615:) were entrusted with the responsibilities of the imperial government. Liu Zhiyuan also left instructions to "defend against Du Chongwei", which these officials interpreted as an order to execute Du, and which they then carried out after Liu Zhiyuan's death. As Li was friendly with Du, and they had together surrendered to Liao previously, Li feared that he would be next, and therefore began to prepare for a campaign to resist the Later Han imperial government. He also believed that he was a senior general who had previously endeared himself to the Later Jin imperial guards (which Later Han had inherited) and therefore might be able to entice them to turn to him, and viewed the Later Han regents with contempt. He also sent secret letters to the Liao court (i.e., to Emperor Taizong's nephew and successor
719:). Li had anticipated that they would turn and support him, but the soldiers, having recently received the award of gold from Guo, no longer felt allegiance toward Li, and therefore began the siege enthusiastically, causing Li to be distressed. Guo's subordinates, seeing this, advocated a quick siege, but Guo pointed out that Li had great battlefield credentials and that a quick attack could lead to massive casualties because of the strength of Hezhong's defenses; rather, he resolved to put Hezhong under long-term siege to drain Li's food supplies and morale. As he tightened the encirclement of the city, Li made several attempts to break the siege, each time failing. He attempted to send emissaries to seek aid from
523:), and then to destroy Liao. (Zhao Ying, however, had reservations, pointing out that Du, despite his honored position, was still often dissatisfied with his station, and therefore suggested to Li Song and Feng that Li Shouzhen be put in command by himself; Zhao Ying's suggestions were not listened to, however.) When Du and Li Shouzhen advanced, though, they were met by a large army that Emperor Taizong personally commanded. The Liao army eventually surrounded the Later Jin army at Zhongdu Bridge (中度橋, in modern Baoding). After Emperor Taizong made the promise to Du to make
769:
city fell, and Li withdrew into the inner city. Guo's subordinates advocated a sustained attack, but Guo decided not to, believing that that may enable Li to make a final counterattack; rather, he had the inner city surrounded. Shortly after, Li, his wife, and a number of other family members, including Li
Chongxun, committed suicide by fire. Guo then entered the inner city and captured several surviving sons of Li Shouzhen's, as well as his chancellors, chief of staff, and Zonglun; they were delivered to Kaifeng and executed.
492:) serving as his deputy. However, with the report apparently being a false alarm, Li, after minor border skirmishes, was returned to his position at Chan. (It was said that at this time, Li Yantao had become particularly powerful as Shi's close associate, such that he had Li Shouzhen's every move under control. Li Shouzhen, in response, outwardly showed respect and deference to him, while inwardly resented his influence on the emperor.) Meanwhile, with Li Shouzhen's troops having to often go through Guangjin (廣晉, in modern
500:), Du, who was then the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered at Guangjin), frequently got the chance to welcome him and often gifted him with gold, silk, armors, and elite soldiers, causing them to become good friends. Whenever Shi held feasts for Li Shouzhen and praised him for battlefield accomplishments, Li Shouzhen would thus praise Du for his contributions and suggest that, in the future, if there were to be a major attack against Liao, he and Du could work together, and Shi agreed.
360:, receiving reports that Li had sheltered Song, sent officers to search Li's camp and, upon locating Song, executed him, causing Li to resent Sang. Li also drew resentment from his own soldiers by awarding them for the victory with items that they did not appreciate—such as fermented tea, dyed wood, ginger, and herbs. The soldiers receiving such "rewards" often tied them up in bundles and hanged them on trees, calling them, "Shouzhen's heads". Nevertheless, upon Li's return to the capital
574:. With Liao's Emperor Taizong having become tired of Chinese resistance and deciding to withdraw back to Liao proper (and dying on the way), the remaining power vacuum allowed Liu to arrive at Kaifeng quickly and gradually take over the vacated former Later Jin territory. In or around summer 947, Li Shouzhen submitted a petition to him, formally submitting as a Later Han subject. Liu thereafter moved him to be the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern
513:), who had previously served under Zhao Yanshou, delivering the letter. Zhao Yanshou wrote back (to try to lead Later Jin forces into a trap), stating, "I have long been in a foreign land, and I want to return to China. Please launch a major army to support me, so that I can pull myself out and return with it." Subsequently, under Emperor Taizong's orders, Liao's prefect of Ying Prefecture (瀛州, in modern Cangzhou), Liu Yanzuo (
692:) against the three rebellious circuits. However, Bai and several other Later Han generals who were sent had little coordination with each other and became defensive in their actions. Concerned about how the campaign was turning out, the regents decided to have Guo Wei lead the imperial guards against Li and coordinate the overall operations. At the suggestion of the senior statesman
347:) put his father under house arrest and surrendered to Li. With Yang Chengxun's having surrendered on his own, Shi, while believing that Yang Guangyuan deserved death, did not want to execute him publicly, and therefore had Li secretly send executioners to batter Yang to death, while publicly claiming that Yang had died of an illness. Yang's treasury officer Song Yan (
536:) as well as continuing to the military governor of Tianping, and had Li Shouzhen and Du accompany him south. With virtually the entire Later Jin army having been given to Du and Li Shouzhen for this northern campaign, Kaifeng was left essentially defenseless, and Shi felt compelled to surrender, ending Later Jin. Emperor Taizong subsequently entered Daliang.
507:—who had previously been a major Later Tang general before being captured by the Khitan in the campaign that led to Later Tang's destruction—was planning on defecting to Later Jin. This rumor was believed by Li Song and Feng, who then served as Shi's chief of staff. They had Du write a letter to Zhao, encouraging him to do so, with the officer Zhao Xingshi (
727:, and Liao, but his emissaries were all intercepted. When he questioned Zonglun about Zonglun's predictions, Zonglun stated that the Huguo region was due for a disaster, but that after he suffered great casualties, he would be able to rebound and be victorious; Li believed Zonglun and therefore resolved to continue to resist. (
710:), Guo abandoned the original plan advocated by many other generals to attack Yongxing (which Li had renamed back to Jinchang (晉昌, its prior name during Later Jin)) and Fengxiang, and decided to concentrate on defeating Li at Huguo first, believing that Li's destruction would lead to the collapse of the other two circuits.
768:
By summer 949, the food supplies at
Hezhong had run out, and it was said that some 50-60% of the populace had died. Li made another attempt to fight out of the siege, but was again defeated. In the aftermaths of this defeat, Guo decided to make a final assault on the city. In fall 949, the outer
548:
resistance as he allowed the Khitan soldiers to pillage the countryside. As part of a countermeasure, he began to send some former-Later Jin military governors, who had gathered at
Kaifeng to show allegiance to him and whom he then kept at Kaifeng (thus causing their circuits' rebellions to go
553:
for Shi
Chonggui, but who now changed back to Chongwei with Later Jin's having fallen). (During the time that Li Shouzhen was kept at Kaifeng, the people of Kaifeng, whenever they saw him and Du out in public, would curse them; neither of them showed any sign of shamefulness.)
318:) tried to attack Shi Chonggui himself directly during the campaign, Li Shouzhen intercepted and defeated him. After the end of that campaign, Shi, while retaining him as discipline officer, also made him the military governor of Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern
312:—whose support had been instrumental in Shi Jingtang's establishment of Later Jin but whose relationship with Shi Chonggui had become inimical—invaded Later Jin. Li Shouzhen was one of the Later Jin generals sent to resist the invasion. When the Liao general Yelü Mada (
397:) (both in modern Baoding), but soon received news that the Liao army had turned around and was heading for them. They tried to withdraw, but became surrounded near Yangcheng (陽城, in modern Baoding). Du panicked and was reluctant to engage the Liao army, but at
527:
emperor if he surrendered, Du and Li
Shouzhen surrendered their army. (As part of accepting Du's surrender, Emperor Taizong had Zhao mockingly put an imperial robe on Du.) Emperor Taizong then prepared to advance south. He commissioned Li Shouzhen
696:, who pointed out that the imperial guard soldiers might still bear allegiance in their hearts to Li, Guo awarded the soldiers a great amount of treasure to turn their allegiance to him rather than to Li. Also, accepting the suggestion of Hu Yanke (
749:
launched an abortive campaign to try to help him, but eventually concluded that his army could never reach Huguo, and therefore abandoned the campaign. He wrote a letter to Liu
Chengyou asking that Li Shouzhen be pardoned; Liu ignored the letter.)
353:), who had encouraged Yang's rebellion and therefore was decreed to be executed, submitted Yang's treasures, beautiful concubines, and best horses to Li, hoping to be spared. Li thus hid him from the imperial officials. However, the
374:) and the grand mansion that Yang had at Kaifeng—which Li then expanded into an even grander structure, said to be the largest mansion for officials at Kaifeng. Shi held feasts in his honor and gave him rewards beyond all others.
519:), also offered to defect to Later Jin. Shi thus put Du and Li Shouzhen in command of an army to attack north, with the stated objectives being to first recapture the prefectures Shi Jingtang previously ceded to Liao (the
765:) lead an attack to fight out of the siege. However, by the time that Wang launched his attack, Guo had already returned from the west, and Wang's attempt to fight out was a failure, with Wang himself seriously injured.
341:) rebelled with Liao support, Shi sent Li to attack Yang. (The reason why Shi sent Li was because Li and Yang had prior grudges against each other.) Around the new year 945, Yang Guangyuan's son Yang Chengxun (
417:), attacked the Liao army fiercely, causing the Liao army to panic and flee. After his return from this campaign, Li's military governorship was moved to Guide Circuit (歸德, headquartered in modern
385:(Shi Jingtang's sister's husband, and therefore, Shi Chonggui's uncle by marriage) and Li Shouzhen in command of an army to give chase. They crossed into Liao territory and captured Qi (
544:
Upon entering
Kaifeng, Emperor Taizong announced that, in addition to being the emperor of the Khitan, he was now also the emperor of the Chinese. He was, however, soon running into
183:, he became concerned that he was being targeted by the officials assisting the young emperor, and therefore rebelled. His rebellion was defeated by the Later Han general
1170:
651:
In summer 948, Li
Shouzhen rose in rebellion against Later Han at Huguo, claiming the title of Prince of Qin. He also enticed Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
1225:
871:
Shi
Jingtang served as the military governor of Heyang from 930 to 932. Therefore, Li Shouzhen must have started his service under Shi during that time. See
1195:
1180:
753:
In spring 949, trying to take advantage of a Later Shu incursion intended to aid Wang
Jingchong (who was then under siege by the Later Han general Zhao Hui (
203:). He was said to be intelligent and strong in character in but poor in his youth. He became an officer at Heyang Circuit (headquartered at Heyang). When
290:, Li Shouzhen was given the dual offices of commander of the imperial cavalry guards and military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern
377:
In late 944, Emperor Taizong launched another major incursion into Later Jin territory, inflicting much damage on the Later Jin populace north of the
270:) to attack Li Jinquan. Li Shouzhen served as Ma's army monitor during the campaign, and after Li Jinquan fled to Later Jin's southeastern neighbor
486:) that another Liao attack was impending. Shi Chonggui sent Li to the frontier to command an army against the potential invasion, with Huangfu Yu (
619:), but his letters were intercepted by the Later Han border guards, allowing the Later Han regents to be on alert. He was also encouraged by the
221:, he made Li his protocol officer. Thereafter, when Shi was moved to several other circuits, Li followed him and continued to serve under him.
161:
1220:
433:), to defend against another potential Liao attack. Meanwhile, still resentful of Sang, Li Shouzhen, along with Shi's close associates
1215:
1064:
1052:
854:
668:
549:
unchecked) back to their circuits—including Li Shouzhen and Du Chongwei (i.e., Du Wei, whose name had been changed as part of
50:
735:
did consider aiding him, but upon hearing that Hezhong was completely surrounded, withdrew.) When Li Shouzhen's emissaries
64:
1165:
562:
Later in the year, the formerly Later Jin-commissioned military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1057:
1041:
1025:
1006:
987:
950:
927:
911:
892:
859:
803:
1069:
966:
876:
401:'s advocacy, Li Shouzhen ordered an attack during a sandstorm (which hid the Later Jin numerical disadvantage); Fu,
1210:
1185:
1137:
1118:
571:
354:
239:
169:
165:
629:), who predicted that he would be emperor one day. Another fortuneteller also predicted that his daughter-in-law
1205:
1200:
1175:
1160:
438:
467:. Around this time, his military governorship was moved from Guide to Tainting (天平, headquartered in modern
1190:
746:
616:
309:
759:)) (as Guo had to leave Huzhong to try to aid Zhao), Li Shouzhen prepared to have his officer Wang Jixun (
630:
464:
1155:
745:) were eventually able to bypass Later Han guards and reach Southern Tang, Southern Tang's emperor
520:
29:
599:. Pursuant to instructions that Liu Zhiyuan left, a group of high-level officials and generals (
533:
672:
298:). His imperial guard office was soon changed to be discipline officer of the imperial guards.
274:
and Later Jin retained Anyuan, Li Shouzhen was promoted to be the director palace affairs (宣徽使,
447:), falsely accused Sang of plotting to have Shi replaced with Shi Jingtang's son Shi Chongrui (
195:
It is not known when Li Shouzhen was born. It is known that he was from Heyang (河陽, in modern
736:
130:
122:
364:
after the victory, he was greatly honored by being given the honorary chancellor designation
732:
158:
87:
815:
425:). In late 945, Shi stationed Li Shouzhen and his army at Chan Prefecture (澶州, in modern
24:
108:
1076:
798:
330:
1149:
720:
713:
Guo's imperial guard troops soon arrived at Huguo's capital in Hezhong Municipality (
620:
302:
271:
173:
157:; died 17 August 949) was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician of the
1133:
1114:
608:
596:
550:
504:
378:
305:
287:
204:
180:
176:
94:
20:
545:
402:
382:
357:
640:
398:
247:
214:
728:
724:
685:
600:
460:
235:
218:
468:
453:). Sang was removed from his dual roles as chancellor and chief of staff (
693:
660:
604:
575:
472:
455:
418:
338:
323:
252:
209:
702:) the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern
707:
664:
656:
612:
563:
479:
434:
361:
334:
257:
196:
184:
684:) the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern
703:
579:
567:
493:
426:
333:
the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern
319:
291:
689:
652:
497:
483:
430:
422:
295:
261:
200:
264:) rebelled against Shi's rule, Shi sent the general Ma Quanjie (
818:
667:) Circuits to follow him in rebellion (under the leadership of
478:
In 946, there was a report from Ding Prefecture (定州, in modern
286:
After Shi Jingtang died in 942 and was succeeded by his nephew
238:(Li Siouan's adoptive son) in 936 and established his state of
678:
The Later Han regents initially sent the general Bai Wenke (
242:, he made Li Shouzhen his imperial protocol officer (客省使,
570:), claimed imperial title, establishing a new state of
595:
In 948, Liu Zhiyuan died and was succeeded by his son
503:
In 946, there were rumors that the major Liao general
1125:
Ruler of China (Southwestern Shanxi/Central Shaanxi)
643:) would be empress one day, further encouraging him.
381:. As the Liao army withdrew in spring 945, Shi sent
234:
After Shi Jingtang overthrew then-Later Tang emperor
127:
113:
99:
121:
107:
93:
86:
81:
63:
49:
40:
179:. During the reign of Later Han's second emperor
256:) of Anyuan Circuit (安遠, headquartered in modern
760:
754:
740:
714:
697:
679:
634:
624:
587:
582:) and gave him the honorary chancellor title
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348:
342:
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152:
69:
55:
8:
659:) and Yongxing (永興, headquartered in modern
639:) and the daughter of fellow senior general
1103:
1017:
1015:
998:
996:
979:
977:
975:
78:
1171:Liao dynasty jiedushi of Tianping Circuit
942:
940:
938:
936:
903:
901:
849:
847:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
213:) of Heyang under his father-in-law, the
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
777:
1226:Suicides in Later Han (Five Dynasties)
162:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
129:
37:
329:Subsequently, when the major general
187:, however, and he committed suicide.
7:
16:Chinese general and rebel (died 949)
1196:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
1181:Later Han (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
819:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
633:(the wife of his son Li Chongxun (
14:
1065:New History of the Five Dynasties
1053:Old History of the Five Dynasties
963:Old History of the Five Dynasties
873:Old History of the Five Dynasties
855:Old History of the Five Dynasties
366:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
207:served as the military governor (
755:
515:
509:
370:
343:
266:
128:
114:
100:
70:
56:
1:
1221:Suicides by self-immolation
647:Rebellion against Later Han
437:(the brother of Shi's wife
282:During Shi Chonggui's reign
230:During Shi Jingtang's reign
172:, as well as (briefly) the
1242:
18:
1130:
1123:
1111:
1106:
761:
741:
731:the military governor of
715:
698:
680:
635:
625:
588:
540:During submission to Liao
488:
449:
443:
413:
407:
393:
387:
349:
314:
153:
142:
77:
45:
1216:Politicians from Jiaozuo
51:Traditional Chinese
250:the military governor (
65:Simplified Chinese
281:
229:
773:Notes and references
1166:Generals from Henan
1107:Government offices
521:Sixteen Prefectures
411:), and Huangfu Yu (
534:Three Excellencies
459:) and replaced by
1211:Later Tang people
1186:Tianping jiedushi
1144:
1143:
1131:Succeeded by
675:, respectively).
441:) and Li Yantao (
246:). In 940, when
146:
145:
138:
137:
88:Standard Mandarin
1233:
1206:Yicheng jiedushi
1201:Taining jiedushi
1176:Hezhong jiedushi
1112:Preceded by
1104:
1045:
1035:
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701:
700:
683:
682:
638:
637:
628:
627:
591:
590:
558:During Later Han
532:(司徒, one of the
518:
517:
512:
511:
491:
490:
452:
451:
446:
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416:
415:
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396:
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317:
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268:
225:During Later Jin
156:
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134:
133:
132:
117:
116:
103:
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79:
73:
72:
59:
58:
38:
1241:
1240:
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1234:
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1161:Chinese princes
1146:
1145:
1140:
1127:
1121:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1013:
1001:
994:
982:
973:
961:
957:
945:
934:
922:
918:
906:
899:
887:
883:
870:
866:
852:
825:
816:Academia Sinica
814:
810:
796:
779:
775:
733:Dingnan Circuit
649:
617:Emperor Shizong
560:
542:
310:Emperor Taizong
284:
232:
227:
193:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Guide jiedushi
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1132:
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1113:
1109:
1108:
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1101:
1077:Zizhi Tongjian
1073:
1061:
1047:
1046:
1038:Zizhi Tongjian
1030:
1022:Zizhi Tongjian
1011:
1003:Zizhi Tongjian
992:
984:Zizhi Tongjian
971:
955:
947:Zizhi Tongjian
932:
924:Zizhi Tongjian
916:
908:Zizhi Tongjian
897:
889:Zizhi Tongjian
881:
864:
823:
808:
799:Zizhi Tongjian
776:
774:
771:
669:Wang Jingchong
648:
645:
559:
556:
541:
538:
405:, Yao Yuanfu (
331:Yang Guangyuan
283:
280:
231:
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144:
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82:Transcriptions
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61:
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47:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1219:
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1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
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1179:
1177:
1174:
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956:
952:
948:
943:
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902:
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850:
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832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
817:
812:
809:
805:
801:
800:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
772:
770:
766:
751:
748:
739:and Li Ping (
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Southern Tang
711:
709:
705:
695:
691:
687:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
644:
642:
632:
622:
621:Buddhist monk
618:
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610:
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602:
598:
593:
585:
584:Zhongshu Ling
581:
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272:Southern Tang
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1124:
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543:
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524:
505:Zhao Yanshou
502:
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439:Empress Feng
379:Yellow River
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300:
288:Shi Chonggui
285:
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194:
181:Liu Chengyou
177:Liao dynasty
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115:Li Shou-chen
95:Hanyu Pinyin
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21:Chinese name
546:Han Chinese
403:Zhang Yanze
391:) and Tai (
358:Sang Weihan
149:Li Shouzhen
101:Lǐ Shǒuzhēn
41:Li Shouzhen
25:family name
1156:949 deaths
1150:Categories
673:Zhao Siwan
641:Fu Yanqing
399:Fu Yanqing
355:chancellor
276:Xunahuishi
248:Li Jinquan
244:Keshengshi
215:Later Tang
191:Background
109:Wade–Giles
1138:Later Han
1119:Later Han
725:Later Shu
686:Sanmenxia
623:Zonglun (
601:Su Fengji
572:Later Han
461:Zhao Ying
240:Later Jin
236:Li Congke
219:Li Siyuan
170:Later Han
166:Later Jin
1128:948–949
1080:, vols.
1058:vol. 109
1042:vol. 291
1026:vol. 287
1007:vol. 286
988:vol. 285
951:vol. 284
928:vol. 283
912:vol. 282
893:vol. 280
860:vol. 109
804:vol. 288
737:Zhu Yuan
729:Li Yiyin
694:Feng Dao
605:Yang Bin
576:Yuncheng
473:Shandong
456:Shumishi
419:Shangqiu
371:同中書門下平章事
339:Shandong
324:Shandong
253:Jiedushi
217:emperor
210:Jiedushi
19:In this
1070:vol. 52
967:vol. 97
877:vol. 75
747:Li Jing
708:Shaanxi
665:Shaanxi
657:Shaanxi
631:Lady Fu
613:Guo Wei
564:Taiyuan
480:Baoding
465:Li Song
435:Feng Yu
362:Kaifeng
335:Weifang
258:Xiaogan
197:Jiaozuo
185:Guo Wei
164:states
159:Chinese
704:Weinan
611:, and
580:Shanxi
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427:Puyang
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320:Jining
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431:Henan
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296:Henan
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315:耶律麻荅
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