527:), which provided programmatic extensions to Director. For example, controlling external media devices such as CD-ROM and Video tape players through Macintosh SerialPort. XObject API was openly available to developers and media device producers, which added to the popularity and versatility of Lingo. Macromind was very active in positioning the XObject API as standard for external media devices to collaborate through Lingo; and its interest as a standard achieved a lot of involvement from prominent and burgeoning media product companies through an ad hoc group called the Multimedia Association.
22:
832:
457:
scripts are attached to a sprite or inserted into a frame. Sprite behaviors are often used to give control of the sprite's properties and movement. Frame behaviors can be used to create a pause or delay within a certain frame in the score. Behaviors make it easy to program in an object-oriented way,
479:
command. These objects can control sprites and other media remotely, without being attached to any one sprite, may be used to control data or other non-displayed items, and are useful for recursion routines such as pathfinding. A Parent script can be used to create or destroy an object at any time,
505:
property which references another object (usually also a script, although other objects such as cast members can also be ancestors). Properties and methods of the ancestor are inherited by the parent. Behavior scripts are also a kind of ancestor of the sprites to which they are attached, since
488:
handlers, where other objects can input raw data and receive answers back, without knowing the inner workings of the box. Using the strengths and ease-of-use of
Director's programming methodology, with the advantages of OOP makes for a powerful and fast programming environment.
331:, which led to the language's extensibility through External Factories (XFactories) or XObjects. For Director 3.13 and later versions, extensibility occurred via a different type of plug-in called an XTRA, based upon the Microsoft Component Object Model (COM).
243:
by multimedia authors of tutorials and presentations. However, 10% of the users were game developers who took a wider interest in the other 90% of its abilities, including their own function extensions by creating their own XFactories/XObjects.
464:
scripts are not attached to sprites nor can they be instantiated as
Objects. They are available throughout the program (movie) and are especially useful for holding global handlers and initializing global variables at the start or end of the
219:
in 1989, and first released with
Director 2.2. Jeff Tanner developed and tested Lingo for Director 2.2 and 3.0, created custom XObjects for various media device producers, language extension examples using XFactory including the XFactory
557:
Imaging Lingo was introduced with
Director 8.0, and allowed developers to write high-performance image manipulation commands using a simple syntax. There are some similarities to functions of image applications (like
224:(API), and wrote the initial tutorials on how to use Lingo. Dave Shields tested and documented Object-based Lingo for Director 3.13 and 4.0. He ran build scripts to create weekly releases for testing, originated the
578:
3D engine that could be scripted with Lingo. Lingo was updated substantially to support the new 3D objects and now includes a full-featured set of 3D commands. An Xtra was also created to enable use of the
239:
Lingo was quickly adopted by burgeoning multimedia community during the 1990s and the already popular
Director product. Initially, about 90% of the users only used 10% of Lingo's features; primarily
339:
Although it is still possible to use the verbose syntax, the current version of the language fully supports OO dot syntax, so that the code looks more like standard programming languages such as
625:
LINGO is also a programming language for solving linear, nonlinear and integer optimization problems, first developed in 1988 by LINDO Systems Inc. This language is still in production.
566:
3.0 with the BitmapData class. As this included more sophisticated commands, Director was also updated to allow conversion between the BitmapData object and its own Image objects.
458:
as you can directly see the relationship between the programming and the item they are attached to. They can also control or interact with other sprites, making them a true object.
595:
These other languages are perhaps not as well known as the
Macromedia language. However, a legal anomaly remains in the UK that the trademark of the word 'Lingo' is held by
173:
39:
169:
156:
Lingo is the primary programming language on the Adobe
Shockwave platform, which dominated the interactive multimedia product market during the 1990s. Various
603:
A language called Lingo was released for software development under
Windows. This version was designed as a compilable high level programming language.
484:
Behavior and parent scripts encourage good object-oriented programming. Movie scripts are not as OOP-oriented. However, they can still be used to make
444:
There are 4 types of Lingo scripts in
Director, each with a specific purpose. Each type of script may be added to certain types of compatible objects.
498:
786:
541:
Starting with
Director version 4.0, Lingo was extensible through a new improved class of external plugin called Xtras. Xtras were developed in
86:
58:
272:
When Lingo was created, a verbose syntax was designed to mimic spoken language, so it would be easy for new users. Users could write
733:
678:
402:
This format uses elements of the Director Object Model, introduced in Director MX 2004. The syntax in prior versions would be like:
221:
105:
65:
43:
72:
877:
779:
506:
properties and methods of the behavior can be accessed by reference to the sprite itself. In this case, it is a kind of
54:
257:
122:
622:. This language was named Lingo and is significant because its makers successfully obtained a trademark in the UK.
32:
212:
130:
256:
Lingo is embedded into Adobe Director, and can be added as scripts on objects or on the timeline. Lingo is an
772:
816:
562:), that make it easy to create dynamic, code-based visual effects. Image manipulation was also added into
546:
245:
180:
series. Hundreds of free online video games were developed using Lingo, and published on websites such as
161:
157:
79:
549:(COM). The standardization with COM helped attract developers to creating a market for such plug-ins.
523:
Lingo 3.0 was also extensible through External Factories (XFactories) or XObjects (later replaced by
507:
196:
138:
756:
229:
126:
674:
668:
142:
580:
327:
Lingo was also initially very robust by providing object generation through a notion called
200:
165:
803:
795:
536:
524:
192:
188:
150:
737:
177:
811:
134:
871:
563:
203:
and 3D object manipulation. 3D meshes can also be created on the fly using Lingo.
720:
705:
693:
654:
642:
21:
856:
851:
340:
225:
846:
607:
559:
273:
261:
216:
480:
freeing them from the confines of the score that a Behavior is limited to.
451:
scripts work only with their member, not all events can be used with them.
324:
statements reference frames in Director's Score, not specific code lines.
320:
statements, the "to" is optional, and unlike other programming languages,
721:
Macromedia Director 8.5 Shockwave Studio for 3D: Training from the Source
615:
611:
199:, and other data processing tasks. Lingo supports specialized syntax for
181:
575:
146:
542:
344:
764:
584:
236:
disks of Macromedia Director that were shipped to the duplicator.
137:(formerly Macromedia Director). Lingo is used to develop desktop
768:
15:
619:
228:
KnowledgeBase, created examples of how to write Lingo XTRA
475:(create instances of) an object into a variable using the
187:
Lingo can be used to build user interfaces, to manipulate
501:
by a slightly idiosyncratic system: a script can have an
643:
Macromedia Shockwave for Director User's Guide, Volume 1
264:-like verbose syntax, OO dot syntax, and inheritance.
160:
were developed with Lingo during the 1990s, including
839:
802:
694:
Macromedia Director 8: Creating Powerful Multimedia
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
670:New Perspectives on Dreamweaver CS3, Comprehensive
350:The equivalent in new scripting style would be:
614:processor developed by Linn Smart Computing in
780:
8:
510:, as one sprite may have several behaviors.
655:Macromedia Shockwave for Director, Volume 1
830:
787:
773:
765:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
761:, at Adobe.com, Director Support Center
716:
714:
706:Inside Macromedia Director 6 with Lingo
635:
583:3D Physics engine, and later the AGEIA
7:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
734:"Rekursiv Project - Lingo Language"
14:
673:. Cengage Learning. p. 429.
667:Kelly Hart; Mitch Geller (2008).
222:application programming interface
55:"Lingo" programming language
606:A programming language based on
248:is a prominent example of this.
20:
31:needs additional citations for
736:. June 7, 2007. Archived from
708:, New Riders Pub., 01-Jan-1997
645:, New Riders Pub., 01-Jan-1996
1:
260:(OOP) language, and supports
537:Adobe Shockwave § Xtras
258:object-oriented programming
894:
574:Director 8.5 introduced a
534:
232:in C++, and assembled the
828:
276:-like sentences such as:
723:, Macromedia Press, 2002
587:engine, in Director 11.
404:
352:
278:
170:Mia's Language Adventure
174:Mia's Science Adventure
158:graphic adventure games
817:Adobe Shockwave Player
610:was developed for the
547:Component Object Model
497:Lingo supports object
246:The Journeyman Project
211:Lingo was invented by
162:The Journeyman Project
696:, Prentice Hall, 2001
657:, Hayden Books, 1996
597:Linn Smart Computing
545:using the Microsoft
508:multiple inheritance
471:scripts are used to
197:3D computer graphics
139:application software
40:improve this article
878:Scripting languages
184:and Shockwave.com.
143:interactive kiosks
127:scripting language
865:
864:
116:
115:
108:
90:
885:
834:
833:
789:
782:
775:
766:
760:
759:
757:Official website
742:
741:
730:
724:
718:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
684:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
504:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
330:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
242:
213:John H. Thompson
201:image processing
178:Didi & Ditto
166:Total Distortion
131:John H. Thompson
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
884:
883:
882:
868:
867:
866:
861:
835:
831:
826:
798:
796:Adobe Shockwave
793:
755:
754:
751:
746:
745:
740:on 7 June 2007.
732:
731:
727:
719:
712:
704:
700:
692:
688:
681:
666:
665:
661:
653:
649:
641:
637:
632:
593:
591:Other languages
572:
555:
539:
533:
521:
516:
502:
495:
442:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
337:
328:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
270:
254:
241:go to the frame
240:
209:
193:vector graphics
189:raster graphics
151:Adobe Shockwave
123:object-oriented
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
891:
889:
881:
880:
870:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
843:
841:
837:
836:
829:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
812:Adobe Director
808:
806:
800:
799:
794:
792:
791:
784:
777:
769:
763:
762:
750:
749:External links
747:
744:
743:
725:
710:
698:
686:
679:
659:
647:
634:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
604:
592:
589:
571:
568:
554:
551:
535:Main article:
532:
529:
520:
517:
515:
512:
494:
491:
482:
481:
466:
459:
452:
441:
438:
405:
353:
336:
333:
279:
269:
268:Verbose syntax
266:
253:
250:
208:
205:
135:Adobe Director
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
890:
879:
876:
875:
873:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
838:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
790:
785:
783:
778:
776:
771:
770:
767:
758:
753:
752:
748:
739:
735:
729:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
690:
687:
682:
680:1-4239-2531-9
676:
672:
671:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
639:
636:
629:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
553:Imaging Lingo
552:
550:
548:
544:
538:
530:
528:
526:
518:
514:Extensibility
513:
511:
509:
500:
492:
490:
487:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
445:
439:
403:
351:
348:
346:
342:
334:
332:
325:
323:
319:
277:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
251:
249:
247:
237:
235:
234:Golden Master
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:developed by
128:
124:
121:is a verbose
120:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
821:
738:the original
728:
701:
689:
669:
662:
650:
638:
596:
594:
573:
564:ActionScript
556:
540:
522:
496:
485:
483:
476:
472:
468:
461:
454:
448:
443:
401:
349:
338:
326:
321:
317:
315:
271:
255:
238:
233:
210:
186:
155:
118:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
525:Lingo Xtras
499:inheritance
493:Inheritance
133:for use in
857:Adobe Inc.
852:Macromedia
840:Developers
630:References
341:JavaScript
335:Dot syntax
287:visibility
226:Macromedia
176:, and the
66:newspapers
847:MacroMind
608:Smalltalk
560:Photoshop
486:black-box
440:Scripting
274:HyperTalk
262:Smalltalk
217:MacroMind
153:content.
96:June 2016
872:Category
804:Software
616:Scotland
612:Rekursiv
519:XObjects
503:ancestor
455:Behavior
252:Features
230:plug-ins
182:Miniclip
576:DirectX
422:visible
370:visible
329:factory
207:History
147:CD-ROMs
80:scholar
677:
469:Parent
465:movie.
410:sprite
388:_movie
376:_movie
358:sprite
293:sprite
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
822:Lingo
585:PhysX
581:Havok
531:Xtras
473:birth
462:Movie
434:frame
394:frame
318:go to
311:frame
125:(OO)
119:Lingo
87:JSTOR
73:books
675:ISBN
449:Cast
425:then
373:then
299:then
195:and
149:and
59:news
543:C++
477:new
431:the
345:C++
343:or
316:In
308:the
284:the
215:at
42:by
874::
713:^
620:UK
618:,
599:.
570:3D
428:go
419:).
407:if
382:go
367:).
355:if
347:.
322:go
305:to
302:go
290:of
281:if
191:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
145:,
141:,
788:e
781:t
774:v
683:.
416:5
413:(
397:)
391:.
385:(
379:.
364:5
361:(
296:5
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
