205:
Leukoedema is common. It occurs in about 70-90% of dark skinned adults and about 50% of dark skinned children. The prevalence in white skinned people is considerably less, but reports range from less than 10% to more than 90%, probably varying depending upon the population studied, and the methods
99:
The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be caused by intracellular edema of the superficial epithelial cells coupled with retention of superficial parakeratin. Although leukoedema is thought to be a developmental condition, it may be more common and more pronounced in smokers, and becomes less
210:
in the mucosa, making it appear darker (termed racial or physiologic pigmentation). This darker mucosa may make the edematous changes more noticeable, whereas in the mucosa of people with lighter skin types leukoedema gives a milder presentation.
419:
184:
misleading. The histologic appearance is thought to be caused by water within the cells of the spinous layer causing the light to reflect back as whitish. The diagnosis is usually made based on the clinical appearance alone, but oral
206:
used in the study, e.g. examination conditions and the diagnostic criteria. The ethnic variation may be explained by genetic factors or simply because dark skinned people have greater amount of
63:
or vagina. It is a harmless and very common condition. Because it is so common, it has been argued that it may in fact represent a variation of the normal appearance rather than a disease, but
104:
is known to be linked to this condition. It may also develop in areas subjected to repeat subclinical irritation, caused by low grade irritants such as spices, oral debris or tobacco.
87:
There is a diffuse, gray-white, milky opalescent appearance of the mucosa which usually occurs bilaterally on the buccal mucosa. Less often, the labial mucosa, the palate or the
1621:
1803:
299:
850:
1808:
91:
may be affected. The surface of the area is folded, creating a wrinkled, white streaked lesion. Apart from the appearance, the lesion is entirely asymptomatic.
219:
Leukoedema was once thought to be a precursor lesion to leukoplakia, and was not believed to occur in children, but both of these views are now disproved.
462:
2435:
1633:
1584:
71:
caused by local irritation. It is found more commonly in black skinned people and tobacco users. The term is derived from the Greek words λευκός
197:
Leukoedema is a harmless condition, and no treatment is indicated. People may be alarmed by the appearance and benefit from reassurance.
2118:
1961:
1235:
719:
112:
Leukoedema lesions disappear when the mucosa is stretched, which helps to differentiate it from other white lesions in the mouth. The
2362:
995:
245:
2337:
2274:
2269:
2151:
1579:
1559:
471:
365:
Versteeg PA, Slot DE, van der Velden U, van der
Weijden GA (2008). "Effect of cannabis usage on the oral environment: a review".
2460:
2183:
1820:
1274:
2168:
2003:
283:
2008:
1532:
1141:
845:
830:
768:
714:
637:
455:
2060:
2023:
1753:
1034:
946:
2070:
2018:
1825:
1758:
1527:
1027:
1022:
973:
2075:
1793:
1697:
1168:
632:
2382:
2161:
2146:
1842:
1798:
1743:
1616:
1574:
1342:
1188:
2215:
1547:
2279:
2080:
2045:
1871:
1738:
1542:
1322:
1163:
1109:
1039:
961:
941:
928:
905:
448:
2425:
2392:
2065:
2055:
2050:
1992:
1919:
1875:
1771:
1766:
1552:
1382:
1377:
1352:
1198:
1129:
956:
865:
783:
510:
113:
1049:
773:
2234:
2136:
1748:
1626:
1606:
1488:
1447:
1310:
1298:
1247:
910:
983:
68:
2332:
1971:
1956:
1522:
1455:
1061:
793:
186:
180:
but it has not been shown that there is an increase in intracellular water, possibly making the term
2387:
2123:
2103:
2093:
1966:
1899:
1781:
1776:
1702:
1601:
1254:
1178:
1017:
966:
915:
895:
808:
798:
724:
699:
557:
133:
664:
2430:
2284:
2088:
1904:
1852:
1813:
1510:
1426:
1357:
1066:
890:
870:
823:
709:
654:
617:
607:
592:
522:
293:
129:
64:
2377:
2352:
2013:
2128:
1717:
1682:
1515:
1411:
1269:
1193:
900:
840:
803:
778:
627:
505:
500:
382:
347:
279:
241:
35:
2098:
1733:
1723:
1687:
1596:
1347:
1286:
1220:
1210:
1158:
1056:
951:
788:
374:
337:
161:
121:
2254:
2040:
1835:
1728:
1564:
1483:
1463:
1387:
1372:
1242:
1146:
1114:
1085:
1007:
933:
729:
612:
602:
547:
532:
52:
2420:
2372:
2342:
2210:
2141:
2108:
1830:
1569:
1303:
1183:
978:
763:
576:
342:
325:
157:
88:
2454:
2322:
2200:
2028:
1847:
1611:
1591:
1500:
1367:
1327:
1124:
885:
860:
835:
813:
597:
587:
552:
378:
173:
153:
125:
40:
136:, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis and dyskeratosis congenita. Tissue
2173:
1949:
1944:
1929:
1909:
1879:
1712:
1421:
1362:
1293:
1215:
1205:
1173:
1136:
1097:
1089:
704:
659:
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537:
440:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2264:
2259:
2190:
1264:
1225:
1044:
920:
880:
748:
669:
649:
117:
56:
2327:
2113:
1939:
1707:
1537:
1478:
1416:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1332:
1315:
1259:
1230:
1151:
1012:
990:
855:
428:
145:
2195:
2178:
1914:
1692:
1495:
1119:
1002:
622:
517:
495:
177:
149:
141:
386:
274:
Bouquot, Brad W. Neville, Douglas D. Damm, Carl M. Allen, Jerry E. (2002).
238:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
351:
2205:
2156:
1924:
1677:
1658:
1638:
1459:
1337:
1281:
527:
169:
101:
411:
2291:
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1934:
1894:
1788:
1662:
1451:
818:
207:
165:
2033:
1505:
1093:
688:
423:
137:
60:
59:(the inside of the cheeks); it may also occur on the mucosa of the
181:
2409:
2308:
2232:
1990:
1869:
1655:
1445:
1083:
746:
686:
574:
482:
444:
240:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 388.
484:
278:(2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 7–8.
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
259:
257:
401:
405:
34:
26:
21:
1884:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
2239:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
851:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1809:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
456:
319:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
8:
298:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
100:noticeable when smoking is stopped. Smoking
330:Journal of the National Medical Association
2406:
2305:
2229:
1987:
1866:
1652:
1442:
1080:
743:
683:
571:
479:
463:
449:
441:
402:
18:
341:
326:"Leukoedema: a review of the literature"
2436:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
1585:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
367:International Journal of Dental Hygiene
228:
51:is a blue, grey or white appearance of
1622:As a manifestation of systemic disease
291:
140:is not indicated, but when taken, the
164:. The cells of the spinous layer are
7:
1468:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
2119:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
1962:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
189:has been used as a diagnostic aid.
148:, broadening and elongation of the
1236:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
720:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
276:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
14:
2338:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2275:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2270:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2152:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
1580:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1560:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
472:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
379:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00301.x
2184:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
1821:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1275:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
67:suggests that leukoedema is an
2169:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2004:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
176:have a clear, seemingly empty
146:increased epithelial thickness
1:
2363:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2312:Soft tissues around the mouth
2009:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1533:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1142:Failure of eruption of teeth
846:Hand, foot and mouth disease
831:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
769:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
715:Palatal cysts of the newborn
638:Transient lingual papillitis
324:Martin, JL (November 1992).
2061:Salivary gland diverticulum
2024:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1035:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
947:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
2477:
2071:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2019:HIV salivary gland disease
1528:Gingival cyst of the adult
974:Oral florid papillomatosis
2416:
2405:
2318:
2310:Orofacial soft tissues –
2304:
2245:
2228:
2076:Salivary gland hypoplasia
1999:
1986:
1890:
1865:
1804:Bisphosphonate-associated
1698:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
1673:
1651:
1474:
1441:
1169:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1105:
1079:
759:
742:
695:
682:
633:Median rhomboid glossitis
583:
570:
491:
478:
236:Scully, Crispian (2008).
2383:Orofacial granulomatosis
2162:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2147:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2081:Salivary gland neoplasms
1872:Temporomandibular joints
1843:Periapical periodontitis
1575:Linear gingival erythema
1343:Regional odontodysplasia
1189:Enamel hypocalcification
2280:Obstructive sleep apnea
2046:Salivary duct stricture
1826:Paget's disease of bone
1323:Pulp canal obliteration
1164:Dentin hypersensitivity
1110:Amelogenesis imperfecta
962:Squamous cell carcinoma
942:Adenosquamous carcinoma
929:Squamous cell papilloma
906:Melanocytic oral lesion
193:Treatment and prognosis
2461:Oral mucosal pathology
2426:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2393:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2066:Salivary gland fistula
2056:Salivary gland atresia
2051:Salivary gland aplasia
1905:Mandibular dislocation
1876:muscles of mastication
1754:Calcifying odontogenic
1383:Vertical root fracture
1378:Cracked tooth syndrome
1353:Shovel-shaped incisors
1248:Wisdom tooth impaction
1130:Early childhood caries
996:Benign mucous membrane
957:Spindle cell carcinoma
866:Intraoral dental sinus
784:Burning mouth syndrome
114:differential diagnosis
2235:Stomatognathic system
2137:Acinic cell carcinoma
1759:Glandular odontogenic
911:Molluscum contagiosum
144:appearance is one of
75:, "white" and οἴδημα
2378:Oral Crohn's disease
2333:Basal cell carcinoma
1972:Condylar hyperplasia
1957:Maxillary hypoplasia
1523:Gingival enlargement
1456:periodontal ligament
1062:Verruciform xanthoma
794:Condyloma acuminatum
187:exfoliative cytology
168:, large and possess
2388:Perioral dermatitis
2124:Pleomorphic adenoma
2104:Monomorphic adenoma
2094:Canalicular adenoma
1967:Condylar hypoplasia
1900:Condylar resorption
1744:Lateral periodontal
1703:Mandibular fracture
1602:Periodontal abscess
1199:Turner's hypoplasia
967:Verrucous carcinoma
916:Morsicatio buccarum
896:Lupus erythematosus
809:Erythema multiforme
725:Stomatitis nicotina
158:intracellular edema
134:morsicatio buccarum
55:, particularly the
2431:Facial hemiatrophy
2285:Periodic breathing
2216:Sjögren's syndrome
2089:Basal cell adenoma
1853:Torus mandibularis
1831:Periapical abscess
1814:Osteoradionecrosis
1739:Buccal bifurcation
1718:Intraosseous cysts
1607:Periodontal trauma
1511:Pyogenic granuloma
1358:Supernumerary root
1311:Pulp calcification
1299:Premature eruption
1270:Odontogenic tumors
1067:White sponge nevus
1040:Submucous fibrosis
984:Smoker's melanosis
871:Irritation fibroma
710:High-arched palate
618:Foliate papillitis
608:Cunnilingus tongue
593:Black hairy tongue
523:Congenital lip pit
172:. The superficial
130:white sponge nevus
83:Signs and symptoms
69:acquired condition
65:empirical evidence
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2401:
2400:
2300:
2299:
2224:
2223:
2129:Sebaceous adenoma
1982:
1981:
1861:
1860:
1772:Median mandibular
1767:Nasopalatine duct
1683:Alveolar osteitis
1647:
1646:
1634:Perio-endo lesion
1516:Congenital epulis
1437:
1436:
1194:Enamel hypoplasia
1075:
1074:
1050:Riga–Fede disease
901:Melanocytic nevus
841:Hairy leukoplakia
804:Epulis fissuratum
738:
737:
678:
677:
628:Geographic tongue
566:
565:
438:
437:
46:
45:
16:Medical condition
2468:
2407:
2306:
2230:
2099:Ductal papilloma
1988:
1867:
1764:Non-odontogenic:
1749:Globulomaxillary
1688:Buccal exostosis
1653:
1597:Peri-implantitis
1443:
1159:Dentin dysplasia
1081:
1057:Verruca vulgaris
952:Mucosal melanoma
799:Darier's disease
774:Behçet's disease
744:
700:Bednar's aphthae
684:
572:
558:Trumpeter's wart
480:
465:
458:
451:
442:
403:
391:
390:
362:
356:
355:
345:
321:
304:
303:
297:
289:
271:
252:
251:
233:
122:oral candidiasis
19:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2412:
2397:
2353:Ludwig's angina
2314:
2296:
2255:Mouth breathing
2241:
2220:
2041:Pneumoparotitis
2014:Frey's syndrome
1995:
1993:Salivary glands
1978:
1886:
1857:
1836:Phoenix abscess
1669:
1665:hard tissues –
1643:
1565:Hypercementosis
1484:Cementoblastoma
1470:
1433:
1147:Dens evaginatus
1101:
1071:
1023:Denture-related
1008:Plasmoacanthoma
934:Keratoacanthoma
755:
753:Lining of mouth
734:
730:Torus palatinus
691:
674:
655:Lingual thyroid
613:Fissured tongue
603:Crenated tongue
579:
562:
548:Nasolabial cyst
533:Herpes labialis
487:
474:
469:
439:
434:
433:
414:
400:
395:
394:
364:
363:
359:
323:
322:
307:
290:
286:
273:
272:
255:
248:
235:
234:
230:
225:
217:
203:
195:
170:pyknotic nuclei
110:
97:
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Eagle syndrome
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Cystic hygroma
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2211:Sialolithiasis
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Adenocarcinoma
2139:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Myoepithelioma
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1782:Traumatic bone
1779:
1777:Median palatal
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1570:Hypocementosis
1567:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:Neonatal teeth
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1184:Ectopic enamel
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
987:
986:
979:Oral melanosis
976:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
936:
931:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
779:Bohn's nodules
776:
771:
766:
764:Amalgam tattoo
760:
757:
756:
747:
740:
739:
736:
735:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
693:
692:
687:
680:
679:
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
581:
580:
575:
568:
567:
564:
563:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
492:
489:
488:
483:
476:
475:
470:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
436:
435:
432:
431:
415:
410:
409:
407:
406:Classification
399:
398:External links
396:
393:
392:
357:
336:(11): 938–40.
305:
284:
253:
246:
227:
226:
224:
221:
216:
213:
202:
199:
194:
191:
174:squamous cells
109:
106:
96:
93:
89:floor of mouth
84:
81:
79:, "swelling".
44:
43:
38:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Actinomycosis
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Sialodochitis
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:malocclusions
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Stafne defect
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:Osteonecrosis
1797:
1795:
1794:Osteomyelitis
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:Bones of jaws
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:Periodontitis
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Pericoronitis
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Granulomatous
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Eruption cyst
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Pulp necrosis
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:Dens in dente
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Discoloration
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Lichen planus
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Herpes zoster
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Fordyce spots
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
814:Erythroplakia
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
690:
685:
681:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Caviar tongue
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:Ankyloglossia
586:
585:
582:
578:
573:
569:
559:
556:
554:
553:Sun poisoning
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
443:
430:
426:
425:
421:
417:
416:
413:
408:
404:
397:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:(4): 315–20.
372:
368:
361:
358:
353:
349:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
320:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
306:
301:
295:
287:
281:
277:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:9780443068188
243:
239:
232:
229:
222:
220:
214:
212:
209:
200:
198:
192:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:spinous layer
159:
155:
154:parakeratosis
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:lichen planus
123:
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
94:
92:
90:
82:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:buccal mucosa
54:
50:
42:
41:Oral medicine
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2311:
2238:
2174:Sialadenitis
2133:
2085:
1950:Scissor bite
1945:Retrognathia
1930:Overeruption
1910:Malocclusion
1883:
1763:
1722:
1713:Micrognathia
1666:
1657:Periapical,
1543:Desquamative
1467:
1448:Periodontium
1422:Acid erosion
1363:Taurodontism
1294:Open contact
1206:Enamel pearl
1174:Dilaceration
1137:Concrescence
938:
925:
875:
752:
705:Cleft palate
665:Microglossia
660:Macroglossia
645:Glossoptosis
543:Microcheilia
538:Macrocheilia
418:
370:
366:
360:
333:
329:
275:
237:
231:
218:
204:
201:Epidemiology
196:
111:
98:
86:
76:
72:
48:
47:
2368:Microstomia
2358:Macrostomia
2348:Gnathophyma
2265:Catathrenia
2260:Sleep apnea
2191:Sialectasis
1734:Dentigerous
1724:Odontogenic
1553:Plasma cell
1489:Gigantiform
1265:Microdontia
1255:Macrodontia
1226:Hyperdontia
921:Oral cancer
881:Leukoplakia
789:Candidiasis
749:Oral mucosa
670:Rhabdomyoma
650:Hypoglossia
511:Plasma cell
150:rete ridges
118:leukoplakia
27:Other names
2328:Angioedema
2134:Malignant:
2114:Oncocytoma
1940:Prognathia
1729:periapical
1708:Microgenia
1659:mandibular
1617:Aggressive
1538:Gingivitis
1479:Cementicle
1417:Abfraction
1407:Tooth wear
1400:Edentulism
1395:Tooth loss
1348:Resorption
1333:Pulp polyp
1316:Pulp stone
1260:Meth mouth
1231:Hypodontia
1221:Gemination
1152:Talon cusp
1045:Ulceration
1013:Stomatitis
991:Pemphigoid
939:Malignant:
891:Linea alba
876:Leukoedema
856:Herpangina
824:Giant-cell
285:0721690033
223:References
166:vacuolated
142:histologic
49:Leukoedema
30:Leucoedema
22:Leukoedema
2196:Sialocele
2179:Parotitis
1920:Open bite
1915:Crossbite
1693:Cherubism
1663:maxillary
1496:Cementoma
1427:Attrition
1243:Impaction
1211:Fluorosis
1120:Anodontia
1115:Ankylosis
1003:Pemphigus
623:Glossitis
518:Cleft lip
496:Cheilitis
294:cite book
178:cytoplasm
108:Diagnosis
36:Specialty
2455:Category
2206:Sialosis
2157:Lymphoma
2029:Mucocele
1925:Overbite
1678:Agnathia
1639:Teething
1464:alveolus
1460:cementum
1412:Abrasion
1388:Occlusal
1373:Avulsion
1338:Pulpitis
1282:Odontoma
1028:Herpetic
1018:Aphthous
528:Eclabium
387:19138182
116:is with
102:cannabis
2292:Snoring
2250:Bruxism
2086:Benign:
1935:Overjet
1895:Bruxism
1789:Osteoma
1627:Chronic
1452:gingiva
926:Benign:
819:Fibroma
506:Angular
501:Actinic
352:1460680
343:2571748
215:History
208:melanin
160:of the
124:, oral
53:mucosae
2034:Ranula
1506:Epulis
1368:Trauma
1216:Fusion
1125:Caries
1098:enamel
1094:dentin
689:Palate
577:Tongue
385:
350:
340:
282:
244:
138:biopsy
95:Causes
77:oídēma
73:leukós
61:larynx
2411:Other
1086:Teeth
429:K13.2
182:edema
2373:Noma
1878:and
1661:and
1466:) –
1090:pulp
485:Lips
383:PMID
348:PMID
300:link
280:ISBN
242:ISBN
156:and
420:ICD
375:doi
338:PMC
2457::
2237:–
1882:–
1874:,
1462:,
1458:,
1454:,
1096:,
1092:,
751:–
427::
424:10
381:.
369:.
346:.
334:84
332:.
328:.
308:^
296:}}
292:{{
256:^
152:,
132:,
128:,
120:,
1726::
1450:(
1100:)
1088:(
464:e
457:t
450:v
422:-
412:D
389:.
377::
371:6
354:.
302:)
288:.
250:.
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