725:
1063:
1119:
examined the pronunciation of 30 British newsreaders on nationally broadcast newscasts around the turn of the 21st century speaking what was judged to be "mainstream RP". The data used in the study consisted mostly of the newsreaders reading from prepared scripts, but also included some more informal
1128:
or otherwise non-lexical words, and informal style (interview rather than prepared script). Factors disfavouring the use of R-sandhi included adjacency to proper names; occurrence immediately before a stressed syllable; the presence of another /r/ in the vicinity; and more formal style (prepared
1123:
Overall, linking R was used in 59.8% of possible sites and intrusive R was used in 32.6% of possible sites. The factors influencing the use of both linking and intrusive R were found to be the same. Factors favouring the use of R-sandhi included adjacency to short words, adjacency to
846:. A related phenomenon involves the dropping of a consonant at the juncture of two words and the insertion of an r in its place. Sometimes this occurs in conjunction with the reduction of the final vowel in the first word to a schwa: examples of this are
745:
742:
543:, such as those in most of England and Wales, parts of the United States, and all of the Anglophone societies of the southern hemisphere, with the exception of South Africa. In these varieties, the sound
1219::216), for example, argues that linking R is an instance of resyllabifying the rhotic phoneme. On the other hand, Wells would argue that it is not necessarily in the onset of the following syllable.
1142:
the disparity between the large number of short grammatical words that end in possible linking R (e.g. "for", "or", "are", etc.) and the absence of such words that end in possible intrusive R.
994:, though he noted that it was still stigmatized as an incorrect pronunciation, as it is or was in some other standardized non-rhotic accents. Wells writes that at least in RP, "linking
743:
2025:
653:
so that the two always sound distinct, even when pronounced in isolation. Hints of non-rhoticity go back as early as the 15th century, and the feature was common (at least in
633:
when there is no vowel sound to follow it. In contrast, speakers of rhotic dialects, such as those of
Scotland, Ireland, and most of North America (except in some of the
1613:
2076:
2081:
734:
1073:
2091:
1129:
script rather than interview). The following factors were proposed as accounting for the difference between the frequency of linking and intrusive R:
2096:
879:
1139:
the speakers (in most cases) reading from a written script, making the orthographic distinction between linking and intrusive R extremely salient
485:
1706:
706:
780:
is an overgeneralizing reinterpretation of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels
1996:
1844:
1102:
916:
1084:
1532:
2121:
1365:
744:
2086:
1595:
Variability and change in received pronunciation: a study of six phonological variables in the speech of television newsreaders
67:
1049:
was nicknamed "Laura Norder" because of her references during her period of office to "law and order" with an intrusive /r/.
1644:
234:
1587:
1077:
2101:
2030:
1763:
Trudgill, Peter; Gordon, Elizabeth (2006). "Predicting the past: Dialect archaeology and
Australian English rhoticity".
1281:
1120:
interview segments. It was found that all the newsreaders used some linking R and 90% (27 of 30) used some intrusive R.
1699:
Language
History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics
2345:
2161:
2156:
1273:
540:
1290:
is used without regard to the exact realisation of the consonant and without attempting to make any claim about its
2381:
2146:
634:
478:
2210:
2126:
710:
249:
26:
1083:
Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
2166:
2116:
2071:
417:
217:
189:
35:
1035:
to clarify the boundary between the two words. Varieties that feature linking R but not intrusive R (that is,
2151:
387:
149:
124:
114:
42:
830:
and in the following examples taken from the native speech of
English speakers from Eastern Massachusetts:
2136:
2131:
2111:
1451:
1287:
1204:
1040:
999:
995:
991:
816:
809:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
686:
674:
666:
642:
638:
630:
626:
591:
544:
533:
529:
392:
2391:
2106:
1989:
1668:
Hartmann, D.; Zerbian, S. (2009). "Rhoticity in Black South
African English – A sociolinguistic study".
1265:
1208:
1153:
752:
702:
471:
2359:
2035:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1158:
1116:
1028:
1006:
820:
585:
551:
537:
514:
382:
182:
2215:
2141:
1866:; Idsardi, William (1997). "r, hypercorrection, and the Elsewhere Condition". In Roca, Iggy (ed.).
884:
412:
342:
154:
62:
2386:
1905:
1822:
1751:
1685:
1636:
1262:
The rhotic consonant of
English is transcribed in various ways depending on dialect, for example
447:
422:
407:
304:
224:
199:
1136:
the speakers being professional newsreaders and thus, presumably, speech-conscious professionals
1840:
1702:
1046:
932:
874:
442:
432:
268:
169:
1497:
2020:
1982:
1930:
1897:
1814:
1793:
1772:
1743:
1677:
1628:
1509:
1380:
1168:
510:
295:
2245:
2040:
1178:
87:
1970:
The
Intrusive /r/ and Linking /r/ - British English Pronunciation & Connected Speech
2325:
2190:
1657:
1528:
1005:
Just as with linking R, intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain
904:
229:
129:
82:
77:
796:; when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an
2375:
2204:
1964:
1909:
1826:
1797:
1755:
1689:
1498:"Linking r in English : Constraints, principles and parameters, or rules ?"
1384:
1125:
987:
936:
756:
690:
437:
279:
258:
244:
204:
1640:
826:
In extreme cases an intrusive R can follow a reduced schwa, such as for the example
677:
when they are closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound. So
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
1863:
1681:
1032:
973:
946:
888:
314:
239:
194:
72:
22:
1366:"Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English"
1039:
is pronounced ), show a clear phonemic distinction between words with and without
1834:
741:
2338:
2197:
940:
457:
452:
372:
309:
1747:
1342::236) lists the distribution of rhotic and non-rhotic dialects more explicitly.
2352:
2050:
1969:
1960:
1935:
1918:
1818:
1632:
1183:
920:
813:
768:
377:
338:
262:
107:
550:
Linking R and intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain
2183:
2045:
513:
is pronounced between two consecutive vowels with the purpose of avoiding a
427:
347:
321:
254:
164:
98:
1776:
1901:
1513:
1087:
cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
402:
397:
367:
119:
55:
576:
These phenomena first appeared in
English sometime after the year 1700.
2225:
1447:
1291:
983:
900:
862:
328:
159:
142:
1173:
654:
506:
333:
288:
2265:
2260:
2250:
629:
was pronounced in the past), non-rhotic accents do not pronounce an
536:) in non-rhotic varieties of English. These phenomena occur in many
1885:
1875:
Heselwood, Barry (2006). "Final schwa and R-sandhi in RP English".
1207:
is phonetically part of the onset of the following word (a form of
16:
Situational pronunciation of "r" in non-rhotic varieties of
English
2331:
2255:
2240:
1163:
1019:
694:
568:
681:
may be pronounced . This is the case in such accents even though
2235:
2230:
2220:
1978:
1974:
1027:
A rhotic speaker may use alternative strategies to prevent the
689:. Here, "closely" means the following word must be in the same
547:
is pronounced only when it is immediately followed by a vowel.
1056:
1614:"A gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in English"
723:
1805:
Wells, J.C. (1970), "Local accents in
England and Wales",
1734:
Peters, Robert (1996). "Early Modern English consonants".
594:
only when it immediately precedes a vowel. This is called
2006:
1670:
Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies
665:
In many non-rhotic accents, words historically ending in
590:
By definition, non-rhotic varieties of English pronounce
517:, that would otherwise occur in the expressions, such as
2026:
Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
1720:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1002:
are distinct only historically and orthographically".
1870:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 331–348.
2175:
2064:
2013:
1884:Mompean, Jose A.; Mompean-Guillamón, Pilar (2009).
1656:
804:was historically present. For example, the phrase
1923:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1877:Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics
1597:(Thesis). University of Bergen. pp. 158–181.
1919:"/r/-sandhi in the speech of Queen Elisabeth II"
701:. Not all non-rhotic accents feature linking R.
1659:An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English
1419:
1529:"Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?"
1339:
1238:
1990:
800:is inserted between them, even when no final
479:
8:
1886:"/r/-liaison in English: An empirical study"
1581:
1579:
2082:Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant
751:Examples of intrusive R in the speech of a
1997:
1983:
1975:
1573:(3rd ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
685:would not otherwise be pronounced with an
486:
472:
18:
1934:
1727:A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English
1216:
1103:Learn how and when to remove this message
1868:Derivations and Constraints in phonology
1784:Vennemann, T. (1972). "Rule inversion".
982:. This is now common enough in parts of
673:in the spelling) may be pronounced with
1231:
1196:
713:are notable for not using a linking R.
21:
1479:
1408:
1250:
766:
1961:A century of "intrusive" R in English
1836:Accents of English 1: An Introduction
1545:
1483:
1475:
1443:
1327:
1315:
880:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
7:
1569:Collins, B., & Mees, I. (2003).
1557:
1463:
1431:
1404:
1364:Thomas, Erik R. (4 September 2007).
1351:
1303:
1212:
861:Other recognizable examples are the
1133:overt stigmatization of intrusive R
707:African-American Vernacular English
1571:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
1203:It is arguable whether or not the
990:considered it objectively part of
617:For example, even though the word
14:
2021:Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)
1586:Hannisdal, Bente Rebecca (2006).
917:Scenes from an Italian Restaurant
562:. For instance, in words such as
2122:Voiced velar bunched approximant
1963:— video by the British linguist
1535:from the original on 2023-04-10.
1385:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x
1373:Language and Linguistics Compass
1061:
823:(two consecutive vowel sounds).
767:Problems playing this file? See
739:
1879:. Vol. 11. pp. 78–95.
697:). This phenomenon is known as
68:Consonant voicing and devoicing
1839:. Cambridge University Press.
1736:Journal of English Linguistics
1682:10.2989/salals.2009.27.2.2.865
1502:Histoire Épistémologie Langage
1:
1078:secondary or tertiary sources
1031:, such as the insertion of a
693:(that is, not separated by a
657:) by the early 18th century.
614:-lessness, or non-rhoticity.
2102:Voiced retroflex approximant
2097:Voiced alveolar lateral flap
2031:Pronunciation of English /r/
1798:10.1016/0024-3841(72)90025-3
1718:The Pronunciation of English
1420:Hartmann & Zerbian (2009
986:that, by 1997, the linguist
709:and non-rhotic varieties of
2346:Registered trademark symbol
2162:Voiceless glottal fricative
2157:Voiced pharyngeal fricative
1697:Hock, Hans Henrich (2009).
1340:Trudgill & Gordon (2006
1239:Trudgill & Gordon (2006
819:can be inserted to prevent
2408:
2147:Voiceless uvular fricative
1748:10.1177/007542429602400104
1729:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
1527:Wells, J.C. (2002-02-20).
635:Northeastern United States
583:
564:draw(r)ing, withdraw(r)al,
525:is pronounced the same as
2127:Voiceless velar fricative
1936:10.1017/S0025100320000213
1917:Mompean, Jose A. (2021).
1819:10.1017/S0022226700002632
1633:10.1017/s0952675799003693
1454:is another vowel affected
1085:primary research articles
877:", from their 1967 album
711:Southern American English
2167:Voiced glottal fricative
2117:Voiced velar approximant
2072:Voiceless alveolar trill
1944:Trudgill, Peter (1986).
1663:. London: Edward Arnold.
1496:Durand, Jacques (1997).
625:(which reflects that an
521:, although in isolation
418:Compensatory lengthening
190:Compensatory lengthening
2152:Voiced uvular fricative
2056:Linking and intrusive R
970:, and even in the name
828:if you hafta, I’ll help
641:), always pronounce an
43:Quantitative metathesis
2137:Voiceless uvular trill
2132:Voiced velar fricative
2112:Voiced retroflex trill
2087:Voiceless alveolar tap
1807:Journal of Linguistics
1777:10.1075/eww.27.3.02tru
1716:Jones, Daniel (1966).
1043:in the syllable coda.
992:Received Pronunciation
871:-a film today, oh boy"
728:
639:Southern United States
2107:Voiced retroflex flap
2077:Voiced alveolar trill
1902:10.1515/cogl.2009.031
1890:Cognitive Linguistics
1701:. Mouton de Gruyter.
1655:Gimson, A.C. (1962).
1514:10.3406/hel.1997.2572
1154:Diaeresis (diacritic)
753:New York City English
727:
703:South African English
2360:Medical prescription
2036:Rhoticity in English
1948:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1833:Wells, J.C. (1982).
1612:Gick, Bryan (1999).
1286:. For this article,
1159:Hiatus (linguistics)
1117:University of Bergen
1115:A 2006 study at the
836:tadd to his troubles
808:would be pronounced
735:Intrusive R (in NYC)
669:(as evidenced by an
586:Rhoticity in English
580:Non-rhotic varieties
541:varieties of English
183:Transphonologization
2142:Voiced uvular trill
2092:Voiced alveolar tap
1946:Dialects in Contact
1725:Kurath, H. (1964).
968:-and Albert Museum"
885:Champagne Supernova
832:I’m gonnaask Adrian
621:is spelled with an
63:Consonant gradation
1765:English World-Wide
954:; in the phrases,
810:/bækˈtɪəriərˌɪnɪt/
776:The phenomenon of
729:
509:phenomena where a
448:Consonant mutation
423:Monophthongization
305:Consonant mutation
2382:English phonology
2369:
2368:
1708:978-3-11-021842-8
1113:
1112:
1105:
1072:needs additional
1047:Margaret Thatcher
933:Beauty and a Beat
875:A Day in the Life
746:
671:⟨r⟩
623:⟨r⟩
496:
495:
443:Shm-reduplication
433:Rhinoglottophilia
269:Consonant harmony
170:Cluster reduction
2399:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1913:
1880:
1871:
1850:
1829:
1801:
1780:
1759:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1693:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1649:
1643:. Archived from
1618:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1493:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1220:
1206:
1201:
1169:Liaison (French)
1108:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1001:
997:
913:-in the highest"
818:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
748:
747:
726:
688:
676:
672:
668:
644:
632:
628:
624:
593:
546:
535:
531:
511:rhotic consonant
488:
481:
474:
19:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2171:
2060:
2041:R-colored vowel
2009:
2003:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1916:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1856:Further reading
1853:
1847:
1832:
1804:
1783:
1762:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1667:
1654:
1647:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1379:(5): 450–475 .
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1217:Vennemann (1972
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1179:R-colored vowel
1149:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1055:
931:; in the song "
915:; in the song "
883:; in the song "
848:He shouldaeaten
774:
773:
765:
763:
762:
761:
760:
749:
740:
737:
730:
724:
719:
670:
663:
622:
598:-vocalisation,
588:
582:
492:
463:
462:
363:
355:
354:
353:
352:
324:
291:
274:
273:
250:Final devoicing
220:
210:
209:
185:
175:
174:
145:
135:
134:
110:
93:
92:
88:Debuccalization
58:
48:
47:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2065:Pronunciations
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1956:
1955:External links
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1914:
1896:(4): 733–776.
1881:
1872:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1830:
1813:(2): 231–252,
1802:
1781:
1771:(3): 235–246.
1760:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1676:(2): 135–148.
1665:
1652:
1650:on 2013-04-12.
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1575:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1519:
1488:
1478::241), citing
1468:
1456:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1397:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1255:
1243:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1111:
1110:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1051:
998:and intrusive
806:bacteria in it
764:
750:
738:
733:
732:
731:
722:
721:
720:
718:
715:
662:
659:
584:Main article:
581:
578:
494:
493:
491:
490:
483:
476:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
350:
345:
336:
331:
325:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
272:
271:
266:
252:
247:
242:
237:
235:Palatalization
232:
230:Coarticulation
227:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
186:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
130:Vowel breaking
127:
122:
117:
111:
106:
105:
102:
101:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
83:L-vocalization
80:
78:Spirantization
75:
70:
65:
59:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
39:
34:
33:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:R with stroke
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Geoff Lindsey
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Halle, Morris
1861:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1846:0-521-29719-2
1842:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:Kurath (1964)
1407::31), citing
1406:
1401:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1070:This section
1068:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:withdraw(r)al
1012:
1008:
1003:
993:
989:
988:John C. Wells
985:
981:
979:
977:
969:
967:
961:
959:
953:
951:
950:
945:"eye out for
942:
938:
937:Justin Bieber
934:
930:
928:
922:
918:
914:
912:
906:
905:Catholic Mass
902:
898:
896:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
873:in the song "
872:
870:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:a lottaapples
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
815:
807:
779:
772:
770:
758:
757:Anthony Fauci
755:speaker (Dr.
754:
736:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:prosodic unit
684:
680:
660:
658:
656:
652:
649:and never in
648:
640:
636:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
579:
577:
574:
572:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
542:
539:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
438:Sulcalization
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:Dissimilation
278:
277:
270:
267:
264:
260:
259:vowel harmony
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Labialization
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
219:
214:
213:
206:
205:Floating tone
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:
179:
178:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:
139:
138:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
104:
103:
100:
97:
96:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
57:
52:
51:
44:
41:
40:
37:
32:
31:
28:
24:
20:
2392:Phonotactics
2055:
1945:
1926:
1922:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1867:
1835:
1810:
1806:
1789:
1785:
1768:
1764:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1645:the original
1627:(1): 29–54.
1624:
1620:
1605:Bibliography
1594:
1570:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1522:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1486::§§ 357–366)
1480:Gimson (1962
1471:
1459:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1376:
1372:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1258:
1251:Peters (1996
1246:
1234:
1199:
1122:
1114:
1099:
1090:
1071:
1045:
1036:
1033:glottal stop
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
975:
971:
965:
963:
957:
955:
948:
944:
926:
924:
910:
908:
897:-in the sky"
894:
892:
878:
868:
866:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
805:
777:
775:
698:
682:
678:
664:
650:
646:
618:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
575:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
526:
522:
518:
502:
498:
497:
315:Vowel hiatus
299:
240:Velarization
218:Assimilation
195:Nasalization
73:Assibilation
23:Sound change
2339:Real number
2198:R with tail
2005:The letter
1929:(2): 1–32.
1792:: 209–242.
1546:Wells (1982
1484:Jones (1966
1476:Wells (1970
1444:Wells (1970
1328:Wells (1970
1316:Wells (1970
1126:grammatical
1093:August 2019
960:-and order"
941:Nicki Minaj
929:-and Eddie"
893:"supernova-
778:intrusive R
717:Intrusive R
610:-dropping,
606:-deletion,
503:intrusive R
458:Chain shift
453:Vowel shift
373:Affrication
362:Other types
310:Tone sandhi
200:Tonogenesis
27:alternation
2376:Categories
2353:Enclosed R
2176:Variations
2051:Guttural R
1588:"R-sandhi"
1558:Gick (1999
1482::204) and
1464:Gick (1999
1446::241). In
1432:Hock (2009
1405:Gick (1999
1352:Gick (1999
1304:Gick (1999
1227:References
1213:Gick (1999
1184:Movable nu
1053:Prevalence
1011:draw(r)ing
1009:, such as
964:"Victoria-
939:featuring
921:Billy Joel
856:I saw them
814:epenthetic
769:media help
554:, such as
538:non-rhotic
378:Gemination
339:Synaeresis
108:Epenthesis
36:Metathesis
2387:Phonetics
2184:R rotunda
2046:Rhotacism
1910:146163838
1827:143523909
1756:144814014
1742:: 45–51.
1690:143375531
1621:Phonology
1508:: 43–72.
1074:citations
909:"Hosanna-
899:; at the
865:singing:
844:theapples
699:linking R
679:tuner amp
661:Linking R
530:/ˈtjuːnə/
519:tuner amp
499:Linking R
428:Rhotacism
348:Synizesis
343:diaeresis
322:Synalepha
300:linking R
255:Metaphony
165:Haplology
150:Apheresis
125:Unpacking
115:Prothesis
99:Fortition
1641:61173209
1533:Archived
1292:phonemic
1147:See also
1037:tuna oil
1022:(r)esque
1007:suffixes
978:-Angelou
925:"Brenda-
571:(r)esque
552:suffixes
534:/ˈtuːnə/
403:Iotacism
398:Betacism
388:Fronting
383:Clipping
368:Apophony
120:Paragoge
56:Lenition
2191:Insular
2014:General
1466::31–32)
1448:Cockney
1294:status.
1209:liaison
984:England
947:Selena-
903:in the
901:Sanctus
867:"I saw-
863:Beatles
852:I saw’m
602:-loss,
393:Raising
329:Elision
296:Liaison
160:Apocope
155:Syncope
143:Elision
1908:
1843:
1825:
1786:Lingua
1754:
1705:
1688:
1639:
1215::31).
1174:Sandhi
1029:hiatus
821:hiatus
812:. The
655:London
515:hiatus
507:sandhi
413:Merger
408:Fusion
334:Crasis
289:Sandhi
263:umlaut
225:Fusion
2332:Raidô
1906:S2CID
1823:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1686:S2CID
1648:(PDF)
1637:S2CID
1617:(PDF)
1591:(PDF)
1548::223)
1434::172)
1422::136)
1390:4 May
1369:(PDF)
1330::240)
1318::240)
1284:]
1280:[
1276:]
1272:[
1268:]
1264:[
1241::236)
1191:Notes
1164:Pausa
1020:Kafka
1017:, or
974:Maya-
956:"law-
935:" by
919:" by
889:Oasis
887:" by
854:(for
792:, or
695:pausa
683:tuner
647:tuner
619:tuner
569:Kafka
523:tuner
2256:R̄r̄
2241:R̃r̃
2203:Ɍɍ (
2196:Ɽɽ (
2189:Ꞃꞃ (
2182:Ꝛꝛ (
1841:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1560::32)
1452:/aʊ/
1392:2023
1354::31)
1306::30)
1253::49)
962:and
850:and
842:and
794:/ɔː/
790:/ɑː/
786:/ɪə/
651:tuna
637:and
556:-ing
532:(or
527:tuna
505:are
501:and
341:and
25:and
2358:℞ (
2351:Ⓡ (
2344:® (
2337:ℝ (
2330:ᚱ (
2326:Rnd
1931:doi
1898:doi
1815:doi
1794:doi
1773:doi
1744:doi
1678:doi
1629:doi
1510:doi
1381:doi
1288:/r/
1278:or
1205:/r/
1076:to
1041:/r/
1000:/r/
996:/r/
858:).
817:/r/
802:/r/
798:/r/
782:/ə/
687:/r/
675:/r/
667:/r/
645:in
643:/r/
631:/r/
627:/r/
592:/r/
566:or
560:-al
558:or
545:/r/
2378::
2321:Rz
2316:Rw
2311:Rt
2306:Rs
2301:Rr
2296:Rp
2291:Rn
2286:Rm
2281:Rl
2276:Rh
2271:Rd
2266:Ṟṟ
2261:Ṝṝ
2251:Ṛṛ
2246:Ṙṙ
2236:Ȓȓ
2231:Řř
2226:Ŗŗ
2221:Ŕŕ
2216:Ȑȑ
2211:Ʀʀ
1927:52
1925:.
1921:.
1904:.
1894:20
1892:.
1888:.
1821:,
1809:,
1790:29
1788:.
1769:27
1767:.
1750:.
1740:24
1738:.
1684:.
1674:27
1672:.
1635:.
1625:16
1623:.
1619:.
1593:.
1578:^
1531:.
1506:19
1504:.
1500:.
1450:,
1375:.
1371:.
1270:,
1211:)
1024:.
1013:,
943::
923::
907::
891::
838:,
834:,
788:,
784:,
705:,
573:.
298:,
261:,
2362:)
2355:)
2348:)
2341:)
2334:)
2207:)
2200:)
2193:)
2186:)
2007:R
1998:e
1991:t
1984:v
1939:.
1933::
1912:.
1900::
1849:.
1817::
1811:6
1800:.
1796::
1779:.
1775::
1758:.
1746::
1711:.
1692:.
1680::
1631::
1516:.
1512::
1394:.
1383::
1377:1
1282:ɻ
1274:ɹ
1266:r
1106:)
1100:(
1095:)
1091:(
1081:.
980:"
976:r
972:"
966:r
958:r
952:"
949:r
927:r
911:r
895:r
869:r
771:.
759:)
612:r
608:r
604:r
600:r
596:r
487:e
480:t
473:v
265:)
257:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.