33:
1717:
314:
it is to access, very few consumers read any part of the license agreement. Most assume the terms are unobjectionable or barely notice agreeing while installing the software. Companies take advantage of consumers' inattention to insert provisions into EULAs. Many assert that the purchaser is an adult and takes responsibility for minors' use of the product, to relieve the vendor of the issue of
346:, a company can restrict the parties to which it sells but it cannot prevent a buyer from reselling the product. Software licensing agreements usually prohibit resale, enabling the company to maximize revenue. Proprietary software is usually offered under a restrictive license that bans copying and reuse and often limits the purchaser to using the software on one computer.
515:
to the company, which 7,500 users agreed to. Although there was a checkbox to exempt out of the "immortal soul" clause, few users checked it and thus
Gamestation concluded that 88% of their users did not read the agreement. During the installation of version 4 of the Advanced Query Tool the installer
417:
are also used. Even if the user purchases a perpetual license, it is common for EULAs to allow unilateral termination by the vendor for any number of vague reasons or none at all. Furthermore, many EULAs allow the vendor to change the terms at any time and the customer must choose between agreeing or
313:
EULAs are often written in vague language, and do not inform the customer of the limitations on the agreement's enforceability. Most EULAs have been designed so that it is very difficult to read and understand them, but easy to agree to the licensing terms without reading them. Regardless of how easy
455:
Under the New
Digital Content Directive effective since 2022 in the European Union, EULAs are only enforceable to the extent that they do not breach reasonable consumer expectations. The gap between expectations and the content of EULAs is especially wide when it comes to restrictions on copying and
325:
as a non-negotiable condition for using the software, are very far from the prototypical contract where both parties fully understand the terms and agree of their own free will. Proponents argue that the contracts streamline purchases and that savings for the company could be passed to the consumer.
486:
in the United States, shrinkwrap licenses were not held to be binding, but since then they often have been. In some shrinkwrap cases the customer was found not to have consented to the EULA and was therefore not bound by it. Clickwrap has been found generally to be enforceableâeven when the license
112:
Most companies prefer to sell licenses rather than copies of the software because it enables them to enforce stricter terms on the end user in a number of domains, especially by prohibiting transfer of ownership or use on multiple computers, and by asserting ownership of the copyright of derivative
446:
There has been substantial debate on to what extent EULAs can be considered binding. Many EULAs contain stipulations that are illegal and therefore unenforceable. Software vendors keep these unenforceable provisions in the agreements, perhaps because users rarely resort to the legal system to
286:. These licenses have continued in use after software copyright was recognized in the courts, and are considered to grant the company extra protection compared to copyright law. Virtually all proprietary software is not sold as a copy but rather as a license with associated EULA.
487:
terms are provided after the sale. The enforceability of browserwrap is lower, but has been enforced in some cases where it can be proven that the user was presented with the terms of use and continued to use the website.
120:
Enforceability of EULAs has been a controversial issue and varies by jurisdiction. In the United States, it is possible to enforce a EULA that is shown to the customer after purchase, but this is not the case in
Germany.
298:) or a piece of paper. The license often stipulated that a customer agreed if they did not return the product within a specified interval. After the advent of the internet, EULAs are more often found in
472:
to undertake an investigation. As of 2020, the enforceability of EULAs and provisions granting copyright of all derivative works to the developer has not been judicially tested in United
Kingdom.
516:
measured the elapsed time between the appearance and the acceptance of the end-user license agreements to calculate the average reading speed. If the agreements were accepted fast enough, a
302:
format where the user only needs to click an agree button. Without the constraints of having to print the license, the length of the agreements ballooned. Another type of license,
282:âto sell the right of use of the software rather than a copy of the softwareâdates from the time period before the existence, then the scope of software copyright protection was
413:
as of 2023ârarely offer perpetual licenses. SaaS licenses are usually temporary and charged on a pay-per-usage or subscription basis, although other revenue models such as
382:, this is contested by users and has not been tested in the court system. Legal scholar Anthony Michael Catton suggests that user-generated content should be considered
401:
that could not be understood or modified by the user, but could be downloaded and run. The user bought a perpetual license to use a particular version of the software.
495:
EULAs are primarily legal documents with IT terminology. As such, knowledge in several different domains may be necessary to produce a satisfactory translation.
263:
that vests the owner with the exclusive right to copy the code. The underlying ideas or algorithms are not protected by copyright law, but are often treated as a
1729:
Oprysk, Liliia; Sein, Karin (June 2020). "Limitations in End-User
Licensing Agreements: Is There a Lack of Conformity Under the New Digital Content Directive?".
180:
1515:
Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas; Morgan, Lorraine (2020). "The SaaS Payoff: Measuring the
Business Value of Provisioning Software-as-a-Service Technologies".
503:
There have been numerous attempts to make fun of EULAs not being read. Some EULAs bury a contract offering payment to a reader who notices the clause. As an
272:
1387:
Bakos, Yannis; Marotta-Wurgler, Florencia; Trossen, David R. (2014). "Does Anyone Read the Fine Print? Consumer
Attention to Standard-Form Contracts".
128:
There have been numerous attempts to make fun of EULAs that are not read, for example by including a provision to sell the user's soul to the company.
1643:"Self-Regulating Platforms?: The Analysis of the Enforcement of End-User Rights in the Light of the Transposition of Article 17 of the CDSM Directive"
1626:"Forcing Players to Walk the Plank: Why End User Licences Agreements Improperly Control Players' Rights regarding Microtransactions in Video Games"
234:
1486:
Catton, Anthony
Michael (2020-09-01). "What is mine in Minecraft? Assessing the copyright and ownership of in-game player creations (Part 2)".
370:
Some EULAs restrict the ability of users to exercise copyright over derivative work made using the software, such as creative creations in the
1795:
1759:
1614:
1591:
1572:
1524:
1417:
190:
426:. As a result, players could lose access to purchased content if the vendor decides to terminate their license and withdraw the content.
271:. Software copyright has been recognized since the mid-1970s and is vested in the company that makes the software, not the employees or
1315:
354:
are usually explicitly prohibited. The issue of reuse is particularly important in the copyright law of
English-speaking countries.
1770:
1642:
1625:
1470:
1428:
468:
undertook a study published in 2008 which found issues with the way 17 major IT businesses had been using EULA's and asked the
334:
According to one study, economic competition from different software services leads to EULAs more favorable to the customer.
165:
101:, where tearing the shrink wrap indicated acceptance. Software distributed via the internet is more commonly licensed via
1316:"Commercial Creations: The Role of End User License Agreements in Controlling the Exploitation of User Generated Content"
1284:
1602:
456:
transferring ownership of digital content. In
Germany, EULAs are only valid if known to the customer before purchase.
227:
326:
Enterprises buying software for a large number of employees often negotiate the licensing agreement with the vendor.
294:
Initially, end-user license agreement (EULAs) were printed on either the shrinkwrap packaging encasing the product (
435:
1835:
1231:
534:
had neglected to read the terms of service for his last iTunes update and therefore inadvertently agreed to have
482:
465:
343:
1788:
Building Modern SaaS Applications with C# And . NET: Build, Deploy, and Maintain Professional SaaS Applications
268:
185:
315:
1362:"Games as Authorial Platforms? An Exploration of the Legal Status of User-Created Content from Digital Games"
438:
for harms caused by the product, and prevent the purchaser from accessing the court system to seek a remedy.
160:
1820:
469:
379:
322:
220:
114:
97:, which has been recognized since the 1970s in the United States. Initially, EULAs were often printed as
1840:
98:
1821:
Accessible editorial on enforceability of various EULA-type licenses in the United States from 2002..
1679:
410:
295:
279:
125:
only allows for enforcement of EULAs insofar as they do not breach reasonable customer expectations.
836:
834:
362:
Many EULAs allow the vendor to collect information about the user and use it in unrestricted ways.
512:
504:
402:
351:
137:
122:
94:
389:
Some companies do allow video footage of their games to be distributed online, even for profit.
93:
The practice of selling licenses to rather than copies of software predates the recognition of
1791:
1755:
1705:
1697:
1610:
1587:
1568:
1551:
1520:
1503:
1457:
1413:
1348:
511:
added a clause stating that users who placed an order on April 1, 2010, agreed to irrevocably
423:
170:
32:
1366:
International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de SĂ©miotique juridique
1738:
1687:
1654:
1543:
1495:
1396:
1373:
1340:
383:
256:
202:
59:
1721:
1716:
531:
419:
283:
306:, intuits the user's consent after they simply visit a website and are made aware of the
1683:
1258:
378:. Although most video game EULAs assert that the developer holds the copyright on any
1829:
1445:
1332:
527:
371:
260:
1565:
Industry Trends in Cloud Computing: Alternative Business-to-Business Revenue Models
517:
418:
ceasing use of the product, without getting a refund. EULAs are also applicable to
406:
307:
264:
197:
1146:
17:
1692:
1667:
1471:"EULA, or Eulogy? Reckoning End User License Agreements and Near-Future Cyborgs"
508:
398:
375:
347:
303:
252:
248:
175:
1752:
Concise Guide to Software Engineering: From Fundamentals to Application Methods
1742:
1547:
1534:
Corbett, Susan (2019). "Computer game licences: The EULA and its discontents".
1378:
1361:
1815:
535:
522:
106:
41:
1701:
1658:
1555:
1507:
1461:
1352:
1499:
1333:"Translating end-user license agreements: issues, strategies and techniques"
299:
102:
37:
1709:
1446:"The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain"
414:
207:
87:
83:
1731:
IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law
520:
congratulated the users for reading several hundred words per second.
1344:
150:
1647:
Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review (PGAF LR)
1400:
1668:"A Quick Guide to Software Licensing for the Scientist-Programmer"
31:
606:
604:
602:
1410:
More Than You Wanted to Know: The Failure of Mandated Disclosure
1603:"Wrap contracting and the online environment: Causes and cures"
1584:
52 Stunden Informatik: Was jeder ĂŒber Informatik wissen sollte
397:
Traditionally, software was distributed in the form of binary
697:
695:
693:
68:
74:
1078:
1076:
1720: This article incorporates text available under the
1105:
1103:
621:
619:
65:
651:
649:
109:(continuing to browse the website indicates agreement).
891:
889:
1149:, published 19 February 2008, accessed 6 December 2022
636:
634:
1519:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 39â55.
553:
551:
1666:
Morin, Andrew; Urban, Jennifer; Sliz, Piotr (2012).
1232:"7,500 Online Shoppers Unknowingly Sold Their Souls"
71:
1771:"Do End User License Agreements Bind Normal People"
729:
668:
666:
664:
350:is rarely available. Derivative software works and
105:(where the user clicks to agree to the license) or
62:
1816:The Clickwrap and The Biggest Lie on the Internet
1320:John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law
1285:"South Park parodies iTunes terms and conditions"
1133:
801:
610:
593:
1517:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
983:
971:
959:
931:
318:and liability from minors' use of the product.
1408:Ben-Shahar, Omri; Schneider, Carl E. (2014).
1094:
1031:
1007:
765:
228:
8:
1607:Research Handbook on Electronic Commerce Law
840:
713:
386:by the video game developers and the users.
1563:Dempsey, David; Kelliher, Felicity (2018).
825:
701:
581:
569:
1121:
235:
221:
141:
1691:
1582:EichstÀdt, Timm; Spieker, Stefan (2024).
1377:
1067:
1055:
1019:
995:
856:
777:
1429:"Regulating Virtual Property with EULAS"
1082:
813:
741:
625:
1109:
880:
789:
753:
655:
547:
149:
1475:Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine
907:
895:
1641:Mezei, Peter; Harkai, Istvan (2022).
1567:. Springer International Publishing.
1494:(1). Edward Elgar Publishing: 21â31.
1206:
919:
868:
557:
405:(SaaS) vendorsâwho have the majority
251:(or compiled binaries in the form of
7:
1488:Interactive Entertainment Law Review
1218:
1043:
947:
640:
1775:Western State University Law Review
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
684:
672:
1586:(in German). Springer Fachmedien.
1536:Computer Law & Security Review
321:EULAs, almost always offered on a
25:
267:and concealed by such methods as
1715:
1331:Anesa, Patrizia (1 March 2014).
1147:Computer software terms 'unfair'
82:) is a legal contract between a
58:
730:Ben-Shahar & Schneider 2014
538:employees experiment upon him.
1412:. Princeton University Press.
526:parodied this in the episode "
1:
1630:William & Mary Law Review
1450:Law and Contemporary Problems
1427:Bonar-Bridges, James (2016).
1693:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002598
1433:Wisconsin Law Review Forward
1389:The Journal of Legal Studies
1134:EichstÀdt & Spieker 2024
802:EichstÀdt & Spieker 2024
611:EichstÀdt & Spieker 2024
594:EichstÀdt & Spieker 2024
1609:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
984:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
972:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
960:Dempsey & Kelliher 2018
86:supplier and a customer or
40:software license issued by
27:Software License Agreements
1857:
1769:Terasaki, Michael (2013).
1743:10.1007/s40319-020-00941-y
1672:PLOS Computational Biology
1548:10.1016/j.clsr.2019.03.007
1379:10.1007/s11196-023-09976-z
151:Legal aspects of computing
135:
50:end-user license agreement
1209:, Discussion, Conclusion.
483:ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg
466:National Consumer Council
344:United States federal law
323:take-it-or-leave-it basis
269:non-disclosure agreements
1750:O'Regan, Gerard (2022).
1659:10.53116/pgaflr.2022.1.8
1469:Carpenter, Owen (2023).
1360:Aroni, Gabriele (2023).
847:, Proprietary Licensing.
434:Most EULAs disclaim any
316:contracting with a minor
278:The tendency to license
186:Regulation of algorithms
181:Hyperlinking and framing
1500:10.4337/ielr.2020.01.02
702:Mezei & Harkai 2022
161:Information privacy law
1624:King, Chelsea (2016).
1601:Kim, Nancy S. (2016).
1337:ASp. La revue du GERAS
1122:Oprysk & Sein 2020
470:Office of Fair Trading
380:user-generated content
115:user-generated content
45:
1444:Boyle, James (2003).
1046:, pp. 1368â1369.
464:The United Kingdom's
99:shrink wrap contracts
36:A brief, written-out
35:
1314:Ahuja, Neha (2016).
1259:"Backspace (v22n08)"
411:application software
296:shrink wrap contract
280:proprietary software
1786:Watt, Andy (2023).
1754:. Springer Nature.
1684:2012PLSCB...8E2598M
1124:, pp. 620â621.
1070:, pp. 481â482.
1058:, pp. 480â481.
998:, pp. 482â483.
859:, pp. 485â486.
816:, pp. 469â470.
756:, pp. 456â457.
744:, pp. 485â486.
572:, pp. 394â396.
403:Software as service
352:reverse engineering
145:Part of a series on
1283:O'Grady, Jason D.
1095:Bonar-Bridges 2016
1032:Bonar-Bridges 2016
1008:Bonar-Bridges 2016
974:, pp. 48, 57.
766:Bonar-Bridges 2016
290:Delivery of EULAs
138:Software copyright
132:Software copyright
123:European Union law
95:software copyright
46:
18:Licence Management
1797:978-1-80461-087-9
1761:978-3-031-07816-3
1616:978-1-78347-992-4
1593:978-3-658-41838-0
1574:978-3-319-87693-1
1526:978-3-030-43198-3
1419:978-0-691-16170-9
1197:, pp. 24â25.
1010:, pp. 82â83.
986:, pp. 61â63.
938:, pp. 40â41.
430:Product liability
424:microtransactions
330:Common provisions
245:
244:
203:Software licenses
171:Computer trespass
16:(Redirected from
1848:
1836:Terms of service
1801:
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1372:(5): 2021â2036.
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1345:10.4000/asp.4205
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1238:. April 15, 2010
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505:April Fool's Day
480:Before the 1996
447:challenge them.
420:in-app purchases
384:jointly authored
366:Derivative works
259:is protected by
257:computer program
237:
230:
223:
191:Regulation of AI
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117:in video games.
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1678:(7): e1002598.
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1257:Willmott, Don.
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1221:, p. 1374.
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513:give their soul
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358:Data collection
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113:works, such as
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12:
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5:
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1813:YouTube Video:
1808:
1807:External links
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1747:
1737:(5): 594â623.
1726:
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1542:(4): 453â461.
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1405:
1401:10.1086/674424
1384:
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1339:(65): 87â102.
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1199:
1187:
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1138:
1136:, p. 277.
1126:
1114:
1112:, p. 461.
1099:
1087:
1085:, p. 471.
1072:
1068:Carpenter 2023
1060:
1056:Carpenter 2023
1048:
1036:
1024:
1022:, p. 485.
1020:Carpenter 2023
1012:
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996:Carpenter 2023
988:
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964:
952:
940:
924:
912:
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883:, p. 456.
873:
871:, p. 381.
861:
857:Carpenter 2023
849:
830:
828:, p. 394.
818:
806:
804:, p. 280.
794:
792:, p. 460.
782:
780:, p. 478.
778:Carpenter 2023
770:
758:
746:
734:
722:
706:
704:, p. 113.
689:
677:
660:
658:, p. 455.
645:
630:
628:, p. 469.
615:
613:, p. 273.
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586:
584:, p. 403.
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489:
477:
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461:
460:United Kingdom
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451:European Union
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442:Enforceability
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372:virtual worlds
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275:who wrote it.
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136:Main article:
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1227:
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1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:, p. 19.
1184:
1179:
1176:
1173:, p. 18.
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:, p. 17.
1160:
1155:
1152:
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1142:
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1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
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1100:
1097:, p. 86.
1096:
1091:
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1083:Terasaki 2013
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
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1040:
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1034:, p. 83.
1033:
1028:
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1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
962:, p. 48.
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
935:
928:
925:
921:
916:
913:
910:, p. 22.
909:
904:
901:
898:, p. 21.
897:
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882:
877:
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865:
862:
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814:Terasaki 2013
810:
807:
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786:
783:
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767:
762:
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747:
743:
742:Terasaki 2013
738:
735:
732:, p. 68.
731:
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723:
719:
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710:
707:
703:
698:
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694:
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686:
681:
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675:, p. 12.
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626:Terasaki 2013
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563:
560:, p. 45.
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528:HumancentiPad
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1841:Contract law
1812:
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1456:(1): 33â74.
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1090:
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876:
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826:O'Regan 2022
821:
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582:O'Regan 2022
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293:
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265:trade secret
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166:File sharing
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1294:24 November
1242:24 November
1236:FoxNews.com
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509:Gamestation
399:object code
376:video games
348:Source code
304:browserwrap
273:contractors
253:object code
249:source code
176:Data mining
1830:Categories
1481:: 467â498.
1326:: 381â410.
1207:Anesa 2014
1145:BBC News,
920:Aroni 2023
869:Ahuja 2016
558:Boyle 2003
542:References
523:South Park
107:browsewrap
42:Macromedia
1790:. Packt.
1722:CC BY 4.0
1702:1553-7358
1556:0267-3649
1508:2515-3870
1462:0023-9186
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1219:King 2016
1044:King 2016
948:Watt 2023
932:Clohessy
641:King 2016
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436:liability
300:clickwrap
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1724:license.
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685:Kim 2016
673:Kim 2016
415:freemium
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1552:ISSN
1521:ISBN
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1458:ISSN
1437:2016
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1349:ISSN
1296:2012
1270:2013
1244:2012
936:2020
845:2012
718:2014
532:Kyle
422:and
247:The
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