1311:
365:, it is considered today on the basis of material and linguistic evidence that the Liburni belonged to broader term of "so-called Illyrian peoples", but weren't ethnic Illyrians. However, modern historiography questions the same scholarship's methodological identification of ethnicity with material culture, linguistic traces, deities and else which ignores anthropological exchange, and notes that prior 4th century BCE the name of Liburni and Illyrians could have been synonyms and the former was only later distinctively used in narrow sense for people of North Adriatic territory.
2169:, pp. 70:Several sources note the special role of women in Liburnian society.35 Pseudo-Scylax even states that the Liburni were ruled by women.36 It is most probable that these statements should be taken to suggest that women had a prominent role in Liburnian society, rather than that the Liburni were indeed governed by women.37 As A. Kurilić has suggested, this is probably part of the barbarization of the "Other" in Greco-Roman literature. Here, gender roles are used to portray Liburnian society as opposed to Greco-Roman social norms.38
1038:, some twenty forms and many more variants, as well as ornamental pins. Small sculptures representing animals and people are fairly common. Various coins from 23 mints beginning from the 6th and especially the 3rd century have been found in former Liburnian territory, from Greek cities, colonies, Italian cities, Illyrian rulers, North African, Celtic and Roman. Bronze and glass vessels occur very rarely. Pottery is found mostly in settlements and tumuli, but it rarely occurs in tombs, except in rare tombs of
811:
1323:
ship operated as an individual entity, so the more complicated organization normally used was not necessary. Within the navy, there were probably liburnae of several varying sizes, all put to specific tasks such as scouting and patrolling Roman waters against piracy. The Romans made use of liburnae particularly in some provinces where they formed the bulk of the fleets, while they were included in smaller numbers in the fleets at
84:
643:, the northern neighbors of Liburnia, attacked Aquileia in 171 BC. These incidents did not involve Liburnian territory. The Liburnians probably avoided direct conflict with the Romans in order to safeguard their remaining naval activities. After their arrival to the west of Liburnia, Roman legions also appeared on its southern borders, defeating the southern Illyrians and finally king
246:
1125:
They exported mostly to the territories of the
Iapodes and Dalmatae, and across the Adriatic to Picenum and southern Italy, especially the commodities of jewellery, cheese, clothing, etc., and they imported mostly from Italy, primarily pottery, and various adopted coins. Importation of amber from the Baltic cannot be proven, but acquisitions likely occurred in Liburnian territory.
261:
43:
1148:
links with the
Iapodes, and especially with the Dalmatae. Histrian culture developed differently, and their links with the Liburnians were less general. The exchange with Italy was varied and important. The Liburnians had the most versatile relationships with Picenum and southern Italy because of Liburnian immigration. Trade with the Greeks was more meagre, except in the
1237:
862:
387:
186:
543:(people of Zadar), and laid siege to Pharos. The Syracusan fleet positioned in Issa was informed in time, and Greek triremes attacked the siege fleet, taking victory in the end. According to Diodorus, the Greeks killed more than 5,000 and captured 2,000 prisoners, ran down or captured their ships, and burned their weapons in dedication to their god.
373:, making the shared sense of ethnic and political identity prior to the 1st century BCE a matter of debate among modern scholars. The surnames Liburnus, Liburna and personal names Liburnius and Liburnia aren't necessarily related to ethnic identity but rather Liburna, a type of ship, and name for carriers of chair, and server on royal court.
1139:
there were up to 18 graves in a tumulus through several generations, or individual interments, with up to 8 bodies in each grave. Certain data suggest social division, stratification, and inequality, where the
Liburnian aristocracy maintained many privileges, special status, and features of their culture under Roman rule.
964:) built for defense, usually on elevations and fortified with dry walls. In Liburnian territory, about 400 have been identified so far, but they were considerably more numerous. About a hundred names of these hill-forts have kept their roots from prehistory, especially places that had been inhabited permanently, such as
1124:
Liburnia's economy relied on its strength in the sectors of agriculture, stock breeding, crafts, trade, barter, seamanship, fishing, hunting, and food collecting. The
Liburnians traded over the whole of the Adriatic, and into the Middle and Eastern Mediterranean and the northwestern Balkan peninsula.
743:
Caesar rewarded his supporters in
Liburnian Iader and Dalmatian Salona with the status of Roman colonies, but the battle was won by the Liburnian navy, prolonging the civil war, and ensuring control of the Adriatic to the side aligned with Pompey over the next 2 years until his final defeat in 48 BC.
1147:
Liburnian culture mainly developed on the basis of inheritance and independent development, partly through foreign influence, particularly Italic and
Hellenic, as well as through the imports of foreign goods. Links with the Pannonian basin were fewer than in Late Bronze Age. Much more important were
838:
on the Krka river became a Roman military camp, while the plains of
Liburnia proper inland from Iader, already urbanized, now became easily accessible to control by Roman rulers. However, Liburnian seafaring tradition was not extinguished; it rather acquired a more commercial character under the new
670:
mobilized an army in Italy and tried to use
Liburnian territory, probably some outer island, to organize a military campaign back into Italy, against Sulla. This failed owing to bad weather and the low morale of the soldiers, who massively escaped to their homes in Italy, or refused to cross the sea
1302:
It was 109 ft (33 m) long and 16 ft (5 m) wide with a 3 ft (0.91 m) draft. Two rows of oarsmen pulled 18 oars per side. The ship could make up to 14 knots under sail and more than 7 under oars. Such a vessel, used as a merchantman, might take on a passenger, as
Lycinus
1138:
is scientifically rejected. They describe the original division into several tribes and territorial communities, later fused into a union of tribes and a single ethnic community of
Liburnians. Social relations were based on the structure of family and clan. Collections of tumuli correspond to this;
586:
as swift galleys the Romans first fought with when they entered the Adriatic. The Liburni were allies of their southern Illyrian compatriots, Ardiaei and the others, but from the lack of more records related to them in the 3rd century BC, it is assumed that they mostly stood aside in the subsequent
526:
This caused a simultaneous Liburnian resistance on both coasts, whether in their ethnic domain or on the western coast, where their possessions or interests were in danger. A great naval battle was recorded a year after the establishment of Pharos colony, by a Greek inscription in Pharos (384 – 383
559:). Greek colonization, however, did not extend into Liburnia, which remained strongly held, and Syracusan dominance suddenly diminished upon the death of Dionysius the Elder. The Liburnians recovered and developed piracy to secure navigable routes in the Adriatic, as recorded by Livius for 302 BC.
1322:
Once the Romans had adopted the liburna, they improved it. The benefits gained from the addition of rams and protection from missiles more than made up for the slight loss of speed. The ships also required that the regular Roman military unit be simplified in order to function more smoothly. Each
921:
areas. The lucrative exchange of materials with the opposite coast was continued in the 6th century BC, and its connection to Picenum remained strong, and links to Iapodes and Dalmatae have also been attested. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks undertook the leadership of trade in the Adriatic and
334:
Liburni's archaeological culture can be traced to the Late Bronze Age and "were settled since at least the tenth century BC in northern Dalmatia". Some Greek and Roman historians considered them to be of Asia Minor origin. According to some scholars, there were some common characteristics between
1290:
in Greece, which lasted from August 31 to September 2 of 31 BC. Because of the liburna's maneuverability and the bravery of its Liburnian crews, these ships completely defeated much bigger and heavier eastern ships, quadriremes and penterames. The liburna was different from the battle triremes,
767:
to organize a great military operation in Illyricum province in 35 BC, to finally stabilize Roman control of it. This action was first concentrated on the coastal Illyrian tribes to the east of Narona, then was expanded along the depth of Illyrian territory, where continental tribes gave much
2106:"Unlike Celts, Dacians, Thracians or Scythians, there is no indication that Illyrians developed a uniform cosmology on which their religious practice was centred. An etymology of the Illyrian name linked with serpent would, if it is true, fit with the many representations of..."
441:
became his allies in the Italian peninsula (386 - 385 BC). This alliance was crucial for his politics, then focusing on the Adriatic Sea, where the Liburnians still dominated. In light of this strategy, he established a few Syracusan colonies on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea:
671:
to Liburnia. The Roman legions once again passed through Liburnian territory, probably by sea along the coast, in their next expedition against the Dalmatae (78–76 BC), started from the north, from Aquileia and Istria, to stabilize Roman control of the Dalmatian city Salona.
1222:. Condura could be the closest known vessel to the original "liburna" galley in form, only much smaller, with the features of a quick and agile galley, having a shallow bottom, very straightened but long, with one large Latin sail and a row of oars on each side.
1042:
type. Pottery was made without throwing, with a mixture of calcite, and burnt on an open fire. Imported pottery is also common, especially from southern Italy, from the 8th to 1st centuries BC; mostly Apulian vessels, but also some Greek pottery was imported.
900:; its first phase (9th century BC), because of the aforementioned migrations, did not continue the developments of the Late Bronze Age, except in certain forms. This was the beginning of the Liburnian Iron Age, marked by their expansion and colonization of
833:
Over the centuries, naval power was the most important aspect of warfare for the Liburni. After the empowered Roman forces defeated the Liburni, the region became part of the Roman province of Dalmatia, but it was considered marginal in a military sense.
1133:
Insights into social relations are possible by means of cultural relics, Roman-era inscriptions, and the works of several authors. Mention of the special role of women in Liburnian society can be noted in their writings, but the idea about their
546:
This battle meant the loss of the most important strategic Liburnian positions in the centre of the Adriatic, resulting in their final retreat to their main ethnic region, Liburnia, and their complete departure from the Italic coast, apart from
701:. The Liburnians were not strong enough to reconquer it alone, so they appealed to Caesar, then the Roman proconsul of Illyricum. However, the Liburnian army, strategically supported by the Romans, was heavily defeated by the Dalmatae.
1206:
in Liburnia proper), the ship keel with the bottom planking made of 6 rows of wooden boards on each side, joined together and sewn with resin cords and wooden wedges, testifying to the Liburnian shipbuilding tradition style known as
368:
The Liburnian people, especially when were stationed in foreign land, identified themselves as "Liburnus" or "natione Liburnus", but the identity was also related to same-named administrative unit in Roman province of
1020:
are numerous all over Liburnian territory, especially in the heartland of Liburnia proper (Nin, Zaton, etc.). Although most grave sites were from the beginning of the Iron Age, many were continually used in the
916:
shores. The establishment of colonies resulted in a highly developed and rich culture based on naval trade, in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. This was followed by isolation from the Balkan area, except from
1033:
The transitory remains of culture are represented by various artifacts, mostly jewellery, pottery, and pieces of costume. Other forms are less common, such as weapons, tools etc. Especially numerous are
1004:), etc. The dwellings were square, dry-wall, ground-floor buildings of one room. Similar stone houses are preserved in Croatian tradition all over Dalmatia and Kvarner, mostly of the rounded form called
1263:
fleets. The liburna was presented as a light ship with one row of oars, one mast, one sail and a prow twisted outwards. Under the prow was a rostrum made for striking enemy ships under the sea.
418:
in Albania, but both accounts, although possibly anachronistic, don't seem impossible. They are probably a reflection of Illyrian southward migration during the Early Iron Age (c. 1000 BCE).
531:(80 – 29 BC), initiated by conflicts between the Greek colonists and the indigenous Hvar islanders, who asked their compatriots for support. 10,000 Liburnians sailed out from their capital
716:, there was an important naval battle between the forces of Caesar and Pompey, involving local Liburnian support to both sides. Caesar was supported by the urban Liburnian centres, like
1016:
The Liburnians buried their dead in graves near or beneath settlements. It is known that they laid their dead on one side in a contracted position, mostly in chests of stone slabs.
736:. The "Navy of Iader" (Zadar) which may have included both Liburnian and Roman ships, confronted the "Liburnian navy" in service to Pompey, equipped with only Liburnians in their
784:), and continued to Liburnia, where he wiped out the last remnants of the Liburnian naval forces, thus resolving the problems of their renewed piratical activities in the bay of
697:
The Dalmatae soon recovered and entered into conflict with the Liburnians in 51 BC (probably over possession of the pasture grounds around the Krka river), taking their city
2685:
Batović, Šime (1965). "Die Eisenzeit auf dem Gebiet des illyrischen Stammes der Liburnen" [The Iron Age on the territory of the Illyrian tribe of the Liburnians].
2484:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Acar, Ayşe; Açıkkol, Ayşen; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Aghikyan, Levon; Akyüz, Uğur; Andreeva, Desislava; Andrijašević, Gojko;
1574:(1964). "Die Namengebung der Urbevölkerung in der römischen Provinz Dalmatia" [The naming of the indigenous population in the Roman province of Dalmatia].
1025:
or from the Early Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age. Inhumation under tumuli as practiced in Liburnian territory was undoubtedly inherited from earlier times.
807:, fought hard battles with the Dalmatae. The Liburnians were not recorded as participants in this war, but their southernmost territories were surely involved.
2739:
652:
570:. Its piratical activities imperiled Greek and Roman interests in the Adriatic, and caused the first Roman intervention on the eastern coast in 229 BC;
751:
Throughout this time, Roman rule in Illyricum province, largely nominal, was concentrated in only a few cities on the eastern Adriatic coast, such as
207:
194:
2094:, pp. 245: "...Illyrian deities are named on monuments of the Roman era, some in equation with gods of the classical pantheon (see figure 34)."
1310:
792:) and their attempt to secede from Rome. Octavian commandeered all the Liburnian ships. Very soon these galleys would play a decisive role in the
768:
stronger resistance. After returning from the inland areas of Illyricum, Octavian destroyed the Illyrian pirate communities on the islands of
429:(406 – 367 BC). The imperial power base of this Syracusan tyrant stemmed from a huge naval fleet of 300 tetreras and penteras. After he ended
2044:
the Dalmatians, who had for a number of years been in arms against the Romans, were forced to submit after the fall of their fortress Promona
2771:[Liburnia and Liburni at the time of the great uprising in Illyricum from the 6th to the 9th year. after Christ (with CIL V 3346)].
1214:
A 10th-century AD ship of identical form and size, made with wooden fittings instead of sewn planking joints, was found in the same place, "
1507:
1278:), faster, lighter, and more agile than biremes and triremes. The liburnian design was adopted by the Romans and became a key part of the
1451:
fell under 2x H7, H13a2a, HV0e and T2b23. Samples from the Late Bronze Age of the Bezdanjača cave in the Lika region yielded Y-DNA R-L2.
1516:
2883:
2594:
1448:
651:
in 156–155 BC. The first Roman appearance in Liburnian waters occurred in 129 BC, during the military expedition of the Roman consul
2828:
2791:
2705:
2192:
2037:
1440:
943:
232:
167:
70:
2867:
1255:
Liburnae may have been shown in a naval battle scene carved on a stone tablet (Stele di Novilara) found near Antique Pisaurum (
361:
considered them "different people from the Illyrians". As foreign sources probably mixed various data on ethnic and non-ethnic
1495:
1334:
Gradually liburna became a generic name for different types of Roman ships, attached also to cargo ships in later Antiquity.
105:
1439:(2022) examined 5 samples from four MBA-IA Liburnian tumuli at Velim-Kosa near Zadar. Three out of four men belonged to the
1985:, p. 187"the Liburna, with its low freeboard had already been adopted by the Romans during the wars against Carthage"
1270:. It had one bench with 25 oars on each side. Later, in the time of the Roman Republic, it became a smaller version of a
1071:. There appears to be no single most prominent Illyrian god, and there would have been much variation between individual
744:
In the same year, Caesar sent his legions to take control of the rebellious Illyricum province, and took the fortress of
562:
The middle of the 3rd century BC was marked by the rise of an Illyrian kingdom in the south of the Adriatic, led by king
148:
2888:
1491:
120:
2812:
1487:
1400:
596:
101:
56:
351:. However, although sometimes designated as Illyrian in historical sources and historiography they didn't belong to
1540:
675:
478:, thus taking control of the important points and navigable routes in the southern, central and northern Adriatic.
370:
933:
and Italic pottery, and other lesser influences, Liburnian cultural relations with other peoples were rather poor.
425:
and their final retreat to their ethnic region (Liburnia) were caused by the military and political activities of
199:
127:
94:
1544:
893:
that spread in the Pannonian areas, in addition to the general changes caused by the Balkan-Pannonian migrations.
2720:
1342:
were using it as a synonym for battle ship. In inscriptions it was mentioned as the last class of battle ships:
2485:
804:
494:
1557:
1548:
1395:
in classical times. Classification of the Liburnian language is not clearly established; it is reckoned as an
1520:
1315:
1307:: "I had a speedy vessel readied, the kind of bireme used above all by the Liburnians of the Ionian Gulf."
1052:
426:
254:
134:
2569:"Prilog klasifikaciji liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika, tzv. liburnskih cipusa - sjeverna grupa nalaza," ,
2264:
Brusić, Z. (1968). "Istraživanje antičke luke kod Nina" [Research of the ancient port near Nino].
1499:
1396:
667:
277:
2769:"Liburnija i Liburni u vrijeme velikog ustanka u Iliriku od 6. do 9. god. poslije Krista (uz CIL V 3346)"
2563:
HELVII u Jaderu i Liburniji, , Radovi - zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, 37, Zadar, 1955, 9-37.
1152:
age. Just as in other parts of the Mediterranean, large quantities of North African coins are prominent.
1105:
819:
612:
353:
803:), and conquered their most important positions in 34 BC. Over the next 2 years the Roman army, led by
116:
2489:
2432:
1067:
929:, although specifically local cultural aspects were retained. Apart from the extended importation of
844:
512:
395:
2210:
631:
in the north, thus expanding towards the Illyrian area from the northwest. In 177 BC they conquered
2709:
2415:
1460:
1283:
1199:
1088:
856:
603:
state. Even though Liburnian territory was not involved in these confrontations, it seems that the
471:
1259:) and dated to the 5th or 6th century BC. It depicts a legendary battle between the Liburnian and
1075:. The Illyrians did not develop a uniform cosmology on which to center their religious practices.
889:, with features more related to the Late Bronze Age. It was characterized by the influence of the
2731:
2629:
2532:
2466:
1382:
1304:
1267:
925:
5th to the 1st centuries BC. Decline of Liburnia's power; Liburnian culture was thoroughly under
2573:, 13, Arheoloska istrazivanja na otocima Krku, Rabu i u Hrvatskom primorju, Zagreb, 1989, 51-59.
1597:
1571:
1555:
This section is also known as "Book II, 5" in four volume editions, according to Bill Thayer in
1331:
where a large number of Illyrians were serving, especially Dalmatae, Liburnians and Pannonians.
843:, especially in the larger cities, Liburnians retained their traditions, cults, burial customs (
1286:
navy, in the 2nd half of the 1st century BC. Liburnae ships played a crucial role in the naval
2893:
2859:
2834:
2824:
2787:
2701:
2673:
2621:
2613:
2566:
Liburnski cipus iz Verone (CIL 5, 2200, 8852; CIL 3, 2190), , Diadora, 10, Zadar, 1988, 73-99.
2549:
2524:
2497:
2458:
2220:
2188:
2033:
1609:
1579:
1444:
1435:
1404:
957:
799:
Octavian made another expedition inland against the Iapodes from the Liburnian port of Senia (
588:
348:
1328:
725:
2654:
2603:
2514:
2506:
2448:
2440:
2423:
1429:
1408:
1287:
890:
810:
793:
628:
563:
528:
411:
31:
2820:
1512:
1412:
1240:
Battle between Liburnian and Picenian ships from the Novilara tablets (6th/5th century BC)
1079:
1072:
1035:
839:
circumstances as Liburnia's ports and cities thrived economically and culturally. Despite
403:
62:
1211:". Deciduous trees (oak and beech) were used, while some climber was used for the cords.
293:
2804:
Tolk, H.V. et al., "MtDNA haplogroups in the populations of Croatian Adriatic Islands."
2519:
2436:
1628:
1608:]. Beiträge zur Namenforschung N. F., Beiheft (in German). Vol. 4. Heidelberg.
1156:
influence is important, especially in jewellery and tools, but mostly it is not direct.
922:
considerable changes resulted, such as the importing of a wider range of Greek products.
141:
2453:
1424:
981:
949:
926:
301:
1483:
2877:
2645:[Rethinking Identity, Ethnicity, and "Hellenization" in pre-Roman Liburnia].
2536:
2470:
1109:
683:
2735:
2633:
462:) and others. Meanwhile, in 385-384 BC he helped colonists from the Greek island of
2797:
1553:. Vol. Book I. Translated by Forster, E. S. (Loeb Classical Library ed.).
1465:
1165:
1062:
973:
897:
840:
709:
694:, but the real establishment of the Roman province occurred no earlier than 33 BC.
459:
422:
2781:
2576:"Aserijatska skupina liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika, tzv. liburnskih cipusa," ,
822:; this remains debatable, as the only evidence is a damaged inscription found in
2490:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"
1657:
1391:
is an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied
1296:
1149:
1039:
930:
314:
83:
2444:
869:
The development of Liburnian culture can be divided into 3 main time periods:
2716:
1373:
pirates and sailors, probably not always referring to ships of the same form.
1292:
1279:
1135:
1022:
997:
989:
882:
781:
729:
608:
455:
447:
386:
260:
2863:
2838:
2754:[Nationes Liburnus - the identity of the nation and the individual].
2677:
2643:"Promišljanja o identitetu, etnicitetu i "helenizaciji" predrimske Liburnije"
2617:
1583:
1415:, particularly on the basis of personal names and formation of nomenclature.
343:
considered them as "one of the Illyrian peoples", an "Illyrian tribe", while
339:, but others refute them and the Asia Minor theory isn't generally accepted.
2608:
2589:
2510:
1339:
600:
508:
482:
434:
415:
407:
402:("referring to the eighth century BCE"). They reportedly were expelled from
362:
336:
245:
2625:
2528:
2462:
2224:
1613:
1236:
861:
655:
against the Iapodes, which ended with hard-won victories over the Iapodes,
185:
1244:
The best known Liburnian ship was their oar-propelled warship, known as a
847:), names, etc., as attested by the archaeological evidence from that era.
2416:"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"
1392:
1370:
1299:— not in terms of rowing, but rather in its specific construction.
1164:
The Liburnians were renowned seafarers, notorious for their raids in the
1101:
1091:
918:
886:
878:
764:
660:
648:
624:
592:
548:
516:
430:
406:
by the Greeks, where Liburni previously expelled another Illyrian people
285:
250:
17:
2659:
2642:
2590:"Y-chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates"
2028:
Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie; Haverfield, Francis (2004).
1443:
patrilineal line J2b2a1-L283 (> J-PH1602) with the exception of one
1335:
1324:
1314:
Bireme Roman warships, probably liburnians, of the Danube fleet during
1271:
1260:
1231:
1113:
1058:
1017:
901:
874:
827:
785:
745:
698:
644:
640:
567:
556:
520:
486:
458:
on the outermost island of the central Adriatic archipelago (island of
323:
305:
2712:(December 8, 1999), 254 pages, 122 plates of drawings and photographs.
2187:] (in Croatian). Zadar: Matica Hrvatska i Arheološki muzej Zadar.
1198:
Remains of a 10 meter long ship from the 1st century BC were found in
578:
noted the Liburnians as the Romans' enemies in this expedition, while
357:, or to the Illyrian groups of Dalmatia and Pannonia, and for example
1652:
1366:
1275:
1256:
1219:
1203:
1173:
1169:
909:
905:
835:
823:
760:
756:
733:
728:, while the rest of Liburnia supported Pompey, including the city of
721:
705:
636:
632:
579:
571:
552:
503:
498:
451:
399:
344:
340:
309:
2751:
2030:
The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian, Tome 1
1365:
In Medieval sources, "liburna" ships were often recorded in use by
288:, a coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic between the rivers
1309:
1235:
965:
913:
860:
773:
752:
717:
687:
656:
536:
463:
443:
438:
319:
2239:
Griech. λέμβος, lat. lembus - eine illyrische Schiffsbezeichnung?
1303:
relates in the 2nd-century dialogue, traditionally attributed to
732:
where residents objected to Caesar's support for the Dalmatae in
1153:
800:
635:
to the north of the eastern Adriatic coast, settled by tribe of
475:
358:
2768:
713:
493:: "fortified place at the river bend" . One classical source,
179:
77:
36:
2847:
2219:] (in German). Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. p. 114.
2550:
https://www.croris.hr/crosbi/publikacija/prilog-skup/686014
1881:
1879:
1266:
In its original form, the liburna was similar to the Greek
1172:. The Romans knew them principally as a people addicted to
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
818:
It is uncertain whether the Liburnians joined in the last
2138:
2136:
1187:
was a fishing ship continued by the present-day Croatian
1061:
is only known through the mention of Illyrian deities on
896:
9th to the 5th centuries BC. Liburnian domination in the
30:
This article is about the people. For the ship type, see
2325:
2323:
2321:
712:, as well as Liburnia. In that year, near the island of
1179:
The Liburnians constructed different ship types; their
437:. He made use of the Celtic invasion of Italy, and the
284:) were an ancient tribe inhabiting the district called
2287:. West-port, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 54.
1195:
was apparently mounted with a dragonhead at the prow.
2367:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 141.
881:
migrations, this was a transitive period between the
2310:
Gabriel, Richard A. "Masters of the Mediterranean".
1602:
Die Personennamen in der römischen provinz Dalmatien
1629:"Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Europe in Year 700"
1078:Iutossica and Anzotica, the latter identified with
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2752:"Nationes Liburnus - identitet naroda i pojedinca"
865:Liburnian coast - from Vela Ozida towards the N-NE
763:. Renewed Illyrian and Liburnian piracy motivated
623:In 181 BC, the Romans established their colony at
2670:Sepultures de la peuplade illyrienne des Liburnes
873:11th and 10th centuries BC. Between two waves of
2699:Hellenistic and Roman Relief Pottery in Liburnia
1606:Personal names in the Roman province of Dalmatia
647:in 167 BC, and during wars against the tribe of
2721:"Die illyrische Naniengebung (Die Götternamen)"
948:The principal forms of settlements were forts (
1183:was an early prototype of transport galleys,
607:warship was adopted by the Romans during the
390:Liburnian territory during the 5th century BC
8:
1578:(in German). Vol. 15. pp. 55–104.
1558:"Chapter and Section Numbering, Local Links"
1403:elements from the wider area of the ancient
394:The first account of the Liburni comes from
1116:as the guardian deity of springs and seas.
433:authority in Sicily, he turned against the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2285:The Roman Imperial Navy 31 B.C. – A.D. 324
1924:has obvious similarities to the Old Irish
814:The Province of Dalmatia, (4th century AD)
748:from Dalmatian hands, making them submit.
511:were originally Liburnians – a non-Celtic
2658:
2607:
2518:
2452:
2377:
2365:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
2352:(3rd ed.). Chicago: Ares Publishers.
2297:
2252:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
2079:
2067:
2055:
2015:
2003:
1970:
1958:
1885:
1762:
1726:
1678:
1248:(λιβύρνις, λιβυρνίς) to the Greeks and a
264:Liburnia in the age of the Roman conquest
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
2343:
2341:
1535:
1533:
830:and Liburnians under an unknown leader.
809:
489:) is apparently derived from the Celtic
421:The fall of Liburnian domination in the
414:. Appian also wrote that they possessed
385:
259:
244:
210:of all important aspects of the article.
2330:Morrison, J. S.; Coates, J. F. (1996).
2166:
2142:
1897:
1870:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1750:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1476:
666:In 84 BC, the Roman consuls enemies of
2647:Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea
2401:
2389:
2154:
2127:
2103:
2091:
1982:
1909:
1858:
1801:, pp. 65–69, 73–76, 84–86, 89–91.
1738:
1407:. Some considered close connection to
1168:, which they conducted in their swift
347:as the first enemies of Romans during
206:Please consider expanding the lead to
2414:Patterson, Nick; et al. (2022).
2115:
1399:with a significant proportion of the
410:, during the period of foundation of
255:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy
7:
2773:Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu
2350:The Roman Imperial Navy 31 BC-AD 324
1774:
515:from the northeastern shores of the
474:) colony on the Liburnian island of
249:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the
106:adding citations to reliable sources
2332:Greek and Roman Warships 399-30 B.C
2595:European Journal of Human Genetics
2241:, Gymnasium, 59/1952, H. 1, p. 79.
25:
944:List of ancient cities in Illyria
704:The civil war between Caesar and
690:was nominally proclaimed a Roman
686:, and the main Liburnian city of
330:Origins and relation to Illyrians
52:This article has multiple issues.
2775:(in Croatian). 24–25 (1): 55–66.
2745:from the original on 2019-03-07.
2488:; et al. (26 August 2022).
1945:Servius' commentary on Virgil's
1274:, but with two banks of oars (a
551:(nowadays on the border between
507:, says on the contrary that the
184:
82:
41:
2730:(in German). pp. 199–204.
2254:, Princeton, 1971, pp. 141-142.
2209:Krahe, Hans (1955). "I. Teil".
1100:) and so on were worshipped in
1057:The mythology of the people of
682:(or zone of responsibility) to
527:BC) and by the Greek historian
454:at the western Adriatic coast,
427:Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse
326:settled the island, c. 730 BC.
198:may be too short to adequately
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2728:Jarhbücher f. d. Altertumswiss
2710:British Archaeological Reports
2672:(in French). Bonn: R. Habelt.
587:Roman wars and conflicts with
208:provide an accessible overview
1:
2217:The language of the Illyrians
2032:. Gorgias Press. p. 10.
708:in 49 BC affected all of the
619:Hellenistic and Roman periods
2580:, 12: 209-299, Zadar, 1990;
1065:period monuments, some with
2786:. Narodni muzej Slovenije.
2780:Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005).
2750:Kurilić, Anamarija (2012).
2649:(in Croatian and English).
2584:, 13, Zadar, 1991, 169-211.
1661:, vol. VI, p. 269
1576:Beiträge zur Namenforschung
1517:"25 Liburnia and Illyricum"
1508:Pomponius Mela, ii. § 49-50
1143:Relations to other cultures
582:(Bell. Civ., II, 39) noted
2910:
2445:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
1380:
1229:
1112:, was worshiped among the
1050:
941:
854:
653:Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus
485:town of Cambodunum (today
281:
29:
2884:Ancient tribes in Croatia
2846:Zaninović, Marin (1988),
2819:. The peoples of Europe.
2641:Barnett, Charles (2016).
2283:Starr, C. G. Jr. (1975).
1525:, vol. 3, p. 23
1282:, possibly by way of the
2687:Archaeologia Jugoslavica
2212:Die Sprache der Illyrier
2199:UDC: 904 (398 Liburnija)
1861:, pp. 100–101, 111.
1729:, pp. 182–183, 187.
1717:, pp. 79–80, 82–83.
1550:Epitome of Roman History
805:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
627:and took control of all
576:Epitome of Roman History
322:until shortly after the
2609:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992
2511:10.1126/science.abm4247
1218:" used by the Medieval
1053:Paleo-Balkanic religion
2852:Opvscvla Archaeologica
2668:Batović, Šime (1962).
2334:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
1397:Indo-European language
1319:
1241:
961:
953:
866:
815:
398:(6th century BCE) and
391:
265:
257:
2404:, pp. 74–76, 78.
2348:Starr, C. G. (1993).
1427:studies published in
1313:
1239:
864:
855:Further information:
820:Great Illyrian Revolt
813:
613:Second Macedonian War
389:
354:Illyrii proprie dicti
263:
248:
2848:"Liburnia Militaris"
2806:Coll. Anthropologica
2783:Appian and Illyricum
2179:Batović, Š. (2005).
1837:, pp. 174, 180.
1500:Stephanus Byzantinus
1316:Trajan's Dacian Wars
1068:interpretatio Romana
513:Indo-European people
396:Hecataeus of Miletus
102:improve this article
2889:History of Dalmatia
2767:Suić, Mate (1992).
2437:2022Natur.601..588P
2363:Casson, L. (1971).
2130:, pp. 244–245.
1813:, pp. 178–180.
1753:, pp. 180–181.
1522:The Natural History
1461:Castellieri culture
857:Prehistoric Balkans
2808:24: 267-279, 2000.
2660:10.15291/misc.1367
2588:Barac, L. (2003).
2505:(6609): eabm4247.
2300:, pp. 46, 47.
2082:, pp. 59, 60.
2058:, pp. 57, 58.
2018:, pp. 55, 56.
1973:, pp. 45, 53.
1545:"XXI The Illyrian"
1389:Liburnian language
1383:Liburnian language
1320:
1305:Lucian of Samosata
1242:
1108:, identified with
1098:Iuppiter Taranucus
927:Hellenic influence
867:
816:
794:battle near Actium
678:was assigned as a
392:
266:
258:
2870:904.930.2(497.13)
2756:Povijesni prilozi
2431:(7894): 588–594.
2185:Liburnian culture
2181:Liburnska kultura
2006:, pp. 53–55.
1961:, pp. 49–53.
1873:, pp. 72–73.
1825:, pp. 83–84.
1449:mtDNA haplogroups
1401:Pre-Indo-European
1209:Serilia Liburnica
826:, mentioning the
599:and the southern
349:Illyro-Roman Wars
318:, they populated
304:) in what is now
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
2901:
2866:
2842:
2801:
2776:
2763:
2746:
2744:
2725:
2697:Brusic, Zdenko,
2694:
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2664:
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2611:
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2354:
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2345:
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2316:
2315:
2314:(December 2007).
2312:Military History
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1633:www.euratlas.net
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1588:
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1568:
1562:
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1554:
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1528:
1526:
1481:
1441:Y-DNA haplogroup
1409:Venetic language
1288:battle of Actium
1216:Condura Croatica
1129:Social relations
1029:Material culture
1012:Burial tradition
891:Urnfield Culture
790:sinus Flanaticus
663:and Liburnians.
529:Diodorus Siculus
497:' commentary on
481:The name of the
446:at the mouth of
412:Syracuse, Sicily
283:
238:
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45:
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32:Liburnian (ship)
21:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2874:
2873:
2854:(in Croatian),
2845:
2831:
2821:Blackwell Books
2813:Wilkes, John J.
2811:
2794:
2779:
2766:
2758:(in Croatian).
2749:
2742:
2723:
2715:
2684:
2667:
2640:
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2560:
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2268:(in Croatian).
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2203:
2195:
2178:
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2165:
2161:
2157:, pp. 246.
2153:
2149:
2145:, pp. 176.
2141:
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2122:
2114:
2110:
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2090:
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2074:
2066:
2062:
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2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1920:
1916:
1912:, pp. 111.
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:, pp. 184.
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:, pp. 172.
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:, pp. 181.
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:, pp. 187.
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:, pp. 173.
1689:
1685:
1681:, pp. 183.
1677:
1666:
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1637:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1513:Pliny the Elder
1511:
1496:Appian, Ill. 12
1482:
1478:
1474:
1457:
1421:
1419:Archaeogenetics
1413:Adriatic Veneti
1385:
1379:
1252:to the Romans.
1234:
1228:
1162:
1145:
1131:
1122:
1073:Illyrian tribes
1055:
1049:
1031:
1014:
946:
940:
859:
853:
845:Liburnian cipus
621:
384:
379:
332:
308:. According to
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
215:
212:
205:
193:This article's
189:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2843:
2829:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2777:
2764:
2762:(44): 171–181.
2747:
2713:
2695:
2682:
2665:
2638:
2602:(7): 535–542.
2585:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2476:
2406:
2394:
2392:, pp. 71.
2382:
2380:, pp. 46.
2378:Zaninović 1988
2370:
2355:
2337:
2317:
2302:
2298:Zaninović 1988
2290:
2275:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2201:
2193:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2132:
2120:
2118:, p. 199.
2108:
2096:
2084:
2080:Zaninović 1988
2072:
2070:, pp. 59.
2068:Zaninović 1988
2060:
2056:Zaninović 1988
2048:
2038:
2020:
2016:Zaninović 1988
2008:
2004:Zaninović 1988
1996:
1987:
1975:
1971:Zaninović 1988
1963:
1959:Zaninović 1988
1951:
1938:
1932:"crooked" and
1914:
1902:
1900:, pp. 74.
1890:
1886:Šašel Kos 2005
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1777:, pp. 55.
1767:
1763:Šašel Kos 2005
1755:
1743:
1741:, pp. 39.
1731:
1727:Šašel Kos 2005
1719:
1707:
1705:, pp. 64.
1695:
1683:
1679:Šašel Kos 2005
1664:
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1619:
1589:
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1529:
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1473:
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1468:
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1453:
1425:archaeogenetic
1420:
1417:
1381:Main article:
1378:
1375:
1230:Main article:
1227:
1224:
1161:
1158:
1144:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1096:), Taranucus (
1084:Venus Ansotica
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1010:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
935:
934:
923:
894:
852:
849:
620:
617:
539:), led by the
383:
380:
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331:
328:
241:
240:
223:
222:
202:the key points
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50:
49:
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40:
26:
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14:
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2:
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2849:
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2830:0-631-14671-7
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:The Illyrians
2814:
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2795:
2793:961-6169-36-X
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2689:(in German).
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2571:Izdanja HAD-a
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1994:Livy xlii. 48
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158:February 2010
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119: –
118:
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113:Find sources:
107:
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91:This article
89:
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27:Ancient tribe
19:
2858:(1): 43–67,
2855:
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2805:
2798:Google Books
2796:– via
2782:
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2759:
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2486:Reich, David
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2184:
2180:
2174:
2167:Barnett 2016
2162:
2150:
2143:Kurilić 2012
2123:
2111:
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2011:
1999:
1990:
1978:
1966:
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1946:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
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1917:
1905:
1898:Barnett 2016
1893:
1871:Barnett 2016
1866:
1854:
1847:Kurilić 2012
1842:
1835:Kurilić 2012
1830:
1823:Barnett 2016
1818:
1811:Kurilić 2012
1806:
1799:Barnett 2016
1794:
1787:Kurilić 2012
1782:
1770:
1758:
1751:Kurilić 2012
1746:
1734:
1722:
1715:Barnett 2016
1710:
1703:Barnett 2016
1698:
1691:Kurilić 2012
1686:
1656:
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1622:
1605:
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1503:
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1466:Ancient Rome
1434:
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1297:quinqueremes
1265:
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1215:
1213:
1208:
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1192:
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1166:Adriatic Sea
1163:
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1123:
1097:
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1066:
1063:Roman Empire
1056:
1032:
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1005:
1001:
993:
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898:Adriatic Sea
868:
841:Romanization
832:
817:
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777:
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710:Roman Empire
703:
696:
691:
679:
673:
665:
639:, while the
622:
604:
583:
575:
561:
545:
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509:Vindelicians
502:
490:
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467:
431:Carthaginian
423:Adriatic Sea
420:
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367:
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297:
289:
273:
269:
267:
229:
213:
197:
195:lead section
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
117:"Liburnians"
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2717:Krahe, Hans
2402:Wilkes 1996
2390:Wilkes 1996
2250:L. Casson,
2155:Wilkes 1996
2128:Wilkes 1996
2104:Wilkes 1996
2092:Wilkes 1996
1983:Wilkes 1996
1910:Wilkes 1996
1859:Wilkes 1996
1739:Wilkes 1996
1658:Geographica
1506:607 ;
1504:ad Nicander
1492:vii. p. 484
1293:quadriremes
1268:penteconter
1150:Hellenistic
1040:Hellenistic
938:Settlements
931:Hellenistic
851:Archaeology
611:and in the
491:cambo dunon
483:Vindelician
382:Classic age
324:Corinthians
315:Geographica
2878:Categories
2272:: 206–209.
2237:H. Krahe,
2116:Krahe 1946
1922:Cambodunum
1638:2018-04-30
1627:Euratlas.
1502:; Scholia
1488:vi. p. 407
1472:References
1352:quadrieres
1284:Macedonian
1280:Roman Navy
1202:near Nin (
1193:drakoforos
1136:matriarchy
1086:), Iicus (
1023:Copper Age
883:Bronze Age
692:municipium
674:In 59 BC,
609:Punic Wars
270:Liburnians
128:newspapers
57:improve it
2864:0473-0992
2839:438825468
2815:(1996) .
2678:714943089
2653:: 63–98.
2618:1018-4813
2537:251843620
2471:245509501
1775:Suić 1992
1584:0005-8114
1486:; Strabo
1371:Dalmatian
1340:Suetonius
1160:Seafarers
954:castellum
879:Pannonian
740:galleys.
680:provincia
676:Illyricum
597:Macedonia
541:Iadasinoi
472:Starigrad
435:Etruscans
416:Epidamnus
408:Taulantii
371:Illyricum
363:Illyrians
337:Etruscans
335:them and
200:summarize
63:talk page
18:Liburnian
2894:Liburnia
2740:Archived
2736:54995190
2719:(1946).
2634:15822710
2626:12825075
2529:36007055
2520:10064553
2463:34937049
1600:(1969).
1543:(1929).
1484:Scyl. 21
1455:See also
1393:Liburnia
1377:Language
1367:Croatian
1348:penteres
1261:Picenian
1246:libyrnis
1191:, and a
1102:Liburnia
1092:Sabasius
1089:Iuppiter
1047:Religion
986:Nedinium
958:Croatian
919:Iapodian
887:Iron Age
885:and the
765:Octavian
738:liburnae
661:Taurisci
649:Dalmatae
625:Aquileia
601:Illyrian
593:Carthage
584:liburnae
549:Truentum
519:(modern
517:Adriatic
448:Po river
286:Liburnia
282:Λιβυρνοί
251:Iron Age
2582:Diadora
2578:Diadora
2558:Sources
2498:Science
2454:8889665
2433:Bibcode
2266:Diadora
2225:3221819
1949:i. 243.
1936:"fort".
1614:1034435
1436:Science
1360:liburna
1356:trieres
1344:hexeres
1336:Tacitus
1329:Micenum
1325:Ravenna
1272:trireme
1250:liburna
1232:Liburna
1226:Liburna
1170:galleys
1120:Economy
1114:Japodes
1110:Neptune
1059:Illyria
1036:fibulae
1002:Curicum
962:gradina
912:on the
902:Picenum
828:Iapodes
786:Kvarner
782:Korčula
746:Promona
726:Curicum
699:Promona
645:Gentius
641:Iapodes
629:Venetia
605:Liburna
589:Pyrrhus
568:Ardiaei
566:of the
557:Abruzzo
521:Croatia
495:Servius
487:Kempten
404:Korkyra
377:History
320:Kerkyra
306:Croatia
274:Liburni
142:scholar
2862:
2837:
2827:
2790:
2734:
2704:
2676:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2535:
2527:
2517:
2469:
2461:
2451:
2424:Nature
2223:
2191:
2036:
1947:Aeneid
1653:Strabo
1612:
1582:
1541:Florus
1447:. The
1445:R1b-L2
1430:Nature
1276:bireme
1257:Pesaro
1220:Croats
1204:Aenona
1185:lembus
1181:galaia
1174:piracy
1154:Celtic
1106:Bindus
1018:Tumuli
978:Aenona
914:Italic
910:Apulia
906:Daunia
875:Balkan
836:Burnum
824:Verona
776:) and
770:Melita
761:Narona
757:Salona
734:Salona
722:Aenona
706:Pompey
688:Iadera
637:Histri
633:Istria
580:Appian
572:Florus
553:Marche
533:Idassa
504:Aeneid
499:Virgil
468:Pharos
452:Ancona
400:Strabo
345:Florus
341:Appian
310:Strabo
298:Titius
296:) and
144:
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130:
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2743:(PDF)
2732:S2CID
2724:(PDF)
2693:: 55.
2630:S2CID
2533:S2CID
2493:(PDF)
2467:S2CID
2419:(PDF)
2215:[
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1604:[
1200:Zaton
1189:levut
1094:Iicus
1080:Venus
1006:bunja
982:Nadin
970:Iader
966:Zadar
950:Latin
774:Mljet
753:Iader
718:Iader
668:Sulla
657:Carni
564:Agron
537:Zadar
464:Paros
444:Adria
439:Celts
290:Arsia
149:JSTOR
135:books
2860:ISSN
2835:OCLC
2825:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2674:OCLC
2622:PMID
2614:ISSN
2525:PMID
2459:PMID
2221:OCLC
2189:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1930:camm
1926:camb
1610:OCLC
1580:ISSN
1433:and
1423:Two
1387:The
1369:and
1338:and
1327:and
1295:and
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908:and
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456:Issa
450:and
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302:Krka
294:Raša
268:The
121:news
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2604:doi
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