474: Meanwhile, several other acts of Li Chengqian were also drawing Emperor Taizong's ire. Homosexuality. Li Chengqian had favored a young man that he nicknamed Chengxin (稱心, meaning, "satisfying my heart"), probably in a sexual relationship. He had also favored Taoist monks Qin Ying (秦英) and Wei Lingfu (韋靈符), and he had them use magic—acts that were considered extremely disapproved among imperial subjects. When Emperor Taizong found out about these things, he put Chengxin and the Taoist monks all to death. Li Chengqian, believing that it was Li Tai who informed Emperor Taizong, became increasingly angry with Li Tai, and he, in sadness over Chengxin's death, also refused to attend imperial gatherings for months, while establishing a shrine for Chengxin within his palace.
444:, whose advice Emperor Taizong usually listened to, advised against this, believing that this would bring conflict. Instead, Emperor Taizong removed all limits on Li Chengqian's spending, causing Li Chengqian to be wasteful. When Zhang advised against wastefulness, Li Chengqian became so displeased that he sent servants to attack Zhang with large whips, almost killing him. With Emperor Taizong's favors for Li Tai apparent, there began to be a faction that supported Li Chengqian and a faction that supported Li Tai at court. In order to quell the speculations about Li Tai's replacing Li Chengqian, Emperor Taizong made the honored chancellor
440:(his granduncle). Around that time, Li Chengqian had gathered a group of guards who served as his personal assassins, and when he grew angry at the earnest urgings by Yu Zhining, he sent his assassins Zhang Shizheng (張師政) and Gegan Chengji (紇干承基) to kill Yu, although Zhang and Gegan, when they saw that Yu was observing a mourning period for his mother, relented and did not kill Yu. Meanwhile, in 642, with Li Tai engaging many scholars on staff, Emperor Taizong had increased Li Tai's stipend so much that it exceeded Li Chengqian's. The official
383:(retired emperor)) at Emperor Gaozu's Da'an Palace (大安宮), Emperor Taizong wanted to hold up Emperor Gaozu's litter personally; Emperor Gaozu disallowed it, but had Li Chengqian take Emperor Taizong's place in doing so. Meanwhile, by 633, Li Chengqian was said to be beginning to favor frivolous games, and his staff members
448:
Li
Chengqian's senior advisor, but this failed to end the rumors. The rumors also continued to persist even after Emperor Taizong publicly declared in spring 643 that even if Li Chengqian died (as Li Chengqian's foot illness—the historical accounts did not specify what kind of illness—was well known
428:
suggested that high level officials not be required to bow to imperial princes other than the crown prince. Li
Chengqian, meanwhile, was allowing his games to interfere with his studies, despite urgings of his advisor Zhang Xuansu (張玄素). At one point, after Zhang expressed disapproval of his playing
398:
On 25 June 635, Emperor Gaozu died. Emperor
Taizong observed a period of mourning for him. During that time, Li Chengqian formally ruled on important matters of state for about 45 days, after which Emperor Taizong resumed his imperial authority, but still had Li Chengqian rule on more minor issues.
513:
I was already crown prince, and what else could I be looking for. It is because Li Tai often conspired against me, and I had to therefore discuss with my staff how to save myself. Those overly ambitious people thus suggested that I commit treason. If you create Li Tai crown prince, you are falling
482:
Meanwhile, Li Tai was having officials who were in his faction often spread news about Li Tai's abilities, trying to create an impression among the people that Li Tai should be crown prince. Li
Chengqian was becoming increasingly insecure, and he began to discuss within his own faction what to do.
414:
monks to try to gain divine favor. Empress
Zhangsun disallowed it, disfavoring pardons herself and knowing that Emperor Taizong also disapproved of Buddhism and Taoism. Li Chengqian then discussed the matter with Fang, who relayed his request to Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong wanted to declare a
192:
Li
Chengqian was created crown prince in 626 at the age of eight (by East Asian reckoning), after his father became emperor on 4 September. In his youth, he had a reputation for good judgment, but was also said to be suffering from a foot illness. Later on, he was said to be frivolous, favoring
490:
In spring 643, however, Li
Chengqian's younger brother Li You (李祐) the Prince of Qi, resentful of the head of his household, Quan Wanji (權萬紀), killed Quan and then rebelled. Li You was soon defeated and captured, and when Emperor Taizong investigated Li You's co-conspirators, Gegan Chengji was
209:
to overthrow
Emperor Taizong. The plot was discovered, and he was deposed and reduced to commoner rank, but Emperor Taizong, believing that Li Tai to be responsible for Li Chengqian's downfall, appointed yet another son, Li Zhi (also by Empress Zhangsun), crown prince instead. Li Chengqian was
523:
the Prince of Jin, crown prince, Emperor
Taizong did so, putting Li Tai under house arrest as well and reducing his title, although keeping the title a princely title. In fall 643, Emperor Taizong exiled both Li Chengqian and Li Tai—in the case of Li Chengqian, to Qian Prefecture (黔州, modern
423:
By this point, Li Tai, who was considered intelligent and talented in literature, had gained
Emperor Taizong's favor over Li Chengqian—so much so that in 638, Emperor Taizong let it slip out that it was not impossible that an imperial prince would one day be his officials' overlord, when
360:
in Du's illness, Emperor Taizong sent Li Chengqian to personally visit Du. Later that year, Emperor Taizong formally made Li Chengqian in charge of listening to legal appeals where the litigants were dissatisfied with the judgments made by the executive bureau of the government (尚書省,
1200:, vol.195. Note that this account only indicate that a grandson of Taizong was born that day. The fact that the banquet was held at the Eastern Palace (residence of the crown prince) imply (but do not explicitly state) that this grandson was a son of Li Chengqian.
507:
Emperor Taizong initially told Li Tai that he would be created crown prince, but soon came to believe that Li Tai's machinations were responsible for Li Chengqian's downfall. When Emperor Taizong himself visited Li Chengqian, Li Chengqian told him:
1466:
era, which corresponds to 20 Jun 738 in the Julian calendar (祖以开元廿六年五月廿九日奉敕陪葬昭陵。); the tablet was erected on 17 Jan 739 (粤以开元廿六年岁次戊寅十二月甲子朔四日丁卯建). His epitaph (唐故恒山愍王墓志铭) was also dated 20 Jun 738, and added that he was first buried at a village 18
483:
His closest allies included his uncle Li Yuanchang (李元昌) the Prince of Han, the imperial guard commander Li Anyan (李安儼), his cousin Zhao Jie (趙節), and Du Ruhui's son and his brother-in-law Du He (杜荷). Eventually, he also invited the major general
499:, as well as officials from the supreme court, the legislative bureau, and the examination bureau, to investigate, and the extent of the plot was revealed. When Emperor Taizong requested opinions on what to do with Li Chengqian,
503:
suggested sparing him, and Emperor Taizong agreed. On 29 April, he deposed Li Chengqian and reduced him to commoner rank, while ordering Li Yuanchang to commit suicide. Hou and the other conspirators were all executed.
1112:
day of the same month and year, which corresponds to 4 Jan 645 in the Julian calendar. However, his epitaph (唐故恒山愍王墓志铭) recorded a markedly different death date: the 1st day of the 10th month of the 17th year of the
452:
It was said that Li Chengqian favored music, women, and hunting, and was wasteful in pursuing these things, but at the same time maintained a veneer of virtue to the outside world. Among his guards, he often took on
539:, he often spoke to Emperor Xuanzong in defense of his grandfather. On 6 October 736, Emperor Xuanzong posthumously honored Li Chengqian the Prince of Hengshan—a title that he previously held—and gave him the
469:
1136:
day of the 8th month of the 9th year of the Wude era of Tang Gaozu's reign. This date corresponds to 4 Sep 626 on the Gregorian calendar. Li's biographies in volume 76 of
406:
In 636, Li Chengqian's mother Empress Zhangsun was seriously ill. Li Chengqian suggested to her that a general pardon be declared and that people be encouraged to become
399:
It was around this time that Li Chengqian was said to have good judgment and logical abilities. From this point on, whenever Emperor Taizong was away from the capital
210:
exiled, and died in exile in January 645, as a commoner under house arrest. He was posthumously granted an imperial prince title during the reign of his grandnephew,
531:
Around the new year 645, Li Chengqian died at Cheng Prefecture. Emperor Taizong ordered that he be buried with the honors due a duke. After Li Chengqian's grandson
317:, and was named Chengqian because he was born at Chengqian Hall (承乾殿). In 620, he was created the Prince of Hengshan, at the same time that his younger brothers
369:
were made his senior advisors, and whenever Li Chengqian were officially hearing governmental matters, he would be accompanied by Li Gang and the chancellor
1546:
349:, and later that year, Emperor Gaozu yielded the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong). Emperor Taizong created Li Chengqian's mother Princess Zhangsun
1556:
1237:
day of the 5th month of the 9th year of the Zhenguan era of Tang Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 25 Jun 635 on the Gregorian calendar. (
1259:
day in the 6th month of the 10th year of the Zhenguan era of Tang Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 28 Jul 636 in the Gregorian calendar.
1561:
1157:
Li Chengqian's tablet listed the names and titles of his sons and grandsons, but not who his sons' mothers were. (长子怀州别驾、赠使持节都督越州诸军事、越州刺史、郇国公象，
491:
arrested and sentenced to death. Gegan, in order to save himself, revealed the plot. Emperor Taizong, in shock, convened the senior officials
1508:
1434:
1413:
day of the 4th month of the 17th year of the Zhenguan era of Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 29 Apr 643 on the Gregorian calendar.
1388:
1361:
1334:
1307:
1280:
1096:
era of Tang Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 5 Jan 645 on the Julian calendar. . This date was also found in Taizong's biography in
464:
1462:
According to Li Chenqian's tablet (恒山愍王李承乾碑), he was buried at Zhao Mausoleum on the 29th day of the 5th month of the 26th year of the
487:, whose son-in-law Helan Chushi (賀蘭楚石) was Li Chengqian's guard commander, into the plot, and considered overthrowing Emperor Taizong.
1541:
1498:
354:
219:
544:
365:), putting a layer of appeal between the executive bureau and the emperor himself. The senior officials Li Gang (李綱) and
1019:
Li Chengqian's tablet indicate that Lady Su was her father's third daughter (妃苏氏祔焉，礼也。妃即隋仆射邳国公威之曾孙、鸿胪卿夔之孙、皇朝沁州刺史亶之第三女也。)
197:
customs instead of studying about ways to rule an empire. He lost favor in Emperor Taizong's eyes to a younger brother,
1297:
1489:
1000:
425:
205:.) In 643, in fear that Emperor Taizong was about to depose him in favor of Li Tai, he plotted with the general
536:
211:
661:
520:
346:
310:
237:
186:
182:
138:
1187:《全唐文·卷九·册苏亶女为皇太子妃诏》：配德元良，必俟邦媛，作俪储贰，允归冠族，秘书丞苏亶长女，门袭轩冕，家传义方，柔顺表质，幽闲成性，训彰图史，誉流邦国，正位储闱，寔惟朝典。可皇太子妃，所司备礼册命，主者施行。
1551:
1536:
606:
302:
449:
among the officials), Li Chengqian's son Li Xiang (李象) would inherit the throne, not another prince.
1531:
1526:
87:
395:
often advised him to not do so. Emperor Taizong approved of Yu, Du, and Kong, and rewarded them.
519:
Emperor Taizong agreed, and as Zhangsun Wuji proposed creating another son by Empress Zhangsun,
1504:
1430:
1424:
1384:
1378:
1357:
1330:
1303:
1276:
1270:
95:
1351:
1324:
415:
general pardon, but was dissuaded by Empress Zhangsun. She died later that year, on 28 July.
1229:
1144:
1138:
1104:
1098:
887:
429:
drums, Li Chengqian destroyed his drums, but was not otherwise listening to Zhang's advice.
314:
243:
202:
175:
148:
1471:
northwest of the mausoleum on 2 Jan 738 (开元廿五年十二月八日奉敕官供，陪葬昭陵柏城内，京兆府醴泉县安乐乡普济里东赵村，西北去陵一十八里。).
377:. In winter 632, after a feast Emperor Taizong held for Emperor Gaozu (then with the title
540:
374:
119:
1028:(惟尔秘书丞苏亶长女，族茂冠冕，庆成礼训，贞顺自然，言容有则。作合春宫，实协三善，曰嫔守器，式昌万叶。备兹令典，抑惟国章。是用命尔为皇太子妃。往，钦哉！其光膺徽命，可不慎欤！)
543:
of Min (愍, meaning "suffering"). On 20 Jun 738, he was buried at his father's mausoleum,
457:
customs, wearing Turkic clothes and spoke Turkic, often engaging in Turkic-style camping.
255:
Crown Princess Su, of the Su clan of Wugong (太子妃 武功苏氏), eldest daughter of Su Dan (苏亶)
1405:
1251:
1128:
1084:
833:
454:
379:
1520:
492:
460:
370:
160:
185:'s oldest son and first crown prince, but was replaced later by his younger brother
1043:
441:
338:
334:
306:
178:
171:
40:
36:
437:
400:
392:
388:
353:, and created Li Chengqian crown prince. In 630, in order to show honor to the
384:
333:
In 626, Li Shimin seized power after ambushing and killing his older brother
101:
532:
525:
484:
445:
342:
262:
215:
206:
105:
496:
407:
357:
258:
Li Xiang (李象, 16 May 638 - in or after 694), Duke Huan (郇国公), first son
1500:
Son of heaven: a biography of Li Shih-Min, founder of the Tʻang dynasty
433:
366:
350:
1209:
Li Shizhi was born in 694 and was not noted to be a posthumous child.
500:
436:, Li Chengqian was in charge of Chang'an, assisted by the chancellor
411:
322:
201:
the Prince of Wei. (Both had the same mother, Emperor Taizong's wife
198:
83:
1148:
recorded that he was made crown prince when Taizong became emperor.
318:
194:
535:
became chancellor during the reign of Li Chengqian's grandnephew
86:(苏瓌), eldest daughter of Su Dan (苏亶) and great-granddaughter of
403:, Li Chengqian would be in charge of the imperial government.
274:
Li Jue (李厥), Inspector of Qingzhou Province (青州刺史), third son
301:
Li Chengqian was born in 619, not long after his grandfather
1117:
era, which corresponds to 17 Nov 643 in the Julian calendar.
495:(Empress Zhangsun's brother), Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, and
432:
In 641, When Emperor Taizong visited the eastern capital
16:
Crown Prince of the Tang dynasty, son of Emperor Taizong
1218:
Li Chengqian's tablet listed Li Jue as the second son.
1449:(秋，八月，...御史大夫李適之，承乾之孙也，以才幹得幸於上，数为承乾论辨；甲戌，追赠承乾恒山愍王。)
1073:
lists his title as "Prince Min of Changshan" (常山湣王).
309:
in 618. He was the first son of Emperor Gaozu's son
144:
134:
118:
94:
78:
66:
58:
54:
46:
35:
21:
1329:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 34–.
1132:recorded that Taizong assumed the throne on the
1092:day of the 12th month of the 18th year of the
1056:(苏瓌，字昌容，京兆武功人，隋尚书右僕射威曾孙也。祖夔，隋鸿胪卿。父亶，贞观中台州刺史。)
1383:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–.
1275:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–.
284:Lady of Excellence, of the Zhang clan (良娣张氏)
8:
1486:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
1409:recorded that Chengqian was deposed on the
1380:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
82:Lady Su (m.9 February 635; elder sister of
1296:Carter Vaughn Findley (11 November 2004).
1178:《册府元龟·卷八十◎帝王部 庆赐第二》九年正月甲申皇太子承乾纳妃苏氏宴群臣赐帛各有差
922:14. Gao Jingde or Gao Mai, Prince of Le'an
564:
555:
18:
1302:. Oxford University Press. pp. 57–.
1497:Charles Patrick Fitzgerald (June 1971),
1377:Kang-i Sun Chang; Stephen Owen (2010).
1088:recorded that Li Chengqian died on the
1012:
748:11. Princess Xiangyang of Northern Zhou
313:the Prince of Qin and Li Shimin's wife
290:Princess Yong'an (永安郡主), first daughter
271:Concubine Wang, of the Wang clan (妾王氏)
250:Consorts and their respective issue(s):
1069:Li Chengqian's biography in vol.80 of
790:
786:
776:
677:
573:
569:
115:
1426:Dynastic China: An Elementary History
1323:Marc S. Abramson (31 December 2011).
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907:
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577:
7:
1356:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 56–.
1255:recorded that Zhangsun died on the
1429:. The Other Press. pp. 183–.
1350:John A.G. Roberts (13 July 2011).
1227:According to Gaozu's biography in
14:
1547:Heirs apparent who never acceded
189:(the eventual Emperor Gaozong).
1557:LGBT people from Imperial China
1423:Tan Koon San (15 August 2014).
1108:dated Chengqian's death to the
373:. In 631, he held his official
261:Li Pin (李玭), Li Jing (李静) and
1:
1562:Tang dynasty imperial princes
1326:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
1041:(九年正月甲申，皇太子承乾納妃蘇氏，宴羣臣賜帛各有差。)
159:(李承乾) (619 – 5 January 645),
126:Prince Min of Hengshan (恆山愍王)
582:8. Li Bing, Duke Ren of Tang
277:Li Chang (李昶) and Li Xu (李旭)
345:, the Prince of Qi, at the
329:Early years as crown prince
325:were also created princes.
1578:
1490:Cambridge University Press
1299:The Turks in World History
1196:(三月，...丙子，以皇孙生，宴五品以上于东宫。)
1001:Turks in the Tang military
788:
696:10. Dou Yi, Duke of Shenwu
671:
571:
465:Excessive citations inline
1269:C. P. Fitzgerald (1933).
1102:. Taizong's biography in
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559:Ancestors of Li Chengqian
125:
114:
26:
1239:Old Book of Tang, vol.1.
419:Struggles against Li Tai
1542:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1165:次子鄂州别驾、赠使持节青州诸军事、青州刺史厥，
1159:象子〇〇将军、赠使持节怀州诸军事、怀州刺史玭，
470:considered for deletion
347:Incident at Xuanwu Gate
139:Emperor Taizong of Tang
50:September 626-April 643
1161:次〇〇别驾、赠使持节齐州诸军事、齐州刺史静，
341:, and younger brother
287:Li Yi (李医), second son
168:Prince Min of Hengshan
28:Prince Min of Hengshan
214:after his grandson
1353:A History of China
1510:978-0-404-02404-8
1436:978-983-9541-88-5
1390:978-0-521-85558-7
1363:978-0-230-34411-2
1336:978-0-8122-0101-7
1309:978-0-19-803939-6
1282:978-1-107-49508-1
1233:, he died on the
1142:and volume 80 of
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990:
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986:
478:Removal and death
315:Princess Zhangsun
154:
153:
130:
129:
74:(aged 25–26)
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1167:厥子〇〇中郎将、赠左千牛将军昶，
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1145:New Book of Tang
1139:Old Book of Tang
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1105:Old Book of Tang
1099:New Book of Tang
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1071:New Book of Tang
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888:Empress Zhangsun
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212:Emperor Xuanzong
203:Empress Zhangsun
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809:12. Zhangsun Si
662:Emperor Taizong
637:9. Duchess Dugu
553:
541:posthumous name
480:
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421:
375:rite of passage
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238:Emperor Taizong
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183:Emperor Taizong
166:(高明), formally
120:Posthumous name
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1406:Zizhi Tongjian
1403:Volume 197 of
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1249:Volume 194 of
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1198:Zizhi Tongjian
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1129:Zizhi Tongjian
1126:Volume 191 of
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335:Li Jiancheng
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307:Tang dynasty
305:established
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179:Tang dynasty
172:crown prince
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157:Li Chéngqián
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104:; father of
41:Tang dynasty
37:Crown Prince
27:
22:Li Chengqian
945:7. Lady Gao
438:Gao Shilian
393:Kong Yingda
389:Du Zhenglun
72:(645-01-05)
1532:645 deaths
1527:619 births
1521:Categories
1007:References
385:Yu Zhining
355:chancellor
297:Early life
220:chancellor
100:Li Xiang (
1453:, vol.214
1060:, vol.88.
533:Li Shizhi
526:Chongqing
485:Hou Junji
468:is being
446:Wei Zheng
343:Li Yuanji
311:Li Shimin
263:Li Shizhi
216:Li Shizhi
207:Hou Junji
181:. He was
106:Li Shizhi
1464:Kai'yuan
1163:次御史大夫适之，
1115:Zhenguan
1094:Zhenguan
1047:, vol.80
1032:, vol.09
995:See also
551:Ancestry
497:Li Shiji
461:template
426:Wang Gui
408:Buddhist
401:Chang'an
358:Du Ruhui
242:Mother:
236:Father:
1110:xinchou
434:Luoyang
367:Xiao Yu
351:empress
231:Parents
218:became
176:Chinese
174:of the
164:Gaoming
39:of the
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1492:, 2010
1433:
1387:
1360:
1333:
1306:
1279:
1235:gengzi
1169:次〇〇〇旭)
1090:renyin
521:Li Zhi
501:Lai Ji
455:Turkic
412:Taoist
391:, and
337:, the
323:Li Tai
226:Family
199:Li Tai
187:Li Zhi
145:Mother
135:Father
110:Li Jue
88:Su Wei
84:Su Gui
79:Spouse
1411:yiyou
1257:jimao
1134:jiazi
459:‹The
319:Li Ke
195:Tujue
96:Issue
47:Reign
1505:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1277:ISBN
321:and
67:Died
59:Born
30:恆山愍王
886:3.
832:6.
771:1.
660:2.
605:4.
528:).
410:or
90:).)
62:619
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547:.
472:.›
387:,
222:.
102:李象
1439:.
1393:.
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1339:.
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108:)
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