267:
is considered the primary evaluation for Libman–Sacks endocarditis; transesophageal echocardiography has greater sensitivity and specificity than transthoracic echocardiography. In case of a negative TTE in the presence of clinical signs of Libman–Sacks endocarditis, transesophageal echocardiography
193:
In systemic lupus erythematosus, Libman–Sacks endocarditis has been linked to pericarditis, presence of anticardiolipin antibodies, arterial and venous thromboses, and neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Libman–Sacks endocarditis is associated with greater systemic lupus
312:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis vegetations are observed in 10% of systemic lupus erythematosus cases (however, in one study, vegetations were noted in 43% of systemic lupus erythematosus cases (0% in controls), and valvular thickening in 51% of systemic lupus erythematosus cases (7% in controls)). There
202:
The initial cause of Libman–Sacks endocarditis is poorly understood. It is thought to occur in the context of a hypercoagulable state which leads to endothelial injury and subsequent deposition of thrombi and inflammatory molecules in affected valves. The vegetations that are thus formed consist of
271:
Vegetations of the cardiac valves and endocardium are characterised by irregular borders, heterogenous echo density, and an absence of independent motion. Vegetations are usually small, but may be as large as 10mm. The basal and middle portions of the mitral and aortic valves are most commonly
292:
There is a paucity of empirical evidence on treatment options for persons with Libman–Sacks endocarditis, and treatment should focus on the underlying cause. Anticoagulant treatment is recommended in cases with previous thromboembolic event for prevention of subsequent occurrences. Surgical
242:
Libman–Sacks lesions rarely produce significant valve dysfunction and the lesions only rarely embolize. However, there is data to suggest an association between Libman–Sacks endocarditis and a higher risk for embolic cerebrovascular disease in people with systemic lupus erythematosus.
238:
is typically affected, and the vegetations occur on the ventricular and atrial surface of the valve. Though the left-sided heart valves (mitral and aortic) are most commonly affected, any heart valve as well as adjoining structures may become involved.
132:
secondary to dislodged vegetations. However, in some cases, severe valvular dysfunction may develop. People with systemic lupus erythematosus may present with other symptoms of the underlying diseases that give rise to Libman–Sacks endocarditis.
720:
701:
251:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis should be considered in instances of thromboembolism in persons with underlying pathology that is associated with LSE. Libman–Sacks endocarditis is diagnosed with echocardiography. Other potential etiologies (e.g.
313:
is a significant correlation between systemic lupus erythematosus duration and severity, and the incidence of Libman–Sacks endocarditis. Libman–Sacks endocarditis has been identified in 1.25% of those with malignant disease at autopsy.
280:
Differential diagnoses include: rheumatic valvular disease, atrial myxoma, degenerative valvular disease, infective endocarditis, vasculitis, cholesterol emboli syndrome, fibroelastoma, and Lambl's excrescences.
194:
erythematosus duration and severity. In some cases, Libman–Sacks endocarditis may be the presenting pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus, especially in the presence of concurrent antiphospholipid syndrome.
1904:
256:) should be excluded through an extensive assessment (complete blood count and metabolic panel, blood cultures). Libman–Sacks endocarditis can also be identified post-mortem during an autopsy.
141:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis may result in arterial emboli, valvular insufficiency, and heart failure. Infective endocarditis occurs more frequently with those with systemic lupus erythematosus.
1478:
289:
The condition should be monitored to follow the development of the vegetations, and health personnel should be conscious of the potential risks associated with the condition.
1897:
542:
2148:
1890:
447:
647:
Hojnik Maja; George Jacob; Ziporen Lea; Shoenfeld Yehuda (1996-04-15). "Heart Valve
Involvement (Libman-Sacks Endocarditis) in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome".
1119:
809:
309:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis has been observed in 0.2% in of the general population at autopsy. It occurs most commonly in those aged 40 to 80 years.
1536:
272:
involved. Leaflet thickening or regurgitation may be present. There may be other cardiac pathology related to the underlying cause, e.g., lupus.
2120:
853:
211:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis involves formation of cardiac lesions that may take the form of vegetations or thickening of the valvular leaflets.
518:
1531:
1340:
1177:
1345:
1335:
924:
1642:
1473:
1087:
2100:
1513:
234:. Vegetations are most often small-to-moderate in size (up to 10 mm), but may sometimes be large (larger than 10 mm). The
1937:
1508:
2143:
2037:
1377:
1158:
2013:
1453:
1448:
1372:
330:
1799:
1675:
1604:
1436:
600:
1929:
1794:
1587:
1570:
1503:
1423:
802:
67:
1637:
1082:
2105:
203:
immune complexes, platelet thrombi, fibrin, and mononuclear cells. The vegetations may dislodge and cause embolisms.
1619:
1107:
1092:
158:
1394:
1914:
1697:
1362:
1289:
1016:
338:
178:
109:
77:
1647:
1979:
1821:
1577:
1367:
1264:
1245:
1075:
848:
735:
1988:
1854:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1523:
1465:
1269:
1250:
902:
842:
795:
165:(presenting with severe abdominal pain), or peripheral arterial embolism (presenting with limb coldness)).
2095:
2090:
1443:
1409:
1352:
1330:
1152:
1134:
1070:
937:
890:
818:
563:
253:
215:
2085:
1957:
1207:
1202:
1097:
907:
128:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis itself is typically asymptomatic. Affected persons most commonly present with
561:
Doherty, N. E.; Siegel, R. J. (1985). "Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus".
2080:
2008:
1703:
1231:
1212:
1112:
1023:
966:
162:
326:
2064:
1970:
1708:
1565:
1560:
1483:
1387:
1357:
1316:
942:
859:
724:
105:
2056:
1811:
1609:
1431:
1382:
1007:
954:
864:
536:
54:
598:
Libman, E.; Sacks, B. (1924). "A hitherto undescribed form of valvular and mural endocarditis".
1871:
1722:
1680:
1595:
1413:
1311:
1028:
971:
869:
746:
664:
580:
524:
514:
474:
415:
84:
38:
2052:
2033:
1844:
1736:
1629:
1325:
656:
609:
572:
464:
456:
264:
89:
2115:
1975:
1947:
1866:
1258:
1239:
1226:
1033:
912:
613:
301:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis is often associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.
17:
627:
2018:
1882:
1859:
1767:
1665:
1657:
1555:
1065:
1058:
1045:
469:
442:
322:
149:
Vegetations occurring in the context of Libman–Sacks endocarditis may dislodge to form
729:
116:. It is one of the most common cardiac manifestations of lupus (the most common being
2137:
1849:
1760:
895:
576:
334:
1984:
1781:
1755:
1599:
1547:
1220:
1196:
1166:
1143:
1012:
1002:
775:
235:
182:
117:
101:
59:
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Marantic endocarditis, verrucous endocarditis
43:
787:
740:
2000:
1716:
1614:
1404:
1321:
1303:
1129:
1102:
1053:
994:
227:
223:
751:
460:
407:
1744:
1294:
714:
528:
231:
113:
72:
47:
660:
2110:
770:
710:
478:
419:
293:
intervention may be indicated in case of significant valvular dysfunction.
668:
584:
1965:
1670:
827:
154:
129:
693:
150:
1750:
1730:
885:
705:
219:
174:
1886:
791:
443:"Libman–Sacks endocarditis and embolic cerebrovascular disease"
337:
in 1924. The association between Libman–Sacks endocarditis and
268:
may be attempted to confirm the presence of the condition.
360:
Mosby's
Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary
157:(including cerebral embolism (presenting as stroke or
362:(Fourth ed.). Mosby-YearBook. 1994. p. 907.
173:
Libman–Sacks endocarditis occurs in association with
683:
2073:
2050:
1999:
1956:
1928:
1921:
1837:
1780:
1689:
1656:
1628:
1586:
1545:
1522:
1496:
1464:
1422:
1403:
1302:
1288:
1188:
1142:
1128:
1044:
993:
986:
923:
878:
835:
826:
761:
687:
83:
63:
53:
37:
32:
509:Wallace, Daniel J.; Hahn, Bevra (16 August 2018).
406:Ibrahim, Abdisamad M.; Siddique, Momin S. (2020),
511:Dubois' lupus erythematosus and related syndromes
1898:
803:
8:
1925:
1905:
1891:
1883:
1419:
1299:
1139:
1120:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
990:
832:
810:
796:
788:
684:
541:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
29:
628:"Patient.info: Libman–Sacks Endocarditis"
468:
441:Roldan, C. A.; Sibbitt, W. L. Jr (2013).
350:
2121:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
854:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
534:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
218:are small and formed from strands of
7:
2149:Systemic connective tissue disorders
1178:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
614:10.1001/archinte.1924.00110300044002
556:
554:
552:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
436:
434:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
1474:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
25:
104:that is seen in association with
2038:Mixed connective tissue disease
1159:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
2014:Progressive systemic sclerosis
1:
2101:Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
1676:Pulseless electrical activity
1605:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
1479:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
601:Archives of Internal Medicine
513:(Ninth ed.). Edinburgh.
358:"Libman–Sacks endocarditis".
1930:Systemic lupus erythematosus
577:10.1016/0002-8703(85)90023-7
189:Systemic lupus erythematosus
175:systemic lupus erythematosus
106:systemic lupus erythematosus
68:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1915:connective tissue disorders
408:"Libman Sacks Endocarditis"
100:is a form of non-bacterial
2165:
1620:Wandering atrial pacemaker
1167:non-infective endocarditis
1108:Endocardial fibroelastosis
461:10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.04.012
321:It was first described by
159:transient ischaemic attack
2029:
1943:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
1698:hexaxial reference system
1643:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
1173:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
414:, StatPearls Publishing,
341:was first noted in 1985.
339:antiphospholipid syndrome
179:antiphospholipid syndrome
110:antiphospholipid syndrome
98:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
78:Antiphospholipid syndrome
33:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
18:Libman-Sacks endocarditis
1980:Juvenile dermatomyositis
1578:Ventricular fibrillation
849:Coronary artery aneurysm
661:10.1161/01.CIR.93.8.1579
1989:Inclusion body myositis
1855:Diastolic heart failure
1829:Athletic heart syndrome
1790:Ventricular hypertrophy
1524:Pre-excitation syndrome
1378:Left posterior fascicle
903:Acute coronary syndrome
843:Coronary artery disease
2144:Valvular heart disease
2106:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
2096:Eosinophilic fasciitis
2091:Polymyalgia rheumatica
1373:Left anterior fascicle
1153:infective endocarditis
938:Hibernating myocardium
819:Cardiovascular disease
564:American Heart Journal
448:Cardiovascular Imaging
276:Differential diagnosis
254:infective endocarditis
1958:Inflammatory myopathy
1537:Wolff–Parkinson–White
1497:Premature contraction
1395:Adams–Stokes syndrome
1098:Loeffler endocarditis
908:Myocardial infarction
2081:IgG4-related disease
2009:Systemic scleroderma
1704:Right axis deviation
1666:Sudden cardiac death
1024:Pericardial effusion
967:Ventricular aneurysm
331:Mount Sinai Hospital
285:Management/treatment
163:mesenteric ischaemia
1971:Dermatopolymyositis
1709:Left axis deviation
1566:Atrial fibrillation
1561:Ventricular flutter
1484:Torsades de pointes
1358:Bundle branch block
1317:Sick sinus syndrome
1103:Cardiac amyloidosis
1088:Tachycardia-induced
943:Myocardial stunning
891:Prinzmetal's angina
860:Coronary thrombosis
1812:Atrial enlargement
1610:Pacemaker syndrome
1532:Lown–Ganong–Levine
1454:Junctional ectopic
1449:AV nodal reentrant
955:Myocardial rupture
865:Coronary vasospasm
762:External resources
2131:
2130:
2046:
2045:
1880:
1879:
1872:Obstructive shock
1776:
1775:
1723:Short QT syndrome
1690:Other / ungrouped
1681:Sinoatrial arrest
1596:Ectopic pacemaker
1492:
1491:
1312:Sinus bradycardia
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1029:Cardiac tamponade
982:
981:
972:Dressler syndrome
870:Myocardial bridge
785:
784:
520:978-0-323-55064-2
95:
94:
85:Diagnostic method
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2156:
2086:Behçet's disease
2065:Sjögren syndrome
2053:hypersensitivity
2034:Overlap syndrome
1938:Drug-induced SLE
1926:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1845:Cardiac fibrosis
1737:T wave alternans
1630:Long QT syndrome
1424:Supraventricular
1420:
1353:Intraventricular
1300:
1140:
991:
836:Coronary disease
833:
812:
805:
798:
789:
685:
673:
672:
655:(8): 1579–1587.
644:
638:
637:
635:
634:
624:
618:
617:
595:
589:
588:
571:(6): 1257–1265.
558:
547:
546:
540:
532:
506:
483:
482:
472:
438:
429:
428:
427:
426:
403:
364:
363:
355:
265:Echocardiography
260:Echocardiography
90:Echocardiography
30:
21:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2116:Marfan syndrome
2069:
2042:
2025:
1995:
1976:Dermatomyositis
1952:
1948:Lupus nephritis
1917:
1911:
1881:
1876:
1867:Rheumatic fever
1833:
1772:
1685:
1652:
1624:
1582:
1541:
1518:
1488:
1460:
1407:
1399:
1293:
1276:
1184:
1133:
1124:
1040:
1034:Hemopericardium
978:
919:
913:Unstable angina
886:Angina pectoris
879:Active ischemia
874:
822:
816:
786:
781:
780:
757:
756:
696:
682:
677:
676:
646:
645:
641:
632:
630:
626:
625:
621:
597:
596:
592:
560:
559:
550:
533:
521:
508:
507:
486:
440:
439:
432:
424:
422:
405:
404:
367:
357:
356:
352:
347:
319:
307:
299:
287:
278:
262:
249:
209:
200:
198:Pathophysiology
191:
171:
147:
139:
126:
76:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:CREST syndrome
2016:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:Cardiac asthma
1857:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1768:Strain pattern
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1658:Cardiac arrest
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:Andersen–Tawil
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1556:Atrial flutter
1552:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1066:Cardiomyopathy
1063:
1062:
1061:
1059:Chagas disease
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1010:
999:
997:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
977:
976:
975:
974:
969:
959:
958:
957:
947:
946:
945:
940:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
916:
915:
910:
900:
899:
898:
893:
882:
880:
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
846:
839:
837:
830:
824:
823:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
783:
782:
779:
778:
766:
765:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:
743:
732:
717:
697:
692:
691:
689:
688:Classification
681:
680:External links
678:
675:
674:
639:
619:
608:(6): 701–737.
590:
548:
519:
484:
455:(9): 973–983.
430:
365:
349:
348:
346:
343:
327:Benjamin Sacks
323:Emanuel Libman
318:
315:
306:
303:
298:
295:
286:
283:
277:
274:
261:
258:
248:
245:
208:
207:Histopathology
205:
199:
196:
190:
187:
170:
167:
146:
143:
138:
135:
125:
122:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
65:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:Heart failure
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:ST depression
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
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1714:
1710:
1707:
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1701:
1700:
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1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
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1669:
1667:
1664:
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1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
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1636:
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1627:
1621:
1618:
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1613:
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1597:
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1579:
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1569:
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1564:
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1507:
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1471:
1469:
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1463:
1455:
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1446:
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1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:Trifascicular
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1271:
1270:regurgitation
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:regurgitation
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:regurgitation
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:regurgitation
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
989:
985:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
897:
896:Stable angina
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
838:
834:
831:
829:
825:
820:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
790:
777:
773:
772:
768:
767:
764:
760:
753:
749:
748:
744:
742:
738:
737:
733:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:
703:
699:
698:
695:
690:
686:
679:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
640:
629:
623:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
594:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
557:
555:
553:
549:
544:
538:
530:
526:
522:
516:
512:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
485:
480:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
444:
437:
435:
431:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
366:
361:
354:
351:
344:
342:
340:
336:
335:New York City
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
310:
304:
302:
296:
294:
290:
284:
282:
275:
273:
269:
266:
259:
257:
255:
246:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
206:
204:
197:
195:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
142:
137:Complications
136:
134:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1985:Polymyositis
1942:
1782:Cardiomegaly
1756:ST elevation
1743:
1729:
1715:
1696:
1600:Ectopic beat
1548:fibrillation
1383:Bifascicular
1257:
1238:
1219:
1195:
1172:
1165:
1151:
1144:Endocarditis
1083:Hypertrophic
1017:Constrictive
1003:Pericarditis
961:
949:
932:
769:
745:
734:
719:
700:
652:
648:
642:
631:. Retrieved
622:
605:
599:
593:
568:
562:
510:
452:
446:
423:, retrieved
411:
359:
353:
320:
311:
308:
305:Epidemiology
300:
291:
288:
279:
270:
263:
250:
241:
236:mitral valve
213:
210:
201:
192:
183:malignancies
172:
148:
140:
127:
124:Presentation
118:pericarditis
114:malignancies
102:endocarditis
97:
96:
44:Rheumatology
2001:Scleroderma
1648:Romano–Ward
1615:Parasystole
1514:Ventricular
1466:Ventricular
1405:Tachycardia
1322:Heart block
1304:Bradycardia
1130:Endocardium
1093:Restrictive
1054:Myocarditis
995:Pericardium
649:Circulation
232:histiocytes
228:lymphocytes
224:neutrophils
216:vegetations
2138:Categories
2057:autoimmune
1546:Flutter /
1509:Junctional
1444:Junctional
1437:Multifocal
1410:paroxysmal
1326:Sinoatrial
1295:arrhythmia
1290:Conduction
1046:Myocardium
747:DiseasesDB
633:2008-08-11
529:1051140253
425:2020-05-30
412:StatPearls
345:References
153:and cause
73:Malignancy
48:Cardiology
2111:fibrillin
1913:Systemic
1805:Pulmonary
1588:Pacemaker
1259:pulmonary
1240:tricuspid
1076:Alcoholic
771:eMedicine
537:cite book
297:Prognosis
247:Diagnosis
130:embolisms
39:Specialty
1966:Myositis
1671:Asystole
1571:Familial
1265:stenosis
1246:stenosis
1227:stenosis
1208:stenosis
1203:prolapse
925:Sequelae
828:Ischemia
776:med/1295
479:24029368
420:30422459
155:embolism
55:Symptoms
1922:General
1071:Dilated
1013:Chronic
821:(heart)
741:D008180
669:8608627
585:3907317
470:3941465
317:History
2051:Other
1751:J wave
1504:Atrial
1432:Atrial
1221:aortic
1197:mitral
1189:Valves
1135:valves
987:Layers
856:(SCAD)
667:
583:
527:
517:
477:
467:
418:
230:, and
220:fibrin
181:, and
169:Causes
151:emboli
145:Emboli
112:, and
64:Causes
2074:Other
1838:Other
1822:Right
1800:Right
1414:sinus
1363:Right
1113:Viral
1008:Acute
962:weeks
933:hours
845:(CAD)
752:29254
730:710.0
715:M32.1
1817:Left
1795:Left
1412:and
1368:Left
950:days
736:MeSH
725:9-CM
665:PMID
581:PMID
543:link
525:OCLC
515:ISBN
475:PMID
416:PMID
325:and
214:The
721:ICD
711:I39
702:ICD
657:doi
610:doi
573:doi
569:110
465:PMC
457:doi
333:in
329:at
161:),
120:).
2140::
2036:/
1987:*
1745:ST
1717:QT
1598:/
1346:3°
1341:2°
1336:1°
1331:AV
1324::
1015:/
774::
750::
739::
728::
713:,
709::
706:10
663:.
653:93
651:.
606:33
604:.
579:.
567:.
551:^
539:}}
535:{{
523:.
487:^
473:.
463:.
451:.
445:.
433:^
410:,
368:^
226:,
222:,
185:.
177:,
108:,
46:,
2055:/
1978:/
1906:e
1899:t
1892:v
1731:T
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1408:(
1292:/
1132:/
811:e
804:t
797:v
723:-
704:-
694:D
671:.
659::
636:.
616:.
612::
587:.
575::
545:)
531:.
481:.
459::
453:6
75:,
70:,
20:)
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