707:
eventually receiving the second-in-command military rank of
General of Chariots and Cavalry. As Jiang Wei's senior general, Liao Hua was often tasked with the most important of duties, such as leading the vanguard and dueling enemy generals. Despite his steadfast loyalty to Shu, Liao Hua disagreed with Jiang Wei's constant invasions of Wei and his attempts to claim victory through overpowering numbers, believing these tactics to be a drain on resources and morale; he let it be known that he would run the military differently if he were in command, and this led to quarrels between Jiang Wei and himself. When
580:
453:
army and occupy the strategic points between the mountains to prevent them from escaping, however at the same time this strategy had the Wei army scattered with many of You Yi's camps exposed in a dangerous position. Liao Hua saw through this and quickly seized the opportunity to defeat them while they were still unprepared. You Yi's army was forced to retreat while Wang Yun was killed in battle by an arrow.
480:, Liao Hua remarked: "'One who does not refrain from using military force will end up burning himself.' This is Boyue(Jiang Wei)'s current situation. He is inferior to the enemy in terms of intelligence and military power, yet he keeps attacking them. How can he expect to overcome them? The events of today are exactly as described in this line from the
36:
362:
and conquering most of Liu Bei's territories in the province. Guan Yu was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. Liao Hua became a prisoner-of-war of Sun Quan, but he constantly thought of returning to Liu Bei's side, so he faked his own death and succeeded in deceiving his captors and escaping.
552:
However, it can also be understood to describe a situation in which a person who is seemingly unfit for a job is forced into doing it, but is willing to face what seems to be insurmountable odds against him/her. This interpretation can be criticized as Liao Hua was adept in military affairs and he
548:
It can be interpreted as: Shu was so lacking in young talents in its twilight years that elderly Liao Hua (more than 70 years old at that time) had to lead the vanguard of the Shu army in battle. The proverb is to describe a situation that there is a lack of young talents in a group or company and
452:
stationed along with the main Wei army of the region. In response, Guo Huai dispatched his subordinates Wang Yun (王赟) Administrator of
Guangwei (廣魏) along with You Yi (游奕) Administrator of Nan'an (南安) to counter this offensive. The Wei commanders wanted to disperse their forces to encircle the Shu
701:
was retreating from
Shangfang Valley. Liao Hua pursued the fleeing general into a dense forest and, being a proficient horseman, was able to catch up and get close enough to strike him down. However, when Sima Yi swerved around a tree, Liao Hua missed the shot and his sword became lodged into the
706:
who felt Liao Hua was being unfairly praised. Zhuge Liang noticed this but said nothing, leading to a mild distaste for Wei Yan's jealousy. The helmet was henceforth used as a means of mocking and provoking the Wei army. Following Zhuge Liang's death, Liao Hua moved up the ranks under Jiang Wei,
702:
wood, allowing Sima Yi to escape. During the chase, however, Sima Yi dropped his golden helmet. Liao Hua took the helmet and traveled back to Zhuge Liang who rewarded him with the first grade of merit for his attempt. This event angered
627:, from a fellow bandit named Du Yuan, but refused to accept him as a follower owing to his bandit roots. He would only reappear in Chapter 60, joining Guan Yu as he guarded Jing Province, and as Liu Bei was entering Yi Province.
513:
Liao Hua's birth year could not be determined because his age at the time of his death was not recorded in history. However, it could be deduced that he was in his 70s when he died: Around 261, when
616:
553:
was one of a few people who experienced the whole ups and downs of the Shu Han regime. He is regarded one of four cornerstones of the late Shu Han regime in the
545:, contained a saying about Liao Hua: "There is no young reliable commander in Shu, so old generals like Liao Hua still have to be the vanguard." (蜀中無大將，廖化作先鋒)
983:
646:
captured both
Sizhong and Yancheng, Liao Hua and Guan Ping fought their way south to join Guan Yu. When Guan Yu received news that Liu Bei's territories in
1078:
359:
1073:
1023:
1755:
755:
720:
686:
448:
During
September of the year 238, Liao Hua led his troops to attack the encampment where the Inspector of Yong Province (雍州刺史), at the time
1745:
690:
477:
473:
469:
465:
395:. Liu Bei was very pleased to see Liao Hua and he appointed the latter as the Administrator of Yidu Commandery (宜都郡; around present-day
660:) and was besieged there by Sun's forces. In Maicheng, Liao Hua volunteered to break out of the siege and seek reinforcements from
630:
In
Chapter 73, Liao Hua took control of the vanguard during Guan Yu's march on Xiangyang. He successfully lured the enemy generals
813:(《魏书》：九月，蜀阴平太守廖惇反，攻守善羌侯宕蕈营。雍州刺史郭淮遣广魏太守王赟、南安太守游奕将兵讨惇。淮上书："赟、奕等分兵夹山东西，围落贼表，破在旦夕。"帝曰："兵势恶离。"促诏淮敕奕诸别营非要处者，还令据便地。诏敕未到，奕军为惇所破；赟为流矢所中死。)
1740:
391:
against Sun Quan to retake his lands in Jing
Province and avenge Guan Yu. Liao Hua and his mother encountered the Shu army at
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951:
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1016:
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surrendered. After the fall of Shu, Liao Hua was ordered to move out of former Shu territory to the Wei capital
437:). He was known for his fiery personality and determination. His position in the Shu military was equivalent to
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1401:
1391:
1356:
1271:
647:
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to report the situation to Liu Bei. By then, Guan Yu had been captured in an ambush and executed by Sun Quan.
431:
even though Bing
Province was not under Shu's jurisdiction, and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Central District (
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1291:
1201:
1109:
608:
1582:
1009:
499:
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1211:
1492:
1351:
1236:
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674:). However, Liu Feng and Meng Da refused to help Guan Yu, so Liao Hua had no choice but to travel to
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and guarded Liu Bei's territories in Jing
Province. In late 219, while Guan Yu was away at the
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1612:
1537:
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1406:
751:
743:
566:
482:
438:
320:, Liao was one of few officials who served the Shu-Han state throughout its entire existence.
313:
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of Shu. He was later assigned to be in charge of
Guangwu Commandery (廣武郡; around present-day
1617:
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1216:
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indicated that he and Zong Yu died in the spring (1st to 3rd month) of the 1st year of the
1266:
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278:
476:
campaigns in 247 and 249 respectively. In 262, when Jiang Wei was about to embark on the
309:
283:
1729:
1653:
1336:
962:
829:(漢晉春秋曰：景耀五年，姜維率衆出狄道，廖化曰：「『兵不戢，必自焚』，伯約之謂也。智不出敵，而力少於寇，用之無厭，何以能立？詩云『不自我先，不自我後』，今日之事也。」)
800:(會先主東征，遇於秭歸。先主大恱，以化為宜都太守。先主薨，為丞相參軍，後為督廣武，稍遷至右車騎將軍，假節，領并州刺史，封中鄉侯，以果烈稱。官位與張翼齊，而在宗預之右。)
549:
hence, old but experienced people will have to take the responsibilities themselves.
428:
333:
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240:
102:
1663:
634:
and Zhai Yuan out of their castle, allowing Guan Yu to seize it. In the subsequent
542:
460:, who continued Zhuge Liang's aggressive foreign policy against Shu's rival state,
392:
274:
711:
eventually submitted to Wei in Chapter 119, Liao Hua succumbed to grief and died.
541:), a novel written by a certain Zhuangzhe (壯者; literally "strong man") during the
1627:
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978:
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364:
192:
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1346:
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has a few stories about Liao Hua which are not found in historical records.
457:
372:
329:
213:
1296:
619:. He was thanked by Guan Yu after rescuing Liu Bei's two kidnapped wives,
421:) and was subsequently promoted to Right General of Chariots and Cavalry (
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620:
554:
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486:: 'Why were these things not before me? Or why were they not after me?'"
449:
355:
141:
94:
748:
A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
1714:
1693:
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1637:
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35:
638:, Liao Hua was stationed at Sizhong where he was in mutual support of
383:
In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of
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1326:
1316:
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era. This corresponds to 15 Feb to 1 May 264 in the Julian calendar.
681:
In his later life and career, Liao Hua actively participated in the
897:(廖化欲以部下人送關公。關公尋思此人終是黃巾餘黨，未可作伴，乃謝卻之。廖化又拜送金帛，關公亦不受。廖化拜別，自引人伴投山谷中去了。)
859:(時都護諸葛瞻初統朝事，廖化過預，欲與預共詣瞻許。預曰：「吾等年踰七十，所竊已過，但少一死耳，何求於年少輩而屑屑造門邪？」遂不往。)
517:
took charge of affairs in the Shu imperial court, Liao Hua visited
1557:
1512:
1502:
1416:
1386:
1261:
592:
578:
562:
418:
217:
304:, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of
1005:
697:. One of his most celebrated moments came in Chapter 103, when
399:). After Liu Bei died in 223, Liao Hua became an army adviser (
363:
He brought his elderly mother with him and headed west towards
521:, who said: "Both of us are already above the age of 70, ..."
468:
to attack Cao Wei between 240 and 262. He participated in the
502:
and succeeded in doing so within a year when the Shu emperor
787:(廖化字元儉，本名淳，襄陽人也。為前將軍關羽主簿，羽敗，屬吳。思歸先主，乃詐死，時人謂為信然，因携持老母晝夜西行。)
1702:
1646:
1440:
1154:
1118:
1087:
1061:
1040:
607:In Chapter 27, Liao Hua, a bandit chief and former
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57:
21:
642:'s encampment at Yancheng. When the enemy general
738:
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1017:
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432:
427:). He was also appointed as the Inspector of
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8:
984:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
1024:
1010:
1002:
18:
456:Liao Hua was critical of the Shu general
346:, a general who served under the warlord
884:(華陽國志曰：後張翼、廖化並為大將軍，時人語曰：「前有王、句，後有張、廖。」)
732:
360:launching an invasion of Jing Province
721:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
539:The broom sweeping away superstitions
510:. He died of illness on the journey.
375:), where Liu Bei's domain was based.
324:Early career as Guan Yu's subordinate
58:Right General of Chariots and Cavalry
7:
654:'s army, he retreated to Maicheng (
687:Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
598:The 14th-century historical novel
500:launched a campaign to conquer Shu
14:
910:(臨行時，忽廖化引一軍來降。玄德便教廖化輔佐雲長，以拒曹操。)
691:Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions
494:In late 263, Shu's rival state,
358:, broke the Sun–Liu alliance by
34:
16:Shu Han state general (died 264)
617:a quest to reunite with Liu Bei
387:. Later that year, he launched
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423:
401:
1:
968:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
952:Records of the Three Kingdoms
601:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
574:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
253:Marquis of a Central District
1756:Shu Han government officials
557:region, together first with
466:a series of eleven campaigns
235:Military general, politician
148:Administrator of Yidu (宜都太守)
323:
1772:
1746:Politicians from Xiangyang
583:Statue of Liao Hua in the
490:Life after the fall of Shu
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770:Liao Hua's biography in
615:while the latter was on
40:A statue of Liao Hua in
1741:Generals under Liu Bei
846:(咸熈元年春，化、預俱內徙洛陽，道病卒。)
750:. Brill. p. 464.
650:had been conquered by
595:
367:(covering present-day
336:. He was a registrar (
312:period of China. Like
48:. It was made in 1849.
1703:Other notable figures
582:
1032:Prominent people of
1647:Other notable women
609:Yellow Turban rebel
585:Emperor Guan Temple
411:Imperial Chancellor
389:a military campaign
300:, originally named
744:de Crespigny, Rafe
636:Battle of Fancheng
596:
441:while higher than
354:, Liu Bei's ally,
352:Battle of Fancheng
328:Liao Hua was from
1723:
1722:
1613:Zhang Yi (Bogong)
1441:Military officers
757:978-90-04-15605-0
567:Zhang Yi (Bogong)
483:Classic of Poetry
478:eleventh campaign
379:Career in Shu Han
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1751:Shu Han generals
1618:Zhang Yi (Junsi)
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965:(14th century).
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1123:
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1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1079:Empress Zhang
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1004:
997:
993:
990:
989:Sanguozhi zhu
986:
985:
980:
977:
974:
970:
969:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
948:
945:
944:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
894:
891:
887:
881:
878:
874:
869:
866:
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856:
853:
849:
843:
840:
836:
832:
826:
823:
820:
816:
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807:
803:
797:
794:
790:
784:
781:
777:
773:
767:
764:
759:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
733:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
710:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
667:
663:
653:
649:
648:Jing Province
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
602:
594:
590:
586:
581:
575:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:
527:
524:
522:
520:
516:
511:
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501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
451:
446:
444:
440:
430:
429:Bing Province
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
335:
334:Jing Province
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
295:courtesy name
292:
286:
285:
280:
276:
266:
262:
260:Original name
258:
252:
248:
245:Yuanjian (元儉)
244:
242:
241:Courtesy name
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
210:
206:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
156:
151:
146:
143:
140:
136:
115:
110:
104:
103:Bing Province
101:Inspector of
99:
96:
93:
89:
68:
63:
56:
52:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
20:
1527:
995:
988:
982:
979:Pei, Songzhi
973:Sanguo Yanyi
972:
966:
956:
950:
936:Sanguo Yanyi
935:
931:
924:Sanguo Yanyi
923:
919:
912:Sanguo Yanyi
911:
906:
899:Sanguo Yanyi
898:
893:
885:
880:
872:
868:
860:
855:
847:
842:
834:
830:
825:
818:
814:
809:
801:
796:
788:
783:
775:
771:
766:
747:
680:
629:
606:
599:
597:
573:
551:
547:
543:Qing dynasty
538:
532:
530:
525:
512:
493:
481:
455:
447:
393:Zigui County
382:
327:
301:
297:
290:
289:
282:
275:Chinese name
154:
113:
66:
1679:Lady Xiahou
1628:Zhuge Shang
1593:Xiang Chong
1498:Huang Zhong
1126:Zhuge Liang
996:Sao Mi Zhou
994:Zhuangzhe.
938:ch. 92-119.
873:Sao Mi Zhou
685:campaigns (
534:Sao Mi Zhou
526:Sao Mi Zhou
407:Zhuge Liang
397:Yidu, Hubei
365:Yi Province
308:during the
279:family name
193:Zhuge Liang
1736:264 deaths
1730:Categories
1669:Lady Huang
1633:Zhuge Zhan
1493:Huang Quan
1432:Zhuge Qiao
1382:Xiang Lang
1352:Wang Chong
1347:Shou Liang
1312:Meng Guang
1232:Guo Youzhi
1069:Empress Wu
947:Chen, Shou
926:ch. 73-77.
727:References
693:) against
565:then with
515:Zhuge Zhan
293:(d. 264),
232:Occupation
189:Chancellor
1684:Li Zhaoyi
1664:Lady Guan
1603:Zhang Nan
1598:Zhang Fei
1588:Xiahou Ba
1568:Wang Ping
1483:Gao Xiang
1427:Zhang Bao
1397:Yang Hong
1367:Wang Lian
1322:Qiao Zhou
1252:Huang Hao
1227:Guan Xing
1177:Chen Zhen
1172:Chen Shou
1146:Jiang Wei
1131:Jiang Wan
1062:Empresses
957:Sanguozhi
861:Sanguozhi
848:Sanguozhi
835:Sanguozhi
819:Sanguozhi
802:Sanguozhi
789:Sanguozhi
772:Sanguozhi
640:Guan Ping
569:and him.
559:Wang Ping
458:Jiang Wei
373:Chongqing
330:Xiangyang
302:Liao Chun
214:Xiangyang
155:In office
114:In office
107:(nominal)
67:In office
1710:Meng Huo
1659:Lady Gan
1623:Zhao Yun
1608:Zhang Ni
1563:Ma Zhong
1543:Luo Xian
1528:Liao Hua
1463:Deng Zhi
1458:Cheng Ji
1453:Chen Shi
1448:Chen Dao
1412:Yao Zhou
1377:Xi Zheng
1362:Wang Hua
1342:She Yuan
1307:Ma Liang
1282:Li Zhuan
1277:Li Xiang
1212:Fan Jian
1197:Du Qiong
1192:Dong Jue
1182:Chen Zhi
1167:Chang Xu
1162:Chang Ji
1136:Dong Yun
1105:Liu Yong
1100:Liu Xuan
1095:Liu Chen
1053:Liu Shan
1041:Emperors
863:vol. 45.
850:vol. 45.
837:vol. 45.
804:vol. 45.
791:vol. 45.
746:(2007).
715:See also
709:Liu Shan
662:Liu Feng
652:Sun Quan
644:Xu Huang
621:Lady Gan
555:Hanzhong
504:Liu Shan
450:Guo Huai
439:Zhang Yi
405:) under
356:Sun Quan
342:) under
314:Zhang Yi
298:Yuanjian
291:Liao Hua
273:In this
142:Liu Shan
95:Liu Shan
23:Liao Hua
1715:Shamoke
1694:Yuan Fu
1689:Lady Hu
1674:Lady Mi
1638:Zong Yu
1573:Wei Yan
1548:Ma Chao
1538:Liu Yin
1533:Liu Yan
1488:Gong Lu
1478:Fu Rong
1473:Fu Qian
1468:Feng Xi
1407:Yang Yi
1402:Yang Xi
1392:Xu Jing
1357:Wang Fu
1287:Liao Li
1272:Li Miao
1257:Lai Min
1222:Fei Shi
1207:Du Zhen
1187:Dong He
1119:Regents
1048:Liu Bei
1034:Shu Han
914:ch. 27.
901:ch. 27.
888:vol. 2.
875:ch. 24.
815:Wei Shu
776:Xian'xi
704:Wei Yan
699:Sima Yi
676:Chengdu
666:Meng Da
632:Cao Ren
625:Lady Mi
613:Guan Yu
589:Xuchang
519:Zong Yu
508:Luoyang
496:Cao Wei
462:Cao Wei
443:Zong Yu
385:Shu Han
369:Sichuan
348:Liu Bei
344:Guan Yu
318:Zong Yu
306:Shu Han
250:Peerage
211:Unknown
183:Liu Bei
179:Monarch
169: (
161: (
138:Monarch
128: (
120: (
91:Monarch
81: (
73: (
60:(右車騎將軍)
46:Sichuan
42:Chengdu
1578:Wu Ban
1553:Ma Dai
1523:Li Hui
1518:Li Yan
1508:Huo Yi
1422:Yin Mo
1372:Wen Li
1332:Ren Xi
1327:Qin Mi
1317:Mi Zhu
1297:Lü Kai
1292:Liu Ba
1247:He Zhi
1242:He Sui
1237:He Pan
1217:Fei Li
1202:Du Wei
1141:Fei Yi
1110:Liu Li
754:
474:fourth
409:, the
277:, the
105:(并州刺史)
1583:Wu Yi
1558:Ma Su
1513:Ju Fu
1503:Hu Ji
1417:Yi Ji
1387:Xu Ci
1302:Lü Yi
1267:Li Mi
1262:Li Fu
593:Henan
563:Ju Fu
470:third
424:右車騎將軍
419:Gansu
255:(中鄉侯)
218:Hubei
752:ISBN
689:and
664:and
623:and
561:and
531:The
472:and
371:and
316:and
284:Liao
224:Died
208:Born
167:–223
695:Wei
683:Shu
587:in
434:中鄉侯
281:is
171:223
163:221
159:221
1732::
991:).
975:).
959:).
735:^
671:上庸
657:麥城
591:,
498:,
445:.
417:,
402:參軍
339:主簿
332:,
216:,
126:–?
79:–?
44:,
29:廖化
1025:e
1018:t
1011:v
998:.
987:(
971:(
955:(
760:.
287:.
173:)
165:)
132:)
130:?
124:)
122:?
118:?
85:)
83:?
77:)
75:?
71:?
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