627:
peasantry in order to receive their support. As liberated areas grew, colonial governmental structures were replaced, as
Frelimo activists and local chiefs assumed roles of authority. Traditional leaders were accustomed to controlling âthe productive and reproductive capacity of women.â They ârejected womenâs rights to participate in armed struggle and defended the bride price system, child marriage and polygamy.â These traditional practices âwere all viewed as incompatible with the tenets of revolutionary society.â Over time, traditional power structures were delegitimized by their association with Portuguese colonization and their inability to accommodate key components of revolutionary ideology. Frelimo encouraged the creation of collectives and greatly increased peasant access to education and healthcare. Often FRELIMO soldiers were assigned to medical assistance projects.
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leadership must be women. There is âequal distribution of womenâs names (every third name is a womanâs) through the candidate lists.â Equal distribution on lists are called âzebra listsâ and this type of list has proven to be important to the success of quota systems. The adoption of the quota system has resulted in steady growth since its implementation. In 1994 women made up 26% of the national parliament, in 1999 they made up 30%, and in 2004, women won 35%, in 2015 women won 40% of the parliamentary seats. Mozambique is ranked twelfth in the world and fourth in Africa for womenâs involvement in its national parliament.
811:
ever initiated in Africa. The scheme reached over 90% of the
Mozambican Population in the first five years and led to a 20% drop in infant mortality rates. Illiteracy rates dropped from 95% in 1975 to 73% in 1978. Those who were previously denied access to education because of class, gender, or race were exposed to education. Frelimoâs dedication to accessible education had long-lasting consequences as previously marginalized groups, such as women, were able to engage intellectually and be involved in formal political and economic structures for the first time.
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battle against RENAMO and frequent raids against key roads and railways caused economic chaos across the country. FRELIMO's focus rapidly shifted from socialist construction to maintaining a basic level of infrastructure and protecting the towns and cities as best they could. Despite small scale reforms in the party and state and the growing war Machel continued to maintain a hardline
MarxistâLeninist stance and refused to negotiate with RENAMO.
842:
49:
3445:
3481:
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560:(mother country). Emigration to the colonies soared. Calls for Mozambican independence developed rapidly, and in 1962 several anti-colonial political groups formed FRELIMO. In September 1964, it initiated an armed campaign against Portuguese colonial rule. Portugal had ruled Mozambique for more than four hundred years; not all Mozambicans desired independence, and fewer still sought change through armed revolution.
818:
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revolution, the guarantee of its continuity and the precondition to its victory.â This perspective recognizes the immense labor force that women constitute. Frelimo acknowledged that womenâs involvement in the formal economy would result in an economically stronger
Mozambique. The population was encouraged to view womenâs emancipation as vital to the amelioration of Mozambiqueâs society.
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reduction in production. At the 4th Party
Congress in 1984 FRELIMO acknowledged its mistakes in the economic field and adopted a new set of directives and plans, reversing their previous positions and promoting more peasant and communal based farming projects over the larger state farms, many of which were either dismantled or shrunk.
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RENAMO and some other opposition parties made claims of election fraud and denounced the result. International observers (among others, members of the
European Union Election Observation Mission to Mozambique and the Carter Center) supported these claims, criticizing the National Electoral Commission
897:
With the removal of the final vestiges of
Marxism from FRELIMO at the 5th Party Congress, greater economic reform programs commenced with the help of the World Bank, IMF and various international donors. FRELIMO also believed it needed to reduce all traces of socialist influence, this resulted in the
782:
Immediately after independence, Mozambique and FRELIMO faced extraordinarily tough circumstances. The country was bankrupt with almost all of its skilled workforce fleeing or already fled, a 95% illiteracy rate and a brewing counter-revolutionary movement known as the "Mozambique
National Resistance"
729:
with FRELIMO. Government forces moved in and quickly smashed these movements and arrested various FRELIMO dissidents and
Portuguese collaborators who were involved in FICO, the Dragons and other political entities that conspired or aligned against FRELIMO. These included prominent dissidents such as
728:
At the same time FRELIMO had to deal with various small political parties that sprung up and were now contesting for control of
Mozambique with FRELIMO along with the reaction of white settlers. Prominent groups included FICO ("I stay" in Portuguese) and the "Dragons of Death" which directly clashed
670:
FRELIMO established some "liberated" zones (countryside zones with native rural populations controlled by FRELIMO guerrillas) in Northern Mozambique. The movement grew in strength during the ensuing decade. As FRELIMO's political campaign gained coherence, its forces advanced militarily, controlling
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As the war with RENAMO intensified much of the improvements to healthcare, education and basic infrastructure by FRELIMO were wiped out. Agriculture fell into disarray as farms were burnt and farmers fled into the cities for safety, industrial production slowed as many workers were conscripted into
642:
The war of liberation was viewed as a rejection of âobstructionist, traditional-feudal and capitalist practices.â The transformation of âsocial and economic relationsâ had significant implications for women. Womenâs liberation was ânot an act of charity,â but rather âa fundamental necessity for the
810:
FRELIMO began extensive programs for economic development, healthcare and education. Healthcare and Education became free and universal to all Mozambicans and the government begun a mass program of immunisations which was praised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the most successful
666:
After Mondlane's assassination in February 1969, Uria Simango took over the leadership, but his presidency was disputed. In April 1969, leadership was assumed by a triumvirate, with Machel and Marcelino dos Santos supplementing Simango. After several months, in November 1969, Machel and dos Santos
936:
was signed. United Nations' peacekeeping operation started in 1992 and ended in 1994, helping to end the civil war. With the end of the civil war elections were scheduled for 1994 under the new pluralistic system. FRELIMO and RENAMO campaigned heavily for the elections. FRELIMO ultimately won the
806:
vanguard party of the worker-peasant alliance at the congress. The congress laid down firmly that the political and economic guidelines for the development of the economy and the society would be for the benefit of all Mozambicans. FRELIMO was also restructured extensively, the central committee
798:
Large steps had already been taken towards the construction of a Mozambican socialist society by time of the 3rd Party Congress in February 1977, including the nationalisation of the land, many agricultural, industrial and commercial enterprises, rented housing, the banks, health and education.
1139:(CNE) for failing to conduct fair and transparent elections. They listed numerous cases of improper conduct by the electoral authorities that benefited FRELIMO. However, the EU observers concluded that the elections shortcomings probably did not affect the presidential election's final result.
873:
was elected as the President of FRELIMO and was inaugurated as the Second President of the People's Republic of Mozambique on 6 November 1986. Despite being considered a "Moderate Marxist" Chissano initially maintained Machel's hardline stance against RENAMO but begun economic reforms with the
626:
Frelimo's initial military operations were in the North of the country; by the late 1960s it had established "liberated zones" in Northern Mozambique in which it, rather than the Portuguese, constituted the civil authority. In administering these zones, FRELIMO worked to improve the lot of the
833:
Some of FRELIMO's more ambitious policies also caused further stress to the economy. Particularly FRELIMO's agricultural policy from 1977â1983 which placed heavy emphasis on state farms and neglected smaller peasant and community farms caused discontent among many peasant farmers and led to a
618:
countries, and some non-governmental organisations in the West. The mobilization of all, regardless of gender, motivated the initial inclusion of women into the war. Initially women were used to carry goods from Tanzania, but over time they were tasked with "making the first contacts with the
940:
In 1992 Frelimo implemented a voluntary quota system like many other "post-conflict countries that had left-leaning parties in power with longstanding commitments to gender equality." Frelimoâs quota system requires that 30% of the candidates running for the National Assembly under Frelimoâs
825:
However, some serious setbacks occurred, with particular force in the years 1982â1984. Neighbouring states, firstly Rhodesia and then South Africa, made direct armed incursions and promoted the growing RENAMO insurgency which continued to carry out economic sabotage and terrorism against the
697:
regime, and the country turned against supporting the long and draining colonial war in Mozambique, Angola and Guinea-Bissau. Portugal and FRELIMO negotiated Mozambique's independence, which resulted in a transitional government until official independence from Portugal in June 1975.
760:
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Throughout the mid to late 1990s, FRELIMO moved towards democratic socialist views (officially adopting it at the 10th Party Congress), as further liberalisation continued the government received further support and aid from countries such as the
658:
and a majority of the Party's Central Committee promoted the struggle not just for independence but to create a socialist society. The 2nd Party Congress, held in July 1968, approved the socialist goals. Mondlane was reelected party President and
622:
Frelimo founded the Women's Detachment, a part of the Department of Defense, as a way to encourage the mobilization of women and enlarge Frelimo's support. Women cadres brought "a new and decisive force to the revolutionary struggle."
594:
The movement could not then be based in Mozambique as the Portuguese opposed nationalist movements and the colony was controlled by the police. (The three founding groups had also operated as exiles.) Tanzania and its president,
874:
adoption of The World Bank and IMF's "Economic Rehabilitation Program" (ERP) in September 1987. By 1988 Chissano had relented on his hardliner position and begun seeking third party negotiations with RENAMO to end the conflict.
638:
as the principal enemy of the common Mozambican people, not the Portuguese as such, and not Europeans in general. Although it was an African nationalist party, it adopted a non-racial stance. Numerous white people were members.
937:
elections with 53.3% of the vote with an 88% voter turnout. RENAMO contested the election results and threatened to return to violence, however, under both internal and external pressure RENAMO eventually accepted the results.
671:
one-third of the area of Mozambique by 1969, mostly in the northern and central provinces. It was not able to gain control of the cities located inside the "liberated" zones but established itself firmly in the rural regions.
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In 1986 while returning from a meeting with Zaire and Malawi, President Samora Machel died in a suspicious airplane crash many blamed on the apartheid regime in Pretoria. In the immediate aftermath the
611:
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603:, that peaceful agitation would not bring about independence, FRELIMO contemplated the possibility of armed struggle from the outset. It launched its first offensive in September 1964.
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1993:
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population in a new area." Women were expected to engage with the locals and politicize them. This discourse helped legitimize female cadres as real revolutionaries.
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278:
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In 1989 at the 5th Party Congress, FRELIMO officially dropped all references to MarxismâLeninism and class struggle from its party directives and documents, and
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expanding to over 200 members and the transformation of FRELIMO from a front into a formal political party, adopting the name "Partido FRELIMO" (FRELIMO Party).
4238:
3215:
4263:
3823:
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3134:
Basto, Maria-Benedita, "Writing a Nation or Writing a Culture? Frelimo and Nationalism During the Mozambican Liberation War" in Eric Morier-Genoud (ed.)
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1216:
580:
572:
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In early 2001 Chissano announced his intention to not stand for the 2004 presidential election, although the constitution permitted him to do so.
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of the Portuguese Army. By the early 1970s, FRELIMO's 7,000-strong guerrilla force had opened new fronts in central and northern Mozambique.
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ousted Simango from FRELIMO. Simango left FRELIMO and joined the small Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique (COREMO) liberation movement.
1901:
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to Mozambique and ended one-party rule. The revisions also removed all references to socialism from the constitution and resulted in the
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125:
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968:, Chissano was re-elected as President of Mozambique with 52.3% of the vote, while FRELIMO secured 133 of 250 parliamentary seats.
1997:
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1409:
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965:
791:. As the RENAMO movement grew in strength, FRELIMO and RENAMO began clashing directly in what would quickly turn into the deadly
710:
526:
3020:"Mediators of Liberation: Eastern-Bloc Officials, Mozambican Diplomacy and the Origins of Soviet Support for Frelimo, 1958â1965"
4258:
4001:
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3339:
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The early years of the party, during which its Marxist direction evolved, were times of internal turmoil. Mondlane, along with
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1007:
911:
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502:
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Its members' practical experiences in the liberated zones resulted in the FRELIMO leadership increasingly moving towards a
4009:
3837:
3634:
3355:
3151:, "The Social Origins of Good and Bad Governance: Re-interpreting the 1968 Schism in Frelimo" in Eric Morier-Genoud (ed.)
2878:
1204:
853:
161:
3158:
Morier-Genoud, Eric, âMozambique since 1989: Shaping democracy after Socialismâ in A.R.Mustapha & L.Whitfield (eds),
2809:
826:
population. Natural disasters compounded the already devastating situation, with large scale floods in some regions from
814:
Despite the difficult situation and economic chaos the Mozambican economy grew appreciably from the period of 1977â1983.
587:, who was elected president of the newly formed organization, FRELIMO settled its headquarters in 1963 in Dar es Salaam.
465:
the previous year. FRELIMO formally became a political party during its 3rd Party Congress in February 1977, and adopted
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197:
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held on 1â2 December 2004. As expected given FRELIMO's majority status, he won, gaining about 60% of the vote. At the
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992:
568:
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4134:
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514:
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NĂłs, a FRELIMO, Partido de moçambicanos e para moçambicanos, guiamo-nos pelos princĂpios do socialismo democrĂĄtico
1011:
996:
548:
After World War II, while many European nations were granting independence to their colonies, Portugal, under the
4169:
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3461:
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1987 Soviet stamps commemorating 25 years since the founding of FRELIMO and 10 years of USSR-Mozambique relations
2984:[We, FRELIMO, Party of Mozambicans and for Mozambicans, are guided by the principles of democratic socialism
910:
from positions of power and influence within the party. Additionally FRELIMO begun to revise the history of the
4015:
1033:
1003:
870:
324:
3997:
4184:
3786:
3745:
3207:
2867:
Bauer, âThe Fast Track to Parliament: Comparing Electoral Gender Quotas in Eastern and Southern Africa,â 15.
1971:
1132:
1125:
1086:
954:
457:, and received military and economic assistance from both. Independence was achieved in June 1975 after the
385:
268:
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assumed the duties of President of FRELIMO and President of Mozambique until a successor could be elected.
4083:
3378:
3179:
Sumich, Jason, "The Party and the State: Frelimo and Social Stratification in Post-socialist Mozambique",
3071:
2187:
Samora Machel as quoted in Stephanie Urdang, The Last Transition? Women and Development in Mozambique, 90.
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694:
675:
553:
549:
375:
338:
1135:
of the same date, the party won 62.0% of the popular vote and 160 of 250 seats in the national assembly.
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was adopted as the official ideology of FRELIMO while talks continued with RENAMO to broker a ceasefire.
725:
countries. Marcelino dos Santos became vice-president of FRELIMO and the central committee was expanded.
3543:
2390:
2215:
Unknown Author, "Mozambique Radio Seized by ExâPortuguese Soldiers" The New York Times, 7 September 1974
889:
518:
302:
2330:
Madeley, R.; Jelley, D.; O'Keefe, P. (August 1984). "The Advent of Primary Health Care in Mozambique".
2291:
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in 1990, which ended one-party rule and established a multi-party system. FRELIMO has since become the
466:
220:
1923:[Militant trajectories: from Brazil to Mozambique in the networks of the international left].
783:(RENAMO) was beginning its first strikes against key government infrastructure with the assistance of
3685:
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857:
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770:
754:
734:
690:
683:
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495:
458:
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235:
205:
3165:
Opello, Walter C. "Pluralism and elite conflict in an independence movement: FRELIMO in the 1960s",
1022:
742:
3473:
2522:
409:
404:
225:
2070:
903:
899:
449:. During its anti-colonial struggle, FRELIMO managed to maintain friendly relations with both the
3852:
3389:
3049:
2670:
2662:
2534:
2467:
2407:
2027:
1110:
918:
599:, were sympathetic to the Mozambican nationalist groups. Convinced by recent events, such as the
491:
442:
250:
245:
717:. The new government first received diplomatic recognition, economic and military support from
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17:
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230:
92:
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48:
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1694:
1383:
1269:
1244:
1121:
957:, despite not being a former British colony, for its role in ensuring the independence of
702:
2388:
Deo, Nandini (2012). "Women's Activism and feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua".
845:
168:
3143:
The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique
759:
674:
In 1970 the guerrilla movement suffered heavy losses as Portugal launched its ambitious
2362:
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1192:
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709:
principles, with Samora Machel re-elected as President of FRELIMO and subsequently the
600:
596:
499:
2781:
4217:
4120:
3860:
3053:
2905:
2695:
Munslow, Barry (1990). "Marxism-Leninism in reverse, the Fifth Congress of FRELIMO".
2674:
2606:
Dez meses depois do PRE, Ă© encorajador crescimento atingido, considera Ministro Osman
2411:
2318:
O Partido e as Classes Trabalhadoras Moçambicanas na Edificação da Democracia Popular
1881:
Also translated as the Mozambican Liberation Front or Liberation Front of Mozambique.
1532:
1232:
1047:
950:
849:
651:
564:
143:
97:
2757:
Dinerman, Alice (September 2007). "Independence redux in postsocialist Mozambique".
2132:
Cabrita, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 116.
1921:"Trajetórias militantes: do Brasil a Moçambique nas redes da esquerda internacional"
1920:
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730:
660:
607:
588:
510:
483:
450:
69:
64:
3521:
3037:
3199:
2482:
Roesch, Otto (1988). "Rural Mozambique since the Frelimo Party Fourth Congress".
2465:
Kamm, Henry (18 November 1984). "Deadly Famine in Mozambique called Inevitable".
2403:
1967:
4194:
4073:
3974:
3172:
Simpson, Mark, "Foreign and Domestic Factors in the Transformation of Frelimo",
3084:
FRELIMO. Departamento de Informação e Propaganda, Mozambique revolution, Page 10
1184:
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981:
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583:(UNAMI) merged into one broad-based guerrilla movement. Under the leadership of
505:
or RENAMO. RENAMO received support from the then white minority governments of
3719:
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2910:
2706:
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2497:
635:
571:, on 25 June 1962, when three regionally based nationalist organizations: the
431:
156:
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2844:
2817:
2658:
1946:
1937:
4179:
2722:"The Political-Ideological Path of FRELIMO in Mozambique, from 1962 to 2012"
2551:
Bob and Amy Coen, "Mozambique: The Struggle for Survival" Video Africa, 1987
784:
706:
557:
215:
2343:
932:
The civil war conflict continued under a lessened pace until 1992 when the
914:
to distort it to suit FRELIMO's new, contradictory pro-capitalist beliefs.
606:
During the ensuing war of independence, FRELIMO received support from the
441:
Founded in 1962, FRELIMO began as a nationalist movement fighting for the
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1188:
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958:
788:
506:
435:
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3504:
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2771:"Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique"], Assembleia Popular, 1990
1284:, politician, elected to Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique in 2009
1180:
1156:
631:
2666:
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2538:
1925:
Etnogråfica. Revista do Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia
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and other Portuguese possessions were overseas territories of the
486:
of Mozambique since then, initially as the sole legal party in a
3903:
3829:
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3624:
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3145:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press Of Virginia, 2000.
2067:
Women's Activism and Feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua
1200:
718:
634:
policy. FRELIMO came to regard economic exploitation by Western
3547:
3393:
3219:
3209:
Final Report of the European Union Election Observation Mission
3153:
Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
3136:
Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
2635:"Foreign and Domestic Factors in the Transformation of Frelimo"
2883:
975:
917:
In 1990 a revised constitution was adopted which introduced a
291:
2511:
Bowen, Merle L. (1989). "Peasant Agriculture in Mozambique".
181:
Association of Combatants of the National Liberation Struggle
3530:
3429:
3194:
1287:
Sharfudine Khan, Ambassador of Mozambique (After Liberation)
358:
4204:
An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
4201:
Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
3868:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
2906:"Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments"
1090:
A section of the crowd at its final campaign rally for the
2442:
Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa
434:. It has governed the country since its independence from
2153:
Cabrita, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy, 116.
521:
in Mozambique and has won a majority of the seats in the
2361:. Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series.
490:
and later as the democratically elected government in a
2960:[Party program approved by the 10th congress].
2205:] (in Portuguese). Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique.
2618:
Directivas EconĂłmicas e Sociais da 5 Congresso FRELIMO
2428:
Directivas EconĂłmicas e Sociais da 4 Congresso FRELIMO
2359:
The Human Resources for Health Situation in Mozambique
3574:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
3100:
Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900â1982
2879:"Mozambique's New Parliament Faces 'Political Crisis"
1147:
FRELIMO has received support from the governments of
1120:
In 2002, during its 8th Congress, the party selected
4031:
Movement for the Liberation of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2252:
Literacy in Mozambique: education for all challenges
867:
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO
767:
Mozambique's national anthem from 1975 to 1992 was "
4142:
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Comissão de Implementação dos Conselhos de Produção
1968:"Election of FRELIMO Candidate Goes Into the Night"
1902:"Guerra entre camaradas da Frelimo chega à Justiça"
1278:, Chairman of Frelimo Youth Organization since 2010
1102:FRELIMO's Secretary for Administration and Finance
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2591:"Moderate Marxist Succeeds Machel in Mozambique".
1996:. sundayworld.co.za. 29 April 2014. Archived from
2964:(in European Portuguese). FRELIMO. Archived from
2284:"Historical context: War and Peace in Mozambique"
2022:Abegunrin, Olayiwola; Manyeruke, Charity (2020).
885:Movement towards democratic socialism (1989â2000)
3727:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
2423:
2421:
2375:
2141:
2040:
768:
581:National African Union of Independent Mozambique
474:
2958:"Programa do Partido aprovado pelo 10 congreso"
2563:Carlos Cardoso: Telling the Truth in Mozambique
1994:"Dar-es-Salaam once a home for revolutionaries"
3625:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
3421:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
3162:(Oxford: James Currey, 2009), pp. 153â166
279:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
3559:
3405:
3231:
3183:Volume 41, no. 4, July 2010, pp. 679â698
3068:Southern Africa: The Escalation of a Conflict
8:
4274:1962 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
2320:Documentos do III Congresso da FRELIMO, 1977
2307:Documentos do III Congresso da FRELIMO, 1977
2100:. C Hurst & Co Publishers. p. 546.
1919:Azevedo, Desirée de Lemos (1 October 2012).
3335:Party for Peace, Democracy, and Development
3201:Special Report on Mozambique 2004 Elections
3098:Isaacman, Allen; Isaacman, Barbara (1983).
2804:
2802:
2024:China's Power in Africa: A New Global Order
2017:
2015:
1010:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3969:
3773:
3681:
3585:
3581:
3566:
3552:
3544:
3412:
3398:
3390:
3238:
3224:
3216:
3109:Mozambique: The Revolution and its Origins
3001:"Wiariamu e as ajudas da Suécia à FRELIMO"
2628:
2626:
1227:Mozambican presidents representing FRELIMO
47:
31:
3176:, Volume 31, no.02, June 1993, pp 309â337
1936:
1074:Learn how and when to remove this message
830:in 1984, followed by extensive droughts.
3596:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
2227:Mozambique: A Tortuous Road to Democracy
1497:
1300:
763:FRELIMO 3rd Party Congress poster (1977)
3707:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
2120:
2083:
2052:
1893:
1874:
1272:, Frelimo MP, sociologist and professor
693:" in Portugal overthrew the Portuguese
577:National Democratic Union of Mozambique
3942:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
2833:Women and Power in Postconflict Africa
2720:SimÔes Reis, Guilherme (8 July 2012).
525:in every election since the country's
4047:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
3641:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
3018:Telepneva, Natalia (2 January 2017).
2639:The Journal of Modern African Studies
898:removal of hardline Marxists such as
682:), which was masterminded by General
403:
27:Ruling party of Mozambique since 1977
7:
4066:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
2759:IPRI Revista RelaçÔes Internacionais
2620:, Colecção 5 Congresso FRELIMO, 1989
2580:. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
2430:, Colecção 4 Congresso FRELIMO, 1983
1008:adding citations to reliable sources
953:. Mozambique became a member of the
445:and independence of Mozambique from
4239:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
4099:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3927:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
3167:Journal of Southern African Studies
3160:Turning Points in African Democracy
3025:Journal of Southern African Studies
2514:Canadian Journal of African Studies
2485:Review of African Political Economy
1247:: 2 February 2005 â 15 January 2015
1241:: 6 November 1986 â 2 February 2005
749:MarxistâLeninist period (1975â1989)
417:
4264:1960s establishments in Mozambique
4150:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
4113:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
3892:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
3352:Mozambique Social Broadening Party
3300:Independent Alliance of Mozambique
2937:Women in International Parliaments
802:FRELIMO transformed itself into a
527:first multi-party election in 1994
421: Mozambique Liberation Front
414:Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
25:
3802:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
3174:Journal of Modern African Studies
2877:Powell, Anita (12 January 2015).
573:Mozambican African National Union
3912:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
3887:Hungarian Working People's Party
3816:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3247:
2165:Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots?
1908:(in Portuguese). 15 August 2023.
1842:
1835:
1834:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1480:
1454:
1423:
1397:
1366:
1340:
1235:: 25 June 1975 â 19 October 1986
1113:in Moscow, Russia, 26 April 2023
980:
4249:Political parties in Mozambique
3348:Independent Party of Mozambique
3340:Party of Freedom and Solidarity
3305:Mozambican Nationalist Movement
3254:Political parties in Mozambique
2357:Ferrinho, P.; Omar, C. (2006).
2305:Directivas EconĂłmicas e Sociais
923:People's Republic of Mozambique
715:People's Republic of Mozambique
663:was re-elected vice-president.
538:War of independence (1964â1974)
1863:African independence movements
1843:
1804:
1760:
1721:
1677:
1638:
1599:
912:Mozambican War of Independence
795:which did not end until 1992.
591:was its first vice-president.
544:Mozambican War of Independence
503:Mozambican National Resistance
498:from 1976 to 1992 against the
18:Liberation Front of Mozambique
1:
4269:1962 establishments in Africa
4234:National liberation movements
4062:Supreme Revolutionary Council
3356:Party of Greens of Mozambique
3344:National Reconciliation Party
3038:10.1080/03057070.2017.1265314
2786:Mozambique | Communist Crimes
2199:Unidade, Trabalho, VigilĂąncia
469:as its official ideology and
173:Mozambican Women Organisation
162:Mozambican Youth Organisation
4244:Parties of one-party systems
4002:Polish United Workers' Party
3692:Communist Party of Kampuchea
3325:People's Party of Mozambique
2698:Journal of Communist Studies
2404:10.1080/07393148.2012.646026
2376:Isaacman & Isaacman 1983
2167:. James Currey. p. 12.
2142:Isaacman & Isaacman 1983
2041:Isaacman & Isaacman 1983
2731:. p. 9. Archived from
2608:, NotĂcias, 14 October 1987
1253:: 15 January 2015 â present
4290:
4229:National liberation armies
4135:Communist Party of Vietnam
3838:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
3669:African Independence Party
3610:Party of Labour of Albania
3330:United Front of Mozambique
2837:Cambridge University Press
2814:African elections database
1108:Chairman of the State Duma
934:Rome General Peace Accords
752:
541:
4170:List of communist parties
4165:
4080:National Liberation Front
3762:Congolese Party of Labour
3655:Bulgarian Communist Party
3579:
3528:
3438:
3427:
3374:List of political parties
3364:
3320:Front of Patriotic Action
3310:National Convention Party
3169:, Volume 2, Issue 1, 1975
2831:Tripp, Aili Mari (2015).
2810:"Elections in Mozambique"
2707:10.1080/13523279008415011
2651:10.1017/S0022278X00011952
2498:10.1080/03056248808703764
2203:Unity, Work, Surveillance
2065:Disney, Jennifer (2008).
1850:Supermajority government
1776:
1767:Supermajority government
1693:
1573:
1439:
1382:
1325:
1124:as its candidate for the
776:
513:. FRELIMO approved a new
401:Portuguese pronunciation:
371:
356:
265:International affiliation
46:
4254:Separatism in Mozambique
4016:Romanian Communist Party
2845:10.1017/CBO9781316336014
2250:Mouzinho, Mario (2006).
1938:10.4000/etnografica.2085
871:Joaquim Alberto Chissano
552:regime, maintained that
523:Assembly of the Republic
479:) as its official name.
447:Portuguese colonial rule
311:Assembly of the Republic
39:
3983:Workers' Party of Korea
3787:Communist Party of Cuba
3746:Chinese Communist Party
3181:Development and Change,
3107:Munslow, Barry (1983).
2576:Christie, Iain (1988).
2440:Hanlon, Joseph (1986).
2229:. New York: Macmillan.
2197:Machel, Samora (1974).
2163:Hanlon, Joseph (1991).
2098:A History of Mozambique
1258:Other prominent members
955:Commonwealth of Nations
563:FRELIMO was founded in
303:Unity, Criticism, Unity
269:Socialist International
246:Political position
4259:Separatism in Portugal
4084:Yemeni Socialist Party
3535:
3434:
3379:Politics of Mozambique
3155:(Leiden: Brill, 2012).
3138:(Leiden: Brill, 2012).
3072:University of Michigan
2933:"World Classification"
2633:Simpson, Mark (1993).
2565:. Double Storey Books.
2288:Conciliation Resources
2096:Newitt, Malyn (1994).
1972:Mozambique News Agency
1297:Presidential elections
1114:
1095:
927:Republic of Mozambique
894:
893:Former flag of FRELIMO
861:
828:Tropical Storm Domoina
822:
769:
764:
701:FRELIMO established a
676:Gordian Knot Operation
475:
413:
376:Politics of Mozambique
339:Pan-African Parliament
110:25 June 1962
4024:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3998:Polish Workers' Party
3534:
3433:
3195:FRELIMO official site
3005:Moçambique para todos
2561:Fauvet, Paul (2003).
2391:New Political Science
1126:presidential election
1101:
1089:
966:1999 general election
925:being renamed to the
892:
844:
820:
762:
515:national constitution
482:FRELIMO has been the
3315:National Unity Party
2578:Machel of Mozambique
2523:Taylor & Francis
2294:on 18 December 2022.
2225:Cabrita, J. (2001).
1811:Majority government
1728:Majority government
1684:Majority government
1645:Majority government
1004:improve this section
908:Marcelino dos Santos
879:democratic socialism
793:Mozambican Civil War
771:Viva, Viva a FRELIMO
755:Mozambican Civil War
691:Carnation Revolution
648:Marcelino dos Santos
496:protracted civil war
459:Carnation Revolution
425:democratic socialist
236:Socialist patriotism
206:Democratic socialism
3074:. 1976. p. 99.
2968:on 28 December 2021
777:"Long Live FRELIMO"
733:, his wife Celina,
579:(UDENAMO), and the
494:. FRELIMO fought a
275:African affiliation
226:African nationalism
3853:New Jewel Movement
3536:
3435:
3149:Derluguian, Georgi
2962:www.frelimo.org.mz
2595:. 3 November 1986.
2468:The New York Times
2028:Palgrave Macmillan
1494:Assembly elections
1266:, justice minister
1264:José Ibraimo Abudo
1115:
1111:Vyacheslav Volodin
1096:
919:multi-party system
895:
862:
854:Romanian Communist
823:
765:
680:Operação Nó Górdio
492:multi-party system
443:self-determination
405:[fÉŸÉËlimu]
81:Roque Silva Samuel
4211:
4210:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
3966:
3965:
3770:
3769:
3714:
3713:
3541:
3540:
3387:
3386:
3102:. Westview Press.
2236:978-0-333-92001-5
2030:. pp. 86â88.
1927:(in Portuguese).
1854:
1853:
1606:Sole legal party
1564:Sole legal party
1491:
1490:
1292:Electoral history
1084:
1083:
1076:
1058:
858:Nicolae CeauĆescu
739:Lazaro Nkavandame
684:KaĂșlza de Arriaga
394:
393:
381:Political parties
77:Secretary-General
16:(Redirected from
4281:
4033:
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3870:
3774:
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3682:
3586:
3582:
3568:
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3507:
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3472:
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3459:
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3447:
3432:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3204:, Carter Center]
3122:
3103:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3015:
3009:
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2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:. Archived from
2806:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2593:Associated Press
2588:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2444:. James Currey.
2437:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:. Archived from
2282:Rupiya, Martin.
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2069:. Philadelphia:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:Voice of America
1898:
1882:
1879:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1575:Joaquim Chissano
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1498:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1327:Joaquim Chissano
1307:Party candidate
1301:
1282:Isabel Nkavadeka
1239:Joaquim Chissano
1079:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1016:
984:
976:
804:Marxist-Leninist
778:
774:
689:The April 1974 "
656:Joaquim Chissano
585:Eduardo Mondlane
488:one-party system
478:
467:MarxismâLeninism
422:
419:
407:
402:
367:
364:
362:
360:
346:
332:
318:
290:
231:Left-nationalism
221:MarxismâLeninism
189:
117:
115:
93:Eduardo Mondlane
78:
51:
32:
21:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4161:
4152:
4138:
4124:
4115:
4101:
4087:
4068:
4050:
4035:
4029:
4018:
4004:
3986:
3962:
3945:
3930:
3915:
3897:
3896:
3872:
3866:
3855:
3841:
3818:
3804:
3790:
3766:
3749:
3731:
3725:
3710:
3705:
3694:
3671:
3657:
3643:
3629:
3612:
3598:
3575:
3572:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3388:
3383:
3369:Portal:Politics
3360:
3288:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3191:
3186:
3130:
3128:Further reading
3125:
3119:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2839:. p. 198.
2830:
2829:
2825:
2820:on 24 May 2024.
2808:
2807:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2738:on 3 March 2016
2735:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2419:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2332:World Hospitals
2329:
2328:
2324:
2316:Samora Machel,
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2003:
2001:
2000:on 26 June 2017
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1859:
1831:
1828:
1792:
1789:
1748:
1745:
1709:
1706:
1695:Armando Guebuza
1665:
1662:
1626:
1623:
1587:
1584:
1545:
1542:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1459:
1455:
1428:
1424:
1402:
1398:
1384:Armando Guebuza
1371:
1367:
1345:
1341:
1299:
1294:
1270:Isabel Casimiro
1260:
1245:Armando Guebuza
1229:
1145:
1143:Foreign support
1122:Armando Guebuza
1080:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1017:
1015:
1001:
985:
974:
887:
757:
751:
711:First President
703:one-party state
546:
540:
535:
476:Partido FRELIMO
428:political party
420:
400:
390:
357:
347:
344:
333:
330:
319:
316:
288:
257:
253:
240:
187:
178:Veterans' group
147:
113:
111:
102:
76:
42:
41:
40:Partido FRELIMO
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3828:
3826:
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3806:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3796:Czechoslovakia
3792:
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3759:
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3307:
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3274:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3189:External links
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3141:Bowen, Merle.
3139:
3131:
3129:
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3124:
3123:
3118:978-0582643925
3117:
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3094:
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2531:10.2307/485183
2503:
2474:
2457:
2451:978-0852553053
2450:
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2380:
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2363:The World Bank
2349:
2322:
2309:
2297:
2274:
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2235:
2217:
2208:
2189:
2180:
2174:978-0852553466
2173:
2155:
2146:
2144:, p. 107.
2134:
2125:
2123:, p. 106.
2113:
2107:978-1850651727
2106:
2088:
2086:, p. 134.
2076:
2057:
2055:, p. 122.
2045:
2033:
2011:
1985:
1974:. 1 March 2014
1959:
1931:(3): 461â486.
1911:
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1276:Basilio Muhate
1273:
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1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1217:SFR Yugoslavia
1193:Czechoslovakia
1144:
1141:
1104:Esperança Bias
1082:
1081:
988:
986:
979:
973:
970:
947:United Kingdom
886:
883:
860:, Maputo, 1979
753:Main article:
750:
747:
743:Adelino Gwambe
723:Socialist Bloc
601:Mueda massacre
597:Julius Nyerere
542:Main article:
539:
536:
534:
531:
519:dominant party
500:anti-communist
392:
391:
389:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
354:
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348:
343:
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175:
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151:(1975âpresent)
141:
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123:
122:Merger of
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
101:
100:
95:
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26:
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3:
2:
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4122:
4121:North Vietnam
4118:
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4110:
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4100:
4096:
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3893:
3890:
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3869:
3864:
3862:
3861:Guinea-Bissau
3858:
3854:
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3817:
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3318:
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2907:
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2864:
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2856:
2854:9781316336014
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2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2492:(41): 73â91.
2491:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2436:
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2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2378:, p. 93.
2377:
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2326:
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2143:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:. p. 49.
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:, p. 91.
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1878:
1875:
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1864:
1861:
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1856:
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1823:
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1794:
1787:
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1597:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1533:Samora Machel
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:Party leader
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1450:
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1422:
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1413:
1411:
1408:
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1387:
1385:
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1365:
1362:
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1354:
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1339:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:Samora Machel
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1092:2014 election
1088:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025: â
1024:
1020:
1019:Find sources:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:
994:
989:This section
987:
983:
978:
977:
971:
969:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
951:United States
948:
942:
938:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
891:
884:
882:
880:
875:
872:
868:
859:
855:
851:
850:Samora Machel
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
819:
815:
812:
808:
805:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
780:
773:
772:
761:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
664:
662:
657:
653:
652:Samora Machel
649:
644:
640:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Dar es Salaam
561:
559:
555:
551:
545:
537:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
477:
472:
471:FRELIMO Party
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
426:
415:
411:
406:
398:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
366:
355:
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336:
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322:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
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283:
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199:
195:
191:
184:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
154:
150:
145:
144:Dar es Salaam
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
109:
105:
99:
98:Samora Machel
96:
94:
91:
90:
88:
84:
80:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:FRELIMO Party
33:
30:
19:
4190:Eastern Bloc
4133:
4125:
4093:Soviet Union
3981:
3973:
3957:
3956:
3910:
3902:
3810:East Germany
3785:
3777:
3760:
3744:
3736:
3663:Burkina Faso
3623:
3485:
3270:
3208:
3200:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3142:
3135:
3108:
3099:
3091:Bibliography
3080:
3067:
3062:
3032:(1): 67â81.
3029:
3023:
3013:
3004:
2999:Rui Mateus.
2994:
2977:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2961:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2909:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2882:
2872:
2863:
2832:
2826:
2818:the original
2813:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:
2782:"Mozambique"
2776:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2733:the original
2728:
2715:
2696:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2642:
2638:
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2613:
2605:
2601:
2586:
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2556:
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2518:
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2352:
2338:(3): 13â17.
2335:
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2317:
2312:
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2292:the original
2287:
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2220:
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2198:
2192:
2183:
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2158:
2149:
2137:
2128:
2121:Munslow 1983
2116:
2097:
2091:
2084:Munslow 1983
2079:
2071:Temple Press
2066:
2060:
2053:Munslow 1983
2048:
2036:
2023:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1928:
1924:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1877:
1778:Filipe Nyusi
1477:
1451:
1441:Filipe Nyusi
1420:
1394:
1363:
1337:
1251:Filipe Nyusi
1209:Soviet Union
1153:South Africa
1146:
1137:
1119:
1116:
1070:
1061:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1018:
1002:Please help
990:
972:21st century
963:
943:
939:
931:
916:
904:Jorge Rebelo
900:Sergio Viera
896:
876:
863:
836:
832:
824:
813:
809:
801:
797:
781:
775:" (English:
766:
735:Paulo Gumane
731:Uria Simango
727:
700:
688:
679:
673:
669:
665:
661:Uria Simango
645:
641:
629:
625:
621:
616:Scandinavian
608:Soviet Union
605:
593:
589:Uria Simango
562:
547:
511:South Africa
484:ruling party
481:
470:
451:Soviet Union
440:
396:
395:
254:
210:
169:Women's wing
140:Headquarters
70:Filipe Nyusi
56:Abbreviation
29:
4195:Warsaw Pact
4074:South Yemen
3975:North Korea
3590:Afghanistan
3111:. Longman.
2525:: 355â379.
1185:Netherlands
1130:legislative
695:Estado Novo
550:Estado Novo
255:Historical:
211:Historical:
186:Membership
146:(1962â1975)
4218:Categories
4144:Yugoslavia
4041:Seychelles
3951:Mozambique
3921:Madagascar
3720:Cape Verde
2911:World Bank
2791:29 October
2742:16 October
2645:(2): 310.
2398:(1): 140.
1889:References
1821:4,323,298
1782:2,575,995
1738:2,907,335
1699:1,889,054
1655:2,005,713
1616:2,115,793
1471:4,639,172
1445:2,778,497
1414:2,974,627
1388:2,004,226
1357:2,338,333
1331:2,633,740
1064:April 2022
1034:newspapers
569:Tanganyika
554:Mozambique
432:Mozambique
410:Portuguese
157:Youth wing
114:1962-06-25
4185:Comintern
4180:Cominform
3054:151927659
3046:0305-7070
2675:153449070
2659:0022-278X
2412:144995760
2268:Various,
1952:13 August
1947:0873-6561
1829:184 / 250
1790:144 / 250
1746:191 / 250
1707:160 / 250
1663:133 / 250
1624:129 / 250
1585:249 / 259
1543:210 / 210
1519:Position
1501:Election
1304:Election
1133:elections
1023:"FRELIMO"
991:does not
961:in 1980.
785:Ian Smith
707:socialist
705:based on
558:metropole
438:in 1975.
386:Elections
317:184 / 250
251:Left-wing
216:Communism
192:4,000,000
3936:Mongolia
3824:Ethiopia
3677:Cambodia
3649:Bulgaria
3262:Assembly
2988:...]
2972:12 March
2942:15 April
2917:15 April
2890:16 April
2729:ipsa.org
2680:12 March
2344:10268477
1857:See also
1189:Bulgaria
1149:Tanzania
959:Zimbabwe
852:hosting
789:Rhodesia
721:and the
575:(MANU),
507:Rhodesia
436:Portugal
361:.frelimo
259:Far-left
198:Ideology
86:Founders
4224:FRELIMO
4175:Comecon
4127:Vietnam
4056:Somalia
4010:Romania
3958:FRELIMO
3878:Hungary
3847:Grenada
3604:Albania
3522:ZANUâPF
3486:FRELIMO
3271:FRELIMO
2004:23 June
1522:Result
1478:Elected
1474:73.46%
1452:Elected
1448:57.03%
1421:Elected
1417:75.01%
1395:Elected
1391:63.74%
1364:Elected
1360:52.29%
1338:Elected
1334:53.30%
1316:Result
1221:Somalia
1181:Denmark
1157:Algeria
1048:scholar
1012:removed
997:sources
964:In the
856:leader
713:of the
636:capital
632:Marxist
533:History
423:) is a
418:transl.
408:; from
397:FRELIMO
352:Website
325:SADC PF
285:Colours
130:UDENAMO
112: (
107:Founded
59:FRELIMO
3992:Poland
3618:Angola
3293:Others
3277:RENAMO
3212:, 2004
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3052:
3044:
2986:
2980:
2851:
2673:
2667:161007
2665:
2657:
2539:485183
2537:
2448:
2410:
2342:
2256:UNESCO
2233:
2171:
2104:
1978:9 June
1945:
1824:71.3%
1785:55.9%
1741:74.7%
1702:62.0%
1658:48.5%
1619:44.3%
1513:Seats
1507:Votes
1310:Votes
1207:, the
1197:Poland
1183:, the
1177:Norway
1173:Sweden
1165:Zambia
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1043:
1036:
1029:
1021:
614:, the
463:Lisbon
298:Slogan
289:
188:(2023)
149:Maputo
65:Leader
3834:COPWE
3755:Congo
3738:China
3635:Benin
3510:SWAPO
3273:(144)
3264:(250)
3050:S2CID
2761:(15).
2736:(PDF)
2725:(PDF)
2671:S2CID
2663:JSTOR
2535:JSTOR
2521:(3).
2408:S2CID
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1869:Notes
1213:Egypt
1205:China
1169:Libya
1161:Ghana
1106:with
1055:JSTOR
1041:books
846:Graça
612:China
455:China
345:0 / 5
331:0 / 5
134:UNAMI
4107:Tuva
3904:Laos
3830:Derg
3779:Cuba
3498:MPLA
3285:(17)
3279:(89)
3113:ISBN
3042:ISSN
2974:2021
2944:2017
2919:2017
2892:2017
2849:ISBN
2793:2020
2744:2014
2682:2021
2655:ISSN
2446:ISBN
2340:PMID
2272:1977
2231:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2006:2014
1980:2014
1954:2021
1943:ISSN
1847:1st
1817:2019
1808:1st
1773:2014
1764:1st
1734:2009
1725:1st
1690:2004
1681:1st
1651:1999
1642:1st
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1612:1994
1603:1st
1570:1986
1561:1st
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1528:1977
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1467:2019
1436:2014
1410:2009
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1201:Cuba
1027:news
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993:cite
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906:and
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509:and
453:and
363:.org
132:and
126:MANU
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2884:VOA
2841:doi
2703:doi
2647:doi
2527:doi
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2400:doi
1933:doi
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