3052:
575:
133:
356:
3380:
2102:
36:
3390:
344:
894:
The
Linnaean system has proven robust and it remains the only extant working classification system at present that enjoys universal scientific acceptance. However, although the number of ranks is unlimited, in practice any classification becomes more cumbersome the more ranks are added. Among the
750:, simply and practically. Every species can be given a unique (and, one hopes, stable) name, as compared with common names that are often neither unique nor consistent from place to place and language to language. This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working
671:
This rank-based method of classifying living organisms was originally popularized by (and much later named for) Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time. The greatest innovation of
Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of
582:
Only in the Animal
Kingdom is the higher taxonomy of Linnaeus still more or less recognizable and some of these names are still in use, but usually not quite for the same groups. He divided the Animal Kingdom into six classes. In the tenth edition, of 1758, these were:
331:
in which he claimed that his classification of genera was a natural system. His botanical classification and sexual system were used well into the nineteenth century. Within each class were several orders. This system is based on the number and arrangement of male
192:) nor gave it its present form. In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as "Linnaean taxonomy" as such does not really exist: it is a collective (abstracting) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.
919:
Over time, understanding of the relationships between living things has changed. Linnaeus could only base his scheme on the structural similarities of the different organisms. The greatest change was the widespread acceptance of
895:
later subdivisions that have arisen are such entities as phyla, families, and tribes, as well as any number of ranks with prefixes (superfamilies, subfamilies, etc.). The use of newer taxonomic tools such as
1992:
3051:
2213:
Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
719:
as the immediate genus of the species human, horse, etc. is of little practical use to the biological taxonomist, however. Accordingly, Linnaeus's classification treats
1032:
Representing presumptive evolutionary relationships within the framework of
Linnaean taxonomy is sometimes seen as problematic, especially given the wide acceptance of
754:(biologists specializing in taxonomy), not merely of the binomial names themselves, but of the rules governing the use of these names, which are laid down in formal
1985:
602:
588:
1158:
An introduction to the study of botany: including a treatise on vegetable physiology, and descriptions of the most common plants in the middle and northern states
616:
3087:
623:
609:
809:
2206:
595:
238:. This approach, the Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Kingdoms, survives today in the popular mind, notably in the form of the parlour game question: "Is it
1978:
696:(the technical term for a binomial in the case of animals). Prior to Linnaean taxonomy, animals were classified according to their mode of movement.
2890:
2207:
Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux
2286:
2011:
This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by
946:
are linked together to construct a phylogeny. This is largely what is meant by the term 'Linnaean taxonomy' when used in a modern context. In
1743:
1685:
3097:
2440:
3350:
299:), with an additional rank lower than species, though these do not precisely correspond to the use of these terms in modern taxonomy.
53:
2001:
1816:
1802:
1775:
1664:
119:
172:
A term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based
3436:
3426:
3216:
100:
3431:
1965:
735:(Latin for "knowing" or "understanding") playing a differentiating role analogous to that played, in the Scholastic system, by
1595:
723:
as a class including many genera (subordinated to the animal "kingdom" via intermediary classes such as "orders"), and treats
260:(1758), are accepted as part of the starting points of nomenclature; his binomials (names for species) and generic names take
199:
also has two meanings, depending on the context: it may either refer to a formal name given by
Linnaeus (personally), such as
72:
3262:
57:
2567:
Vorträge über botanische
Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik
1114:
Studies in
History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
2447:
79:
3393:
3222:
2831:
2488:
1053:
239:
3441:
3421:
2883:
954:, 1950 onwards, each taxon is grouped so as to include the common ancestor of the group's members (and thus to avoid
3355:
2913:
2810:
An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
2783:
2338:
2024:
924:
as the mechanism of biological diversity and species formation, following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin's
184:. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification (it goes back to
86:
2825:
An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
2803:
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
46:
3340:
3210:
3031:
900:
173:
1949:
1932:
993:, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms:
3345:
2020:
926:
2815:
1859:(June 2005). "'Not Strictly Proper For A Female Pen': Eighteenth-Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany".
68:
1950:
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. By the International Union of Biological Sciences
1914:
1025:, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the
2222:
530:
243:
450:
Classis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united, at least at the base
3416:
3383:
3320:
3082:
2876:
2235:
1765:
1037:
364:
is classified according to Linnaeus' sexual system in class Decandria, order Monogyna, because it has 10
264:
over those of others. However, the impact he had on science was not because of the value of his taxonomy.
200:
3092:
2560:
2258:
2190:
Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
1792:
935:
908:
673:
2582:
The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
3127:
3039:
3007:
2975:
2935:
2463:
2355:
2158:
323:
1203:
1187:
574:
3315:
3270:
3252:
3190:
3023:
2927:
2226:
1581:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
431:
132:
1251:
1235:
3310:
3107:
3071:
3066:
2589:
2272:
2244:
2197:
1623:
1363:
1347:
1331:
1219:
1040:
that have challenged long-accepted classifications. Therefore, some systematists have proposed a
1013:
ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains:
746:
A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to organize the different kinds of living
715:(Latin for "rational") the characteristic distinguishing humans from all other animals. Treating
666:
261:
247:
152:
1702:
242:?". The work of Linnaeus had a huge impact on science; it was indispensable as a foundation for
165:(1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into
2855:
555:
The classes based on the number of stamens were then subdivided by the number of pistils, e.g.
355:
93:
3365:
3325:
3150:
3117:
3112:
3015:
2983:
2575:
2183:
2144:
1926:
1812:
1798:
1787:
1771:
1749:
1739:
1691:
1681:
1660:
1615:
1137:
1129:
1058:
779:
755:
252:
703:. Scholastic logicians and philosophers of nature defined the species human, for example, as
3242:
3175:
3145:
2967:
2951:
2673:
2645:
2546:
2504:
2151:
2032:
1868:
1842:
1706:
1607:
1121:
1064:
974:
907:) and this sometimes leads to a desire for more ranks. An example of such complexity is the
826:
770:
699:
Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature was anticipated by the theory of definition used in
2943:
3280:
3247:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3102:
2959:
2919:
2738:
2710:
2696:
2631:
2137:
1856:
1760:
862:
820:
814:
743:, Latin for "human being", was used by the Scholastics to denote a species, not a genus).
275:
269:
161:
3206:
3160:
1067:
for a list of mnemonic sentences used to help people remember the list of Linnaean ranks.
1847:
1830:
3360:
3227:
3140:
2809:
2617:
2403:
2300:
2169:
2012:
1888:
1718:
856:
762:
425:
316:
17:
3410:
3335:
3305:
3232:
3135:
2999:
2991:
2899:
2824:
2802:
2752:
2724:
2603:
2532:
2426:
2048:
2028:
2016:
1714:
1650:
1552:
1010:
700:
478:
Classis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several separate groups
156:
1970:
3237:
2518:
2101:
1782:
The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy
1627:
951:
939:
375:
The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were (page numbers refer to
1729:
1675:
1654:
1156:
1109:
3300:
3165:
2347:
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita
1957:, for virus nomenclature by the International Union of Microbiological Societies
1125:
930:. It then became generally understood that classifications ought to reflect the
751:
35:
1029:
of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.
464:
Classis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two separate groups
2795:
2323:
998:
947:
943:
896:
516:
177:
1872:
1753:
1133:
903:
has led to a different way of looking at evolution (expressed in many nested
206:; or a formal name in the accepted nomenclature (as opposed to a modernistic
3295:
3290:
3155:
2383:
2116:
1735:
1695:
1041:
1033:
1022:
1014:
969:
959:
955:
931:
921:
765:
549:
523:
337:
189:
3330:
1920:
1619:
1141:
1110:"A translation of Carl Linnaeus's introduction to Genera plantarum (1737)"
981:
Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for
2060:
990:
747:
639:
has long since been dropped from use. In the tenth edition, 1758, of the
223:
2435:
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau
1611:
3275:
2703:
Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
1954:
1680:(revised ed.). Canton, MA, USA: Science History Publications/USA.
1018:
1002:
842:
693:
681:
636:
291:
2796:
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)
2717:
The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
812:
allows the use of either term). Phyla (or divisions) are divided into
1966:
European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French
1026:
1006:
994:
986:
793:
784:
688:
species is uniquely identified within the animal kingdom by the name
541:
512:
Classis 20. Gynandria; flowers with the stamens united to the pistils
492:
Classis 19. Syngenesia; flowers with stamens united by their anthers
369:
365:
360:
333:
281:
447:
Classis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short
327:) but only for use in identification. However, in 1737 he published
1656:
Sex, Botany and Empire: The Story of Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks
430:
Classis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamens, inserted on the
343:
315:, were not intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his
169:, and the classes divided into lower ranks in a hierarchical order.
982:
904:
883:
832:
805:
801:
685:
677:
545:
436:
Classis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short
354:
207:
185:
181:
131:
1061: – a way to express insights into evolutionary relationships
2868:
1809:
The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants
964:
537:
2872:
2781:
2380:
2113:
2045:
1974:
1921:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2731:
An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
1559:. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia
680:
name and a second term, which together uniquely identify each
559:
with six stamens and one pistil. Index to genera p. 1201
347:
Key to the Sexual System (from the 10th, 1758, edition of the
29:
536:
Classis 24. Cryptogamia: the "flowerless" plants, including
1943:
424:
Classis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamens,
311:(1735), his classes and orders of plants, according to his
2687:
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
1938:
2497:
Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
1831:"Linnaeus' sexual system and flowering plant phylogeny"
808:, is equivalent to the rank of phylum (and the current
1108:
MĂĽller-Wille, Staffan; Reeds, Karen (September 2007).
934:
of organisms, their descent by evolution. This led to
421:
Classis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 11 to 19 stamens
1944:
International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
877:
Groups of organisms at any of these ranks are called
2682:
The evolution and classification of flowering plants
1960:
3261:
3199:
3126:
3059:
2906:
2751:
2737:
2723:
2709:
2695:
2672:
2644:
2630:
2616:
2602:
2588:
2574:
2559:
2545:
2531:
2525:
L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
2517:
2503:
2487:
2480:
2462:
2425:
2402:
2395:
2354:
2337:
2322:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2243:
2221:
2196:
2182:
2168:
2127:
2059:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1009:. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the
2596:Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
2664:Diversity and classification of flowering plants
692:. No other species of animal can have this same
2417:Syllabus der Vorlesungen ĂĽber Phanerogamenkunde
2309:An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
2279:Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs
2079:De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
684:of organism within a kingdom. For example, the
256:(1753) for plants and the tenth edition of the
2654:A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
1596:"Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges"
850:). There are ranks below species: in zoology,
418:Classis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamens
27:Rank based classification system for organisms
2884:
2539:The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
1986:
1795:: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
415:Classis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamens
409:Classis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamens
398:Classis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamens
395:Classis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamens
392:Classis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamens
267:Linnaeus' kingdoms were in turn divided into
250:. Two of his works, the first edition of the
176:. This term is especially used as opposed to
8:
1915:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
972:(excluding some descendants), such as genus
810:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
412:Classis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamens
389:Classis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamens
1939:ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names
386:Classis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamens
383:Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamen
2891:
2877:
2869:
2778:
2759:Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
2745:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
2484:
2412:Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
2399:
2392:
2377:
2124:
2110:
2056:
2042:
1993:
1979:
1971:
1923:(Melbourne Code, 2011), Electronic version
962:(including all descendants) such as genus
2784:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)
2610:Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
2265:The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
1846:
180:systematics, which groups organisms into
147:can mean either of two related concepts:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1784:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1577:
1535:
1519:
1503:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1391:
1375:
1359:
1343:
1327:
1311:
1295:
1279:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1183:
1095:
1083:
573:
342:
2330:General History of Dichlamydious Plants
1594:Embley, T. A. & Martin, W. (2006).
1076:
3389:
2659:Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
2019:(1982). Examples include the works of
1917:(Saint Louis Code), Electronic version
1889:"Taxonomy, Carl Linnaeus' system 1753"
1731:Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark
1188:Hexandria monogynia i pp. 285–352
1171:
566:numbered 69, from Piperitae to Vagae.
1204:Hexandria polyynia i pp. 342–343
1021:, which contain the prokaryotes, and
1005:, for protozoans and most algae; and
7:
2084:Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
661:Rank-based scientific classification
404:Hexandria polygynia pp. 342–343
401:Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–352
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2553:Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
2511:Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
1848:10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00098_12.x
226:established three kingdoms, namely
3351:Linnean Society of New South Wales
2069:A discourse on the seeds of plants
1768:: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
578:The 1735 classification of animals
25:
2002:List of systems of plant taxonomy
3388:
3379:
3378:
3050:
2859:at Wikispecies •
2624:Traité de Botanique systématique
2441:Die NatĂĽrlichen Pflanzenfamilien
2293:Analyse des familles des plantes
2100:
34:
2176:Familles naturelles des plantes
1829:Bremer, Birgitta (April 2007).
45:needs additional citations for
1723:. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.
1677:Linnaeus: The Man and His Work
1674:Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. (1994) .
911:proposed by McKenna and Bell.
1:
3285:including the Linnaeus Museum
3217:Elisabeth Christina von Linné
2638:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
2448:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
1929:, for zoological nomenclature
950:, originating in the work of
643:, the Linnaean classes were:
2832:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
2198:De Candolle system (1819–24)
1861:Comparative Critical Studies
1770:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1701:(Original edition available
1054:History of plant systematics
989:and an additional group for
782:. Kingdoms are divided into
240:animal, vegetable or mineral
2576:Hutchinson system (1926–73)
2339:Bentham & Hooker system
2061:John Ray system (1686–1704)
1161:. Robinson, Pratt & Co.
1126:10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.003
958:). Such taxa may be either
778:. Domains are divided into
761:Species can be placed in a
711:was considered a genus and
631:Classification for minerals
3458:
3356:Linnean Tercentenary Medal
2674:Cronquist system (1968–81)
2646:Takhtajan system (1966–97)
2547:Wettstein system (1901–35)
2404:Eichler system (1875–1886)
1582:Index generum p. 1201
818:, and they, in turn, into
727:as the genus of a species
664:
570:Classification for animals
273:, and they, in turn, into
3374:
3341:Linnean Society of London
3211:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
3079:(Linnaean classification)
3048:
3032:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
2845:
2816:Chase & Reveal System
2790:
2777:
2725:Thorne system (1968–2000)
2711:Dahlgren system (1975–85)
2464:van Tieghem system (1891)
2427:Engler system (1886–1924)
2391:
2376:
2129:Linnaean system (1735–51)
2123:
2109:
2098:
2055:
2041:
2015:in his 1853 edition, and
2008:
1797:. W. W. Norton & Co.
1728:Polaszek, Andrew (2010).
1659:. Cambridge: Icon Books.
1036:methodology and numerous
901:phylogenetic nomenclature
174:scientific classification
153:biological classification
3346:Swedish Linnaeus Society
2697:Goldberg system (1986–89
2356:Baillon system (1867–94)
2301:Lindley system (1830–45)
2184:De Jussieu system (1789)
1873:10.3366/ccs.2005.2.2.191
1835:Nordic Journal of Botany
1780:Ereshefsky, Marc. 2000.
1553:"Linnaeus Sexual System"
927:On the Origin of Species
303:Classification of plants
214:The taxonomy of Linnaeus
3437:Zoological nomenclature
3427:Biological nomenclature
3088:Zoological nomenclature
2739:Kubitzki system (1990–)
2590:Calestani system (1933)
2489:Dalla Torre & Harms
2287:Dumortier system (1829)
2074:Methodus plantarum nova
1893:Birhmann's Caudiciforms
1155:Comstock, J.L. (1837).
768:, starting with either
676:, the combination of a
529:Classis 23. Polygamia:
246:, now regulated by the
244:biological nomenclature
151:The particular form of
18:Linnaean classification
3432:Botanical nomenclature
3098:Taxa named by Linnaeus
3083:Botanical nomenclature
2632:Melchior system (1964)
2618:Emberger system (1960)
2561:Lotsy system (1907–11)
2236:O Prirozenosti Rostlin
579:
515:Classis 21. Monoecia:
372:
352:
202:Giraffa camelopardalis
159:, as set forth in his
141:
3093:Binomial nomenclature
2914:Linnaeus bibliography
2519:Hallier system (1912)
2505:Warming system (1912)
2314:The Vegetable Kingdom
2170:Adanson system (1763)
1038:molecular phylogenies
936:evolutionary taxonomy
674:binomial nomenclature
656:Classis 4. Vitamentra
577:
522:Classis 22. Dioecia:
358:
346:
155:(taxonomy) set up by
135:
3223:Students of Linnaeus
3128:Apostles of Linnaeus
3040:Systema Vegetabilium
3008:Philosophia Botanica
2976:Hortus Cliffortianus
2936:Bibliotheca Botanica
2753:Reveal system (1997)
2604:Kimura system (1956)
2533:Bessey system (1915)
2362:Histoire des plantes
2273:Perleb system (1826)
2245:Agardh system (1825)
2159:Philosophia Botanica
1935:, Electronic version
938:, where the various
504:Polygamia necessaria
501:Polygamia frustranea
324:Philosophia Botanica
54:improve this article
3321:Linnaeus's Hammarby
3316:Linnaeus University
3253:George Clifford III
3191:Carl Peter Thunberg
3024:Centuria Insectorum
2928:Fundamenta Botanica
2470:Traité de botanique
1766:The Ancestor's Tale
1612:10.1038/nature04546
1524:ii pp. 928–938
1508:ii pp. 919–927
1492:ii pp. 904–919
1476:ii pp. 845–904
1460:ii pp. 789–845
1444:ii pp. 789–938
1428:ii pp. 783–788
1412:ii pp. 782–783
1380:ii pp. 782–788
1364:ii pp. 706–781
1348:ii pp. 701–706
1332:ii pp. 699–701
1316:ii pp. 699–781
1300:ii pp. 683–698
1284:ii pp. 675–683
1268:ii pp. 673–675
1252:ii pp. 640–672
1236:ii pp. 602–639
1220:ii pp. 561–601
653:Classis 3. Fossilia
557:Hexandria monogynia
69:"Linnaean taxonomy"
3442:Swedish inventions
3422:Taxonomy (biology)
3311:Linnaeus Arboretum
3108:History of biology
3072:Linnaean Herbarium
3067:Taxonomy (biology)
2396:Nineteenth century
2259:Gray system (1821)
2230:system (1820–1823)
1788:Gould, Stephen Jay
1734:. Boca Raton, FL:
1001:(i.e., bacteria);
909:scheme for mammals
756:nomenclature codes
667:Taxonomy (biology)
580:
495:Polygamia aequalis
373:
353:
248:nomenclature codes
142:
136:The title page of
3404:
3403:
3366:Linneus, Missouri
3118:Scientific racism
3113:History of botany
3077:Linnaean taxonomy
3016:Species Plantarum
2984:Classes Plantarum
2944:Musa Cliffortiana
2866:
2865:
2841:
2840:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2481:Twentieth century
2476:
2475:
2454:Das Pflanzenreich
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2324:Don system (1834)
2251:Classes Plantarum
2145:Species Plantarum
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2036:
1887:Bihrmann (2021).
1745:978-1-4200-9502-9
1720:Species Plantarum
1687:978-0-88135-154-5
1606:(7084): 623–630.
1059:Phylogenetic tree
705:Animal rationalis
650:Classis 2. Mineræ
564:ordines naturales
531:polygamodioecious
498:Polygamia superba
377:Species plantarum
318:ordines naturales
253:Species Plantarum
232:Regnum Vegetabile
145:Linnaean taxonomy
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3449:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3271:Expedition Linné
3243:Herman Boerhaave
3146:Johan Peter Falk
3054:
2968:Genera Plantarum
2952:Critica Botanica
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2851:
2779:
2491:system (1900–07)
2485:
2400:
2393:
2378:
2152:Genera Plantarum
2125:
2111:
2104:
2057:
2043:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1933:Text of the ICZN
1903:
1901:
1899:
1876:
1852:
1850:
1761:Dawkins, Richard
1757:
1724:
1710:
1707:Internet Archive
1699:
1670:
1632:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1540:ii pp. 939–
1533:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1065:Zoology mnemonic
975:Australopithecus
889:taxonomic groups
647:Classis 1. Petræ
635:His taxonomy of
562:By contrast his
329:Genera Plantarum
220:Imperium Naturae
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3370:
3281:Linnaean Garden
3257:
3248:Johannes Burman
3195:
3186:Anders Sparrman
3181:Daniel Solander
3171:Daniel Rolander
3122:
3103:Natural history
3055:
3046:
2960:Flora Lapponica
2920:Systema Naturae
2907:Published works
2902:
2897:
2867:
2862:
2849:
2837:
2786:
2761:
2747:
2733:
2719:
2705:
2691:
2668:
2640:
2626:
2612:
2598:
2584:
2570:
2555:
2541:
2527:
2513:
2499:
2490:
2472:
2458:
2421:
2387:
2364:
2350:
2340:
2333:
2318:
2295:
2281:
2267:
2253:
2239:
2229:
2217:
2192:
2178:
2164:
2138:Systema Naturae
2119:
2105:
2088:
2051:
2037:
2004:
1999:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1855:
1828:
1746:
1727:
1713:
1700:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1518:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1050:
1044:to replace it.
917:
870:(varietas) and
669:
663:
641:Systema Naturae
633:
572:
349:Systema Naturae
313:Systema Sexuale
309:Systema Naturae
305:
258:Systema Naturae
236:Regnum Lapideum
216:
162:Systema Naturae
140:, Leiden (1735)
138:Systema Naturae
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3361:Linneus, Maine
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Linné (crater)
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Gaspard Bauhin
3225:
3220:
3214:
3203:
3201:
3200:Related people
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Peter ForsskĂĄl
3148:
3143:
3141:Andreas Berlin
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1955:ICTVdB website
1952:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1909:External links
1907:
1905:
1904:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1867:(2): 191–210.
1853:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:. Bloomsbury.
1807:Pavord, Anna.
1805:
1793:Wonderful Life
1785:
1778:
1758:
1744:
1725:
1711:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1651:Fara, Patricia
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1586:
1570:
1544:
1528:
1512:
1496:
1480:
1464:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1400:
1396:ii p. 782
1384:
1368:
1352:
1336:
1320:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1256:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1192:
1176:
1164:
1147:
1120:(3): 563–572.
1100:
1088:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1046:
916:
913:
874:(forma), etc.
866:); in botany,
665:Main article:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
632:
629:
628:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
571:
568:
553:
552:
534:
527:
520:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
490:
489:
488:
485:
482:
476:
475:
474:
471:
468:
462:
461:
460:
457:
454:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:
434:
428:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
336:) and female (
304:
301:
228:Regnum Animale
215:
212:
204:Linnaeus, 1758
194:
193:
170:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3454:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Carl Linnaeus
3415:
3414:
3412:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Linnean Medal
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:7412 Linnaeus
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Johann Bauhin
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Göran Rothman
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Adam Afzelius
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:Fauna Svecica
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:Flora Svecica
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:Carl Linnaeus
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:0-7475-7952-0
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:0-393-02705-8
1800:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:0-618-00583-8
1773:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1666:9781840464443
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Linnaeus 1753
1574:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Linnaeus 1753
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Linnaeus 1753
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Linnaeus 1753
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Linnaeus 1753
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Linnaeus 1753
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:Linnaeus 1753
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Linnaeus 1753
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Linnaeus 1753
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Linnaeus 1753
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Linnaeus 1753
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:Linnaeus 1753
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Linnaeus 1753
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Linnaeus 1753
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Linnaeus 1753
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Linnaeus 1753
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Linnaeus 1753
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:Linnaeus 1753
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Linnaeus 1753
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Linnaeus 1753
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Linnaeus 1753
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Linnaeus 1753
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Linnaeus 1753
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Linnaeus 1753
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:Bihrmann 2021
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:Polaszek 2010
1080:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
976:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
777:
773:
772:
767:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Scholasticism
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
660:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
644:
642:
638:
630:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
585:
584:
576:
569:
567:
565:
560:
558:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
491:
486:
483:
480:
479:
477:
472:
469:
466:
465:
463:
458:
455:
452:
451:
449:
446:
441:
438:
437:
435:
433:
429:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
403:
400:
399:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
380:
378:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
350:
345:
341:
339:
335:
330:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
203:
198:
197:Linnaean name
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
163:
158:
157:Carl Linnaeus
154:
150:
149:
148:
146:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3394:
3284:
3263:Recognitions
3238:Peter Artedi
3161:Pehr Löfling
3076:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2854:
2830:
2823:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2758:
2744:
2730:
2716:
2702:
2686:
2681:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2637:
2623:
2609:
2595:
2581:
2566:
2552:
2538:
2524:
2510:
2496:
2469:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2416:
2411:
2361:
2346:
2329:
2313:
2308:
2292:
2278:
2264:
2250:
2234:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2175:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
1961:Tree of Life
1946:for bacteria
1927:ICZN website
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1864:
1860:
1841:(1–2): 5–6.
1838:
1834:
1808:
1791:
1781:
1764:
1730:
1719:
1715:Linnaeus, C.
1676:
1655:
1638:Bibliography
1603:
1599:
1589:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1483:
1467:
1451:
1435:
1419:
1403:
1387:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1323:
1307:
1291:
1275:
1259:
1243:
1227:
1211:
1195:
1179:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1091:
1086:, p. 1.
1079:
1031:
1011:phylogenetic
980:
973:
970:paraphyletic
963:
960:monophyletic
952:Willi Hennig
925:
918:
915:Alternatives
893:
888:
882:
878:
876:
871:
867:
861:
855:
851:
847:
841:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
797:
789:
783:
775:
769:
760:
752:systematists
745:
740:
736:
732:
729:Homo sapiens
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
690:Homo sapiens
689:
670:
640:
634:
619:(arthropods)
605:(amphibians)
581:
563:
561:
556:
554:
442:Angiospermia
439:Gymnospermia
376:
374:
359:
348:
328:
322:
317:
312:
308:
306:
296:
290:
286:
280:
274:
268:
266:
257:
251:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
201:
196:
195:
166:
160:
144:
143:
137:
116:
110:January 2019
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3301:Linnaemyini
3219:(daughter))
3166:Pehr Osbeck
1857:George, Sam
1172:Bremer 2007
999:prokaryotes
881:(singular:
846:(singular:
836:(singular:
800:, used for
796:; the term
788:(singular:
622:Classis 6.
615:Classis 5.
608:Classis 4.
601:Classis 3.
594:Classis 2.
587:Classis 1.
295:(singular:
285:(singular:
3411:Categories
2386:(Phyletic)
1898:29 October
1563:26 January
1072:References
948:cladistics
897:cladistics
852:subspecies
739:(the word
737:rationalis
713:rationalis
550:bryophytes
517:monoecious
487:Polyandria
484:Icosandria
481:Pentandria
459:Polyandria
453:Pentandria
432:receptacle
426:perigynous
340:) organs.
80:newspapers
3395:Wikiquote
3296:Linnaemya
3291:Linnaeite
3156:Pehr Kalm
2384:Darwinian
2341:(1862–83)
2223:Berchtold
2117:Darwinian
2033:Grisebach
1754:237886102
1736:CRC Press
1134:1369-8486
1042:PhyloCode
1034:cladistic
1023:Eukaryota
956:phylogeny
932:phylogeny
922:evolution
854:(but see
766:hierarchy
748:organisms
591:(mammals)
524:dioecious
507:Monogamia
473:Decandria
470:Octandria
467:Hexandria
456:Decandria
190:Aristotle
178:cladistic
3384:Category
2850:See also
2049:Linnaean
2025:Ventenat
2017:Dahlgren
1881:Websites
1823:Articles
1790:. 1989.
1763:. 2004.
1717:(1753).
1696:30154266
1653:(2003).
1620:16572163
1557:CronkLab
1142:17893065
1048:See also
1015:Bacteria
1003:Protista
991:minerals
827:families
798:division
792:) — for
780:kingdoms
776:kingdoms
707:, where
637:minerals
612:(fishes)
603:Amphibia
589:Mammalia
368:and one
262:priority
224:Linnaeus
3276:Linnaea
3060:General
2856:Plantae
2021:Scopoli
2013:Lindley
1628:4396543
1027:genomes
1019:Archaea
987:Animals
944:extinct
868:variety
848:species
843:species
840:), and
815:classes
794:animals
771:domains
733:sapiens
731:, with
694:binomen
682:species
626:(worms)
617:Insecta
598:(birds)
366:stamens
338:pistils
334:stamens
321:in his
297:species
292:species
289:), and
270:classes
218:In his
210:name).
167:classes
94:scholar
3331:Linnéa
3207:Family
3043:(1774)
3035:(1771)
3027:(1763)
3019:(1753)
3011:(1751)
3003:(1746)
2995:(1745)
2987:(1738)
2979:(1737)
2971:(1737)
2963:(1737)
2955:(1737)
2947:(1736)
2939:(1736)
2931:(1736)
2923:(1735)
2818:(2009)
2029:Batsch
1815:
1801:
1774:
1752:
1742:
1694:
1684:
1663:
1626:
1618:
1600:Nature
1140:
1132:
997:, for
995:Monera
983:Plants
940:extant
905:clades
833:genera
821:orders
802:plants
790:phylum
763:ranked
721:animal
717:animal
709:animal
624:Vermes
610:Pisces
548:, and
533:plants
526:plants
519:plants
370:pistil
361:Kalmia
282:genera
276:orders
182:clades
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3213:(son)
2382:Post-
2227:Presl
1644:Books
1624:S2CID
1007:Fungi
968:, or
887:) or
884:taxon
863:morph
838:genus
806:fungi
785:phyla
686:human
678:genus
546:algae
542:fungi
538:ferns
287:genus
208:clade
186:Plato
101:JSTOR
87:books
2225:and
2115:Pre-
2047:Pre-
2031:and
1900:2021
1813:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1703:here
1692:OCLC
1682:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1616:PMID
1565:2015
1138:PMID
1130:ISSN
1017:and
965:Homo
942:and
899:and
879:taxa
872:form
857:form
804:and
741:homo
725:homo
596:Aves
234:and
188:and
73:news
1869:doi
1843:doi
1705:at
1608:doi
1604:440
1122:doi
860:or
774:or
379:):
307:In
56:by
3413::
2027:,
2023:,
1891:.
1863:.
1839:25
1837:.
1833:.
1748:.
1738:.
1690:.
1622:.
1614:.
1602:.
1598:.
1580:,
1555:.
1538:,
1522:,
1506:,
1490:,
1474:,
1458:,
1442:,
1426:,
1410:,
1394:,
1378:,
1362:,
1346:,
1330:,
1314:,
1298:,
1282:,
1266:,
1250:,
1234:,
1218:,
1202:,
1186:,
1136:.
1128:.
1118:38
1116:.
1112:.
985:,
978:.
891:.
830:,
824:,
758:.
544:,
540:,
279:,
230:,
222:,
3287:)
3283:(
3209:(
2892:e
2885:t
2878:v
2569:.
2349:.
2332:.
2035:.
1994:e
1987:t
1980:v
1902:.
1875:.
1871::
1865:2
1851:.
1845::
1756:.
1709:)
1698:.
1669:.
1630:.
1610::
1584:.
1567:.
1542:.
1526:.
1510:.
1494:.
1478:.
1462:.
1446:.
1430:.
1414:.
1398:.
1382:.
1366:.
1350:.
1334:.
1318:.
1302:.
1286:.
1270:.
1254:.
1238:.
1222:.
1206:.
1190:.
1174:.
1144:.
1124::
1098:.
351:)
332:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
