549:
312:
535:
1173:
301:
725:(Arithmetic, Music, Geometry and Astrology). Each of the arts is represented by an allegorical figure of the discipline, two stories related to it, one on each side (usually drawn from mythology, classical history, the Bible and sacred history). Those stories are complemented with four wise men, half on one side and half on the other, representative of each art. Finally, in the frontispieces at the end are represented Philosophy (to the north, representing acquired knowledge) and Theology (to the south, representing revealed knowledge).
866:
139:
692:
28:
1165:
892:
and celestial globes and many charts and maps of provinces", among many other things, in addition to, evidently, books. As a peculiarity, it must be mentioned that Sigüenza describes this room as very cold in winter and hot in summer, due to its high location. In any case, this does not prevent that, until the Main Hall was finished, all the books were placed there.
938:. At the present time, about 1400 copies are preserved, but in its period of splendor there may have been about 4000. Once again, the basis was provided by the library of Philip II, which, despite being only 9 codices, was of great value, as evidenced by the Gospels written in gold letters or the Figurated Apocalypse attributed to John Bapteur.
381:(around 2000) and printed books (approximately 2500). That same year the library of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza was acquired, considered the most important in Spain. This involved more than 850 codices and 1000 printed volumes, most of them acquired in a commercial enclave for books par excellence at that time: Italy.
277:. At that point, the library was a reality, and Philip II met with leading representatives of all kinds of disciplines to seek advice on the acquisition of copies. The tendency in those years was to acquire originals and antique volumes, since, according to the criteria of the time, this was what made a library "
502:
During the fire, the procedure to save books was simply to remove as many as possible. Once the fire was extinguished, the codices remained piled up in the same room, and remained in disorganized for about half a century without anyone deciding to put an end to this disorder. Finally, in 1725, Father
1103:
In the 19th and 20th centuries there were hardly any new additions, but they did a good task of cataloging and study, especially in the latter, since up to that date hardly any work had been done on it. It is remarkable the heritage that has reached our time, since in 2007, the Arabic codices of the
1045:
During the 18th century, attempts were made to publish the Greek collections, under the protection of the crown. However, during the war with France at the beginning of the 19th century, the
Hellenic catalog was badly damaged; a complete scientific cataloging was not possible until 1885 –and was not
486:
On 7 June 1671, there was a massive fire that caused great losses to the
Library and to the Monastery as a whole. Although, according to the sources, the human effort to suffocate the flames was enormous, this did not prevent the loss of more than 4000 codices in all languages, originals and copies.
1064:
In 1573 a new series of works arrived from Juan de Borja, which are still preserved in 2007 . At the end of the decade came the great contribution from
Hurtado de Mendoza, which included 256 Arabic manuscripts. In 1580 there were around 360 volumes, but since practically all of them were on medical
903:
Another space is the Hall of
Manuscripts, the old cloakroom of the monastery. It is 29 meters long, 10 meters wide and 8 meters high, and just like the Main Hall it has a vault. It faces north, and was used for the storage of manuscripts in the second half of the 19th century. It has 47 shelves and
891:
as the "two supplementary pieces" of the library. The first of these, the high hall, is known as such because it is located just above the Main Hall, being symmetrical to it. As far as is known, it contained "shelves well carved , a statue of St. Lawrence , portraits of many pontiffs , terrestrial
630:
The period of change did not mean, as might be expected, a stagnation in the development of the library. During those decades, much more exhaustive inventories were carried out, as well as beautiful rebindings. The acquisition of new volumes was not such in terms of novelties, but the main work was
353:
bookstores in national territory, while in major
European cities there were emissaries in charge of acquiring renowned works. The work of the emissaries abroad was coordinated with that of the librarian/commissioner, since the latter was in charge of ordering and classifying the pieces that arrived
1018:
Thus, in 1556 a copyist was transferred to Paris who transcribed dozens of codices from various fields. This is how the first collection arrived, consisting of 28 manuscripts. However, it is from 1570 onwards that the rise of Greek works becomes remarkable. Antonio Pérez donated 57 of his father's
839:
Lastly, the floor of the Main Hall is paved with white and brown marble. In the longitudinal axis (from north to south) there is a wooden table, which is accompanied by five others of gray marble. In each one there are two bookcases with books, which were equipped with doors at the end of the 18th
1033:
However, during the 17th century, the catalog hardly grew. During these years the work carried out in the library consisted of cataloging and conservation, and in fact the last known contribution, consisting of 52 manuscripts, was made in 1656 by Philip IV. The devastating fire that took place 15
1233:
The fire was just as devastating, in proportion, to the works written in
Castilian. During the 17th century, there were few increases, the main acquisition being again from the library of the Count-Duke of Olivares. However, from this point on, the number of works in Castilian hardly increased.
975:
Before the death of Philip II many contributions were made, it was undoubtedly the most glorious period. After his death, although the process was not interrupted, it is true that it languished. During the 17th century, the main contributions came from the will of the late King, although in the
1014:
The collection that was found at its best period in the Royal
Monastery of El Escorial comprised 1150 volumes, being one of the most important in Europe. In fact, the acquisition of Greek volumes was one of Philip II's major concerns practically since the moment he decided to organize a great
1122:
The first collections entered in 1572, and among them was a Bible written on parchment. Arias
Montano, a renowned Hebraist, was in charge of adding works in the library to the catalog of Hebrew , collecting ancient and very beautiful works. At the end of 1576, Hurtado de Mendoza donated 28
899:
As for the Summer Hall, the second extra room of those that Sigüenza points out, it is located next to the Main Hall, being perpendicular to it. It is about 15 meters long and 6 meters wide, and has 7 windows facing the Court of Kings. As far as is known, this room had manuscripts of great
992:, in 1762, took it upon himself to put an end to this and commissioned a catalog that took three years to complete. The collection of Latin codices suffered tremendously during the 18th century, because at a time of patriotic fervor, pages were torn out of some volumes, especially from
747:
As for the lateral parts of the Main Hall, the west wall has seven windows from which the highlands of
Guadarrama can be seen, while the east wall has five large low windows, with stained glass windows and balconies, and five small high windows, all of them facing the Court of Kings.
677:
On the one hand, it is a focus of interest for researchers of all periods, both
Spanish and foreign; on the other, the Royal Library of El Escorial is, in the 21st century, a place of tourist interest that attracts thousands of visitors to the highlands in Guadarrama every year.
1060:
The Royal Library of El Escorial was, at the beginning, an excellent possessor of Arabic manuscripts. The first ones were acquired in 1571 through Juan Páez de Castro. From then on, purchases were intertwined with works seized in various battles, such as that of Lepanto.
570:
of 1808 constituted a danger for the institution -not for the works- comparable to the great fire, as there was a risk of a great diaspora of the volumes due to the fact that the French government ordered the transfer of the funds to France. This task was entrusted to
525:
to enlarge its collection. In other words, the intellectuals of the time wished to disseminate the manuscripts found in San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Thus, catalogs were published on the collections so that the learned scholars would be aware of the volumes found there.
1080:
was enriched with the entire library of Muley Zidan, Sultan of Morocco. In total, 3975 books were revised and classified, and preserved in addition to the existing collection. In 1651, when the Sultan of Morocco asked for the return of his library, he was refused.
1141:
were the subject of various studies. During the 20th century, work continued on the cataloging and description of the works, until they reached their present state. They are found in a shelf of four pluteus, not reaching 80 units. The most important copy is the
792:
There are also some busts in this Main Hall, such as the one of the sailor Jorge Juan. In the hollow of one of the windows there is a cabinet of fine wood, which is designed to store wood. It was made in the middle of the 18th century and contains 2324 pieces.
520:
there was a complete change of tendency, perhaps due to the "before and after" caused by the fire of 1671. Whereas in the past the predominant idea was to accumulate works to enrich the Library, the 18th century society thought of extrapolating works from the
914:
Finally, there is the Choir Bookstore, which contains the choir books used for prayer and chant in the divine office. There are 221 volumes, made of parchment from the skins of different animals, and they are distributed on a single shelf of eleven sections.
1188:
Following the trend of the Hebrew manuscripts, the Castilian manuscripts were not excessively numerous either, although of undoubted quality. Philip II kept in the library works written in Romance, in spite of the prejudices that existed at the time.
999:
During the 19th century, the manuscripts were studied and detailed catalogs were published in line with the demands of the time. In any case, in 2007, the Latin manuscripts occupied 26 shelves of four pluteus, which represent more than 1300 works.
344:
was at that time an institution of great prestige, the figure of the ambassadors arose, who were sent everywhere with instructions and purchasing power for the acquisition of numerous copies. In consequence, purchases were made from cathedral
1095:
Morocco remained interested in his library and several decades later, in 1766, the Sultan's secretary was commissioned to go on a diplomatic mission to Spain to retrieve them. Some works were given to him as gifts, but the librarians of the
548:
626:
concluded its work, passing into the hands of the Royal House. Once again there was a superficial transformation, since despite the change of organization, the position of librarian continued to be held by the ex-hieronomist José Quevedo.
662:
was entrusted to the Augustinians. They had clear orders to make an inventory and to receive and organize the incoming funds. The library, at that time, was already destined almost exclusively for researchers. In fact, a catalog of
1118:
The Hebrew manuscripts formed, at their best period, a collection of 100 volumes, all of which were of important value due to their scarcity in Spain because of the persecutions carried out by the Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition.
507:
was appointed as librarian, who spent a quarter of a century reordering, reclassifying and re-cataloguing all the volumes. In total, the new inventory provided the amount of 4500 copies as the list of items that survived the fire.
987:
In the terrible fire of 1671, some 2000 priceless works were lost. Along with this loss, as a synergy, the existing catalogs lost their validity, so that for a time it was not known exactly which manuscripts remained.
236:, since it had a university tradition and therefore a greater interest, on a general level, in books. In addition, the remoteness of the place with respect to the university centers par excellence of the time, such as
1134:. In the fire of 1671, 40 manuscripts were lost, which represented more than a third of the existing ones. After this, the Hebrew books remained for some time stored together with those forbidden by the Inquisition.
654:, a Polish priest who was in charge of restoring and consolidating old manuscripts. His work was also aimed at repairing the damage caused by the old fire, although his greatest contribution was the incorporation of
311:
911:". The sources of the time describe it as a "library of manuscripts" or "hand library", since it contained codices of all kinds. This room was affected by the fire in 1671, and from then on it lost its value.
158:
character of the king himself, a person with a strong intellectual formation, as well as a great bibliophile, who saw the impulse to build a library as natural. More recent historiography has coined the term
968:, including 26 alchemical codices. On the other hand, the bishop of Plasencia, Pedro Ponce de León, donated a great number of codices. Also acquired in 1572 were some manuscripts that had belonged to king
900:
importance. It was divided into two parts, to organize the manuscripts by language. Today it is used to keep mostly modern printed works, although the most important thing is perhaps the portraits in it.
895:
Once they moved to the great hall, the high hall had a multitude of uses, going from being a dormitory for novices to the place where the librarian organized the works, to the storage of forbidden books.
321:
In 1571, part of the library of Gonzalo Pérez, one of the king's advisors, who had passed away five years earlier, was acquired after negotiations with his son. This involved 57 Greek manuscripts from
1092:, but the damage was irreparable. In 1691, when an emissary of the Sultan of Morocco tried to obtain the library of Muley Zidan, he was told that absolutely all the books had perished in the fire.
1034:
years later destroyed 700 Greek codices, although more losses must be added due to thefts that took place taking advantage of the anxiety of the moment – which are now preserved in universities of
1022:
The Hellenic works were of such importance in the library of El Escorial that a Greek copyist was hired to organize and maintain in good condition the purchases and donations that arrived at the
1218:
From the "palace" came works by Francisco Hernández, Alfonso X the Wise and Juan Bautista de Toledo. In 1576, 20 Castilian codices arrived from the library of Hurtado de Mendoza, among them the
1939:
444:
The 16th century concluded with the death of Philip II in 1598, who before his departure established a pension for the library so that it could continue to have a budget for acquiring books.
1809:, en BOUZA, F. y CHECA, F. (coords.), El Escorial. Biografía de una época. La historia, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Fundación para el apoyo de la cultura, 1986, pp. 219–225, DL: M-35693-1986.
642:
were recovered. In this period there was a fire, on the night of 1 to 2 October 1872, which, although not comparable to that of 1671, brought back old ghosts and caused some damage.
470:
The Royal Library of El Escorial continued to grow throughout the 17th century and became a true symbol not only of the Habsburg monarchy, but also of the country itself. In fact,
957:
that they possessed to make a complete edition of his writings. Finally, as expected, the books sent to Philip II never reached their destination and remained definitively in the
634:
During 1854, the library returned to the Hieronymites, as the order was restored for a short period of time. Management during this time was somewhat disastrous, as the work
796:
The four walls have a powerful bookcase designed by Juan de Herrera, the architect of the monastery. It has a classical-renaissance style, and is made of fine woods such as
1949:
1030:
donated 300 manuscripts with humanistic works. Prior to the death of Philip II, the library was in full bloom, and the Greek works found there were a reference in Europe.
1137:
Throughout the 19th century, catalogs of these codices were published, especially in the second half of the century. In addition, the works of Jewish origin found in the
534:
196:
at that time. All of them were avid readers and bibliophiles, so they willingly advised the king on the policy he should carry out if he wanted to build a proper library.
1192:
Because they are in the Castilian language, and therefore better known to the Spanish population, what is more important than their provenance are the works themselves.
904:
three tables, and the manuscripts were moved there after the fire of 1671; this was the move that saved them from the fire of 1872, since it did not affect this room.
941:
Little by little copies began to arrive, most of them coming from the libraries of his advisors. Thus, Gonzalo Pérez contributed works by classical authors such as
953:
or Arias Montano did the same. Another important contribution took place in 1571, when the monarch asked bishops from all over the nation to send him the works of
819:
was the librarian, in the middle of the 18th century, the second of these pluteuses has a padlocked wooden lid, since it was common for courtiers to steal books.
404:
1851:, en SOLANO, F. (coord.), Fe y sabiduría. La biblioteca. IV Centenario del Monasterio de El Escorial, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Patrimonio Nacional, 1986, pp. 89–99,
618:. Until then it had been managed by the Hieronymite community, but the Queen Governor decreed its extinction. However, although a scholar was at the head of the
1723:
For more information of the first stage of the acquisition of Arab collections, see the chapter "Formación del fondo árabe primitivo" in JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1027:
1131:
981:
475:
127:
575:, a supposed Frenchman who did not display such an attitude, since during the French occupation he hid the works in the convent of La Trinidad in Madrid.
1944:
1896:
SANZ BOMBÍN, M. C., «Manuscritos relacionados con el monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional», en SANTIAGO PÁEZ, E. (coord.),
582:
decreed that the works be returned to their original location, but many were stolen and lost in the transfer. Among the works that were no longer in the
840:
century. They date from the time of Philip II, and at first held spheres related to geography and astronomy. In fact, one of them is still in the room.
674:. However, as time went on, the library began to carry out a completely different task, which is the one that is being carried out at the present time.
1270:
French: in the period of plenitude, they were almost 100, but in 2007 they do not reach 30. A Breviary of Love with beautiful illustrations stands out.
1749:
For more information on the cataloguing of Arab collections, see the chapter "Ordenación y catalogación de los fondos árabes" in JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
540:
460:
232:
in 1559 as the construction site was a controversial decision that went against the indications of his advisors, who were in favor of places such as
1823:, en SANTIAGO PAÉZ, E. (coord.), El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional. IV Centenario, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1985, pp. 561–565
1736:
For more information of this period of acquisition of Arab collections, see the chapter "Formación del fondo árabe moderno" in JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
610:
From the middle of the 19th century there were constant changes in the selected people in charge of the library. In 1837, the management of the
455:
would receive a copy of each published book at no cost. As for the increase in the catalog after Philip II, the dynamic continued to be upward.
474:
personally arranged for the arrival of no less than 1000 manuscripts around 1656, most of them from the library of his illustrious valide, the
909:
was then a dark room like the bedroom above the refectory, and had even less the second light from the windows that go out to the attic’s side
1929:
273:
Over the next two years, the collection surpassed the thousand-volume mark due to the contributions of advisors such as the bishop of Osma,
300:
1172:
670:
Throughout the 20th century, the Augustinians continued to publish catalogs to provide researchers with a list of the works found in the
650:
The direction of the Royal Library of El Escorial changed again in 1875, passing to the Royal Patrimony. For 10 years, the librarian was
1954:
247:
The first books began to arrive in 1565. The first acquisitions corresponded to 42 duplicates of books that were already in the palace.
1912:
1891:
1870:
1856:
1842:
1793:
1779:
1397:
1019:
codices and Juan Páez de Castro donated some of his belongings. Codices arrived from various abbeys and monasteries in the 1970s.
907:
Related to the manuscripts is the Hall of Father Alaejos. Its main reference is found in his will, where he states that the room "
496:
1256:
Chinese/Nipponese (Japanese): the collection has 40 volumes, all of great importance. They were mostly given by the Portuguese
374:
333:, passed away, and part of his library was purchased from his heirs. A total of 315 volumes were acquired, mainly of Greek and
815:
In any case, the bookcase is on a marbled ivory plinth. It has 54 shelves, each with six pluteuses. From the time when Father
699:
It is the main piece of the complex; the sources refer to it as the "largest and noblest", and that is why it is known as the
1130:
During the 17th century, the collection stagnated until 1656, when a large consignment was received from the library of the
884:
The rest of the rooms are spaces currently unused. However, in the documents of that period there are references to them.
781:
717:
This vault is divided into 7 zones, each one is ornamented with fresco paintings representing the seven liberal arts: the
423:
1237:
At present the Castilian manuscripts are kept in the Hall of Manuscripts, occupying a series of pluteuses in this space.
1245:
Of minor magnitude are the collections of works written in other languages, among which can be mentioned the following:
623:
615:
552:
Salvage of valuable books and manuscripts from the library of El Escorial during the fire of 2 October 1872, drawing by
1969:
1964:
1959:
1934:
1196:
252:
760:
604:
229:
123:
1046:
completed until 1967–. In total, in 2007, there were about 650 manuscripts, occupying 9 shelves of three pluteus.
1697:
For much more in-depth information on the Greek manuscripts of El Escorial, consult the bibliography: GRAUX, C.,
607:
in New York City. Thus, when an inventory was made in 1839, 20 manuscripts and 1608 printed copies were missing.
354:
at the library of El Escorial. One of the most valuable collections to arrive at the library was that of Greek
115:
1065:
subjects, Philip II made great efforts to increase his collection. This task was entrusted to a member of the
363:
622:, the actual management was carried by ex-hieronomists such as Gregorio Sánchez or José Quevedo. In 1848 the
849:
768:
412:
710:
It is 54 meters long, 9 meters wide and 10 meters high, and the most impressive, at least visually, is the
579:
258:
972:. Diego Hurtado de Mendoza donated around 300 volumes, of which more than a fifth are preserved in 2007.
888:
816:
741:
631:
the recovery of works that were stolen or simply borrowed. Nonetheless, changes continued to take place.
504:
163:(Rich Library) to refer to the private library of Philip II, which has been considered the embryo of the
1301:
1257:
1227:
408:
1200:
822:
The books on this shelf are found with their cuts facing outward, which may be due to several reasons:
572:
977:
1297:
1223:
1147:
989:
857:, or the Figurated Apocalypse attributed to Juan Bapteur de Friburgo, Péronet Lamy and Juan Colombe.
854:
756:
558:
517:
456:
403:
dating from the 9th century. In addition, around 500 printed works were obtained from the library of
385:
315:
189:
651:
426:, one of the most extensive in Spain. Not all of his works reached San Lorenzo, as some went to the
218:
1177:
1159:
969:
950:
655:
588:
448:
330:
274:
396:
250:
In 1566, a second consignment of books arrived, among which were works of great value such as the
1283:
1250:
1204:
954:
764:
729:
471:
304:
295:
267:
206:
147:
119:
1278:
942:
887:
In the first place, there are the high hall and the summer hall. Both are referred to by Father
776:
388:, who needed about ten months to catalog the works, arranging them according to their language.
1908:
1887:
1866:
1852:
1838:
1789:
1775:
1393:
1290:
1084:
In the fire of 1671, 2500 codices were lost. Some of the most valuable were saved, such as a
1903:
TAYLOR, R., «Las ciencias ocultas en la Biblioteca de El Escorial», en SOLANO, F. (coord.),
869:
786:
593:
326:
193:
1127:. Around 1585 some more manuscripts entered the library, requisitioned by the Holy Office.
865:
1212:
1181:
1113:
946:
464:
427:
384:
At that time the volume of the library was so large that it required the collaboration of
138:
395:
acquired works of great importance. The first example was donated by the lord of Soria,
1009:
772:
600:
567:
439:
422:
The last decade of that century began with the purchase of the library of the canonist
691:
1923:
553:
416:
1865:, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1982, pp. 309-323/349–351,
711:
217:
delayed the project. Around that time, the king told some of his advisors, such as
210:
638:
by Juan de Herrera was sold for a small sum. Nevertheless, 106 printed works from
27:
1296:
Portuguese/Galician: there are only 15, but very remarkable. They are related to
843:
As for today, these tables serve as displays for the most important works of the
1066:
419:, are even sold today in facsimile reproductions due to their visual splendor-.
214:
175:
83:
1900:. IV Centenario, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1985, pp. 567–572.
1289:
Persian/Turkish: almost 30 are preserved, most of them believed to be from the
1164:
984:— which is, in 2007, approximately 50% of the manuscripts that are preserved.
722:
639:
378:
355:
334:
241:
1814:
La encuadernación renacentista en la Biblioteca del Monasterio de El Escorial
1886:, 1.ª edición, Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura, 1978, pp. 7–129,
1089:
1039:
752:
737:
664:
350:
237:
233:
1905:
Fe y sabiduría. La biblioteca. IV Centenario del Monasterio de El Escorial
797:
430:, but around a thousand copies reached the Royal Library of El Escorial.
185:
171:
155:
1774:(1516–1700), 1.ª Edición, Barcelona: Editorial Crítica, 2001, pp. 9–30,
658:'s library, made up of 5000 copies. In 1885, through a Royal Order, the
1276:
Italian: about 80, mostly related to music – such as the commentary of
1073:. Thus, after the death of Philip II there were about 500 manuscripts.
1069:, who reviewed the seized works and incorporated some of them into the
1035:
718:
346:
178:, which entailed the constant promotion of every intellectual activity.
1786:
Los espacios del saber. Historia de la arquitectura de las bibliotecas
1055:
965:
801:
367:
322:
225:
150:'s idea of establishing a grand library in Spain were the following:
71:
599:-also acquired by the French- and two Greek Gospel books now in the
1263:
Catalan/Valencian: about 50 codices are preserved, among which the
934:
The Latin codices are, traditionally, the predominant works in the
1390:
Catálogo de Los Códices Latinos de La Real Biblioteca Del Escorial
1171:
1163:
1085:
929:
864:
805:
690:
547:
533:
359:
310:
299:
1849:
Importantes incunables españoles en la Biblioteca de El Escorial
478:, who had copies from various monastic and cathedral libraries.
1837:, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Turner Libros S. A., 1986, pp. 273–305,
1249:
Armenian: there are two other codices, one from the library of
1176:
Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial in a painting of 1723,
459:
donated series of works, including some Hebrew codices, while
407:, Marquis of Los Vélez. On the other hand, books belonging to
167:
or, at least, a great contribution to the funds of the latter.
1907:, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Patrimonio Nacional, 1986, pp. 21–40,
835:
for the placement, since the spine is thinner than the edge.
463:
seized a large number of Arabic codices in 1612 from Sultan
451:, continued this policy by enacting a privilege whereby the
94:
Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1877:
San Lorenzo de El Escorial: Un paseo por el siglo xvi d. C.
487:
Among the most important losses, which were many, were the
142:
The Monastery of El Escorial, where the library is located.
1884:
La Real Biblioteca de El Escorial y sus manuscritos árabes
1816:, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Ollero & Ramos, 1998, pp. 37–53
1788:, 1.ª Edición, Gijón: Ediciones Tarea, 2004, pp. 91–95,
829:
to break with the monotony of the cowhide of the spines;
1830:, 1.ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970.
808:. Fray José de Sigüenza said at that time that it is "
184:
the work of the monarch's advisors, many of them were
90:
Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
21:
Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1821:
Perfil histórico de la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial
810:
the most gallant and well-treated thing of this kind
592:-purchased by the French government at auction-, the
205:
The creation of a grand library in Spain had been in
79:
Spanish library located in San Lorenzo de El Escorial
740:
style, following the iconographic program of Father
181:
the need to establish the court in a fixed location.
329:. That same year another of the royal secretaries,
67:
62:
54:
46:
38:
20:
1940:Educational organizations established in the 1560s
415:, many of them of great beauty -some, such as the
325:and 112 Latin manuscripts from the library of the
1879:, 1.ª edición, Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, 2005.
538:The fire, 1 October 1872, drawing by Galofre in
377:was made that collected 4546 volumes, including
996:, which contained opinions against the nation.
391:In the early eighties of the 16th century, the
270:, supposedly written in his own handwriting.
8:
1267:from the end of the 13th century stands out.
1150:, to which reference has already been made.
174:, a characteristic cultural movement of the
1273:German: there are two codices on parchment.
980:donated a large part of the library of the
1863:Los orígenes del fondo griego del Escorial
1835:La fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial
751:The sides are adorned with a multitude of
721:(Grammar, Rhetoric and Dialectic) and the
17:
1950:Libraries established in the 16th century
763:and placed there in 1814–, Philip II and
1580:La Fundación del Monasterio del Escorial
1207:–the latter of great value, such as his
137:
1313:
1222:. In the following years, new works of
1100:ordered the "good" books to be hidden.
221:, to gather books for a royal library.
512:The 18th century: a change of tendency
1898:El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional
1680:
1678:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
7:
1452:
1450:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1346:
1332:
1330:
1195:At first, there were manuscripts by
224:As the court already established in
192:at their head, marked the course of
919:Description of the main collections
813:that has been seen in a bookstore".
541:La Ilustración Española y Americana
1671:Catál. Mss. Cast. Esc., t.I, p. L.
832:to read the title written on them;
262:or, perhaps the most important, a
244:, was considered another problem.
72:http://rbme.patrimonionacional.es/
14:
1945:Organizations established in 1565
1209:Crónica de la navegación de Colón
964:A large number also arrived from
826:to show that the cuts are gilded;
366:during his stay as ambassador in
42:San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain
126:and part of the heritage of the
26:
728:This decoration was painted by
667:was issued for the first time.
228:, the royal decision to choose
1828:Real Biblioteca de El Escorial
755:portraits, including those of
736:of Peregrini), in Renaissance
1:
1226:arrived, as well as those of
876:, built by Antonio Santucci;
782:Philip IV in Brown and Silver
614:passed into the hands of the
497:Francisco Hernández de Toledo
493:Natural History of the Indies
307:, the founder of the library.
209:'s mind since 1556, but the "
1930:1565 establishments in Spain
1807:Cultura, ciencia, tecnología
1123:manuscripts, among them the
1104:library number almost 2000.
1392:. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009.
1986:
1955:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1157:
1111:
1053:
1007:
976:middle of the century the
927:
787:National Gallery in London
437:
293:
230:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
213:character" of the Spanish
124:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
81:
1772:La España de los Austrias
34:
25:
1168:Manuscript of Philip II.
1028:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
955:Saint Isidore of Seville
636:Descripción del Escorial
624:Royal Academy of History
616:Royal Academy of History
128:monastery of El Escorial
1812:CHECA CREMADES, J. L.,
1805:BOUZA, F. y CHECA, F.,
1669:Quoted by ZARCO, J. in
850:Cantigas de Santa Maria
605:Pierpont Morgan Library
413:Royal Chapel of Granada
1875:JIMÉNEZ, N. (Coord.),
1738:La Real Biblioteca...,
1578:DE SIGÜENZA, FRAY J.,
1185:
1169:
1132:Count-Duke of Olivares
982:Count-Duke of Olivares
881:
847:, among which are the
714:that crowns the room.
696:
563:
545:
495:– a 19 volume work by
476:Count-Duke of Olivares
318:
308:
279:advantaged over others
264:De baptismo parvulorum
143:
1882:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1847:GARCÍA MORENCOS, P.,
1686:La Real Biblioteca...
1684:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1658:La Real Biblioteca...
1656:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1645:La Real Biblioteca...
1643:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1632:La Real Biblioteca...
1630:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1619:La Real Biblioteca...
1617:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1606:La Real Biblioteca...
1604:JUSTEL CALABOZO, B.,
1302:Isabella the Catholic
1228:Isabella the Catholic
1175:
1167:
868:
785:was lost, now in the
771:-. Sadly, during the
694:
551:
537:
409:Isabella the Catholic
364:Diego Guzmán de Silva
314:
303:
285:Historical background
146:The main reasons for
141:
114:, is a large Spanish
1833:DE SIGÜENZA, F. J.,
1765:General bibliography
994:De habitu clericorum
411:were taken from the
386:Benito Arias Montano
316:Benito Arias Montano
259:Figurated Apocalypse
190:Benito Arias Montano
1220:Cancionero de Baena
1178:Michel-Ange Houasse
1160:Castilian languages
970:Alfonso I of Naples
817:Antonio de San José
773:Napoleonic invasion
589:Cancionero de Baena
505:Antonio de San José
489:Visigothic Councils
401:Visigothic Councils
331:Juan Páez de Castro
118:library founded by
1970:Monastic libraries
1965:Libraries in Spain
1960:Philip II of Spain
1935:1565 in literature
1751:La Real Biblioteca
1725:La Real Biblioteca
1541:Real Biblioteca...
1521:Real Biblioteca...
1497:Real Biblioteca...
1471:Real Biblioteca...
1458:Real Biblioteca...
1442:Real Biblioteca...
1429:Real Biblioteca...
1411:Real Biblioteca...
1370:Real Biblioteca...
1354:Real Biblioteca...
1338:Real Biblioteca...
1298:Alfonso X the Wise
1258:Gregorio Gonzálvez
1251:Hurtado de Mendoza
1224:Alfonso X the Wise
1205:Antonio de Guevara
1201:Juan Ponce de León
1197:Francisco de Rojas
1186:
1170:
882:
855:Alfonso X the Wise
769:Pantoja de la Cruz
761:Carreño de Miranda
730:Pellegrino Tibaldi
697:
573:José Antonio Conde
564:
546:
319:
309:
296:Philip II of Spain
144:
1784:MUÑOZ COSME, A.,
1591:MUÑOZ COSME, A.,
1565:MUÑOZ COSME, A.,
1552:MUÑOZ COSME, A.,
1320:MUÑOZ COSME, A.,
1291:Battle of Lepanto
578:However, in 1814
559:Le Monde illustré
491:, as well as the
399:: a codex of the
201:Formation process
96:), also known as
77:
76:
63:Other information
1977:
1754:
1753:..., p. 133-170.
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:..., p. 133-170.
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1524:
1517:
1500:
1493:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1386:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1318:
978:Marquis of Liche
889:José de Sigüenza
870:Armillary sphere
742:José de Sigüenza
705:Hall of Frescoes
703:(as well as the
530:The 19th century
327:Duke of Calabria
30:
18:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1920:
1919:
1826:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1819:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1802:
1770:BENNASSAR, B.,
1767:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1712:Los orígenes...
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1593:Los espacios...
1590:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1567:Los espacios...
1564:
1560:
1554:Los espacios...
1551:
1547:
1539:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1538:
1527:
1519:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1518:
1503:
1495:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1494:
1477:
1469:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1468:
1464:
1456:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1455:
1448:
1440:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1439:
1435:
1427:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1426:
1417:
1409:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1408:
1404:
1387:
1376:
1368:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1367:
1360:
1352:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1351:
1344:
1336:DE ANDRÉS, G.,
1335:
1328:
1322:Los espacios...
1319:
1315:
1311:
1243:
1241:Other languages
1213:Juan de Herrera
1182:Museo del Prado
1162:
1156:
1116:
1114:Hebrew language
1110:
1058:
1052:
1012:
1006:
932:
926:
921:
863:
689:
684:
648:
595:Codex Borbonicu
568:French invasion
532:
514:
484:
447:His successor,
442:
436:
434:Other Habsburgs
428:Vatican Library
424:Antonio Agustín
298:
292:
287:
268:Saint Augustine
203:
194:Spanish culture
170:the context of
136:
86:
80:
12:
11:
5:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1901:
1894:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1845:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1782:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1674:
1662:
1649:
1636:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1525:
1501:
1475:
1462:
1446:
1433:
1415:
1402:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1326:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1287:
1282:attributed to
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:Flos Sanctorum
1261:
1254:
1242:
1239:
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1125:Targum Onkelos
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1054:Main article:
1051:
1048:
1010:Greek language
1008:Main article:
1005:
1002:
951:Páez de Castro
928:Main article:
925:
922:
920:
917:
862:
859:
837:
836:
833:
830:
827:
688:
685:
683:
680:
652:Félix Rozanski
647:
644:
601:British Museum
531:
528:
513:
510:
483:
480:
440:Habsburg Spain
438:Main article:
435:
432:
417:Books of hours
294:Main article:
291:
288:
286:
283:
219:Páez de Castro
202:
199:
198:
197:
182:
179:
168:
135:
132:
82:Main article:
78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
31:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1982:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1913:84-7120-108-9
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:84-7472-007-9
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:84-7392-210-7
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:84-7120-108-9
1854:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:84-7506-178-8
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:84-9704-102-X
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:84-8432-221-1
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:1-116-06636-X
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1260:to Philip II.
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1148:Arias Montano
1145:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1003:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
985:
983:
979:
973:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
931:
923:
918:
916:
912:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
885:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
851:
846:
841:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
702:
693:
686:
681:
679:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
657:
656:Father Claret
653:
646:Current state
645:
643:
641:
637:
632:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
596:
591:
590:
585:
581:
580:Ferdinand VII
576:
574:
569:
561:
560:
555:
550:
544:
542:
536:
529:
527:
524:
519:
511:
509:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
481:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:Arias Montano
454:
450:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Pedro Fajardo
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
376:
371:
370:(1569–1577).
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
313:
306:
302:
297:
289:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:Honorato Juan
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
254:
248:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
161:Librería Rica
157:
153:
152:
151:
149:
140:
133:
131:
129:
125:
122:, located in
121:
117:
113:
112:
108:
104:
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
73:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
1917:
1904:
1897:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1800:Monographies
1785:
1771:
1760:Bibliography
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1699:Los orígenes
1698:
1693:
1685:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1520:
1496:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1410:
1405:
1389:
1369:
1353:
1337:
1321:
1316:
1277:
1264:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1098:Escurialense
1097:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1076:In 1614 the
1075:
1071:Escurialense
1070:
1063:
1059:
1044:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
998:
993:
986:
974:
963:
958:
940:
935:
933:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
883:
877:
874:Escurialense
873:
848:
845:Escurialense
844:
842:
838:
821:
812:
809:
795:
791:
780:
767:-painted by
759:-painted by
750:
746:
733:
727:
716:
712:barrel vault
709:
704:
700:
698:
676:
671:
669:
660:Escurialense
659:
649:
635:
633:
629:
619:
612:Escurialense
611:
609:
594:
587:
584:Escurialense
583:
577:
565:
557:
539:
523:Escurialense
522:
515:
501:
492:
488:
485:
469:
461:Luis Fajardo
453:Escurialense
452:
446:
443:
421:
400:
397:Jorge Beteta
393:Escurialense
392:
390:
383:
372:
362:compiled by
342:Escurialense
341:
339:
320:
278:
272:
263:
257:
253:Codex Aureus
251:
249:
246:
223:
204:
165:Escurialense
164:
160:
145:
110:
109:
106:
102:Escurialense
101:
100:
97:
93:
89:
87:
15:
1861:GRAUX, C.,
1740:p. 133-170.
1710:GRAUX, C.,
1400:, pp. 22–23
1388:Anonymous.
1067:Inquisition
990:Charles III
861:Other rooms
518:Charles III
465:Muley Zidan
379:manuscripts
373:In 1576 an
356:manuscripts
211:transhumant
176:Renaissance
116:Renaissance
84:El Escorial
55:Established
1924:Categories
1309:References
1279:Ars Amandi
1139:Laurentina
1088:seized at
1078:Laurentina
1024:Laurentina
959:Laurentina
943:Tito Livio
936:Laurentina
757:Charles II
723:Quadrivium
695:Main Hall.
672:Laurentina
665:incunables
640:Valladolid
620:Laurentina
449:Philip III
358:and Latin
340:Since the
242:Valladolid
188:who, with
134:Motivation
111:Laurentina
92:(Spanish:
1284:Boccaccio
1154:Castilian
1040:Stockholm
1015:library.
777:Velázquez
765:Charles V
738:Mannerist
701:Main Hall
687:Main Hall
682:Structure
586:were the
472:Philip IV
375:inventory
305:Philip II
290:Philip II
238:Salamanca
234:Salamanca
207:Philip II
186:humanists
148:Philip II
120:Philip II
1714:, p. 17.
1688:, p. 83.
1647:, p. 65.
1634:, p. 61.
1621:, p. 60.
1608:, p. 59.
1595:, p. 94.
1569:, p. 93.
1556:, p. 95.
1543:, p. 19.
1523:, p. 18.
1499:, p. 17.
1473:, p. 16.
1460:, p. 15.
1444:, p. 14.
1431:, p. 13.
1413:, p. 12.
1372:, p. 11.
1324:, p. 91.
949:, while
798:mahogany
734:Peregrin
603:and the
482:The fire
351:monastic
347:archives
337:origin.
172:humanism
156:humanist
39:Location
1660:, p. 69
1356:, p. 9.
1340:, p. 9.
1090:Lepanto
1036:Uppsala
880:. 1582.
872:of the
719:Trivium
360:codices
68:Website
50:library
1911:
1890:
1869:
1855:
1841:
1792:
1778:
1396:
1108:Hebrew
1056:Arabic
1050:Arabic
966:Venice
947:Plinio
554:Vierge
368:Venice
335:Arabic
323:Sicily
256:, the
226:Madrid
1701:.....
1211:– or
1144:Bible
1086:Quran
1004:Greek
930:Latin
924:Latin
853:, by
806:ebony
802:cedar
556:, in
516:With
266:, by
215:Court
1909:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1300:and
1038:and
566:The
349:and
154:the
88:The
58:1565
47:Type
1146:of
945:or
804:or
779:'s
753:oil
707:).
281:".
240:or
107:the
105:or
98:the
1926::
1677:^
1528:^
1504:^
1478:^
1449:^
1418:^
1377:^
1361:^
1345:^
1329:^
1230:.
1215:.
1203:,
1199:,
1184:).
1042:.
1026:.
961:.
878:ca
800:,
789:.
775:,
744:.
499:.
467:.
130:.
1582:.
1304:.
1293:.
1286:.
1253:.
1180:(
732:(
597:s
562:.
543:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.