33:
personal development workshop. People tended to underestimate how much their conversation partners liked and enjoyed their company. The gap was also seen in the year-long section of the study looking at dorm mates. The dorm mates participated in multiple tests over the year and the gap consistently appeared. It was reliably shown that people's views of their own conversation tended to be more negative than their view of other people's performance. In another study, videos of first encounters were judged based on verbal or nonverbal cues of enjoyment. Even when cues were obvious to outside observers, the gap persisted with the participants. It was also evident in conversations of varying lengths; conversations that were short, medium, and long were compared and the gap appeared in all categories of conversation length.
32:
The study which first investigated the liking gap looked at people's interactions in various scenarios: strangers meeting for the first time in a laboratory setting, first-year college students getting to know their dorm mates, members of the general public getting to know each other during a
23:
is the disparity between how much a person believes that another person likes them, and that other person's actual opinion. Studies have found that most people underestimate how much other people like them and enjoy their company.
36:
There is evidence that suggests the liking gap begins to develop from the age of 5, as this is around the time when children begin to become more aware of and concerned with the ways that they are evaluated by others.
40:
The gap does not show that people are always negative. Research suggests that people usually have favorable views about themselves and others. However, there is evidence that people tend to exhibit
79:
342:
Kruger, Justin; David, Dunning (1999). "Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments".
262:"The Development of the Liking Gap: Children Older Than 5 Years Think That Partners Evaluate Them Less Positively Than They Evaluate Their Partners"
124:
160:
377:
Deri, Sebastian; Davidai, Shai; Gilovich, Thomas (2017). "Home alone: Why people believe others' social lives are richer than their own".
426:
315:
Alicke, Mark (1985). "Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives".
200:
431:
58:
105:
402:
297:
239:
178:
80:"The "liking gap" – we tend to underestimate the positive first impression we make on strangers"
394:
359:
289:
281:
231:
223:
386:
351:
324:
273:
215:
53:
199:
Boothby, Erica J.; Cooney, Gus; Sandstrom, Gillian M.; Clark, Margaret S. (2018-11-01).
41:
420:
301:
406:
243:
142:
125:"Nervous About First Impressions? You May Underestimate How Much People Like You"
355:
328:
261:
285:
277:
227:
219:
179:"Bridging the 'liking-gap,' researchers discuss awkwardness of conversations"
398:
363:
293:
235:
390:
201:"The Liking Gap in Conversations: Do People Like Us More Than We Think?"
260:
Wolf, Wouter; Nafe, Amanda; Tomasello, Michael (2021-04-29).
143:"People Like You More Than You Think, a New Study Suggests"
44:
when thinking about their own interactions with others.
106:"At first meeting, people like you more than you think"
161:"'Liking Gap' Might Stand in Way of New Friendships"
8:
379:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
344:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
317:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
123:Bharanidharan, Sadhana (Sep 11, 2018).
70:
7:
255:
253:
194:
192:
86:. The British psychological society
14:
1:
356:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
329:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1621
448:
78:Emma, Young (2018-09-24).
16:Psychological measurement
278:10.1177/0956797620980754
220:10.1177/0956797618783714
59:Illusion of transparency
427:Psychological concepts
266:Psychological Science
208:Psychological Science
391:10.1037/pspa0000105
28:Empirical research
432:Social psychology
214:(11): 1742–1756.
439:
411:
410:
374:
368:
367:
350:(6): 1121–1134.
339:
333:
332:
323:(6): 1621–1630.
312:
306:
305:
257:
248:
247:
205:
196:
187:
186:
175:
169:
168:
157:
151:
150:
139:
133:
132:
120:
114:
113:
102:
96:
95:
93:
91:
75:
54:Spotlight effect
447:
446:
442:
441:
440:
438:
437:
436:
417:
416:
415:
414:
376:
375:
371:
341:
340:
336:
314:
313:
309:
259:
258:
251:
203:
198:
197:
190:
177:
176:
172:
159:
158:
154:
141:
140:
136:
122:
121:
117:
104:
103:
99:
89:
87:
84:Research Digest
77:
76:
72:
67:
50:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
445:
443:
435:
434:
429:
419:
418:
413:
412:
385:(6): 858–877.
369:
334:
307:
272:(5): 789–798.
249:
188:
170:
152:
134:
115:
97:
69:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
56:
49:
46:
42:self-criticism
29:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
444:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
422:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
338:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
256:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
202:
195:
193:
189:
184:
183:Science Daily
180:
174:
171:
166:
162:
156:
153:
148:
144:
138:
135:
130:
129:Medical Daily
126:
119:
116:
111:
107:
101:
98:
85:
81:
74:
71:
64:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
47:
45:
43:
38:
34:
27:
25:
22:
382:
378:
372:
347:
343:
337:
320:
316:
310:
269:
265:
211:
207:
182:
173:
164:
155:
146:
137:
128:
118:
109:
100:
88:. Retrieved
83:
73:
39:
35:
31:
20:
18:
90:12 November
421:Categories
65:References
21:liking gap
302:233462197
286:0956-7976
228:0956-7976
110:Yale News
407:25964432
399:29189037
364:10626367
294:33914647
244:52165115
236:30183512
48:See also
165:US News
405:
397:
362:
300:
292:
284:
242:
234:
226:
403:S2CID
298:S2CID
240:S2CID
204:(PDF)
395:PMID
360:PMID
290:PMID
282:ISSN
232:PMID
224:ISSN
147:Time
92:2019
19:The
387:doi
383:113
352:doi
325:doi
274:doi
216:doi
423::
401:.
393:.
381:.
358:.
348:77
346:.
321:49
319:.
296:.
288:.
280:.
270:32
268:.
264:.
252:^
238:.
230:.
222:.
212:29
210:.
206:.
191:^
181:.
163:.
145:.
127:.
108:.
82:.
409:.
389::
366:.
354::
331:.
327::
304:.
276::
246:.
218::
185:.
167:.
149:.
131:.
112:.
94:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.