1245:
87:
In 2012 the first inherently stretchable LEC using an elastomeric emissive material (at room temperature) was reported. Dispersing an ionic transition metal complex into an elastomeric matrix enables the fabrication of intrinsically stretchable light-emitting devices that possess large emission areas
79:
There are two distinct types of LECs, those based on inorganic transition metal complexes (iTMC) or light emitting polymers. iTMC devices are often more efficient than their LEP based counterparts due to the emission mechanism being phosphorescent rather than fluorescent.
88:(~175 mm2) and tolerate linear strains up to 27% and repetitive cycles of 15% strain. This work demonstrates the suitability of this approach to new applications in conformable lighting that require uniform, diffuse light emission over large areas.
83:
While electroluminescence had been seen previously in similar devices, the invention of the polymer LEC is attributed to Pei et al. Since then, numerous research groups and a few companies have worked on improving and commercializing the devices.
475:
Filiatrault, H. L.; Porteous, G. C.; Carmichael, R. S.; Davidson, G. J. E.; Carmichael, T. B. (2012). "Stretchable Light-Emitting
Electrochemical Cells Using an Elastomeric Emissive Material".
186:
Shin, J.-H.; Dzwilewski, A.; Iwasiewicz, A.; Xiao, S.; Fransson, Å.; Ankah, G. N.; Edman, L. (2006). "Light
Emission at 5 V from a Polymer Device with a Millimeter-Sized Interelectrode Gap".
221:
Matyba, P.; Yamaguchi, H.; Eda, G.; Chhowalla, M.; Edman, L.; Robinson, N. D. (2010). "Graphene and Mobile Ions: The Key to All-Plastic, Solution-Processed Light-Emitting
Devices".
922:
102:
In 2017, a new design approach developed by a team of
Swedish researchers promised to deliver substantially higher efficiency: 99.2 cd A at a bright luminance of 1910 cd m.
1215:
266:
Yu, Z.; Hu, L.; Liu, Z.; Sun, M.; Wang, M.; Grüner, G.; Pei, Q. (2009). "Fully
Bendable Polymer Light Emitting Devices with Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode and Anode".
305:; Kock, A.; Bruckl, H.; Kast, M.; Stepper, C.; List, E. J. W. (2008). "Inkjet Printed Surface Cell Light-Emitting Devices from a Water-Based Polymer Dispersion".
658:
51:
of the electrodes. Consequently, the electrodes can be made of the same material (e.g. gold). Similarly, the device can still be operated at low voltages.
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585:"Design rules for light-emitting electrochemical cells delivering bright luminance at 27.5 percent external quantum efficiency"
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1275:
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151:
Gao, J.; Dane, J. (2003). "Planar
Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells with extremely Large Interelectrode Spacing".
1199:
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1072:
72:
LECs can be printed with relatively inexpensive printing processes (where control over film thicknesses can be difficult).
1311:
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126:
37:
583:
Tang, S.; Sandström, A.; Lundberg P.; Lanz, T.; Larsen, C.; van Reenen, S.; Kemerink, M.; Edman, L. (30 October 2017).
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The thickness of the active electroluminescent layer is not critical for the device to operate. This means that:
1022:
825:
424:
Pei, Q. B.; Yu, G.; Zhang, C.; Yang, Y.; Heeger, A. J. (1995). "Polymer Light-Emitting
Electrochemical-Cells".
116:
1028:
373:
Tang, Shi; Edman, Ludvig (2016-06-13). "Light-Emitting
Electrochemical Cells: A Review on Recent Progress".
334:"Visualization of Electrochemical Doping and Light-Emitting Junction Formation in Conjugated Polymer Films"
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230:
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1006:
33:
528:"Ambient Fabrication of Flexible and Large-Area Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using Slot-Die Coating"
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containing mobile ions. Aside from the mobile ions, their structure is very similar to that of an
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32:). LECs are usually composed of two metal electrodes connected by (e.g. sandwiching) an
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In a planar device configuration, internal device operation can be observed directly.
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and polymers have been used as electrodes, eliminating the need for using
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55:
28:) is a solid-state device that generates light from an electric current (
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43:
LECs have most of the advantages of OLEDs, as well as additional ones:
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780:
636:
756:
774:
640:
526:
Sandström, A.; Dam, H. F.; Krebs, F. C.; Edman, L. (2012).
99:
compatible process under ambient conditions was reported.
1256:
95:
light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) using a
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1038:
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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
841:
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47:The device is less dependent on the difference in
1216:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
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652:
8:
870:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
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1269:
781:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
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559:
357:
234:
143:
1251:This electronics-related article is a
54:Recently developed materials such as
7:
1241:
1239:
917:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
991:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
18:light-emitting electrochemical cell
1255:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1190:Large-screen television technology
14:
864:Organic light-emitting transistor
1243:
1227:Comparison of display technology
858:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
929:Laser-powered phosphor display
1:
1195:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
1185:History of display technology
1073:Computer-generated holography
446:10.1126/science.269.5227.1086
775:Organic light-emitting diode
769:Light-emitting diode display
127:Organic light-emitting diode
66:for a transparent electrode.
38:organic light-emitting diode
375:Topics in Current Chemistry
319:10.1016/j.orgel.2007.10.007
1333:
1238:
985:Vacuum fluorescent display
709:Electroluminescent display
609:10.1038/s41467-017-01339-0
332:Gao, J.; Dane, J. (2004).
1224:
832:Liquid crystal on silicon
387:10.1007/s41061-016-0040-4
1023:Fourteen-segment display
826:Digital Light Processing
117:Electrochemiluminescence
1029:Sixteen-segment display
715:Rear-projection display
338:Applied Physics Letters
268:Applied Physics Letters
188:Applied Physics Letters
153:Applied Physics Letters
91:In 2012 fabrication of
876:Field-emission display
791:Liquid-crystal display
497:10.1002/adma.201200448
1307:Molecular electronics
1013:Eight-segment display
1007:Seven-segment display
595:(1190 (2017)): 1190.
589:Nature Communications
532:Nature Communications
34:organic semiconductor
1135:Display capabilities
1018:Nine-segment display
720:Plasma display panel
122:Light-emitting diode
112:Electrochemical cell
1312:Conductive polymers
1164:See-through display
1068:Holographic display
746:Quantum dot display
601:2017NatCo...8.1190T
544:2012NatCo...3.1002S
489:2012AdM....24.2673F
438:1995Sci...269.1086P
350:2004ApPhL..84.2778G
307:Organic Electronics
280:2009ApPhL..95t3304Y
200:2006ApPhL..89a3509S
165:2003ApPhL..83.3027G
30:electroluminescence
1302:Display technology
1206:Color Light Output
1200:High Dynamic Range
1002:Dot-matrix display
997:Lightguide display
668:Display technology
552:10.1038/ncomms2002
477:Advanced Materials
1317:Electronics stubs
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1159:Always-on display
950:Electromechanical
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359:10.1063/1.1702126
288:10.1063/1.3266869
245:10.1021/nn9018569
208:10.1063/1.2219122
173:10.1063/1.1618948
132:Photoelectrolysis
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1211:Flexible display
1173:Related articles
1053:Autostereoscopic
752:Electronic paper
698:Cathode-ray tube
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60:carbon nanotubes
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483:(20): 2673–8.
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301:Mauthner, G.;
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58:or a blend of
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860:(ELQD/QD-LED)
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49:work function
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1257:expanding it
1250:
1235:
1121:Transparency
1094:Static media
1048:Stereoscopic
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344:(15): 2778.
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159:(15): 3027.
156:
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101:
97:roll-to-roll
90:
86:
82:
78:
42:
25:
21:
17:
15:
1085:Fog display
1058:Multiscopic
975:Fiber-optic
887:Quantum dot
1296:Categories
1126:Laser beam
1080:Volumetric
1040:3D display
980:Nixie tube
960:Split-flap
845:generation
819:Blue Phase
739:generation
686:generation
138:References
1180:Scan line
1154:DisplayID
1111:Neon sign
1101:Monoscope
943:Non-video
704:Jumbotron
395:2365-0869
381:(4): 40.
231:CiteSeerX
1063:Hologram
970:Eggcrate
955:Flip-dot
901:display
882:Laser TV
853:microLED
783:(AMOLED)
737:Current
693:Eidophor
627:29085078
570:22893126
538:: 1002.
513:13047158
505:22451224
462:36807816
454:17755530
403:27573392
253:20131906
223:ACS Nano
106:See also
56:graphene
40:(OLED).
1147:CEA-861
777:(OLED)
762:Gyricon
618:5662711
597:Bibcode
561:3432459
540:Bibcode
485:Bibcode
434:Bibcode
426:Science
411:5205115
346:Bibcode
276:Bibcode
196:Bibcode
161:Bibcode
93:organic
1031:(SISD)
925:(TDEL)
919:(FLCD)
866:(OLET)
834:(LCoS)
793:(LCD)
771:(LED)
748:(QLED)
722:(PDP)
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615:
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511:
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401:
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251:
233:
1202:(HDR)
1025:(FSD)
1009:(SSD)
993:(LEC)
987:(VFD)
931:(LPD)
878:(FED)
872:(SED)
843:Next
828:(DLP)
757:E Ink
711:(ELD)
700:(CRT)
509:S2CID
458:S2CID
407:S2CID
1253:stub
1142:EDID
964:Vane
910:TMOS
905:IMoD
899:MEMS
726:ALiS
684:Past
623:PMID
566:PMID
501:PMID
450:PMID
399:PMID
391:ISSN
249:PMID
26:LEEC
814:LED
807:IPS
797:TFT
613:PMC
605:doi
556:PMC
548:doi
493:doi
442:doi
430:269
383:doi
379:374
354:doi
315:doi
284:doi
241:doi
204:doi
169:doi
24:or
22:LEC
1298::
802:TN
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16:A
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20:(
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