732:
656:(the Shah's secret police force, allegedly responsible for executing, imprisoning and torturing tens of thousands of political inmates) and the stifling police state atmosphere discouraged any sort of major activity inside Iran. Until the mid-1970s, those Iranians who had actively opposed the Shah had been mainly of left-wing or liberal background, with the former dominating by far. But beginning in that decade, thanks partly to the FMI, the religious elements (including the mullahs) began to dominate the movement. They were able to do this because the Islamic movement had a network of over 9,000 mosques, 180,000 mullahs and millions of pious followers in Iran and it could freely operate, unlike the left-wing elements who were mercilessly crushed by SAVAK, the police and the government's military apparatus. In January 1978, the pro-government newspaper
636:, a radical cleric who had been making inflammatory statements concerning the government of the Shah and his allegedly anti-Islamic policies. Faced with this, the government sent in the army infantry and tanks to crush the riots, which resulted in at least hundreds (some believe thousands) of deaths. Because the FMI had supported the uprising, their group was singled out for harassment and made to disappear by the mid-1960s. But, in 1964, the FMI (along with other parties) helped to form (with Mossadegh's blessings) the Third National Front which, like the FMI, took a more active and radical stance toward the Shah's government compared to that of the more cautious Second National Front. By 1965, all legal forms of dissidence had been done away with, leaving armed violence as the only means of inflicting some sort of damage on the government.
579:
2266:
36:
692:
2899:
2252:
724:). This period expressed the height of the LMI's influence over Iranian politics, but it was not to last. By Aug. 1979, the new government was clamping down on dissent, outlawing nearly all political parties and instituting a campaign of terror against its critics. The Bazargan cabinet resigned en masse on 5 November 1979, and thus, ended the
731:
785:
took over as leader of the organization, which held until his death in 2017. The group continued to exist as a tolerated party until the government cracked down on it in the year 2000, arresting and placing on trial dozens of activists belonging to the group, making the party non-operational. Since
769:
The
Islamic government (led by Ayatollah Khomeini) crushed all dissent in the country so that the oppositionists, both real and potential, either fled abroad or were murdered or imprisoned. But the LMI continued to exist as a barely tolerated force in the Majlis, where it called for an early end to
628:
National Front. This new group quickly gained a large following exceeding that of their rival and its leaders advocated civil disobedience such as protests, sit-ins and strikes as a way of pressuring the Shah to reinstitute democratic rule. But, after a brief period of reform under Prime
Minister
602:
as the dominant force in
Iranian politics. The newly installed government quickly rounded up Mossadegh's closest supporters, outlawing freedom of expression and cracking down on free political activity. Mossadegh himself was placed before a military court and sentenced to three years in prison. A
627:
In 1960, the Second
National Front was formed, which mostly involved figures from the early 1950s during Mossadegh's time in office. However, in 1961, Mehdi Bazargan, Mahmud Taleghani, Yadollah Sahabi (all prominent liberals) broke away to form a more religious (and radical) counterpart to the
707:
in which allegedly more than 98% voted for this system. The
Provisional Government took office on 12 February, right after the former government fell, but it quickly became apparent that this government lacked any real power, which was instead concentrated in the
674:
and other major cities. By the end of 1978, the government of the Shah (once touted as possessing the fifth largest military force on Earth) had all but collapsed under the weight of massive uprisings and workers' strikes. In response to the Shah's appointment of
146:
2291:
611:(the umbrella group for Mossadegh's supporters) was constituted mainly of religious laymen, which differentiated it from the secular members of the banned National Front, including Mossadegh himself. The NRM campaigned for the 1954
540:, while that political activity should be guided by religious values. FMI based on a moderate interpretation of Islam. It rejects both royal and clerical dictatorship in favor of political and economic liberalism.
2486:
Organisational Change in
Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat)
2279:
679:
as prime minister, Khomeini appointed Mehdi
Bazargan as head of the provisional government (which was not yet in power). On 11 February 1979, the government fell and what became known as the
2954:
359:
3353:
716:(committees). The PG was composed mainly of elements from the FMI (including Bazargan, Taleghani, Sahabi, Yazdi, Nazih), but also included a few leaders of the National Front (
2887:
3253:
2316:
567:
3338:
3098:
3143:
3006:
3055:
3348:
3113:
704:
598:
from April 1951 to August 1953 (with a very brief interruption in July 1952). That coup brought down
Mossadegh and his colleagues from power and reinstalled the
3323:
3168:
3118:
3001:
619:(which also did not occur). Failing to achieve its aims and facing the power repressive apparatus of the Shah's regime, the group disbanded in the mid-1950s.
544:
3013:
3328:
3083:
3318:
2996:
2969:
53:
3123:
3108:
3103:
2880:
662:
published an article accusing
Khomeini of being, among other things, a reactionary and British agent. This led to an uprising in the holy city of
2865:
3060:
3033:
529:
2451:
3343:
3313:
3180:
2661:
2297:
604:
2947:
2690:
632:, the government cracked down on dissent. In June 1963, a massive uprising occurred in five Iranian cities over the arrest of Ayatollah
543:
Despite being outlawed by the prevailing government in Iran, the group continues to exist. The organization accepts to comply with the
100:
3210:
2873:
2589:
2400:
548:
72:
3358:
2903:
2432:
453:
119:
2773:
3333:
3277:
3190:
3138:
3093:
3088:
3038:
79:
3284:
3153:
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2640:
2522:
2371:
2346:
537:
57:
587:
3291:
3128:
3043:
2310:
735:
709:
533:
431:
86:
3248:
3018:
2979:
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2942:
763:
552:
370:
501:
political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and
3236:
3195:
2984:
2974:
68:
3148:
743:
725:
696:
603:
group of low-ranking leaders from the
Mossadegh era quickly formed an underground organization calling itself the
46:
345:
3175:
2919:
2541:
Mohammad Ali Kadivar (2013), "Alliances and Perception Profiles in the Iranian Reform Movement, 1997 to 2005",
680:
560:
2427:, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 80–82,
2959:
2460:
616:
487:
3200:
3133:
595:
3226:
608:
513:
421:
331:
790:
as the president of Iran in 2013, FMI experienced a new era of political activity. On 27 August 2017,
93:
3263:
3185:
3158:
3023:
2929:
2339:
Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini
524:
advocating national sovereignty, freedom of political activity and expression, social justice under
755:
378:
245:
2755:
3075:
3048:
2826:
2818:
2558:
943:
599:
517:
505:". It is the oldest party still active in Iran and has been described as a "semi-opposition" or "
502:
388:
2669:
771:
607:(NRM). It is significant in the context of the FMI's history because this reincarnation of the
578:
3258:
3028:
2937:
2636:
2585:
2518:
2490:
2428:
2396:
2367:
2342:
977:
925:
874:
644:
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the FMI operated mostly outside in the country, mainly in the
633:
591:
458:
398:
393:
383:
240:
203:
158:
2694:
2914:
2810:
2550:
2514:
721:
676:
556:
506:
478:
448:
295:
17:
2455:
2271:
747:
352:
287:
279:
208:
168:
227:
2801:
Mark Gasiorowski (Autumn 2012), "US Intelligence Assistance to Iran, May–October 1979",
2989:
2392:
838:
775:
739:
521:
232:
198:
2265:
774:
in 1984 (the war had started in September 1980 when Iraqi forces, under the orders of
145:
3307:
2830:
2606:
2511:
Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953-2000: From Bāzargān to Soroush
961:
856:
794:
died due to cancer and Mohammad Tavassoli became the third secretary-general of FMI.
791:
787:
782:
759:
717:
645:
271:
2562:
2464:. Fasc. 2. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 157–172
3163:
2285:
751:
712:(which was dominated by hard-line religious fundamentalists) and the local Islamic
703:
The Islamic Republic of Iran was proclaimed on 1 April 1979 after the results of a
263:
178:
3065:
2257:
213:
35:
691:
3231:
3205:
2247:
2554:
2843:
2292:
Association for Defense of Freedom and the Sovereignty of the Iranian Nation
629:
498:
658:
2822:
2389:
Religion and Nation: Iranian Local and Transnational Networks in Britain
509:" party. It has also been described as a "religious nationalist party".
2732:
2709:
713:
551:. It had not been allowed to run in any election since 1980 (exempting
2452:"ISLAM IN IRAN xiii. ISLAMIC POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN 20TH CENTURY IRAN"
671:
667:
649:
612:
2814:
690:
653:
577:
559:
did not vet the candidates). It was also denied membership in the
525:
411:
2844:"فهرست اعضای بازداشت و زندانی شدهء نهضت آزادی ایران پس از انقلاب"
2484:
615:
to be free and fair (they were not) and attempted to restore the
2898:
2869:
2425:
Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic
2737:, vol. 7, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 17 August 2004
663:
29:
2691:"Liberation Movement of Iran – Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
2280:
Iranian Committee for the Defense of Freedom and Human Rights
802:
2582:
Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic
2955:
Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
2633:
Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years
2364:
Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years
520:. It then applied for the membership in the front with a
781:
In 20 Jan 1995, Bazargan died (of natural causes) and
2756:"Interview with Ibrahim Yazdi, Iran Freedom Movement"
492:
2607:"Iran bans opposition party in crackdown on dissent"
640:
Events leading to the Islamic Revolution (1965–1979)
3219:
3074:
2928:
2549:(6), American Sociological Association: 1063–1086,
586:The group originated in the early 1950s, after the
430:
417:
407:
369:
337:
327:
309:
184:
174:
164:
152:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2513:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 77.
2509:Jahanbakhsh, Forough (2001). "Opposition Groups".
2317:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran
568:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran
566:The organization's members have close ties to the
3099:Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers
623:Early 1960s: The creation of the Freedom Movement
3144:Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic
3007:Society of Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution
2580:Kazemzadeh, Masoud (2008). "Opposition Groups".
3114:Islamic Association of Iranian Medical Society
2714:, vol. 6, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3169:Islamic Iran Freedom and Justice Organization
3119:Islamic Association of University Instructors
3002:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
2881:
2631:Houchang Chehabi, Rula Jurdi Abisaab (2006).
2584:. Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. p. 367.
2362:Houchang Chehabi, Rula Jurdi Abisaab (2006).
8:
3056:Progress and Justice Society of Islamic Iran
545:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3354:Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
3124:Association of Followers of the Imam's Line
3014:Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists
3254:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists
3084:Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
2888:
2874:
2866:
131:
2997:Front of Transformationalist Principlists
2970:Islamic Association of Physicians of Iran
2445:
2443:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3339:National Front (Iran) affiliated parties
2483:Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012).
1005:
893:
806:
730:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2329:
687:Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)
528:, respect for Iran's constitution, the
259:
194:
2846:[Imprisonment of FMI Members].
2796:
2794:
2774:"Iran Freedom Movement Names New Head"
2668:, Princeton University, archived from
2656:
2654:
2652:
652:. The seemingly omnipresent nature of
3349:Political parties established in 1961
3061:Modern Thinkers Party of Islamic Iran
3034:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
2861:Official website—History of the Party
2605:Tehran, Nazila Fathi (30 July 2002).
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
530:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
516:, its establishment was supported by
7:
3324:Islamic democratic political parties
3181:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
2662:"The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI)"
2575:
2573:
2571:
2298:Front for Democracy and Human Rights
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2948:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
2666:The Iran Social Science Data Portal
2536:
2534:
482:
3211:Union of Islamic Iran People Party
549:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
512:The organization was split to the
27:Political opposition party in Iran
25:
3329:Islamic political parties in Iran
3319:Banned political parties in Iran
3191:Moderation and Development Party
3139:Will of the Iranian Nation Party
3109:Islamic Association of Engineers
3094:Executives of Construction Party
3089:Association of Combatant Clerics
3039:Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
2897:
2264:
2250:
738:members meeting, left to right:
666:and the uprising soon spread to
573:
538:separation of religion and state
144:
34:
3104:Islamic Association of Teachers
2904:Political organizations in Iran
2778:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2450:Ashraf, Ahmad (5 April 2012) .
45:needs additional citations for
3154:Office for Strengthening Unity
590:against the government of Dr.
574:1953 Coup d'etat and aftermath
1:
3129:Islamic Iran Solidarity Party
3044:Development and Justice Party
736:Islamic Revolutionary Council
710:Islamic Revolutionary Council
534:Charter of the United Nations
3249:Movement of Militant Muslims
3019:Summit of Freethinkers Party
2980:Islamic Society of Employees
2965:Islamic Society of Engineers
2943:Combatant Clergy Association
2543:American Sociological Review
2337:Houchang E. Chehabi (1990).
1030:Total Years of Imprisonment
1027:Total No. of Those Arrested
1007:Imprisonment of FMI Members
605:National Resistance Movement
246:Ahmad Sadr Haj Sayyed Javadi
3344:Nationalist parties in Iran
3314:1961 establishments in Iran
3237:Party of the Iranian People
2985:Islamic Society of Athletes
2975:Islamic Society of Students
2708:Bill Samii (3 March 2003),
2635:. I.B.Tauris. p. 155.
2366:. I.B.Tauris. p. 183.
2341:. I.B.Tauris. p. 156.
1002:Imprisonment of FMI members
695:Cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan (
493:
475:Liberation Movement of Iran
18:Liberation Movement of Iran
3375:
3149:Islamic Assembly of Ladies
2387:Spellman, Kathryn (2008).
2311:People's Mujahedin of Iran
726:Interim Government of Iran
697:Interim Government of Iran
547:despite its rejection for
69:"Freedom Movement of Iran"
3272:
3024:Fadayeen of Islam Society
2910:
2423:Buchta, Wilfried (2000),
2208:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:Number of Those Arrested
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:Head of Political office
821:
818:
815:
812:
444:
143:
3359:Freedom Movement of Iran
3176:Popular Party of Reforms
2920:House of Parties of Iran
2555:10.1177/0003122413508285
681:Islamic Republic of Iran
561:House of Parties of Iran
471:Freedom Movement of Iran
165:Head of Political office
137:Freedom Movement of Iran
3334:Liberal parties in Iran
2960:Islamic Coalition Party
617:constitutional monarchy
3201:The Green Path of Hope
1024:Years of Imprisonment
766:
700:
596:Prime Minister of Iran
583:
315:; 63 years ago
3285:Banned/Exiled parties
734:
694:
581:
536:. It believes in the
494:Nahżat-e āzādi-e Irān
3264:Nation Party of Iran
3196:National Trust Party
3186:Kurdish United Front
3159:Islamic Labour Party
2461:Encyclopædia Iranica
553:2003 local elections
497:) is an Iranian pro-
418:National affiliation
360:Internal Publication
54:improve this article
2803:Middle East Journal
2780:, 18 September 2017
2697:on 9 February 2019.
1008:
896:
809:
514:National Front (II)
379:Iranian nationalism
3220:Anti-establishment
2672:on 4 November 2013
2517:. pp. 91–92.
1006:
944:Abbas Amir-Entezam
894:
808:Secretary-General
807:
767:
701:
584:
582:Mohammad Mosaddegh
518:Mohammad Mossadegh
389:Islamic liberalism
175:Head of Youth Wing
3301:
3300:
3259:Pan-Iranist Party
3029:Ansar-e Hezbollah
2938:The Two Societies
2762:. 4 October 2004.
2491:Durham University
2241:
2240:
1287:Haj Sayyed Javadi
998:
997:
991:
990:
978:Mohammad Tavasoli
926:Mohammad Tavasoli
890:
889:
875:Mohammad Tavasoli
778:, invaded Iran).
634:Ruhollah Khomeini
592:Mohammad Mossadeq
491:
467:
466:
454:Political parties
399:Constitutionalism
394:Liberal democracy
384:Islamic democracy
241:Ezzatollah Sahabi
204:Mahmoud Taleghani
159:Mohammad Tavasoli
154:Secretary-General
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3366:
3292:Historic parties
3244:Freedom Movement
2915:Politics of Iran
2902:
2901:
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2745:
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2723:
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2705:
2699:
2698:
2693:. Archived from
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2677:
2658:
2647:
2646:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
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2538:
2529:
2528:
2515:Brill Publishers
2506:
2495:
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2456:Yarshater, Ehsan
2447:
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2255:
2254:
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1980:Mohammad-Hossein
1009:
987:
897:
884:
810:
803:
786:the election of
764:Mousavi Ardebili
683:took its place.
677:Shapour Bakhtiar
588:1953 coup d'état
557:Guardian Council
507:loyal opposition
496:
486:
484:
483:نهضت آزادی ايران
449:Politics of Iran
439:
426:
323:
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316:
313:17 May 1961
300:
296:Sadeq Tabatabaei
292:
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3278:Electoral lists
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3134:Democracy Party
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2815:10.3751/66.4.13
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2760:Financial Times
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2272:Politics portal
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353:Payam-e-Mojahed
328:Split from
319:
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305:
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291:(United States)
290:
288:Sadeq Qotbzadeh
283:(United States)
282:
280:Mostafa Chamran
275:(United States)
274:
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257:
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237:Ahmad Alibabaei
209:Yadollah Sahabi
193:
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169:Ghaffar Farzadi
153:
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3227:National Front
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2990:Zeynab Society
2987:
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2855:External links
2853:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2809:(4): 613–627,
2790:
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2597:
2591:978-0313341632
2590:
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2493:. p. 122.
2489:(PhD thesis).
2475:
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2402:978-1571815774
2401:
2395:. p. 21.
2393:Berghahn Books
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839:Mehdi Bazargan
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776:Saddam Hussein
688:
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609:National Front
575:
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465:
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422:National Front
419:
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2014:
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1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
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1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
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1951:Mohammad-Hadi
1950:
1947:
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1301:
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1257:
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1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
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1202:
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1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
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1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
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1150:
1147:
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1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
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1121:
1118:
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1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1010:
1001:
994:
984:
981:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
963:
962:Ebrahim Yazdi
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
912:
898:
892:
886:
881:
878:
876:
873:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
857:Ebrahim Yazdi
855:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
825:
811:
805:
804:
797:
795:
793:
792:Ibrahim Yazdi
789:
788:Hasan Rouhani
784:
783:Ebrahim Yazdi
779:
777:
773:
772:war with Iraq
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
698:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
646:United States
639:
637:
635:
631:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
580:
571:
569:
564:
562:
558:
555:in which the
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
503:Mossadeghists
500:
495:
489:
480:
476:
472:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
435:
433:
429:
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420:
416:
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410:
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336:
333:
330:
326:
312:
308:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
273:
272:Ebrahim Yazdi
270:
265:
262:
261:
260:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
223:
220:
218:Mansour Ataei
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
187:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3243:
3164:Worker House
2930:Principlists
2838:
2806:
2802:
2782:, retrieved
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2739:, retrieved
2733:
2727:
2716:, retrieved
2710:
2703:
2695:the original
2685:
2674:, retrieved
2670:the original
2665:
2632:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2611:the Guardian
2610:
2600:
2581:
2546:
2542:
2510:
2485:
2478:
2468:12 September
2466:. Retrieved
2459:
2424:
2388:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2286:Eponym Group
1922:Mohammad-Ali
1458:Amir-Hossein
992:
780:
768:
744:Mahdavi Kani
702:
657:
643:
626:
585:
565:
542:
511:
474:
470:
468:
358:
351:
344:
264:Ali Shariati
228:Abbas Sami'i
224:Abbas Radnia
179:Emad Bahavar
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3066:YEKTA Front
3049:Green Party
2734:Iran Report
2711:Iran Report
2616:30 November
2294:(1986–1990)
2282:(1977–1980)
2258:Iran portal
720:, Ardalan,
425:(1961–1965)
221:Rahim Ataei
214:Hasan Nazih
110:August 2017
3308:Categories
3232:Iran Party
3206:NEDA Party
3076:Reformists
2784:21 October
2642:1860645615
2524:9004119825
2373:1860645615
2348:1850431981
2324:References
2041:Mohagheghi
1983:Bani Asadi
1867:Bastenegar
1751:Mansourian
1693:Sabbaghian
1574:Ezzatollah
1400:Ali-Asghar
798:Leadership
705:referendum
532:, and the
432:Parliament
320:1961-05-17
80:newspapers
2831:144299252
2676:10 August
1954:Hadizadeh
1896:Tavassoli
1780:Taleghani
1632:Fereshteh
1258:Alibabaei
1110:Abbas-Ali
630:Ali Amini
499:democracy
488:romanized
473:(FMI) or
459:Elections
338:Newspaper
299:(Germany)
2823:23361620
2563:13189214
2244:See also
2183:Yadollah
1893:Mohammad
1864:Mohammad
1838:Motamedi
1809:Bazargan
1635:Bazargan
1374:Shariati
1345:Alizadeh
1316:Ghofrani
1200:Bazargan
1197:Abolfazl
1168:Abolfazl
1142:Bazargan
1139:Abdolali
1055:Sheybani
1041:Pahlavi
1035:Pahlavi
930:Unknown
756:Banisadr
752:Khamenei
740:Bazargan
722:Forouhar
714:Komitehs
659:Ettelaat
594:who was
522:platform
408:Religion
371:Ideology
267:(France)
185:Founders
2458:(ed.).
2125:Mostafa
2096:Mostafa
2070:Eshfagh
2067:Morteza
1777:Mahmoud
1748:Khosrow
1664:Farzadi
1661:Ghaffar
1548:Behavar
1516:Ebrahim
1432:Khorram
1403:Gharavi
1113:Moslehi
1018:Family
906:Tenure
883:Present
819:Tenure
718:Sanjabi
490::
479:Persian
438:0 / 290
318: (
310:Founded
94:scholar
2829:
2821:
2741:15 May
2718:15 May
2639:
2588:
2561:
2521:
2431:
2399:
2370:
2345:
2319:(2000)
2313:(1965)
2300:(2005)
2288:(1980)
2233:128.8
2209:TOTAL
2186:Sahabi
2128:Mofidi
2099:Meskin
2038:Mohsen
2012:Jafari
1690:Hashem
1606:Taheri
1577:Sahabi
1487:Bagher
1461:Kazemi
1229:Rezaei
1171:Hakimi
1084:Radnia
993:
760:Habibi
748:Sahabi
672:Tehran
668:Tabriz
650:Europe
613:Majlis
477:(LMI;
256:Abroad
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2827:S2CID
2819:JSTOR
2559:S2CID
2454:. In
2157:Ataei
2154:Rahim
1925:Rajai
1835:Mehdi
1806:Mehdi
1798:11.3
1722:Ganji
1719:Jafar
1653:0.03
1603:Farid
1595:12.2
1519:Yazdi
1490:Alavi
1305:0.03
1284:Ahmad
1255:Ahmad
1131:0.04
1081:Abbas
1073:10.2
1052:Abbas
1015:Name
969:1995
914:From
903:Name
827:From
816:Name
654:SAVAK
526:Islam
412:Islam
346:Mizan
101:JSTOR
87:books
2786:2017
2743:2017
2720:2017
2678:2015
2637:ISBN
2618:2022
2586:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2470:2016
2429:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2227:59.6
2224:69.2
2204:4.0
2175:0.5
2146:0.4
2117:0.5
2088:0.4
2059:5.5
2030:4.0
2001:2.3
1972:0.3
1943:0.1
1914:5.3
1885:4.0
1856:5.3
1827:6.7
1789:11.3
1769:5.1
1740:4.2
1711:4.3
1682:0.5
1624:3.2
1586:10.8
1566:5.0
1545:Emad
1537:1.2
1508:0.2
1479:0.8
1450:6.0
1429:Amir
1421:1.8
1392:3.3
1363:1.1
1334:0.1
1299:0.03
1276:6.0
1247:3.0
1226:Ahad
1218:0.9
1189:4.3
1160:3.0
1125:0.04
1102:2.0
1064:10.2
1044:IRI
1038:IRI
986:2017
982:1995
966:1979
951:1979
948:1978
933:1978
909:Ref
879:2017
864:2017
861:1995
846:1995
843:1961
822:Ref
770:the
648:and
600:Shah
469:The
191:List
73:news
2811:doi
2551:doi
2230:107
2195:4.0
2166:0.5
2140:0.4
2111:0.5
2108:0.0
2082:0.4
2079:0.0
2053:5.5
2021:4.0
1995:1.7
1992:0.6
1966:0.3
1934:0.1
1908:4.3
1905:1.0
1876:4.0
1850:5.3
1818:6.7
1763:5.1
1734:4.2
1705:3.8
1702:0.5
1676:0.5
1618:3.2
1589:1.3
1560:5.0
1531:1.2
1502:0.2
1473:0.8
1444:6.0
1415:1.8
1383:3.3
1371:Ali
1357:1.1
1342:Ali
1328:0.1
1313:Ali
1267:6.0
1241:3.0
1212:0.9
1180:4.3
1154:3.0
1093:2.0
1012:No
917:To
830:To
664:Qom
56:by
3310::
2825:,
2817:,
2807:66
2805:,
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2776:,
2758:.
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2533:^
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2221:70
2218:37
2180:40
2151:39
2122:38
2093:37
2064:36
2035:35
2006:34
1977:33
1948:32
1919:31
1890:30
1861:29
1832:28
1803:27
1774:26
1745:25
1716:24
1687:23
1658:22
1629:21
1600:20
1571:19
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1513:17
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1426:14
1397:13
1368:12
1339:11
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813:#
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2143:1
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2114:2
2105:2
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2076:1
2073:0
2056:2
2050:0
2047:2
2044:0
2027:1
2024:0
2018:0
2015:1
1998:3
1989:2
1986:1
1969:1
1963:0
1960:1
1957:0
1940:1
1937:0
1931:0
1928:1
1911:6
1902:5
1899:1
1882:1
1879:0
1873:0
1870:1
1853:3
1847:0
1844:3
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1215:1
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1128:1
1122:0
1119:1
1116:0
1107:3
1099:2
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1090:0
1087:2
1078:2
1070:9
1067:0
1061:0
1058:9
1049:1
974:4
958:3
940:2
922:1
871:3
853:2
835:1
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