327:, two chemotherapeutics currently on the market, were tested in C57BL mice with Lewis lung carcinoma tumors in their hind flank. Tumor regression reached 72.7% in the navelbine trials, with the carboplatin trials showing that 30-50 percent of the population had a prolonged tumor survival after treatment with carboplatin and
130:
model, meaning that it is the only reproducible lung cancer model that utilizes a transplant that is immunologically compatible. Syngeneic models have proven to be useful in predicting clinical benefit of therapy in preclinical experiments. However, there has been criticism directed towards syngeneic
215:
Tumor progression was observed after subcutaneous injection into the dorsal subcutis for 107 wild type, 129/Black Swiss mice. These mice were selected for their genetic background proximity to C57BL/6J mice. They observed the progression as being characterized by
408:
suppress Lewis lung carcinoma cell growth. The mechanism of this action was shown to be inhibition of DNA synthesis
Cannabinoids increase the life span of mice carrying Lewis lung tumors and decrease primary tumor size. There are multiple modes of action.
298:
predominantly forming and supplying blood to the surface. The capillaries were fine and thin-walled. The nodules did exhibit expansion, interfering with and invading the space of surrounding tissues. This caused tissue degeneration.
785:
Jing W, Zhang L, Qin F, Li X, Guo X, Li Y, Qiu C, Zhao Y (2018). "Targeting macrophages for cancer therapy disrupts bone homeostasis and impairs bone marrow erythropoiesis in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma tumors".
159:
by injecting or implanting tumors into the corresponding organ that they originated from (i.e. implanting a Lewis lung carcinoma into the lung of another C57BL mouse). Because of this fidelity to mimicking the
624:
Anderson IC, Shipp MA, Docherty AJ, Teicher BA (February 1996). "Combination therapy including a gelatinase inhibitor and cytotoxic agent reduces local invasion and metastasis of murine Lewis lung carcinoma".
131:
model usage when attempting to translate therapies from another species to humans. For example, cancer therapies that exhibited promising results in mouse models can and have failed in
290:, with some of them hemorrhaging and even fewer exhibiting acute inflammation. Smaller metastases positioned themselves to be eccentric or concentric to vessels. In large tumor
426:
Rashidi B, Yang M, Jiang P, Baranov E, An Z, Wang X, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM (2000-01-01). "A highly metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma orthotopic green fluorescent protein model".
885:"Inhibitory effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation on tumor growth and metastatic spreading: actions on signals involved in angiogenesis and metastasis"
168:. However, the creation of such models is a typically more involved and technically challenging process. They also require more complex imaging modalities for
349:
has been examined in a Lewis lung carcinoma model. Melittin has a background in research as a possible cancer drug due to its activity against
402:
activity was severely impaired. Therefore, the use of CD169 macrophage targeting cancer therapies requires careful consideration of pitfalls.
542:
730:"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates Lewis lung carcinoma-induced muscle wasting via coordinate activation of protein degradation pathways"
681:"Melittin suppresses tumor progression by regulating tumor-associated macrophages in a Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model"
386:
Targeting of CD169 macrophages in order to inhibit tumor Lewis lung carcinoma growth also caused depletion of bone and
106:
mismatch repair, and reactive oxygen species. Our data also suggest that LLC is a lung cancer similar to human lung
156:
379:
mediates cancer-induced muscle wasting in a Lewis lung carcinoma model. It does so by directly activating muscle
821:
Friedman MA (1977). "In vivo effects of cannabinoids on macromolecular biosynthesis in Lewis lung carcinomas".
307:
The Lewis lung carcinoma tumor model's role in cancer has been its use for research into tumor metastasis and
259:
365:
tests, melittin inhibited rapid tumor growth and was correlated with decreased angiogenesis marker levels,
161:
91:
652:
Mayo JG (November 1972). "Biologic characterization of the subcutaneously implanted Lewis lung tumor".
90:, and Hippo) are oncogenically deregulated or affected. The major mutational processes in LLC include
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55:
37:
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143:. The activity of the mouse product did not translate to the activity of the human counterpart.
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Bugge TH, Kombrinck KW, Xiao Q, Holmbäck K, Daugherty CC, Witte DP, Degen JL (December 1997).
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538:
507:
443:
358:
291:
164:, orthotopic models are considered to be more physiologically relevant in representing human
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Portella G, Laezza C, Laccetti P, De
Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V, Bifulco M (September 2003).
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followed by ulcer hemorrhaging. Not only that, there was also basal hemorrhaging and/or
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729:
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353:. Tumor-associated macrophages facilitate tumor progression through the promotion of
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123:
According to a 2015 review article, Lewis lung carcinoma is the only reproducable
534:
585:"Growth and dissemination of Lewis lung carcinoma in plasminogen-deficient mice"
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Qiu W, Su GH (2013). "Development of orthotopic pancreatic tumor mouse models".
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294:, the cells grew, without patterning, into confluent sheets. The nodules had
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476:"Preclinical Murine Models for Lung Cancer: Clinical Trial Applications"
95:
67:
41:
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25:
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injections. Lewis lung carcinoma has the appearance of a semi-firm
78:
are biallelically deleted from the genome. Five pathways (RTK/RAS,
251:
221:
63:
44:
33:
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model. Orthotopic models focus upon correctly modeling the tumor
529:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 980. pp. 215–23.
370:
366:
193:
87:
59:
231:, varying in size and shape; and they appeared to have little
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79:
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Zhang G, Liu Z, Ding H, Miao H, Garcia JM, Li YP (May 2017).
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injected into mice, it is known to avidly metastasize to the
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and metastasized to different sites, including the lungs,
47:. It was discovered in 1951 by Dr. Margaret Lewis of the
383:
and stimulating an innate immune response in the mice.
848:
Kogan NM (October 2005). "Cannabinoids and cancer".
398:
and a bone density decrease in mice. Not only that,
51:and became one of the first transplantable tumors.
239:of the cells were highly distorted and prominent.
28:with extensive regional mutation clusters in its
200:predominantly metastasized into the lungs after
151:Lewis lung carcinoma can also be utilized as an
58:are present in 30 cancer genes including Kras,
469:
467:
465:
8:
578:
576:
574:
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139:differences in the activity of the targeted
679:Lee C, Bae SS, Joo H, Bae H (August 2017).
180:Generally, Lewis lung carcinoma is highly
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761:
704:
600:
552:
501:
491:
311:properties. The model is also useful for
16:1951 mouse tumour still used in research
418:
390:in mice. This depletion disrupted bone
196:. In fact, a 1996 study found that the
428:Clinical & Experimental Metastasis
7:
850:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
654:Cancer Chemotherapy Reports. Part 2
474:Kellar A, Egan C, Morris D (2015).
36:that spontaneously developed as an
24:is a hypermutated Kras/Nras–mutant
14:
286:, large tumor masses underwent
823:Cancer Biochemistry Biophysics
1:
800:10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.006
480:BioMed Research International
535:10.1007/978-1-62703-287-2_11
955:
862:10.2174/138955705774329555
754:10.1038/s41598-017-02347-2
697:10.18632/oncotarget.18627
602:10.1182/blood.V90.11.4522
208:mass that is not grossly
94:, exposure to metabolic
440:10.1023/A:1026596131504
242:The tumors were highly
102:deamination, defective
92:chromosomal instability
345:, on tumor-associated
162:tumor microenvironment
902:10.1096/fj.02-1129fje
56:deleterious mutations
377:Toll-like receptor 4
38:epidermoid carcinoma
22:Lewis lung carcinoma
788:Cellular Immunology
746:2017NatSR...7.2273Z
691:(33): 54951–54965.
493:10.1155/2015/621324
282:. In cases of lung
734:Scientific Reports
544:978-1-62703-286-5
527:Pancreatic Cancer
359:immunosuppression
40:in the lung of a
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394:and caused bone
313:chemotherapeutic
176:Characterization
157:microenvironment
100:5–methylcytosine
49:Wistar Institute
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627:Cancer Research
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595:(11): 4522–31.
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351:malignant cells
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227:The cells were
218:skin ulceration
186:immunocompetent
178:
170:data collection
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133:clinical trials
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116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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616:
568:
543:
517:
461:
417:
416:
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400:erythropoietic
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276:adipose tissue
268:cardiac muscle
256:pleural cavity
190:subcutaneously
177:
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148:
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120:
117:
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108:adenocarcinoma
98:, spontaneous
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660:(1): 325–30.
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166:tumorigenesis
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137:physiological
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54:Thirty-three
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633:(4): 715–8.
630:
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592:
588:
526:
520:
483:
479:
434:(1): 57–60.
431:
427:
421:
406:Cannabinoids
404:
385:
375:
362:
355:angiogenesis
333:
316:
309:angiogenesis
306:
244:vascularized
241:
226:
214:
179:
150:
141:gene product
122:
53:
21:
18:
829:(2): 51–4.
794:: 168–177.
740:(1): 2273.
396:weight loss
392:homeostasis
388:bone marrow
347:macrophages
339:polypeptide
325:carboplatin
296:capillaries
264:pericardium
248:lymph nodes
210:hemorrhagic
206:homogeneous
128:lung cancer
66:, Dcc, and
685:Oncotarget
486:: 621324.
413:References
381:catabolism
329:paclitaxel
284:metastasis
229:anaplastic
182:metastatic
153:orthotopic
147:Orthotopic
84:cell cycle
939:Carcinoma
361:. In the
343:bee venom
341:found in
321:Navelbine
280:esophagus
260:diaphragm
233:cytoplasm
202:tail vein
198:carcinoma
188:mice. If
125:syngeneic
119:Syngeneic
933:Category
919:39323624
911:12958205
870:16250836
808:30103869
772:28536426
715:28903394
563:23359156
512:26064932
456:17689350
448:11206839
335:Melittin
315:testing
303:Research
288:necrosis
272:pancreas
96:mutagens
763:5442131
742:Bibcode
706:5589633
666:4660735
639:8631001
611:9373263
554:4049460
503:4433653
363:in vivo
317:in vivo
292:nodules
135:due to
68:Cacna1d
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278:, and
237:nuclei
235:. The
114:Models
76:Cdkn2b
72:Cdkn2a
30:genome
26:cancer
915:S2CID
589:Blood
452:S2CID
252:liver
222:edema
64:Trp53
45:mouse
42:C57BL
34:tumor
907:PMID
866:PMID
831:PMID
804:PMID
768:PMID
711:PMID
662:PMID
635:PMID
607:PMID
559:PMID
539:ISBN
508:PMID
484:2015
444:PMID
371:CD31
369:and
367:VEGF
357:and
337:, a
323:and
194:lung
88:TGFB
74:and
60:Nras
32:. A
897:doi
858:doi
796:doi
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758:PMC
750:doi
701:PMC
693:doi
597:doi
549:PMC
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498:PMC
488:doi
436:doi
184:in
104:DNA
80:p53
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