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extends down from the vertex and merges with the base of the clypeal horn, which is reinforced with clear membrane-like cuticle. The clypeus is enlarged and modified into a paddle shaped horn that has a pad of setae on the underside. The stalk of the horn is smooth, with no setae, and the trigger hairs seen in haidomyrmecines sprout from near the base of the setae pad on the paddle. The pad is composed of long fine setae around the edges changing to shorter thicker setae in the center. The
553:
modification. Along with the clypeal structuring a pair of long setae are positioned in the path of the mandibles. In modern trap-jaw ants such setae are used as triggers that initiate the rapid closure of the mandibles, often to capture prey or sometimes in a defensive action. The upper areas of the clypeus are always coated in a brush of stout setae in the region where the mandibles came to rest when triggered to close. Based on the modification of the clypeus, it is probable that
577:
more likely from the distinct contrast shown in the x-ray. The location of the highest density is near the center of the paddle at the point of impact for the mandibles when they closed, likely to help brace the paddle against misfires of the mandibles, or impact through soft bodied prey, such as beetle larvae. Metals such as calcium, iron, manganese, and zinc are used by insects in both mandibles and ovipositors to reduce wear and increase durability.
134:
924:
436:
due to several factors. Each of the specimens is incomplete, all missing portions of the antennae, making comparison of the scape length to the other segments impossible, and all specimens are missing the terminal segments of the gaster. Based on the worker size and on paddle composition Barden and
606:
are positioned high on the head capsule. The antennae are not fully preserved, with only three full segments, the scape, pedicel, and flagellomere I. The antennae insertion is just in front of and below the eyes, positioned in depressions on each side of the frontal triangle. The frontal triangle
576:
of specimen "BuPH-03". Scanning of the specimen shows density variation in the paddle, with the outer edges less dense than the central core area on the paddles underside. This indicates the paddle was strengthened with thickened cuticle or with metals sequestering in the cuticle, the latter being
552:
is interpreted to facilitate trap-jaw behavior, as is seen in modern specialized genera of
Formicinae, Myrmicinae and Ponerinae. In haidomyrmecines the clypeus is modified to span from near the oral opening up past the mandibles to near the vertex of the head, the only ant group with such a
653:
has a gradually sloping front face and rounded upper surface. The rear is broadly attached to gasteral segment I and the distinctly showing helcium is striated. An incomplete fusion line runs along the side of the petiole and gaster, with a thin membranous section present below, while a
614:
shaped in general outline, curving out and upwards from the head towards the clypeal horn. There are expansions near the base of each mandible which angle in towards each other, and which have upper surfaces that are concave and covered with setae pointing towards the mouth.
654:
constriction between segments I and II that rings the full gaster. There is a forward projecting horn on the underside of sternite III that also has distinct striations. The cuticle of the gaster is translucent, which shows that the
597:
holotype measures 1.86 mm (0.07 in) from the front edge of the clypeus to the rear of the head at the occipital foramen, which is placed high on the back side, near the vertex. There are three
557:
would have captured prey from the front, other strategies being made improbable due to the upward motion of the mandibles. In haidomyrmecines with highly modified cleypeal areas, such as
527:, but which is smooth along the stalk instead of sporting setae, and with trigger hairs placed at the base of the setae pad on the paddle instead of at the base of the paddle stalk.
339:
is specimen number "AMNH BuPH-01" from the
American Museum of Natural History; the other three specimens described are also in the same collection, but were not placed as members of
649:
are visible on the sides of the mesosoma, with the spiracle elongated into a slit shape, while metapleural gland is a horizontal opening placed rear of a well-developed bulla. The
788:
Shi, G.; Grimaldi, D.A.; Harlow, G.E.; Wang, Ji.; Wang, Ju.; Yang, M.; Lei, W.; Li, Q.; Li, X. (2012). "Age constraint on
Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons".
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1002:
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511:. The genus is distinguished from them by the well developed gasteral constriction on the abdomen, a feature only seen, to a lesser degree, in
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697:"A new genus of hell ants from the Cretaceous (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Haidomyrmecini) with a novel head structure"
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is gently rounded upper front face that curves to become a shear rear face. Both the propodeal spiracle and
407:
112:
1112:
942:
1028:
406:"lingua", which means tongue, as a reference to the shape and appearance of the clypeal projection. The
386:
The fossils were first studied by paleoentomologists
Phillip Barden and David Grimaldi with their 2017
1046:
884:
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421:. It was coined as a reference to both Vlad's preferred execution style and for his inspiration of
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828:"A New Genus of Highly Specialized Ants in Cretaceous Burmese Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)"
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the horn probably served as a pinning or trapping point for the mandibles with captured prey.
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isotopes, yielding an age of approximately 98.79 Β± 0.62 million years old, close to the
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The three remaining workers studied, BuPH-02, BuPH-03, and BuPH-04 were assigned to
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741:"Extreme Morphogenesis and Ecological Specialization among Cretaceous Basal Ants"
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873:"Adaptive radiation in socially advanced stem-group ants from the Cretaceous"
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that is hidden except where the mesosoma touches the head capsule, while the
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is one of several ant genera described from
Burmese amber, the others being
642:
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is broad and has a coating of fine setae. To the rear of the mesosoma, the
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Grimaldi suggest the three workers may belong to undescribed species.
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of gastral sternites IV and V are expanded and heavily sclerotized.
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placed just to the front of the vertex, and the bulging ovoid
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of the new genus and species being published in the journal
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As with all haidomyrmecine members, the head structure of
294:, and is one of only nine genera placed in the subfamily
949:
695:Barden, P; Herhold, H. W.; Grimaldi, D. A. (2017).
568:This hypothesis for the purpose of the clypeus in
335:is known from a total of four adult fossils. The
734:
732:
523:, similar to the extremely modified clypeus of
298:. The genus contains three described species,
739:Perrichot, V.; Wang, B.; Engel, M. S. (2016).
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572:is further supported by data obtained from
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413:is a patronym honoring Vlad III, known as
359:specimens were recovered from deposits in
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20:
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720:
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383:boundary, in the earliest Cenomanian.
363:, in Myanmar. Burmese amber has been
574:X-ray micro-computed tomography scans
7:
1060:9F04FAEE-59DA-4B3C-AB8B-EE0D234CC118
1047:A05D87FE-CA13-FFCD-7B9E-F996DC6D434A
347:adults which have been preserved as
871:Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2016).
398:was formed as a combination of the
519:has an enlarged and paddle shaped
402:"myrmex" which means ant, and the
343:. The described specimens are of
14:
826:Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D. (2013).
922:
132:
1:
1088:Fossil taxa described in 2017
810:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014
1083:Monotypic fossil ant genera
589:Head of the holotype worker
261:Barden & Grimaldi, 2017
228:Barden & Grimaldi, 2017
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1108:Cretaceous insects of Asia
328:History and classification
1118:Insects described in 2017
898:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.060
847:10.11646/zootaxa.3681.4.5
766:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.075
541:Ceratomyrmex ellenbergeri
351:in transparent chunks of
238:
233:
129:Scientific classification
127:
119:
110:
23:
623:Linguamyrmex brevicornis
301:Linguamyrmex brevicornis
513:Haidomyrmodes mammuthus
417:, who was the ruler of
310:, and the type species
307:Linguamyrmex rhinocerus
626:
590:
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1029:Paleobiology Database
701:Systematic Entomology
621:
588:
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392:Systematic Entomology
365:radiometrically dated
253:Miao & Wang, 2019
245:Perrichot et al. 2020
16:Extinct genus of ants
933:at Wikimedia Commons
531:Behavior and ecology
1098:Hymenoptera of Asia
889:2016CBio...26..515B
802:2012CrRes..37..155S
790:Cretaceous Research
757:2016CBio...26.1468P
713:2017SysEn..42..837B
429:, who drank blood.
1093:Insects of Myanmar
722:10.1111/syen.12253
627:
591:
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394:. The genus name
313:Linguamyrmex vladi
121:Linguamyrmex vladi
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943:Taxon identifiers
927:Media related to
751:(11): 1468β1472.
647:metapleural gland
320:fossils found in
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593:The head of the
515:. Additionally
415:Vlad the Impaler
408:specific epithet
388:type description
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123:Holotype worker
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33:Early Cenomanian
29:Temporal range:
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1103:Haidomyrmecinae
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318:Late Cretaceous
316:all known from
296:Haidomyrmecinae
292:Haidomyrmecinae
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209:Haidomyrmecinae
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917:External links
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883:(4): 515β521.
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995:Linguamyrmex
981:Linguamyrmex
951:Linguamyrmex
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930:Linguamyrmex
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633:has a small
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595:Linguamyrmex
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570:Linguamyrmex
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563:Ceratomyrmex
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559:Linguamyrmex
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555:Linguamyrmex
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550:Linguamyrmex
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525:Ceratomyrmex
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517:Linguamyrmex
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492:Ceratomyrmex
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487:Linguamyrmex
486:
482:Zigrasimecia
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458:Ceratomyrmex
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441:Linguamyrmex
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434:Linguamyrmex
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396:Linguamyrmex
395:
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361:Kachin State
345:worker caste
340:
333:Linguamyrmex
332:
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272:Linguamyrmex
271:
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223:Linguamyrmex
222:
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120:
25:Linguamyrmex
24:
18:
975:Wikispecies
796:: 155β163.
581:Description
497:Haidomyrmex
470:Haidomyrmex
452:Camelomecia
423:Bram Stoker
202:Subfamily:
186:Hymenoptera
1077:Categories
662:References
635:propleuron
446:Burmomyrma
381:Cenomanian
349:inclusions
290:subfamily
196:Formicidae
166:Arthropoda
966:Q41548333
643:propodeum
609:mandibles
476:Myanmyrma
419:Wallachia
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
1021:11911482
960:Wikidata
907:26877084
855:25232618
775:27238278
656:apodemes
639:pronotum
631:mesosoma
379: β
341:L. vladi
337:holotype
288:formicid
258:L. vladi
234:Species
192:Family:
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
1055:ZooBank
1008:9488843
885:Bibcode
835:Zootaxa
798:Bibcode
753:Bibcode
709:Bibcode
651:petiole
521:clypeus
355:. The
286:in the
277:extinct
215:Genus:
182:Order:
176:Insecta
172:Class:
100:↓
1034:359486
990:AntWeb
905:
853:
773:
625:Dorsal
612:scythe
600:ocelli
479:, and
377:Albian
367:using
275:is an
1042:Plazi
1016:IRMNG
831:(PDF)
411:vladi
404:Latin
400:Greek
357:amber
280:genus
1003:GBIF
903:PMID
851:PMID
839:3681
771:PMID
629:The
561:and
544:head
505:and
322:Asia
39:Preκ
893:doi
843:doi
806:doi
761:doi
717:doi
485:.
425:'s
284:ant
282:of
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891:.
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731:^
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705:42
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699:.
669:^
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473:,
467:,
461:,
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373:Pb
324:.
304:,
89:Pg
909:.
895::
887::
857:.
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777:.
763::
755::
725:.
719::
711::
371:-
369:U
219:β
206:β
94:N
84:K
79:J
74:T
69:P
64:C
59:D
54:S
49:O
44:κ
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