379:, and it was said that after the plot was over, Dou exhausted the circuit treasury trying to placate the soldiers. It was said that Li Deyu lived frugally, and gave the remainder of his own expense budget to the soldiers, such that while he did not give them all that much, they were satisfied, and that two years after his commission, the treasury was full again. It was also said that he sought to change the ways of the circuit's people, to eliminate customs that were harmful to them. For example, the people of the circuit were superstitious and fearful of evil spirits, such that if close family members were ill, they would abandon their family members. Li Deyu taught the knowledgeable among the people that this was undue superstition, and further punished those who abandoned family members, such that within a few years, this custom was gone. He also catalogued the various temples in the circuit—such that only those that worshipped good historical figures were allowed to remain, while he destroyed 1,010 other temples. He further destroyed 1,460 houses in the mountains so that they could not be used by bandits as operation bases.
571:), surrendered Wei Prefecture, which Tufan had captured from Tang decades earlier, to him. Li Deyu advocated accepting the surrender and using Wei Prefecture as a launch pad for a major campaign against Tufan. Niu opposed, arguing that this was a violation of the peace treaty between Tang and Tufan and that, should a war start, Tufan forces could reach Chang'an easily. Emperor Wenzong accepted his argument and ordered that Li Deyu return Wei Prefecture, as well as Xidamou and his soldiers, to Tufan. Tufan had Xidamou and his soldiers massacred. The massacre brought much popular sentiment against Niu, and was commonly viewed at the time to be the result of the conflict between Niu/Li Zongmin and Li Deyu. It was said that this incident caused Li Deyu to resent Niu even more.
1279:) lead additional troops to attack Zhaoyi's eastern prefectures—which would take Zhongwu troops through Weibo. This surprised He Hongjing, who thus felt pressured to attack Zhaoyi, and he finally launched his troops. As soon as He Hongjing launched his troops, Wang Zai's orders were then changed to aid Heyang Circuit, which Liu Zhen was attacking in an effort to force the imperial government into a truce and which Wang Maoyuan could not protect due to his own illness. After Wang Maoyuan died thereafter, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong put the Heyang troops under Wang Zai's command as well, but did not make him the military governor of Heyang.
1463:
who had previously been sheltered by Liu
Congjian and Liu Zhen after fleeing to Zhaoyi but whom Guo then executed, had been executed, referring to them as the family members of traitors. He further had the Zhaoyi officers who had previously surrendered list Liu Zhen's collaborators and were slaughtering them in large numbers, even though Lu Jun was arguing that too many people were being innocently killed. He further carried out reprisals against Li Zongmin and Niu Sengru, accusing them of having been in communications with Liu Congjian and Liu Zhen despite the lack of evidence—going as far as having Liu Congjian's secretary Zheng Qing (
817:), was recalled to Chang'an, and there was expectation that he would become one of the directors of palace communications—one of the highest possible positions for a eunuch. Li Deyu, while not publicly showing deference to Yang, invited Yang to a feast and gave him great amounts of treasure as gifts. However, when Yang reached Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng), Emperor Wenzong changed his order and had him return to Huainan. When Yang returned to Huainan, he, distressed, returned the gifts to Li Deyu, but Li Deyu responded, "These are not worth much," and had Yang keep the gifts, thus establishing a strong relationship with Yang.
808:) and immediately left the circuit. When Li Deyu arrived, he submitted a report stating that the circuit treasury had only half as much as the wealth as Niu reported, and that Zhang had spent half of the wealth in Niu's absence. Niu submitted a petition defending himself and Zhang and requested that Li Deyu be ordered to recount the treasury reserves. After the recount, Niu's report was deemed correct. Li Deyu submitted an apology, stating that he was ill when first arriving at Huainan and had been lied to by his subordinates, requesting punishment. Emperor Wenzong did not punish Li Deyu, however.
1451:
Du Cong, then also chancellor. Emperor Wuzong thus ordered Shi Xiong to enter Lu
Prefecture and, under guise that he was going to distribute commissions to Guo and the other officers involved in Liu's death at a feast, had them rounded up and arrested. Guo and the other officers were subsequently delivered to Chang'an and executed. Also under Emperor Wuzong's orders, Shi exhumed Liu Congjian's body and had it publicly displayed then cut into pieces. For Li Deyu's contributions, Emperor Wuzong created him the Duke of Zhao and gave him the honorary title of
34:
1383:) Circuits to head toward Taiyuan. He also ordered Wang Yuankui to divert troops toward Taiyuan as well. This set a panic into the Hedong soldiers at Yushe, who were fearful that the soldiers from other circuits would slaughter their families if Taiyuan fell, so they volunteered to attack Yang with Lü as their commander. In less than a month after Yang took over Taiyuan, the Hedong troops under Lü recaptured the city and arrested Yang, who was subsequently delivered to Chang'an and executed.
771:), on charges that he did not visit Emperor Wenzong when Emperor Wenzong was ill and that his tax collection at Xichuan caused the people trouble. When, subsequently, Li Zongmin also incurred Emperor Wenzong's wrath and was exiled as well, Zheng and Li Zhongyan (whose name had been changed to Li Xun at this point) were able to use the opportunity to accuse any imperial official they disliked of being an associate of Li Zongmin or Li Deyu, and those accused were often exiled or demoted.
1313:, a former chancellor who was by this point the military governor of Hedong, sent to Li Shi, suggesting that Liu was willing to surrender. Li Deyu suggested, and Emperor Wuzong agreed, that no action be taken on the offer immediately, and ordered Li Shi reply in a harsh manner, indicating that surrender would only be accepted if Liu and his family members had themselves bound and taken to the border between Zhaoyi and Hedong; only then would Li Shi agree to escort them to Chang'an.
1672:
advice, and much was accomplished. The relationship between emperor and subject was one that was not often seen for a thousand years. As I read about his advice within the palace and reports in the halls, he anticipated the enemies' moves and came with tactics that led to victories, by his own mind, just like how the famed bowman Yang Youji would not miss with any of his arrows; he was indeed a rarely seen talent. As far as his literary abilities were concerned, Yan An and
1617:) submitted a petition arguing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed and accusing Li Shen and Li Deyu of causing the improper execution. Emperor Xuānzong recalled Cui Yuanzao from exile and had him give an account of the case to the Office of the Imperial Censors, which subsequently submitted a report agreeing that Wu Xiang was improperly executed. As a result, Li Deyu was further demoted and exiled to be the military advisor to the prefect of Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern
970:), wanting to be credited with victories, suggested not to accept the surrender—arguing that Wamosi was a traitor as far as Wujie Khan was concerned—and to attack. Li Deyu pointed out that Wamosi was no traitor—as he offered to submit before Wujie Khan had even claimed khan title—and that based on the prior Tang-Huigu alliance, distressed Huigu people, such as the people under Wamosi's command, should be accepted. Emperor Wuzong agreed and accepted Wamosi's submission.
622:). When he met with Emperor Wenzong to thank Emperor Wenzong, Emperor Wenzong discussed with him the matter of partisanship within the imperial government, and Li Deyu, seeing that Emperor Wenzong disliked partisanship, opined that one third of the imperial officials were engaging in partisanship—and then proceeded to use Emperor Wenzong's dislike of partisanship to eject people he disliked from the government, including Yan Yuqing and Yang's associates Zhang Yuanfu (
974:
whether Wamosi remained submissive, his people would have to be fed—or otherwise, with Tang forces not ready for combat at that point, Tiande would fall under an attack. Chen did not dare to oppose further, and
Emperor Wuzong approved the sending of emergency food supplies to Wamosi's people. Also under Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong issued an edict to Wamosi asking him to seek out and return Emperor Xianzong's daughter (and thus, Emperor Wuzong's aunt)
1371:
themselves. Under further advice by Li Deyu, who argued that Yang's uprising could not be tolerated, Emperor Wuzong ordered that the focus of the campaign be shifted, to concentrate on Yang first. To those ends, he ordered Li Shi and Lü to gather troops from nearby prefectures and try to recapture
Taiyuan, while ordering Wang Feng to leave Hedong troops at Yushe and instead take troops previously sent by Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern
1197:, thus making sure that imperial forces would not operate close to Weibo or Chengde. Emperor Wuzong agreed, and imperial messengers were dispatched to Weibo and Chengde; He Hongjing and Wang agreed to follow imperial orders. (Meanwhile, Li Deyu used the opportunity to strike at Li Zongmin—by accusing Li Zongmin of being an associate of Liu Congjian's—and had Li Zongmin sent out of Luoyang to be the prefect of Hu Prefecture (湖州, in modern
1529:, only leaving two temples each at Chang'an and Luoyang, while each circuit and five large prefectures were allowed to retain one temple each. All other temples were destroyed, and the monks and nuns ordered to return to civilian life. The temples' lands were confiscated, while the building material used for the buildings, statues, and bells were seized to build governmental properties and mint money. (This was the third of the
391:. The young Emperor Jingzong was said to be wasteful in his living style, and later in 824 he ordered that Zhexi Circuit submit a number of silver vessels for palace use. Li Deyu petitioned that the order to set aside due to the expenses involved for the circuit. He received no response on his petition, although his subsequent petition to set aside an order for submitting silk was granted. Also in late 824,
1215:), telling him to persuade Liu Zhen to accept the order. Liu Zhen refused, and Emperor Wuzong ordered a general campaign against Zhaoyi. At Li Deyu's suggestion, the military governors were ordered to have specific targets to capture within Zhaoyi (to prevent them from waging minor battles and then sitting on the front without truly engaging Zhaoyi forces)—with Wang targeting Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern
1290:). Li Deyu pointed out that the nomadic Dangxiang were roving pillagers who were not taken seriously by border officials because the border officials wanted to acquire camels and horses from them, and suggested that a command structure be imposed over the six circuits where the Dangxiang resided, with an imperial prince in nominal command. Emperor Wuzong agreed and nominally made his son Li Qi (
1393:), whom Wang Zhixing had adopted as a son and therefore was legally Wang Zai's brother, was the prefect of one of the Zhaoyi prefectures, Ci Prefecture (磁州, in modern Handan) and had been detained by Liu. Emperor Wuzong thus sent Wang Zai an edict in which he again ordered him to advance, and further pressured Wang Zai by moving Liu Mian, who was then the military governor of Yiwu, to Heyang.
343:) to conduct a re-examination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi to be prefectural prefects and deposing 10 of the examinees selected by Qian and Yang Rushi. This was said to be the start of some 30 years of struggles between Li Deyu and his associates (known as the Li Faction) and Li Zongmin and his associates (known as the Niu Faction, named after Niu).
236:), and continued to be imperial scholar. It was said that because Li Deyu saw that at the time, the imperial relatives were becoming influential and making improper requests, he submitted a petition that requested that imperial relatives be required to meet the chancellors at the Office of the Chancellors, rather than at private homes. Li Deyu was then promoted to be
892:) were ejected from the imperial government. Nevertheless, in 841, when Emperor Wuzong, still resentful over how Yang and Li Jue did not support him, sent eunuchs to order Yang and Li Jue to commit suicide, with Du Cong pointing out to Li Deyu that he should not encourage Emperor Wuzong to be in the mode of killing officials, Li Deyu, along with fellow chancellors
551:. He also sought reinforcements, pointing out that Xichuan's forces had been severely weakened. After his requests were granted, Li Deyu also trained the soldiers, built up the defenses of the border forts, and stored emergency food supplies, and it was said that the people of Xichuan, who were previously fearful of another Nanzhao invasion, were pacified.
1685:
himself. He was therefore effectively fighting commoners with swords and pick-axes, and as a result finally died at the humid sea, and this can be lamented. An old proverb talks about a man who robbed gold at the busy market in the capital because he could not see the passersby. While he was certainly talented, he did not know the proper way to act.
1120:) to the border to fight against Wujie Khan. Meanwhile, in a surprise attack, in spring 843, Shi inflicted great losses on Wujie Khan's forces and rescued Princess Taihe, after which Wujie Khan fled and would no longer be a threat to Tang. Subsequently, when Emperor Wuzong considered asking Xiajiasi to return Anxi (安西, formerly headquartered in modern
691:) be allowed to live outside the palace and be given commissions as local officials; that their daughters be married in a prompt manner; and that the imperial examinations no longer test on poetry. (However, the imperial princes' moving out of the palace complex was not implemented due to a dispute over what kind of commissions they would receive.)
1518:) to review the case. Cui and Li Chou reported that Wu Xiang did embezzle funds, but that his father-in-law Yan was not a commoner, nor was the marriage forced. Li Deyu, despite Cui's and Li Chou's report, nevertheless had Wu Xiang executed, and further, retaliating against Cui and Li Chou for their contrary reports, had them demoted and exiled.
1359:), then with Wang, was sending messages forcing the soldiers to get underway without staying at Taiyuan for New Year. The soldiers were angry and distressed, and Yang took this opportunity to start an uprising. He had the soldiers pillage the city and take control of the city of Taiyuan. Li Shi was forced to flee to Fen Prefecture (汾州, in modern
1184:)—did not have a tradition of defying the imperial government, and therefore suggested that Liu Congjian's petition be denied, pointing out that allowing the Liu family to continue to hold Zhaoyi would cause other military governors to want to follow suit. He further suggested that, in order to make sure that Weibo's military governor
1353:, the Hengshui Fence soldiers arrived, but as the circuit treasury was empty, Li Shi could not give them the silk rewards that the soldiers being sent on a campaign were accustomed to receive; rather, he had to take silk out of his own personal wealth, but was only able to pay half as much. Further, the eunuch monitor Lü Yizhong (
1442:), persuaded Liu that the only way that the Liu clan could be saved was for him to allow them to kill him, present his head to the imperial government, and surrender. Liu thus allowed them to kill him without a fight—and Guo and his followers then nevertheless slaughtered the Liu clan and surrendered to the imperial government.
1263:). When Li Yanzuo subsequently delayed on the way to the front, at Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong issued harshly worded edicts to push him to proceed, and also made Shi Xiong his deputy to eventually have Shi take over Li Yanzuo's troops. Soon, Shi took over Li Yanzuo's troops and immediately launched attacks against Zhaoyi.
1406:), despite the advisory officials' advice against it. Emperor Wuzong had to assure Li Deyu that he would not be affected in his policy decisions by Zhao. Meanwhile, Li Deyu was also gaining intelligence information from Zhaoyi officers who surrendered, and was directing Wang Zai, Wang Feng, and He Hongjing in their tactics.
706:, who had recommended Zheng and Li Zhongyan to Emperor Wenzong. Wang, Zheng, and Li Zhongyan, in order to fight against Li Deyu, had Li Zongmin recalled from Shannan West to again serve as chancellor. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu was himself commissioned to be the military governor of Shannan West, continuing to carry the
1469:) claim that whenever Liu Congjian received letters from Li Zongmin or Niu, he would read them and burn them. Emperor Wuzong, believing Li Deyu's accusations, had Li Zongmin and Niu demoted and exiled several times, eventually with Niu being made the secretary general of Xun Prefecture (循州, in modern
1163:
to succeed him as the military governor of Zhaoyi. Liu
Congjian soon died, but Liu Zhen did not announce his death and had petitions written in Liu Congjian's name requesting that Liu Zhen be made military governor. The chancellors largely believed that a campaign against Zhaoyi would be difficult to
1462:
After the Zhaoyi campaign, Li Deyu was becoming even more powerful in
Emperor Wuzong's government, but he was also drawing resentment for his harshness. For example, after the end of the campaign, he had Emperor Wuzong issue an edict announcing that the family members of Li Xun, Wang Ya, and Jia Su,
1450:
Emperor Wuzong immediately inquired of Li Deyu what his opinion was as to how to deal with Guo Yi. Li Deyu argued that Guo was untrustworthy—having been a major advocate of Liu Zhen's resistance of the imperial regime and then eventually betraying Liu—and
Emperor Wuzong agreed, despite misgivings by
1139:
With the Huigu campaign over, Li Deyu sought to revisit the
Xidamou incident, which had occurred 12 years earlier—submitting a petition that painted Niu as jealous of him and causing a great injustice, and also arguing that Wei Prefecture would have served as a forward attack point against Tufan. At
1569:
the Prince of Guang, who had been considered to be unintelligent, succeed
Emperor Wuzong, and thus issued an edict in Emperor Wuzong's name creating Li Yi crown prince and changing Li Yi's name to Li Chen. When Emperor Wuzong thereafter died, Li Chen became emperor (as Emperor Xuānzong), and during
1109:
would have? As you intrude and disturb the Empire's borders, do you not think of the kindness and love of the Grand
Empress Dowager ? You, Aunt, are the mother of the state in Huigu, and you should have enough power to issue orders. If the Khan does not accept your orders, then he will be ending
1095:
By summer 842, Wujie Khan was openly attacking Tang border regions. Emperor Wuzong put Li Deyu in charge of drafting various rebukes against Wujie Khan and his advisors, urging them to reconsider their attacks. Also, with Wujie Khan forcing Princess Taihe to submit requests to allow Huigu to borrow
973:
Wamosi subsequently requested emergency food relief for the Huigu people, which Li Deyu suggested that Emperor Wuzong accept. At a subsequent meeting called by Emperor Wenzong, Chen Yixing vehemently opposed, arguing that this would be, in effect, aiding the enemy. Li Deyu pointed out regardless of
1671:
When I, your subject, was young, I had often heard of the old people talking about the stories of the Duke of Wei. At that time, the Son of Heaven was bright and valiant, quick in decision, and the Duke personally engaged himself to pay the emperor back for his trust. The emperor listened to his
1100:
Before, the Empire was willing to let go its beloved daughter to intermarry with Huigu. This was to seek peace for the Empire, and it was believed that Huigu would assist us in quieting the borders and defend against foreign attacks. But recent Huigu actions were thoroughly unreasonable, and its
337:). This thus brought a popular uproar, and Duan submitted a report accusing Yang Rushi and Qian of being unfair. When Emperor Muzong requested opinions from the imperial scholars, Li Deyu, Yuan, and Li Shen all agreed with Duan's opinion. Emperor Muzong thus ordered Li Zongmin's colleague Wang Qi (
1600:
former chancellors that Emperor Wuzong had exiled—Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin, Cui Gong, Yang Sifu, and Li Jue—were gradually moved closer to Chang'an (although Li Zongmin died before he could be moved). Li Deyu was subsequently made the defender of Luoyang, and no longer carried the honorary title of
1599:
title as an honorary title. It was said that given how long Li Deyu had been in power, it came as a complete shock to all involved that he would be sent out of the capital. Emperor Xuānzong subsequently also had a number of Li Deyu's associates sent out of the capital. Later in the year, the five
1582:
Emperor Xuānzong, however, was far from unintelligent, and had long resented Li Deyu's hold on power. On the day of his enthronement, Li Deyu served as the ceremonial presenter of the congratulatory notes from the imperial officials. After the ceremony was complete, Emperor Xuānzong stated to his
1386:
Meanwhile, Li Deyu came to believe that, and he informed Emperor Wuzong that, Wang Zai was not putting more pressure on Ze Prefecture for two reasons—because Shi Xiong had been falsely accused by Wang Zai's father Wang Zhixing previously and therefore there was an enmity between the two men (and
710:
title as an honorary title. Li Deyu then met with Emperor Wenzong and requested to stay at Chang'an. Initially, Emperor Wenzong agreed, and allowed him to remain at Chang'an to serve as the minister of defense. However, after Li Zongmin objected that this should not be a matter up for Li Deyu to
1091:
Meanwhile, Qiu had become very jealous of Li Deyu's hold on power as well. When Emperor Wuzong was planning to issue a general pardon, rumors got to Qiu that, as part of the edict, the chancellors and the director of finances were planning to reduce Shence Army's clothing and food stipends, Qiu
1684:
would deserve to sit at the same table as he. It is too harsh to accuse him of power-grabbing. However, what can most be criticized about him is this: he could not forget grudges, could not repay resentment with grace, and could not let disagreements go, but instead gathered opponents around
175:
During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, Li Jifu became chancellor, and it was said that because Li Deyu wanted to avoid appearance of impropriety, he did not serve at the office of the imperial censors or one of the three main bureaus of the imperial government. Rather, he served on the staff of
1370:
In light of Yang's uprising, there were immediate calls among the imperial officials to stop the campaign against Zhaoyi, and even Wang Zai was calling for accepting Liu's surrender. Li Deyu opposed, and again reiterated that Liu's surrender should only be accepted if he and his family bound
767:, making the title entirely honorary. Subsequently, Lu was himself stripped of his chancellor title and made the military governor of Zhenghai on account of his defending Li Deyu. After Lu's demotion, Li Deyu was further demoted to be the secretary general of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern
425:), to seek divine favors for Emperor Jingzong. Emperor Jingzong initially agreed. As a result, people were rushing to Si Prefecture to take tonsure, to avoid taxes. Li Deyu submitted an objection and pointed out that if this continued, Zhexi and its Zhedong (浙東, headquartered in modern
988:(marriage alliance) marriage, whom Emperor Wuzong's court had lost contact with since the crushing defeat that Xiajiasi forces inflicted against the Huigu forces. (Unknown to Emperor Wuzong (and Li Deyu) at this point, Princess Taihe had initially been captured by Xiajiasi's khan Are (
1011:) to take over the circuit. Emperor Wuzong, under Li Deyu's advice, declined to take immediate action on petitions submitted on Chen's behalf for Chen to become military governor. Soon thereafter, Chen himself was assassinated, and the soldiers supported another officer, Zhang Jiang (
1092:
publicly declared, "If this occurred, when the pardon is declared, the soldiers will gather in front of Danfeng Tower and demonstrate!" Emperor Wuzong, angered by the remarks, sent eunuchs to rebuke Qiu and the other Shence Army officers for spreading rumors, and Qiu apologized.
749:, formerly the Prince of Zhang (who had, by this point been demoted to be the Duke of Chao County), in order to support Li Cou against Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong, in anger, summoned a meeting with the chancellors, Zheng, Wang, and Li Han. Li Deyu's colleague as chancellor,
523:) at that point, was recalled to be chancellor in 830, and it was said that Li Zongmin and Niu worked together to eject Li Deyu's allies out of Chang'an; even Pei was sent out of Chang'an to serve as the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern
1459:). (Subsequently, Li Deyu requested a different creation because Li Jifu also carried the title of Duke of Zhao, and he was not Li Jifu's oldest son, suggesting that he would prefer the title of Duke of Wei. Emperor Wuzong agreed and change his title accordingly.)
994:), who claimed to be distantly related to Tang's imperial Li clan and who treated her with respect. Are sent a convoy to escort her back to Tang territory, but the convoy was intercepted and destroyed by Wujie Khan, who subsequently took Princess Taihe hostage.)
1044:), the capital of Shannan East Circuit, which Niu Sengru was then the military governor of, Li Deyu used the opportunity to blame the destruction on Niu and had him stripped of his authorities. In spring 842, there was another event that the later
477:
Emperor Jingzong issued an edict thanking and praising Li Deyu. It was said that Li Deyu hoped that this would catch Emperor Jingzong's attention and recall him to Chang'an, but Li Fengji, who was still chancellor, prevented that possibility.
1208:
After Liu Zhen finally announced Liu Congjian's death, Emperor Wuzong publicly posthumously honored Liu Congjian, but ordered that Liu Zhen escort Liu Congjian's casket to Luoyang, and further met with Liu Zhen's biological father Liu Congsu
877:. When meeting Emperor Wuzong to thank him, Li Deyu emphasized the importance of entrusting the chancellors with the affairs of state, as well as openness between the emperor and his officials, both points that Emperor Wuzong agreed with.
798:), and it was said that those officials previously exiled or demoted on account of being Li Zongmin's or Li Deyu's associates were beginning to be promoted as well. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu himself was again made the governor of Zhexi.
1136:) Circuits—which were formerly under Tang control but which had been lost for decades—Li Deyu opposed, pointing out that it would be a logistical nightmare to place garrisons at Anxi and Beiting and supply them. Emperor Wuzong agreed.
1266:
Meanwhile, Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing, on Zhaoyi's eastern front, were having disagreements, with Wang secretly accusing that He Hongjing was purposefully delaying attacks on Zhaoyi. At Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong had
1587:? Whenever he looked at me, my hairs were raised." The day after the mourning period was over, Emperor Xuānzong sent Li Deyu out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern
350:, and continued to serve as imperial scholar. He was considered a possible chancellor candidate, as well as Niu. In 823, Emperor Muzong made a chancellor, while Li Deyu was sent out of Chang'an to serve as the governor (觀察使,
302:
both made secret pleas to Qian for certain examinees. However, when the results were announced, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended were not given passing results, while among those passing the examinations were
1192:
would not assist Liu Zhen, explicit promises be made to He Hongjing and Wang that their circuits would not be interfered with, and that they would be responsible for capturing three of Zhaoyi's five prefectures east of the
546:
incursion in 829 and was said to be weak in its defenses. Upon Li Deyu's arrival in Xichuan, he consulted with many old soldiers and officers of Xichuan to quickly familiarize himself with the fronts with Nanzhao and
1146:) that Li Deyu was intending to use the revisiting of the Xidamou incident to carry out his vengeance against Niu and Li Zongmin, but that subsequent events—the Zhaoyi campaign—gave Li Deyu even greater ammunition.)
1536:
Later in 845, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong established a special treasury for the purpose of border defense, setting aside funds for that purpose. Also, when Emperor Wuzong wanted to create his favorite
1335:), and Wang sought reinforcements. Hedong headquarters, however, were out of troops, so Li Shi summoned 1,500 soldiers from the northern front, that Liu Mian had previously placed at Hengshui Fence (橫水柵, in modern
801:
In 837, Li Deyu was made the deputy military governor of Huainan, to act as military governor, replacing Niu Sengru. When Niu heard that Li Deyu was to succeed him, he entrusted the matters to his deputy Zhang Lu
860:). As Emperor Wuzong did not trust Yang or Li Jue, he removed them from their chancellor posts, and, as Yang Qinyi had recommended Li Deyu, he decided to recall Li Deyu from Huainan to serve as chancellor.
1075:
Also in 842, at Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong ordered Tian to stop engaging the Huigu irregulars, but instead entice them with food supplies and send them to Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
277:
for what appeared to be harsh criticism against Li Jifu while Li Jifu was chancellor in the third year of Yuanhe 元和 (803). Meanwhile, Li Zongmin's junior colleague at the legislative bureau, Yang Rushi
1554:) suggested that Li Deyu, as chancellor, should not further be in control of the imperial treasury, Li Deyu submitted a defense of himself and had Wei demoted, further angering other officials.
1548:
were no longer chancellors, Li Deyu wielded all the chancellor powers, such that even the eunuchs and Emperor Wuzong were becoming displeased with him. When the imperial attendant Wei Hongzhi (
1029:), requested imperial commission and permission to attack Zhang Jiang, Emperor Wuzong, again under Li Deyu's advice, agreed, and Zhang Zhongwu soon captured Lulong's capital You Prefecture (
1436:
Upon the news of the three prefectures' surrender's arrival in Lu Prefecture, the people of Lu Prefecture became fearful. A group of officers, led by Liu Zhen's trusted officer Guo Yi (
554:
In 831, Li Deyu sent messengers to Nanzhao to request that Nanzhao return some of the Xichuan people whom Nanzhao had seized during the 829 invasion, and Nanzhao returned 4,000 people.
1001:), which had long been only nominally under imperial control—was going through internal turmoils of its own, as early in 841, there had been a mutiny that killed the military governor
503:
recommended Li Deyu to Emperor Wenzong to be chancellor, but Li Zongmin, who was then deputy minister of civil service affairs, was named chancellor over Li Deyu due to assistance of
679:, to eliminate the entrenchment. Emperor Wenzong, believing that it was not yet time to confront Liu Congjian, did not follow Li Deyu's suggestion and instead made former chancellor
507:. Thereafter, because Li Zongmin viewed Li Deyu as a threat, Li Deyu was sent out of Chang'an again to serve as the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern
2236:
2211:
1387:
therefore, Wang Zai was concerned that attacking Ze Prefecture harder would allow Shi to take the chance to capture Lu Prefecture); and that Wang Zai's biological son Wang Yanshi (
778:) failed, leading to the eunuchs' slaughtering of the imperial officials, including Zheng, Li Xun (who had been made a chancellor by that point), and Li Xun's fellow chancellors
1633:), where Li Deyu died around the new year 850. It was said that his casket was allowed to be returned to be Chang'an and buried there only after intercession by the chancellor
634:). He was also soon butting heads with Li Zongmin on a number of matters, such as Yang's demotion and Li Zongmin's public derogation of the talents of Zheng Tan and Yin You (
1544:
empress, Li Deyu opposed on the grounds that Consort Wang was of low birth and was sonless, so Emperor Wuzong did not do so. It was said that by this point, as Du Cong and
850:(whom Emperor Wuzong later believed had supported Li Chengmei), both of whom were considered Niu Faction leaders by later historians—but was chosen by the powerful eunuchs
574:
In 832, with Emperor Wenzong regretting his decision in the Xidamou matter, Niu resigned and was made the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern
2201:
1608:, Li Deyu was made a senior advisor to the crown prince—an entirely honorary title since there was no crown prince at the time—and ordered to have his office at Luoyang.
2251:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2206:
1114:
Under Li Deyu's advice, Emperor Wuzong subsequently sent Wamosi (who had by this point been granted the Tang imperial name of Li Sizhong) and the general Li Zhongshun (
1637:—who had dreamed of Li Deyu's pleading with him to do so. However, Li Deyu's titles were only posthumously restored in 860, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son
1421:), whom Liu Zhen had put in charge of the three prefectures. Pei, also angered by Liu Xi and believing the situation to be hopeless, surrendered along with Wang Zhao (
564:
904:, interceded on Yang's and Li Jue's behalf, and after much pleading from them, Yang, Li Jue, as well as Pei, were further demoted, but spared of their lives.
454:), written in six poems with 12 four-character lines each, pointing out the emperor's inappropriate behavior in six areas and hoping that he would change:
109:, and was particularly powerful during Emperor Wuzong's reign, dominating the court scene and guiding policies during the campaigns against the crumbling
1433:) to take over the three prefectures, before Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing could consider asking that the three prefectures be annexed to their circuits.
117:. After Emperor Wuzong's death, Emperor Xuānzong, who had long despised him for his hold on power, had him demoted and banished, where he died in exile.
1488:
In 845, Li Shen, then the military governor of Huainan, accused one of his subordinates, the magistrate of Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou), Wu Xiang (
1409:
By this point, the Zhaoyi soldiers at Xing, Ming, and Ci Prefectures had been tired out by the war and enraged with Liu Zhen's trusted officer Liu Xi (
711:
decide, Emperor Wenzong sent Li Deyu out to Zhenghai Circuit (i.e., Zhexi) to serve as military governor, and further did not allow him to retain the
1164:
wage and therefore suggested that the request be granted. Li Deyu, however, argued that Zhaoyi, unlike Lulong and two other circuits north of the
683:
the military governor of Xuanwu. Meanwhile, at Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wenzong issued a decree that, in addition to creating his son
1427:) to Wang Yuankui and He Hongjing. At Li Deyu's urging, Emperor Wuzong quickly sent the imperially-commissioned military governor Lu Jun (
1303:
With Wang Zai getting victories over Zhaoyi forces (but unable to capture Ze Prefecture immediately), Liu Zhen had a letter from Li Tian (
694:
However, as of 834, Li Deyu began to incur Emperor Wenzong's displeasure by opposing commissions for Emperor Wenzong's close associate
515:). Subsequently, under Li Zongmin's recommendation, Niu, who was the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern
2191:
1506:). Many advisory officials pointed out that the evidence against Wu Xiang was weak, and Emperor Wuzong sent the censors Cui Yuanzao (
586:) and was expected by popular sentiment to be chancellor next. This caused Li Zongmin much apprehension, and he, under the advice of
2216:
1500:) had long had an adversarial relationship with Li Deyu, of embezzlement and forcibly marrying the daughter of a commoner, Yan Yue (
1129:
687:
crown prince, also ordered that the imperial princes (who had been restricted to living inside the palace complex since the time of
790:. After the failure of the plot, in spring 836, Li Deyu was slightly promoted, to be the prefect of Chu Prefecture (滁洲, in modern
1415:), who was collecting taxes even from the soldiers' family members, against the pleas by Liu Congjian's brother-in-law Pei Wen (
1017:) to be their leader. Emperor Wuzong similarly declined to act on petitions on Zhang's behalf. Thereafter, when Lulong officer
1140:
Li Deyu's urging, Emperor Wuzong posthumously honored Xidamou as a general. (It was believed by the modern historian Zhu Gui (
936:, and the remaining Huigu forces were thrown into a state of confusion. In the confusion, one group of Huigu nobles supported
1714:
1296:) the Prince of Yan be the supreme commander of the six circuits and chief comforter of the Dangxiang, and made the official
369:
At the time that Li Deyu was made the governor of Zhexi, Zhexi had just suffered through a plot by the officer Wang Guoqing (
140:
90:
1056:
was friendly with Li Deyu, but when Cui Gong recommended Liu to be an imperial scholar to be in charge of Jixian Institute (
2261:
2221:
1062:), Li Deyu was displeased because this recommendation was not made by him. He therefore found an excuse to have Liu made
2196:
640:). Later in the year, Li Zongmin was sent out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2101:
2052:
2003:
1941:
1898:
1877:
1848:
1821:
192:
to pay homage to the emperor and subsequently remained at Chang'an, Li Deyu was made an imperial censor with the title
2256:
1566:
102:
1565:, became seriously ill, and the eunuchs decided on having Emperor Wuzong's uncle (Emperor Muzong's younger brother)
1660:
254:
106:
1110:
the relationship between the two states. After that, he will no longer be able to use you, Aunt, as his defense.
590:, was initially trying to broker a peace with Li Deyu by recommending Li Deyu to be chief imperial censor (御史大夫,
253:
In 821, Li Deyu was involved in an incident that was considered one of the precipitating incidents of the coming
1738:
1084:) (so that they would not remain at Tiande and be disruptive). Also under Li Deyu's recommendation, the general
774:
Late in 835, a plot by Emperor Wenzong, Zheng, and Li Xun to slaughter the powerful eunuchs (later known as the
688:
388:
144:
366:
to squeeze him out so that Niu could be made chancellor, and thereafter resented Niu and Li Fengji even more.
167:
era (785–805), when Li Jifu was in exile, Li Deyu accompanied his father and did not seek an official career.
2129:
2117:
2073:
1800:
1160:
1106:
880:
Soon after Li Deyu became chancellor again, officials considered Yang Sifu's associates, such as Pei Yizhi (
680:
504:
492:
114:
94:
1638:
831:
211:
147:. It was said that Li Deyu was ambitious in his youth and was studious, particularly concentrating on the
126:
98:
33:
594:). However, Li Zongmin subsequently changed his mind under opposition by another associate, Yang Yuqing (
180:
left the chancellor post and became the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
1642:
1541:
1530:
1310:
1297:
1102:
847:
214:. Emperor Muzong made Li Deyu, in addition to his imperial censor position, an imperial scholar (翰林學士,
1625:). In fall 848, Li Deyu was further demoted to be the census officer at Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern
753:, spoke in his defense, so initially, the only consequence that Li Deyu suffered was that he was made
495:. In 829, Emperor Wenzong recalled Li Deyu to Chang'an and made him deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎,
444:
In 825, Li Deyu submitted a six-part petition urging Emperor Jingzong to change his ways entitled the
1690:
441:) would lose some 600,000 battle-capable young men, Emperor Jingzong ordered a stop to the practice.
160:
2186:
2181:
1159:
In summer 843, Liu Congjian was growing ill, and he wanted his adoptive son and biological nephew
26:
1456:
543:
997:
Meanwhile, one of the circuits on the Huigu border—Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern
1521:
Also in 845, apparently with Li Deyu's support, Emperor Wuzong ordered a general reduction in
1194:
534:
Later in 830, Li Deyu was moved from Yicheng to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern
218:) as well. It was said that because Emperor Muzong had long heard about Li Jifu while he was
188:), Zhang invited Li Deyu to serve as a secretary. In 819, when Zhang returned to the capital
2124:
2112:
2068:
1795:
1676:
could only serve as his scribes. As far as his governing abilities are concerned, not even
1655:
1380:
1350:
1096:
Tiande as an operation base, Emperor Wuzong had Li Deyu write her a response back, stating:
843:
684:
676:
491:
Around new year 827, Emperor Jingzong was assassinated and succeeded by his younger brother
45:
1742:
1732:
1121:
768:
21:
1349:), back to Taiyuan, so that he could send them to reinforce Wang. Three days before the
1101:
horses often headed south. Are you, Aunt, not fearful of the anger that the spirits of
873:), the deputy head of the examination bureau, and chancellor again with the designation
458:
That he was late to meetings with imperial officials and did not hold them often enough.
2136:
1816:
1758:
1526:
1477:), and Li Zongmin stripped of all offices and exiled to Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern
1287:
975:
955:
811:
While at Huainan, there was a time when the eunuch monitor of the circuit, Yang Qinyi (
775:
703:
663:) was ill and discussion was made regarding Yang's successor, Li Deyu suggested moving
548:
177:
2175:
1018:
1002:
917:
723:
However, Zheng Zhu continued to attack Li Deyu. In 835, Zheng's associates Wang Fan (
414:
295:
63:
1257:) the military governor of Hedong Circuit targeting Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture (
1694:
1673:
1605:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1053:
1045:
979:
851:
664:
392:
219:
86:
17:
763:), a member of Li Yong's staff—but sent to have his office at the eastern capital
1562:
1185:
901:
835:
695:
675:), to Xuanwu—as the Liu family had been entrenched at Zhaoyi since Liu's father
294:) were in charge of overseeing the imperial examinations. The military governor
189:
149:
1223:), He Hongjing targeting Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan), Wang Maoyuan (
950:
took another group of Huigu nobles to the border city of Tiande (天德, in modern
1634:
1604:. In 847, under the further accusations by Li Deyu's successor as chancellor,
1049:
947:
937:
787:
418:
304:
274:
270:
1622:
1538:
1482:
1474:
1283:
1085:
951:
839:
742:
699:
376:
363:
355:
312:
258:
155:
582:). Li Deyu was recalled to Chang'an to serve as minister of defense (兵部尚書,
1321:
Meanwhile, the Hedong forces, under the command of the officer Wang Feng (
842:(whom Emperor Wuzong later believed had supported another brother of his,
1618:
1588:
1545:
1522:
1478:
1343:) during the Huige campaign, under the command of the officer Yang Bian (
1328:
1268:
1238:
1202:
1133:
1125:
933:
893:
668:
575:
524:
430:
426:
397:
265:(中書舍人, mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省,
246:), a supervisory official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部,
1754:
1709:, a fictionalized version of Li Deyu was portrayed in 2009 Hong Kong's
1706:
1681:
1677:
1558:
1470:
1372:
1272:
1230:
1229:) the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern
1216:
1077:
1022:
998:
897:
830:
In 840, Emperor Wenzong died and was succeeded by his younger brother,
791:
779:
764:
656:
655:) the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
587:
579:
568:
539:
535:
422:
410:
406:
359:
299:
181:
136:
1271:
the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern
958:) and offered to submit to Tang. In 841, Tiande's commander Tian Mou (
1735:
1664:
1630:
1626:
1571:
1397:
1364:
1360:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1242:
1198:
1169:
1081:
783:
750:
746:
672:
667:
the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
508:
500:
438:
434:
402:
362:). Li Deyu believed that this was the machination by then-chancellor
322:
185:
53:
1088:
was sent to Tiande to assist Tian in defending against Huigu raids.
834:—who was not the choice of Emperor Wenzong (who wanted their nephew
105:. He was the leader of the so-called Li Faction in the decades-long
1592:
1376:
1300:
Li Qi's deputy, in actual supervision of the Dangxiang situation.
1276:
1234:
1220:
1181:
1173:
1026:
984:
913:
795:
660:
528:
520:
516:
512:
110:
32:
946:) as the new khan (as Wujie Khan), while Yaoluoge Hesa's brother
563:), the Tufan officer in charge of Wei Prefecture (維州, in modern
222:, he had respect for Li Deyu. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu was made
1710:
1689:
On the island of Hainan, Li Deyu has been commemorated in the
1052:
pointed out showed the partisan side of Li Deyu. The official
698:, which also offended another associate of Emperor Wenzong's,
273:, particularly since Li Deyu had long resented Li Zongmin and
1557:
In spring 846, Emperor Wuzong, suffering from the effects of
1021:, who was then the commander of Xiongwu Base (雄武軍, in modern
1005:. The soldiers initially supported the officer Chen Xingtai (
325:(also a former chancellor); Li Zongmin's son-in-law Su Chao (
232:), a low-level official at the ministry of public works (工部,
1367:). Yang subsequently entered into an alliance with Liu Zhen
863:
Upon Li Deyu's arrival in Chang'an, Emperor Wuzong made him
210:
In 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son
1533:—major persecutions against Buddhism in Chinese history.)
1396:
Around the same time, Emperor Wuzong had begun to favor a
176:
various regional governors. In 816, after the chancellor
85:), was a Chinese poet, politician, and writer during the
1251:) the military governor of Wuning Circuit and Liu Mian (
401:) of nearby Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern
387:
Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son
1286:
uprising, which attacked Yan Prefecture (鹽州, in modern
135:) served as the chief imperial censor, and his father
473:
That he was seeking for pleasures in too many places.
1128:) and Beiting (北庭, formerly headquartered in modern
1038:
Also in 841, when a flood damaged Xiang Prefecture (
735:) accused Li Deyu of associating with Du Zhongyang (
261:
were involved in power struggles with Yuan's fellow
1379:), Xuanwu, and Yanhai (兗海, headquartered in modern
978:, whom Emperor Muzong had married to a prior khan,
409:), requested permission for him to let people take
1072:)—an entirely honorary post with no authorities.
354:) of Zhexi Circuit (浙西, headquartered in modern
1669:
1583:attendants: "Was the person approaching me the
1098:
298:(a former chancellor) and the imperial scholar
1309:) the prefect of Ming Prefecture, a cousin to
307:, the brother of the examination bureau (門下省,
143:during the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson
2237:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan West Circuit
1612:
1549:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1464:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1388:
1354:
1344:
1322:
1304:
1291:
1282:While the campaign was going on, there was a
1258:
1252:
1246:
1224:
1210:
1141:
1115:
1067:
1057:
1039:
1030:
1012:
1006:
989:
965:
959:
941:
927:
921:
887:
881:
868:
855:
812:
803:
758:
736:
730:
724:
650:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
595:
565:Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
558:
449:
370:
338:
332:
326:
316:
289:
279:
241:
227:
197:
130:
125:Li Deyu was born in 787, during the reign of
80:
70:
8:
557:Late in 831, Li Deyu reported that Xidamou (
2044:
1995:
1176:) and Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern
461:That he was wearing inappropriate clothing.
2212:Chancellors under Emperor Xuānzong of Tang
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1570:the period of mourning, Li Deyu served as
1327:), were stationed at Yushe (榆社, in modern
467:That he was taking honest counsel lightly.
433:) and Fujian (福建, headquartered in modern
284:) and the deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎,
2202:Chancellors under Emperor Wenzong of Tang
2063:
2061:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1811:
1809:
1611:In fall 847, Wu Xiang's brother Wu Runa (
1237:) targeting Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern
464:That he was requesting too many tributes.
331:); and Yang Rushi's brother Yang Yinshi (
250:), and put in charge of drafting edicts.
2252:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenhai Circuit
2247:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Yicheng Circuit
2242:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
2232:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Jingnan Circuit
2227:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Huainan Circuit
2207:Chancellors under Emperor Wuzong of Tang
1790:
1788:
159:. However, he did not want to submit to
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1725:
1525:and other temples, including those of
542:), which had recently suffered from a
2086:Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
2016:Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
1967:Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
1955:Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
375:) to overthrow Li Deyu's predecessor
7:
1168:—Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern
964:) and eunuch monitor Wei Zhongping (
608:In 833, Li Deyu was made chancellor
1736:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.
926:) and its prime minister Jueluowu (
838:to succeed him) or the chancellors
346:In 822, Li Deyu was himself made a
321:) the son of the military governor
417:) at Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern
14:
1667:, had this to say about Li Deyu:
1602:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
1597:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
1130:Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
912:Meanwhile, in 840, the Tang ally
875:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
713:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
708:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
649:Also in 833, when Yang Yuanqing (
614:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
257:. At that time, both Li Deyu and
1641:, at the urging of the official
1188:and Chengde's military governor
470:That he was close to scoundrels.
113:Khanate and against the warlord
1578:During Emperor Xuānzong's reign
383:During Emperor Jingzong's reign
171:During Emperor Xianzong's reign
1715:Beyond the Realm of Conscience
482:During Emperor Wenzong's reign
93:during the reigns of brothers
58:
1:
1035:) and took over the circuit.
821:During Emperor Wuzong's reign
745:of Emperor Wenzong's brother
206:During Emperor Muzong's reign
446:Six Maxims of the Red Screen
139:would eventually serve as a
129:. His grandfather Li Qiyun (
1595:), continuing to carry the
1561:pills designing to lead to
2278:
1494:), whose uncle Wu Wuling (
255:Niu-Li Factional Struggles
163:. During Emperor Dezong's
107:Niu-Li Factional Struggles
101:and (briefly) their uncle
62:; 787 – January 26, 850),
15:
2192:9th-century Chinese poets
1613:
1550:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1465:
1446:After the Zhaoyi campaign
1438:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1389:
1355:
1345:
1323:
1305:
1292:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1225:
1211:
1142:
1116:
1068:
1058:
1040:
1031:
1013:
1007:
990:
966:
960:
942:
932:) were killed in a major
928:
922:
888:
882:
869:
856:
826:Before the Huigu campaign
813:
804:
759:
737:
731:
725:
651:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
596:
559:
499:). The senior chancellor
450:
371:
339:
333:
327:
317:
290:
280:
242:
228:
198:
131:
81:
71:
49:
2217:Chinese military writers
702:, as well as the eunuch
1653:The lead editor of the
487:Prior to chancellorship
395:the military governor (
1693:since the time of the
1687:
1112:
846:the Prince of An) and
38:
1649:Posthumous perception
1577:
1531:Three Disasters of Wu
820:
612:with the designation
481:
382:
205:
170:
161:imperial examinations
36:
2262:Tang dynasty Taoists
2222:Tang dynasty regents
1721:Notes and references
1691:Temple of Five Lords
1400:monk, Zhao Guizhen (
719:After chancellorship
2197:9th-century regents
1713:television series,
1150:The Zhaoyi campaign
886:) and Li Zhongmin (
224:Tuntian Yuanwailang
37:Portrait of Li Deyu
2257:Tang dynasty poets
1741:2010-05-22 at the
1457:Three Excellencies
1245:), and LI Yanzuo (
908:The Huigu campaign
39:
1195:Taihang Mountains
628:) and Xiao Huan (
413:(i.e., to become
238:Kaogong Langzhong
2269:
2125:New Book of Tang
2113:Old Book of Tang
2105:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2069:New Book of Tang
2065:
2056:
2046:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1997:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1902:
1892:
1881:
1871:
1852:
1842:
1825:
1813:
1804:
1796:Old Book of Tang
1792:
1763:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1656:Old Book of Tang
1616:
1615:
1553:
1552:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1468:
1467:
1455:(太尉, one of the
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1381:Jining, Shandong
1358:
1357:
1351:Chinese New Year
1348:
1347:
1326:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1255:
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945:
944:
931:
930:
925:
924:
891:
890:
885:
884:
872:
871:
859:
858:
854:and Yu Hongzhi (
816:
815:
807:
806:
762:
761:
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
689:Emperor Xuanzong
654:
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645:
644:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
620:
599:
598:
562:
561:
453:
452:
389:Emperor Jingzong
374:
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145:Emperor Xianzong
134:
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103:Emperor Xuānzong
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75:), formally the
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2014:
2010:
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1973:
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1807:
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1757:Edition of the
1752:
1748:
1743:Wayback Machine
1733:Academia Sinica
1731:
1727:
1723:
1703:
1651:
1580:
1512:) and Li Chou (
1448:
1319:
1157:
1152:
1122:Aksu Prefecture
1107:Emperor Taizong
982:, as part of a
910:
828:
823:
769:Yichun, Jiangxi
721:
606:
584:Bingbu Shangshu
493:Emperor Wenzong
489:
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348:Zhongshu Sheren
263:Zhongshu Sheren
208:
173:
123:
95:Emperor Wenzong
89:, serving as a
31:
12:
11:
5:
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2137:Zizhi Tongjian
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2121:
2107:
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2098:Zizhi Tongjian
2090:
2078:
2057:
2049:Zizhi Tongjian
2020:
2008:
2000:Zizhi Tongjian
1971:
1959:
1946:
1938:Zizhi Tongjian
1903:
1895:Zizhi Tongjian
1882:
1874:Zizhi Tongjian
1853:
1845:Zizhi Tongjian
1826:
1817:Zizhi Tongjian
1805:
1764:
1759:Zizhi Tongjian
1746:
1724:
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1702:
1699:
1650:
1647:
1639:Emperor Yizong
1579:
1576:
1447:
1444:
1318:
1315:
1288:Yulin, Shaanxi
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
976:Princess Taihe
956:Inner Mongolia
909:
906:
865:Menxia Shilang
832:Emperor Wuzong
827:
824:
822:
819:
776:Ganlu Incident
729:) and Li Han (
720:
717:
704:Wang Shoucheng
605:
604:Chancellorship
602:
497:Bingbu Shilang
488:
485:
483:
480:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
415:Buddhist monks
384:
381:
267:Zhongshu Sheng
212:Emperor Muzong
207:
204:
178:Zhang Hongjing
172:
169:
127:Emperor Dezong
122:
119:
99:Emperor Wuzong
13:
10:
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2:
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2017:
2012:
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1317:Events of 844
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1155:Events of 843
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1123:
1111:
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1103:Emperor Gaozu
1097:
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1073:
1065:
1064:Taizi Zhanshi
1055:
1051:
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1024:
1020:
1019:Zhang Zhongwu
1004:
1003:Shi Yuanzhong
1000:
995:
987:
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939:
938:Yaoluoge Wuxi
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918:Yaoluoge Hesa
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367:
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361:
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315:; Pei Zhuan (
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
296:Duan Wenchang
287:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
239:
235:
225:
221:
217:
216:Hanlin Xueshi
213:
203:
195:
194:Jiancha Yushi
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
166:
162:
158:
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152:
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146:
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138:
128:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
68:
65:
64:courtesy name
61:
55:
47:
43:
35:
29:
28:
23:
19:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2067:
2048:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1937:
1894:
1873:
1844:
1815:
1794:
1753:
1749:
1728:
1704:
1695:Ming dynasty
1688:
1674:Sima Xiangru
1670:
1654:
1652:
1610:
1606:Bai Minzhong
1601:
1596:
1584:
1581:
1556:
1542:Consort Wang
1535:
1520:
1487:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1435:
1408:
1395:
1385:
1369:
1320:
1302:
1281:
1265:
1207:
1190:Wang Yuankui
1178:Shijiazhuang
1166:Yellow River
1158:
1138:
1113:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1074:
1063:
1054:Liu Gongquan
1046:Song dynasty
1037:
996:
983:
980:Chongde Khan
972:
911:
879:
874:
864:
862:
852:Qiu Shiliang
829:
810:
800:
773:
754:
722:
712:
707:
693:
665:Liu Congjian
648:
613:
609:
607:
591:
583:
573:
556:
553:
533:
496:
490:
476:
445:
443:
396:
393:Wang Zhixing
386:
368:
351:
347:
345:
309:Menxia Sheng
308:
288:) Qian Hui (
286:Libu Shilang
285:
266:
262:
252:
247:
237:
233:
223:
220:crown prince
215:
209:
193:
174:
164:
154:
148:
124:
87:Tang dynasty
76:
66:
57:
41:
40:
25:
18:Chinese name
2088:, vol. 60 .
2018:, vol. 59 .
1969:, vol. 59 .
1957:, vol. 59 .
1762:, vol. 60 .
1663:chancellor
1563:immortality
1559:alchemists'
1527:Zoroastrian
1186:He Hongjing
902:Chen Yixing
836:Li Chengmei
755:Taizi Binke
696:Li Zhongyan
592:Yushi Daifu
311:) official
150:Book of Han
77:Duke of Wei
22:family name
2187:850 deaths
2182:787 births
2176:Categories
1705:Played by
1701:In fiction
1635:Linghu Tao
1050:Hu Sanxing
1048:historian
788:Shu Yuanyu
352:Guanchashi
305:Zheng Lang
275:Niu Sengru
271:Li Zongmin
141:chancellor
121:Background
91:chancellor
1661:Later Jin
1623:Guangdong
1539:concubine
1483:Guangdong
1475:Guangdong
1284:Dangxiang
1086:Shi Xiong
952:Bayan Nur
840:Yang Sifu
743:wet nurse
700:Zheng Zhu
377:Dou Yizhi
364:Li Fengji
356:Zhenjiang
313:Zheng Tan
259:Yuan Zhen
156:Zuo Zhuan
2140:, vols.
2130:vol. 180
2118:vol. 174
2102:vol. 250
2074:vol. 180
2053:vol. 248
2004:vol. 247
1942:vol. 246
1899:vol. 245
1878:vol. 244
1849:vol. 243
1822:vol. 241
1801:vol. 174
1739:Archived
1619:Chaozhou
1589:Jingzhou
1546:Cui Xuan
1523:Buddhist
1479:Zhaoqing
1329:Jinzhong
1269:Wang Zai
1239:Jincheng
1203:Zhejiang
1161:Liu Zhen
1134:Xinjiang
1126:Xinjiang
934:Xiajiasi
916:'s khan
894:Cui Gong
681:Li Cheng
669:Changzhi
619:同中書門下平章事
610:de facto
576:Yangzhou
525:Xiangfan
431:Zhejiang
427:Shaoxing
398:Jiedushi
190:Chang'an
165:Zhenyuan
153:and the
115:Liu Zhen
16:In this
1755:Bo Yang
1707:Lau Dan
1682:Cao Can
1678:Xiao He
1471:Huizhou
1373:Baoding
1273:Xuchang
1231:Jiaozuo
1217:Xingtai
1078:Taiyuan
1023:Chengde
999:Beijing
898:Cui Dan
844:Li Rong
792:Chuzhou
780:Wang Ya
765:Luoyang
715:title.
685:Li Yong
657:Kaifeng
588:Du Cong
580:Jiangsu
569:Sichuan
544:Nanzhao
540:Sichuan
536:Chengdu
505:eunuchs
423:Jiangsu
419:Huai'an
411:tonsure
407:Jiangsu
360:Jiangsu
300:Li Shen
182:Taiyuan
137:Li Jifu
59:Lǐ Déyù
46:Chinese
42:Li Deyu
1953:E.g.,
1665:Liu Xu
1659:, the
1643:Liu Ye
1631:Hainan
1627:Haikou
1585:Taiwei
1572:regent
1453:Taiwei
1398:Taoist
1365:Shanxi
1361:Linfen
1341:Shanxi
1337:Datong
1333:Shanxi
1311:Li Shi
1298:Li Hui
1243:Shanxi
1199:Huzhou
1170:Handan
1082:Shanxi
948:Wamosi
900:, and
848:Li Jue
786:, and
784:Jia Su
751:Lu Sui
747:Li Cou
741:) the
677:Liu Wu
673:Shanxi
509:Anyang
501:Pei Du
439:Fujian
435:Fuzhou
403:Xuzhou
323:Pei Du
234:Gongbu
186:Shanxi
67:Wenrao
56::
54:pinyin
48::
20:, the
1593:Hubei
1567:Li Yi
1377:Hebei
1277:Henan
1235:Henan
1221:Hebei
1182:Hebei
1174:Hebei
1027:Hebei
985:heqin
943:藥羅葛烏希
923:藥羅葛闔馺
914:Huigu
796:Anhui
661:Henan
549:Tufan
529:Hubei
521:Hubei
517:Wuhan
513:Henan
229:屯田員外郎
111:Huigu
1680:and
1105:and
1069:太子詹事
870:門下侍郎
760:太子賓客
643:山南西道
451:丹扆六箴
248:Libu
243:考功郎中
199:監察御史
97:and
2166:248
2162:247
2158:246
2154:245
2150:244
2146:243
2142:241
1711:TVB
1614:吳汝納
1551:韋弘質
1509:崔元藻
1497:吳武陵
1485:).
1403:趙歸真
1390:王晏實
1356:呂義忠
1248:李彥佐
1226:王茂元
1212:劉從素
1205:).
1117:李忠順
1059:集賢院
1008:陳行泰
967:韋仲平
929:掘羅勿
889:李中敏
883:裴夷直
857:魚弘志
814:楊欽義
738:杜仲陽
652:楊元卿
646:).
625:張元夫
600:).
597:楊虞卿
560:悉怛謀
531:).
372:王國清
334:楊殷士
281:楊汝士
269:))
202:).
132:李栖筠
50:李德裕
24:is
2178::
2164:,
2160:,
2156:,
2152:,
2148:,
2144:,
2128:,
2116:,
2100:,
2072:,
2060:^
2051:,
2023:^
2002:,
1974:^
1940:,
1906:^
1897:,
1885:^
1876:,
1856:^
1847:,
1829:^
1820:,
1808:^
1799:,
1767:^
1717:.
1697:.
1645:.
1629:,
1621:,
1591:,
1574:.
1515:李稠
1503:顏悅
1491:吳湘
1481:,
1473:,
1466:鄭慶
1439:郭誼
1430:盧均
1424:王釗
1418:裴問
1412:劉溪
1375:,
1363:,
1346:楊弁
1339:,
1331:,
1324:王逢
1306:李恬
1293:李岐
1275:,
1260:潞州
1254:劉沔
1241:,
1233:,
1219:,
1201:,
1180:,
1172:,
1143:朱桂
1132:,
1124:,
1080:,
1041:襄州
1032:幽州
1025:,
1014:張絳
991:阿熱
961:田牟
954:,
896:,
805:張鷺
794:,
782:,
732:李漢
726:王璠
671:,
659:,
637:殷侑
631:蕭澣
578:,
567:,
538:,
527:,
519:,
511:,
437:,
429:,
421:,
405:,
358:,
340:王起
328:蘇巢
318:裴譔
291:錢徽
184:,
82:衛公
72:文饒
52:;
27:Li
2168:.
2132:.
2120:.
2104:.
2076:.
2055:.
2006:.
1944:.
1901:.
1880:.
1851:.
1824:.
1803:.
1209:(
1066:(
940:(
920:(
867:(
802:(
757:(
616:(
448:(
278:(
240:(
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196:(
79:(
69:(
44:(
30:.
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