135:, United States) as editors. The first step in developing LMF was to design an overall framework based on the general features of existing lexicons and to develop a consistent terminology to describe the components of those lexicons. The next step was the actual design of a comprehensive model that best represented all of the lexicons in detail. A large panel of 60 experts contributed a wide range of requirements for LMF that covered many types of NLP lexicons. The editors of LMF worked closely with the panel of experts to identify the best solutions and reach a consensus on the design of LMF. Special attention was paid to the morphology in order to provide powerful mechanisms for handling problems in several languages that were known as difficult to handle. 13 versions have been written, dispatched (to the National nominated experts), commented and discussed during various ISO technical meetings. After five years of work, including numerous face-to-face meetings and e-mail exchanges, the editors arrived at a coherent UML model. In conclusion, LMF should be considered a synthesis of the state of the art in NLP lexicon field.
343:
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Types of individual instantiations of LMF can include monolingual, bilingual or multilingual lexical resources. The same specifications are to be used for both small and large lexicons, for both simple and complex lexicons, for both written and spoken lexical representations. The descriptions range
742:
which is entirely dedicated to LMF. The first chapter deals with the history of lexicon models, the second chapter is a formal presentation of the data model and the third one deals with the relation with the data categories of the ISO-DCR. The other 14 chapters deal with a lexicon or a system,
222:
The linguistics constants like /feminine/ or /transitive/ are not defined within LMF but are recorded in the Data
Category Registry (DCR) that is maintained as a global resource by ISO/TC 37 in compliance with ISO/IEC 11179-3:2003. And these constants are used to adorn the high level structural
685:
Traitement
Automatique des langues naturelles, Marseille, 2014: Mouhamadou Khoule, Mouhamad Ndiankho Thiam, El Hadj Mamadou Nguer: Toward the establishment of a LMF-based Wolof language lexicon (Vers la mise en place d'un lexique basé sur LMF pour la langue wolof)
114:
National delegations decided to address standards dedicated to NLP and lexicon representation. The work on LMF started in Summer 2003 by a new work item proposal issued by the US delegation. In Fall 2003, the French delegation issued a technical proposition for a
676:
Gesellschaft fĂĽr linguistische
Datenverarbeitung GLDV-2007/TĂĽbingen: Gil Francopoulo, Nuria Bel, Monte George Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Mandy Pet, Claudia Soria: Lexical Markup Framework ISO standard for semantic information in NLP lexicons
2828:
694:
Lexicography, Journal of ASIALEX, Springer 2014: Lexical Markup
Framework: Gil Francopoulo, Chu-Ren Huang: An ISO Standard for Electronic Lexicons and its Implications for Asian Languages DOI 10.1007/s40607-014-0006-z
728:
Traitement
Automatique des Langues Naturelles, Toulouse (in French) 2007: Khemakhem A, Gargouri B, Abdelwahed A, Francopoulo G: Modélisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF-ISO
260:
Extensions of the core package which are expressed in a framework that describes the reuse of the core components in conjunction with the additional components required for a specific lexical resource.
66:, to manage the exchange of data between and among these resources, and to enable the merging of large number of individual electronic resources to form extensive global electronic resources.
708:
EACL 2012: Iryna
Gurevych, Judith Eckle-Kohler, Silvana Hartmann, Michael Matuschek, Christian M Meyer, Christian Wirth: UBY - A Large-Scale Unified Lexical-Semantic Resource Based on LMF.
719:, Cambridge University Press (to appear in Spring 2015): Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou, Gil Francopoulo: ISO Standard Modeling of a large Arabic Dictionary.
725:
Proceedings of the workshop: HLT & NLP within Arabic world, LREC 2008: Noureddine Loukil, Kais Haddar, Abdelmajid Ben
Hamadou: Towards a syntactic lexicon of Arabic Verbs.
2340:
722:
Proceedings of the seventh Global
Wordnet Conference 2014: Nadia B M Karmani, Hsan Soussou, Adel M Alimi: Building a standardized Wordnet in the ISO LMF for aeb language.
2335:
110:
In the past, lexicon standardization has been studied and developed by a series of projects like GENELEX, EDR, EAGLES, MULTEXT, PAROLE, SIMPLE and ISLE. Then, the
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1218:
120:
2062:
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LREC-2006/Genoa: Gil
Francopoulo, Monte George, Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Nuria Bel, Mandy Pet, Claudia Soria: Lexical Markup Framework (LMF)
3137:
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either in the civil or military domain, either within scientific research labs or for industrial applications. These are
Wordnet-LMF, Prolmf, DUELME,
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The first publication about the LMF specification as it has been ratified by ISO (this paper became (in 2015) the 9th most cited paper within the
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This example is rather simple, while LMF can represent much more complex linguistic descriptions the XML tagging is correspondingly complex.
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EACL 2012: Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna Gurevych: Subcat-LMF: Fleshing out a standardized format for subcategorization frame interoperability
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171:(ISO 24613). These standards are based on low level specifications dedicated to constants, namely data categories (revision of ISO 12620),
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331:. The language coding is set for the whole lexical resource. The language value is set for the whole lexicon as shown in the following
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The ISO number is 24613. The LMF specification has been published officially as an International Standard on 17 November 2008.
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COLING 2010: Verena Henrich, Erhard Hinrichs: Standardizing Wordnets in the ISO Standard LMF: Wordnet-LMF for GermaNet
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The core package that is the structural skeleton which describes the basic hierarchy of information in a lexical entry.
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are data categories that are taken from the Data Category Registry. These marks adorn the structure. The values
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The two level organization forms a coherent family of standards with the following common and simple rules:
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the high level specification provides structural elements that are adorned by the standardized constants;
163:(ISO 24611 a.k.a. MAF, ISO 24612 a.k.a. LAF, ISO 24615 a.k.a. SynAF, and ISO 24617-1 a.k.a. SemAF/Time),
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of principles and methods relating to language resources in the contexts of multilingual communication.
861:"ISO 24613-1:2024 – Language resource management – Lexical markup framework (LMF) – Part 1: Core model"
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define the structure of the lexicon. They are specified within the LMF document. On the contrary,
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1025:"Subcat-LMF: Fleshing out a standardized format for subcategorization frame interoperability"
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dedicated to NLP lexicons. In early 2004, the ISO/TC 37 committee decided to form a common
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1131:"Modélisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF - ISO 24613"
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for a presentation of the different types of multilingual notations (see section
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814:(UTX) for a user-oriented, alternative format for machine-readable dictionaries
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Gil Francopoulo (edited by) LMF Lexical Markup Framework, ISTE / Wiley 2013 (
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238:. The examples are presented by means of UML instance (or object) diagrams.
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The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the creation and use of
998:"Standardizing Wordnets in the ISO Standard LMF: Wordnet-LMF for GermaNet"
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LREC-2006/Genoa: The relevance of standards for research infrastructures
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the low level specifications provide standardized constants as metadata.
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In the following example, the lexical entry is associated with a lemma
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971:"Vers la mise en place d'un lexique basé sur LMF pour la langue Wolof"
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is not restricted. LMF is able to represent most lexicons, including
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1053:"UBY – A Large-Scale Unified Lexical-Semantic Resource Based on LMF"
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1080:"Building a standardized Wordnet in the ISO LMF for aeb language"
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2017:
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167:(ISO 24610), multimedia containers (ISO 24616 a.k.a. MLIF), and
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944:"Lexical markup framework (LMF) for NLP multilingual resources"
747:, LG-LMF, RELISH, GlobalAtlas (or Global Atlas) and Wordscape.
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The LMF specification complies with the modeling principles of
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The ISO/TC 37 standards are currently elaborated as high level
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for the difference between a paradigm and a paradigm pattern
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As one of the members of the ISO/TC 37 family of standards
890:"The relevance of standards for research infrastructures"
234:(OMG). The structure is specified by means of UML class
20:
Language resource management – Lexical markup framework
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for an LMF-based model for publishing dictionaries as
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for explanations concerning paradigms and morphosyntax
3420:
3146:
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443:, the same data can be expressed by the following
428:is taken from the list of languages as defined by
86:. The covered languages are not restricted to
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264:The extensions are specifically dedicated to
253:LMF is composed of the following components:
8:
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245:is given in an annex of the LMF document.
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717:Journal of Natural Language Engineering
424:are plain character strings. The value
804:for a presentation of the most famous
435:With some additional information like
131:(Tagmatica France) and Monte George (
7:
738:There is a book published in 2013:
123:project with Nicoletta Calzolari (
14:
757:Language Resources and Evaluation
751:Related scientific communications
666:Language Resources and Evaluation
659:Language Resources and Evaluation
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3500:
917:"Lexical Markup Framework (LMF)"
341:
672:About semantic representation:
661:conferences from LREC papers):
653:Selected publications about LMF
812:Universal Terminology eXchange
1:
818:Universal Networking Language
623:"grammaticalNumber"
581:"grammaticalNumber"
84:computer-assisted translation
740:LMF Lexical Markup Framework
307:, and constraint expression
127:-ILC Italy) as convenor and
94:. The range of targeted NLP
3537:Natural language processing
841:Linguistic Linked Open Data
102:, EDR and PAROLE lexicons.
44:machine-readable dictionary
40:natural language processing
3558:
698:About European languages:
485:</GlobalInformation>
473:"languageCoding"
3527:Computational linguistics
3496:
1229:
825:for an application of LMF
712:About Semitic languages:
681:About African languages:
464:<GlobalInformation>
228:Unified Modeling Language
808:for the English language
780:Morphology (linguistics)
770:Computational lexicology
644:</LexicalResource>
518:"partOfSpeech"
449:
323:and two inflected forms
1107:"LREC 2008 Proceedings"
690:About Asian languages:
605:"writtenForm"
563:"writtenForm"
539:"writtenForm"
232:Object Management Group
80:computational semantics
524:"commonNoun"
298:morphological patterns
291:multilingual notations
1034:: 550–560. April 2012
796:Morphological pattern
638:</LexicalEntry>
611:"clergymen"
569:"clergyman"
545:"clergyman"
479:"ISO 639-3"
587:"singular"
509:<LexicalEntry>
497:"language"
302:multiword expression
230:(UML) as defined by
786:Machine translation
452:<LexicalResource
3532:Speech recognition
1223:by standard number
629:"plural"
356:Global Information
165:feature structures
88:European languages
3514:
3513:
1237:ISO romanizations
1162:978-1-84821-430-9
775:Lexical semantics
635:</WordForm>
593:</WordForm>
401:grammaticalNumber
157:word segmentation
92:natural languages
64:lexical resources
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1183:LIRICS web site
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3359:27000 series
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1178:LMF web site
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1141:. Retrieved
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1125:
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951:Hal.inria.fr
950:
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924:Hal.inria.fr
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897:Hal.inria.fr
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