414:, Emperor Yang asked Su whether Yang Xuangan, whom Emperor Yang considered intelligent, was capable of causing great trouble. Su responded, "Only a person who is capable of judging what is right and wrong and what is successful and unsuccessful can be called intelligent. Yang Xuangan is careless and unattentive, and he will not cause much trouble. What I am afraid of is that he is merely starting the prelude of great troubles." Much as Su feared, while Yang Xuangan's rebellion was quickly suppressed, thereafter, there was little peace for the rest of Sui's history.
203:. Su, remembering that his father Su Chuo had often lamented at what heavy taxes he needed to impose on the people due to the governmental needs from the wars of the times, advocated reduction of taxes, and Emperor Wen agreed. At one point, Gao Jiong, believing Su to be more capable, offered to resign and transfer his authorities to Su, and Emperor Wen initially agreed, but then decided that Gao should not lose his position because of his ability to identify Su's talent. Rather, Emperor Wen had Gao and Su share their authorities, effectively as co-prime ministers.
484:) accuse Su of inappropriate promotions and fear of Tujue. Emperor Yang removed Su from his posts, and then further accusations that Su was conspiring with Tujue were made. Emperor Yang had Pei Yun investigate it, and Pei proposed that Su be executed. Su, unable to prove his innocence, begged for forgiveness. Emperor Yang took pity and released him, but stripped him of citizenship rights, along with his descendants for three generations. Soon, however, it appeared that Su was restored to some extent, as he accompanied Emperor Yang to Jiangdu (江都, in modern
442:, Emperor Yang sought more aid from Princess Yicheng. Emperor Yang's extravagant promises of promotion and reward brought reinforcements and Princess Yicheng falsely informed the khan that the Turks were under attack from the north. Shibi Khan then lifted the siege. With the northern empire under the effects of agrarian rebellions, Su subsequently advised Emperor Yang to return to the capital Chang'an, and Emperor Yang initially agreed. However, Yuwen suggested going to the eastern capital
304:, and was removed, but soon restored. It was around this time that Emperor Wen made a comment that appears to be observant of Su's character -- "It has been said by many that Su Wei was only pretending to be clean and that his house was filled with gold and jade. That accusation is ridiculous. However, he is overly ferocious and unrealistic, and he overly paid attention to his reputation. He is happy if you go along with him and resents if you do not. That is his true problem."
145:. Yuwen Hu was impressed with Su Wei's talent and gave his daughter the Princess Xinxing to Su Wei in marriage. Su Wei, however, was fearful of the power that his father-in-law wielded, believing that it would eventually be a source of disaster, so for a while he fled into the mountains to be a hermit. Soon thereafter, his uncle forced him out of the mountains back into governmental service, but he still spent much of his time in
532:, surrendered. Li Shimin set up headquarters at Luoyang, and Su requested an audience with him, but stated that he was too old to bow to Li Shimin. Li Shimin sent back a messenger to rebuke him for bowing to Li Mi and Wang and refused to meet him. Su subsequently went to the Tang capital Chang'an and sought an audience with Emperor Gaozu, and was similarly rebuked and not given an office. He died in 623.
179:, had long praised Su for his abilities, Yang invited Su to join his staff. After serving under Yang for a month, Su heard that Yang was intending to seize the throne, and he fled into the country. Gao requested Yang's permission to track him down, but Yang responded, "He does not want to participate in what I will be doing. Ignore him for the time being." In 581, after Yang had Emperor Xuan's son
504:(Yuwen Shu's son) killed Emperor Yang, along with a number of his relatives and high-level officials. Yuwen Huaji, however, did not kill Su, as Su was at that point no longer involved in policymaking. Further, as Su was respected by the officials and the people, Yuwen made Su the nominal leader of the government, although Yuwen was in actual control. Yuwen subsequently made Emperor Yang's nephew
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on hearing his answer, he responded that while he did not know the numbers, the rebels were getting closer to
Luoyang—and that, further, the taxes and labor levies were severely decreased due to rebel activities. He further pointed out that Emperor Yang was reneging on his promise to stop considering campaigns against Goguryeo. Emperor Yang was displeased. Further, at
231:, who had often opposed Su's suggestions, pointed out that this would lead to situations where multiple counties would have to share one township and create confusion as well as potential for corruption by the mayors. Emperor Wen nevertheless agreed with Su. In the summer of that year, he also made Su one of the heads of the executive bureau (
450:
In 616, with the empire engulfed in rebellions, Emperor Yang was asking his officials how the rebellions were being suppressed. Yuwen falsely stated that the rebels had been reduced to less than 10% of what they used to be. Su initially declined to answer the question, but after
Emperor Yang insisted
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In 590, due to an investigative report submitted by Yu that pointed out that the township mayors were indeed often corrupt, Emperor Wen ordered that the township layer be abolished—but instead of punishing Su, he became angry when Li pointed out that he had previously opposed the idea but now wanted
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that he lost his kingdom due to his excessive cruelty and hunting—and believed that Su was criticizing him. He was further incensed when Su, while discussing the issue of another campaign against
Goguryeo, sarcastically suggested that if Emperor Yang pardoned all of the agrarian rebels, there would
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In 606, Emperor Yang revised the methods for promoting officials, requiring not only that they be competent but also show virtues and specific accomplishments before they could be promoted. He put seven officials in charge of the process of reviewing officials' performance and promotions—Su, along
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In 572, Emperor Wu ambushed Yuwen Hu and killed him, taking power himself. He tried to retain Su in his government, but Su repeatedly declined under the excuse that he was ill. During this time, he was praised for his actions during a particular incident involving his cousin and her husband Yuan
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the Prince of Shu investigate, and the accusations were found true. In anger, Emperor Wen removed Su from his post and abolished his dukedom, although soon thereafter somewhat relented and restored Su's privilege to visit the palace, commenting, "Su Wei is virtuous, but was misled by the people
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had resented Yuan (for reasons lost to history) and had requested that
Northern Zhou turn Yuan and his wife (Su's cousin) over to it for punishment. Su, believing that Tujue authorities could be bribed, sold all of his belongings to ransom his cousin and Yuan. He returned to governmental service
446:
instead, and
Emperor Yang went to Luoyang and would never again go to Chang'an in his lifetime. Subsequently, when Su was examining the proposed promotions to soldiers based on their contributions assisting Yanmen Commandery lift the siege, he reviewed them strictly and promoted few of them, a
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In 583, at Su's suggestion, Emperor Wen abolished the commandery level of government, making county government directly below provincial government. Around that time, Emperor Wen, somewhat dissatisfied with the new laws that he promulgated after he became emperor, had Su and Niu Hong
121:. Su Chuo died around the new year 547, and Su Wei inherited his father's title. (The historical sources are in conflict as to whether that title was Count of Meiyang or Duke of Meiyang, but the former seemed more probable.) After Yuwen Tai's death in 556, Yuwen Tai's nephew
372:, and they were known collectively as the "seven nobles of officialdom." However, although all seven consulted on the decisions, the main authority fell into the hands of Yu, and it was alleged that Yu decided the promotions based on the amounts of bribes he received.
292:), and was angry that despite Su Kui's younger status, the other officials were largely supporting Su Kui due to Su Wei's power. He therefore submitted a petition to Emperor Wen accusing Su Wei of factionalism and nepotism. Emperor Wen had Yu and his son
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as emperor, Su surrendered to Wang and was restored to the title of Duke of Pei. In 619, after Wang had Yang Tong yielding the throne to him, ending Sui and establishing a state of Zheng, he gave Su honorific titles, although Su tried to decline them.
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in reprisal against various offenses by the emperor. Princess
Yicheng—daughter of a Sui clansman—secretly informed the emperor of the attack, and Emperor Yang and his entourage fled to the safety of the commandery seat at present-day
438:. Shibi Khan then besieged the town on September 11. Yuwen initially suggested that Emperor Yang fight his way out of the siege, but Su opposed taking such risks and eventually, under the advice of Emperor Yang's brother-in-law
268:
is no longer extant but is believed to be a work that concentrated on loyalty to the emperor.) This, along with other dissatisfactions about Sui rule and rumors that Sui was about to force Chen's people to move to the
512:, Su surrendered to Li, and people were surprised when he bowed readily to Li, stating, "I did not know that today I will again see a capable ruler!" When Li was subsequently defeated by Sui troops under
328:
In 601, after Gao had been removed from his post in 600, Su was restored to his prior post as co-head of the executive bureau, effectively serving as co-prime minister again with Yang Su.
67:. He was often praised for his abilities and integrity but criticized for pettiness. After Emperor Yang was assassinated in 618, he was nominally an official under Emperor Yang's nephew
508:
the Prince of Qin emperor, and Su became a part of Yang Hao's regime, as Yuwen soon abandoned
Jiangdu and headed north toward Luoyang. Later that year, after Yuwen was defeated by
478:
be hundreds of thousands of soldiers available to attack
Goguryeo. Emperor Yang thereafter complained about Su to Pei Yun, and Pei Yun then had a man named Zhang Xingben (
297:
around him." Yang Su took over Su Wei's posts. By summer 594, Emperor Wen had restored Su Wei to his dukedom and again made him the head of the examination bureau.
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In 604, Emperor Wen died—a death that traditional historians, while admitting a lack of direct evidence, generally believed to be a murder ordered by his son and
199:, 門下省), one of the five main bureaus in his governmental structure, and the minister of finance as well as appointing him to assist with the legal reforms of the
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as
Emperor Wen, he summoned Su back to his government, and posthumously honored Su's father Su Chuo as the Duke of Pei, and then had Su Wei inherit the title.
137:, although Yuwen Hu maintained power over the reigns of three emperors (three sons of Yuwen Tai) -- Emperor Xiaomin (whom Yuwen Hu later deposed and killed),
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Also in 590, another ill-advised idea by Su contributed to a major problem that Sui was facing. After Chen's conquest, Su had written a work known as the
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to wait to see if the idea could be reworked, and he demoted Li to a provincial governorship, particularly with Su accusing Li himself of corruption.
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Ashina
Yongyulü. In order to solemnize the ceremony and further pull Ashina Rangan to his camp, Emperor Wen made Su, Niu, and Hulü Xiaoqing (
391:), employing over a million men in labor. Su was subsequently removed from office. However, Su escaped the fate of Gao Jiong, Yuwen Bi (
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and unified China, Su suggested that a local governmental layer, the township, be created, each with 500 households, headed by a mayor.
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Li Chengqian's tablet (恒山愍王李承乾碑) indicate that Lady Su was her father's third daughter (妃苏氏祔焉，礼也。妃即隋仆射邳国公威之曾孙、鸿胪卿夔之孙、皇朝沁州刺史亶之第三女也。)
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In 595, Su was accused of a lack of proper respect when accompanying Emperor Wen in sacrificing to the god of
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In 582, at Su's suggestion, and after consulting Gao, Emperor Wen moved the capital from the old city of
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220:) further revise the penal code, to reduce the number of laws and reduce the severity of punishment.
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decision that Emperor Yang agreed with, but which brought much dissension among the army ranks.
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1003:(配德元良，必俟邦媛，作俪储贰，允归冠族，秘书丞苏亶长女，门袭轩冕，家传义方，柔顺表质，幽闲成性，训彰图史，誉流邦国，正位储闱，寔惟朝典。可皇太子妃，所司备礼册命，主者施行。)
264:) and ordered that all former citizens of Chen be required to read and memorize it. (The
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to a nearby, newly built capital city of Daxing (later to be known as Chang'an as well).
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rebelled against Emperor Yang in the midst of Emperor Yang's second campaign against
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temples, reading various books. His title was promoted to Duke of Huaidao.
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region, caused mass-scale rebellions, which were eventually suppressed by
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yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing the
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461:. Emperor Yang was displeased when someone pointed out that the
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Ashina Rangan, a subordinate khan to the leader of Tujue, the
1038:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy
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Emperor Wen made Su Wei the head of the examination bureau (
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seized power as regent. As one of Yang's close advisors,
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Su Wei had at least one son, Su Kui (苏夔), who served as
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235:, 尚書省). At that time, Su, along with Gao, Yu Qingze (
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In 597, Emperor Wen, in order to divide and conquer
223:In 589, after Emperor Wen's forces conquered rival
91:(the later Emperor Taizong) nor Li Shimin's father
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977:(苏瓌，字昌容，京兆武功人，隋尚书右僕射威曾孙也。祖夔，隋鸿胪卿。父亶，贞观中台州刺史。)
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1045:: State University of New York Press,
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964:Su Kui has a biography in vol.63 of
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1035:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006),
1016:(九年正月甲申，皇太子承乾納妃蘇氏，宴羣臣賜帛各有差。)
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346:
342:Crown Prince
335:
327:
306:
299:
279:
265:
255:
253:
249:
232:
225:Chen dynasty
222:
212:
205:
197:Menxia Sheng
196:
194:
181:Emperor Jing
170:
166:Emperor Xuan
151:
139:Emperor Ming
102:
85:Tang dynasty
65:Emperor Yang
43:
36:
35:
28:
21:Chinese name
866:, pp.
623:Book of Sui
536:Descendants
502:Yuwen Huaji
475:Xia dynasty
362:, Pei Yun (
185:Sui dynasty
115:Western Wei
73:Yuwen Huaji
61:Emperor Wen
57:Sui dynasty
25:family name
1075:623 deaths
1070:542 births
1064:Categories
584:References
419:Shibi Khan
377:Great Wall
338:Yang Guang
317:Dulan Khan
143:Emperor Wu
99:Background
910:Vol. 182.
882:十一年 八月癸酉
589:Citations
526:Li Shimin
518:Yang Tong
350:Yuwen Shu
313:Tuli Khan
302:Mount Tai
271:Guanzhong
177:Gao Jiong
173:Yang Jian
131:Yuwen Jue
119:Yuwen Tai
89:Li Shimin
1022:, vol.80
1007:, vol.09
933:vol. 183
887:Archived
852:vol. 182
831:vol. 180
810:vol. 179
792:vol. 178
767:vol. 177
744:vol. 174
726:vol. 167
705:vol. 189
684:vol. 185
663:vol. 175
572:See also
506:Yang Hao
486:Yangzhou
421:and the
412:Goguryeo
360:Yu Shiji
294:Yang Xiu
229:Li Delin
208:Chang'an
147:Buddhist
123:Yuwen Hu
69:Yang Hao
19:In this
966:Bei Shi
628:vol. 41
490:Jiangsu
471:Taikang
444:Luoyang
440:Xiao Yu
432:Daixian
368:), and
275:Yang Su
153:Xiong (
54:Chinese
1049:
1043:Albany
550:Su Gui
436:Shanxi
385:Hohhot
370:Pei Ju
79:, and
37:Su Wei
23:, the
510:Li Mi
381:Yulin
379:from
309:Tujue
161:Tujue
77:Li Mi
44:Wuwei
1047:ISBN
868:63–4
558:and
340:the
322:斛律孝卿
481:張行本
473:of
400:賀若弼
394:宇文弼
358:),
238:虞慶則
27:is
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1041:,
949:,
931:,
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880:大業
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365:裴蘊
355:張瑾
289:蘇夔
283:何妥
277:.
261:五教
244:楊雄
217:牛弘
168:.
156:元雄
110:蘇綽
75:,
49:無畏
30:Su
1056:.
955:.
935:.
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833:.
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