2520:Edmontosaurus
2517:
2513:
2512:Leptoceratops
2509:
2505:
2504:Leptoceratops
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:Leptoceratops
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:Leptoceratops
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:Edmontosaurus
2465:
2464:
2463:Tyrannosaurus
2459:
2455:
2454:Leptoceratops
2451:
2450:Leptoceratops
2447:
2446:Maastrichtian
2443:
2442:Leptoceratops
2436:
2435:Leptoceratops
2432:
2428:
2422:Palaeoecology
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:Leptoceratops
2413:
2412:Leptoceratops
2409:
2408:Leptoceratops
2405:
2404:Leptoceratops
2400:
2399:Leptoceratops
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2364:. Nutritious
2363:
2359:
2358:Leptoceratops
2353:
2352:Leptoceratops
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2336:Leptoceratops
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2298:Leptoceratops
2294:
2292:
2291:Leptoceratops
2287:
2286:Leptoceratops
2283:
2279:
2278:Leptoceratops
2274:
2272:
2271:Protoceratops
2268:
2267:Leptoceratops
2264:
2263:Protoceratops
2260:
2259:Leptoceratops
2256:
2255:Leptoceratops
2252:
2251:Leptoceratops
2248:
2247:Protoceratops
2244:
2243:Leptoceratops
2240:
2239:Protoceratops
2236:
2235:Leptoceratops
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:Leptoceratops
2217:
2210:
2206:Palaeobiology
2205:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:Platyceratops
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:Bainoceratops
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:Udanoceratops
1765:
1761:
1760:Leptoceratops
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:phylogenetics
1745:
1744:Leptoceratops
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:Protoceratops
1730:
1729:Leptoceratops
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Leptoceratops
1715:, who placed
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:Protoceratops
1700:
1696:
1695:Leptoceratops
1692:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Leptoceratops
1667:
1666:Leptoceratops
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:Protoceratops
1646:
1639:
1638:Leptoceratops
1634:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1610:Protoceratops
1607:
1603:
1602:Protoceratops
1598:
1591:
1590:Protoceratops
1586:
1579:
1574:
1573:Protoceratops
1570:
1569:Leptoceratops
1565:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:Leptoceratops
1507:
1506:Protoceratops
1503:
1502:Protoceratops
1498:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1474:Protoceratops
1470:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:Leptoceratops
1447:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:Leptoceratops
1413:
1412:Protoceratops
1408:
1400:
1393:
1392:Leptoceratops
1389:
1388:Protoceratops
1385:
1384:Leptoceratops
1380:
1378:Neural spines
1373:
1372:Protoceratops
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1336:Leptoceratops
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1316:Dental enamel
1312:
1304:
1303:Leptoceratops
1300:
1299:Leptoceratops
1295:
1294:Leptoceratops
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:Udanoceratops
1281:
1277:
1276:Leptoceratops
1272:
1271:Leptoceratops
1268:
1264:
1263:Protoceratops
1261:, similar to
1260:
1259:Leptoceratops
1255:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1232:Protoceratops
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:Leptoceratops
1218:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:Leptoceratops
1191:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1158:Leptoceratops
1155:
1154:Leptoceratops
1151:
1147:
1146:Protoceratops
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1086:Protoceratops
1082:
1074:
1066:
1065:Protoceratops
1062:
1061:Leptoceratops
1059:The skull of
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:Udanoceratops
1036:
1035:
1034:Protoceratops
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:Prenoceratops
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:Leptoceratops
1005:
1004:Leptoceratops
1000:
992:
985:
984:Leptoceratops
979:
978:Leptoceratops
974:
967:
965:
963:
962:
957:
953:
952:Leptoceratops
949:
948:Leptoceratops
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Leptoceratops
895:
893:
889:
888:
887:Prenoceratops
883:
882:Leptoceratops
879:
875:
874:Leptoceratops
871:
867:
863:
862:Leptoceratops
859:
855:
854:Leptoceratops
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Leptoceratops
822:
818:
816:
812:
811:
806:
805:Leptoceratops
802:
801:Leptoceratops
798:
793:
792:Leptoceratops
789:
788:Leptoceratops
785:
781:
777:
768:
764:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
747:
746:Protoceratops
742:
741:Leptoceratops
738:
734:
733:Leptoceratops
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
714:Leptoceratops
710:
709:Leptoceratops
706:
705:Maastrichtian
702:
698:
697:Leptoceratops
694:
690:
689:Leptoceratops
686:
681:
676:
675:Leptoceratops
672:
668:
664:
663:Leptoceratops
660:
655:
647:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
610:
609:Ancient Greek
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Maastrichtian
567:
559:
558:Leptoceratops
554:
547:
545:
543:
542:Leptoceratops
539:
538:
537:Tyrannosaurus
533:
532:alvarezsaurid
529:
528:
523:
522:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
490:
489:Edmontosaurus
485:
484:
479:
478:Leptoceratops
475:
474:Leptoceratops
471:
470:Leptoceratops
467:
463:
459:
458:Leptoceratops
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Leptoceratops
436:
435:Leptoceratops
432:
428:
424:
423:Leptoceratops
420:
419:Leptoceratops
415:
413:
412:Maastrichtian
409:
408:Leptoceratops
405:
401:
400:Leptoceratops
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
374:
369:
368:Leptoceratops
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
325:
324:Leptoceratops
312:
310:
301:
298:
297:Binomial name
294:
290:
289:
283:
280:
279:
275:
271:
266:
265:
264:Leptoceratops
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
35:Maastrichtian
32:
26:
25:Leptoceratops
22:
19:
5826:
5739:
5734:Stellasaurus
5732:
5725:
5718:
5697:
5690:
5685:Coronosaurus
5683:
5678:Centrosaurus
5676:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5599:
5594:Lokiceratops
5592:
5585:
5567:Xenoceratops
5565:
5558:
5553:Sinoceratops
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5461:Nedoceratops
5459:
5452:
5434:Vagaceratops
5432:
5427:Utahceratops
5425:
5420:Terminocavus
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5371:Judiceratops
5369:
5362:
5357:Chasmosaurus
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5249:Ceratopsidae
5236:Ceratopsidae
5167:Ceratopsidae
5156:Zuniceratops
5154:
5147:
5141:Ajkaceratops
5139:
5115:
5108:
5103:Bagaceratops
5101:
5095:Ajkaceratops
5093:
5077:Coronosauria
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4982:Asiaceratops
4980:
4960:
4948:Euceratopsia
4931:Yamaceratops
4929:
4922:
4915:
4895:
4888:
4883:Microceratus
4881:
4876:Liaoceratops
4874:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4832:Ajkaceratops
4830:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4652:Ornithischia
4637:Ornithischia
4589:
4585:Ornithischia
4580:
4571:
4463:
4456:
4437:
4431:
4412:
4384:
4378:
4359:
4353:
4339:cite journal
4325:(1): 44β53.
4322:
4318:
4312:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4125:
4121:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4042:
4038:
4029:
4021:
4004:
4000:
3970:
3963:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3704:
3698:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3596:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3451:
3447:
3419:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3363:
3359:
3329:
3325:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3204:
3200:
3174:
3170:
3152:
3148:
3114:
3110:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3018:
3014:
3010:
2944:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2854:
2846:
2836:
2834:caenagnathid
2829:Ornithomimus
2827:
2820:Ankylosaurus
2819:
2817:ankylosaurid
2810:
2801:
2795:
2792:ceratopsians
2785:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2732:Gypsonictops
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2695:Ankylosaurus
2694:
2690:
2680:
2676:
2661:crocodilians
2657:champsosaurs
2650:
2646:Scapherpeton
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2622:Palaeospinax
2620:
2617:Osteichthyes
2611:, including
2608:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2564:Ankylosaurus
2562:
2558:
2554:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2335:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2126:
2125:
2109:
2108:
2085:
2084:
2061:
2060:
2037:
2036:
1986:
1985:
1969:
1968:
1945:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1866:
1865:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1818:Bagaceratops
1816:
1812:Gobiceratops
1810:
1804:
1800:Lamaceratops
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1775:Asiaceratops
1773:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:paraphyletic
1743:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1713:Alfred Romer
1708:
1702:
1694:
1691:Franz Nopcsa
1684:
1681:Ceratopsidae
1672:
1671:
1665:
1649:
1637:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1551:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1473:
1460:Chasmosaurus
1458:
1455:Centrosaurus
1454:
1450:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1398:zygapophyses
1391:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1335:
1333:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1236:
1231:
1227:Centrosaurus
1225:
1221:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1085:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
983:
982:
977:
959:
955:
951:
947:
930:An isolated
929:
897:
896:
885:
881:
877:
873:
861:
857:
853:
829:
827:
808:
804:
800:
791:
787:
773:
758:
754:
744:
740:
736:
732:
722:
713:
708:
696:
688:
674:
662:
616:
612:
605:generic name
601:Barnum Brown
595:when it was
592:
563:
557:
556:Forelimb of
541:
535:
525:
521:Ornithomimus
519:
505:
499:
493:
487:
483:Ankylosaurus
481:
477:
473:
469:
457:
455:
438:
434:
430:
422:
418:
416:
407:
399:
383:
377:
371:
367:
348:Barnum Brown
343:
323:
322:
321:
308:
303:
287:
286:
263:
262:
227:
211:
205:Ornithischia
195:
182:
24:
18:
5966:Lance fauna
5851:Wikispecies
5727:Einiosaurus
5621:Avaceratops
5504:Triceratops
5468:Ojoceratops
5291:Monoclonius
5003:Ferrisaurus
4868:Kulceratops
4254:: 189β217.
4219:: 483β500.
3051:: 181β184.
2822:, multiple
2797:Triceratops
2777:hadrosaurid
2766:Stygimoloch
2720:Didelphodon
2691:Triceratops
2669:troodontids
2634:Lepisosteus
2559:Triceratops
2528:Triceratops
2516:Triceratops
2510:. However,
2502:, with the
2488:Triceratops
2484:Triceratops
2475:Alamosaurus
2458:Triceratops
2431:Triceratops
2366:angiosperms
2310:intercentra
1843:Ferrisaurus
1824:Ferrisaurus
1553:Triceratops
1546:metacarpals
1515:Triceratops
1366:syncervical
1346:, thirteen
1203:Triceratops
1184:exoccipital
1116:jugal bones
1080:postorbital
968:Description
878:L. gracilis
850:John Ostrom
588:of the new
572:age of the
516:troodontids
501:Triceratops
443:angiosperms
384:L. gracilis
333:ceratopsian
315:Brown, 1914
5940:Categories
5790:See also:
5497:Torosaurus
5413:Spiclypeus
5263:Agathaumas
5176:see belowβ
4996:Cerasinops
4784:Stenopelix
4718:Ceratopsia
4705:Ceratopsia
4673:see belowβ
4664:Ceratopsia
4576:Dinosauria
4543:Ceratopsia
3535:: 163β188.
3275:: D55βD61.
3021:: 225β255.
2863:References
2845:including
2838:Elmisaurus
2812:Edmontonia
2808:nodosaurid
2803:Torosaurus
2738:Cimolestes
2665:pterosaurs
2628:Myledaphus
2604:floodplain
2551:Cretaceous
2508:cordillera
2320:porcupines
1677:Ceratopsia
1644:metatarsal
1253:predentary
1013:Cerasinops
876:, but not
810:Cerasinops
629:, partial
576:along the
574:Cretaceous
527:Elmisaurus
462:floodplain
379:Cerasinops
237:Ceratopsia
189:Dinosauria
4559:Kingdom:
4171:: e2132.
3929:: e7926.
3904:202867827
3366:: 69β80.
2856:Avisaurus
2726:Eodelphis
2652:Compsemys
2596:sandstone
2372:Equisetum
2362:herbivore
2316:hornbills
2211:Behaviour
1664:Ulnae of
1445:clavicles
1150:fenestrae
1132:palpebral
1084:. Unlike
944:Campanian
910:braincase
894:instead.
763:in 1951.
645:presacral
639:vertebrae
631:hindlimbs
597:described
427:vertebrae
338:from the
281:Species:
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
133:, Ottawa
5836:Wikidata
5802:Category
5792:Timeline
5298:Polyonax
5284:Dysganus
5277:Ceratops
4840:Aquilops
4567:Chordata
4565:Phylum:
4561:Animalia
4485:See also
4197:27441111
4142:19711460
3955:31720103
3869:21079798
3829:PLOS ONE
3787:11907575
3599:: 1β279.
3516:: 1β210.
2714:Pediomys
2708:Alphadon
2640:Cyclurus
2619:such as
2600:mudstone
2500:foothill
2391:browsers
2324:dolphins
1707:but not
1310:cingulum
1241:mandible
1140:parietal
1124:epijugal
976:Size of
659:locality
649:, three
627:forelimb
618:Ceratops
586:holotype
447:conifers
336:dinosaur
243:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
5910:4946423
5897:1103749
5884:4823249
5871:4531831
5842:Q131328
5692:Spinops
5010:Gremlin
4798:Yinlong
4292:Bibcode
4256:Bibcode
4221:Bibcode
4188:4941762
3946:6842559
3860:2973951
3837:Bibcode
3767:Bibcode
3678:Bibcode
3639:Bibcode
3554:: 1β76.
3456:Bibcode
3368:Bibcode
3119:Bibcode
3081:Bibcode
2744:Batodon
2332:pelagic
1830:Gremlin
1632:tarsals
1596:ischium
1538:radiale
1522:carpals
1480:humerus
1468:scapula
1406:centrum
1108:dentary
1100:maxilla
932:dentary
921:bivalve
918:unionid
838:Wyoming
782:to the
729:Montana
695:, with
582:Alberta
396:Wyoming
364:Montana
356:Alberta
306:†
285:†
256:Genus:
109:↓
4470:
4444:
4419:
4391:
4366:
4195:
4185:
4140:
3977:
3953:
3943:
3902:
3867:
3857:
3785:
3759:Nature
3740:
3711:
3426:
3401:
3336:
2951:
2926:
2832:, the
2806:, the
2775:, the
2466:, but
2383:cycads
2378:Ginkgo
1580:. The
1530:ulnare
1492:, and
1488:radius
1358:sacrum
1247:matrix
1188:. The
998:pelvis
653:sacral
613:leptos
451:cycads
5923:38849
5892:IRMNG
4590:Clade
4581:Clade
4572:Clade
4165:PeerJ
4035:(PDF)
3923:PeerJ
3900:S2CID
3269:(PDF)
2849:, an
2794:like
2387:palms
1772:, or
1624:tibia
1616:femur
1584:pubis
1563:ilium
1386:than
1216:Hyoid
1072:nasal
1047:Skull
990:frill
914:thick
844:(now
661:that
611:word
590:taxon
530:, an
449:, or
329:genus
270:Brown
228:Clade
212:Clade
196:Clade
183:Clade
5879:GBIF
4650:see
4623:see
4468:ISBN
4442:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4389:ISBN
4364:ISBN
4345:link
4193:PMID
4138:PMID
3975:ISBN
3951:PMID
3865:PMID
3783:PMID
3738:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3399:ISBN
3334:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2815:and
2800:and
2769:and
2741:and
2723:and
2693:and
2637:and
2615:and
2598:and
2549:and
2498:and
2472:and
2460:and
2433:and
2385:and
2322:and
2261:and
2237:and
1827:and
1809:and
1783:2019
1559:The
1534:and
1496:ulna
1457:and
1441:and
1286:and
1237:The
1230:and
1206:and
1104:and
1031:and
623:jaws
534:and
504:and
376:and
274:1914
48:Preκ
5866:EoL
4854:Beg
4327:doi
4300:doi
4264:doi
4229:doi
4183:PMC
4173:doi
4130:doi
4126:292
4100:doi
4073:doi
4009:doi
4005:273
3941:PMC
3931:doi
3892:doi
3855:PMC
3845:doi
3775:doi
3763:416
3686:doi
3647:doi
3575:doi
3491:doi
3464:doi
3376:doi
3300:doi
3209:doi
3179:doi
3127:doi
3089:doi
3053:doi
3019:123
1636:in
1567:of
1192:of
868:of
836:of
727:of
580:in
394:of
354:of
331:of
37:),
5942::
5920::
5907::
5894::
5881::
5868::
5853::
5838::
4592::
4583::
4574::
4403:^
4341:}}
4337:{{
4323:43
4321:.
4298:.
4288:56
4286:.
4262:.
4252:60
4250:.
4227:.
4217:84
4215:.
4191:.
4181:.
4167:.
4163:.
4136:.
4124:.
4112:^
4096:92
4094:.
4069:38
4067:.
4051:^
4043:94
4041:.
4037:.
4003:.
3989:^
3949:.
3939:.
3925:.
3921:.
3898:.
3888:38
3886:.
3863:.
3853:.
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