Scudetto | |
Founded | 1898 |
---|---|
Country | Italy |
Confederation | UEFA |
Number of teams | 20 |
Current champions | Inter Milan (20th title) (2023β24) |
Most championships | Juventus (36 titles) |
Current: 2023β24 Serie A |
The Italian football champions (Italian: Campione d'Italia di calcio, plural: Campioni) are the annual winners of Serie A, Italy's premier football league competition. The title has been contested since 1898 in varying forms of competition. Inter Milan are the current champions, while Juventus have won a record 36 titles. The first time the Scudetto (Italian: scudetto, "little shield", plural: scudetti) was used was in 1924 when Genoa won its ninth championship title and decided to add a little shield to their shirt as to reward and celebrate themselves as champions.
The finals of the first Italian Football Championship was decided in a single day with four teams competing, three from Turin and one from Genoa. The title was decided using a knock-out format between the finalists with Genoa, the inaugural winners. The knock-out format was used until the 1909β10 season, when a league consisting of nine teams was formed. The championship, which had been confined to a single league in the north of Italy, became a national competition in 1929 with the foundation of Serie A and Serie B.
History
Campionato Italiano di Football
The first official national football tournament was organised in 1898 by the Italian Football Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, FIGC). This tournament, the final matches of the first Italian Football Championship, were held in a single day on 8 May 1898 in Turin. Genoa were crowned as champions, defeating Internazionale F.C. Torino by 3β1, following extra time. In the following years, the tournament was structured into regional groups with the winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. From 1904, the championship was called Prima Categoria.
Prima Categoria
In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships in the same season:
- Italian Championship, the main tournament where only Italian players were allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni d'Italia (Italian Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Buni
- Federal Championship, a secondary tournament where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions) and would be awarded the Coppa Spensley
The FIF wanted to organize two championships in order to allow weaker clubs composed only of Italian players ("squadre pure italiane", "pure Italian teams") to win the national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs composed mostly of stronger foreign players ("squadre spurie internazionali", "spurious international teams") in a minor competition for a "consolation prize". The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Torino and Milan) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the autarchical policy of the FIF. The Federal Championship was won by Juventus against Doria, while The Italian Championship 1908 and Coppa Buni were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria and US Milanese. However, the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the dissident clubs.
In the 1909 season, the two championships were organised again, with Coppa Oberti in lieu of Coppa Spensley for the Federal Championship. This time, the majority of big clubs decided to only withdraw from the Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament, and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating US Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating US Milanese in the Final. However, the dissenters' strategy worked out: the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the FIGC to later recognize the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament.
The format was modified for the 1909β10 season which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished, because, while unifying these tournaments, it was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season, In fact, the FIGC established that the first placed club in the general classification would be proclaimed Federal Champions (now turned into the main title), while the best placed club among the four "pure Italian teams" would be recognized as Italian Champions (now the secondary title), depending on the head-to-head matches. At the end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter finished equal first, so a playoff was needed to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for Internazionale, who defeated Pro Vercelli 10β3 in the final. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten.
In the 1910β11 season, teams from Veneto and Emilia were admitted for the first time. The championship was divided into two groups: Liguria-Piemonte-Lombardia group, the most important, and the Veneto-Emilia group. The winners of each group qualified to the Final for the title. The 1912β13 season saw the competition nationalised with North and South divisions. The 1914β1915 Championship was suspended because of World War I while Genoa was first in the Northern Italy Finals and only when the war ended, in 1919, did the FIGC decide to award the 1915 title to Genoa. In 1916, Milan won the Coppa Federale, which for that season was a substitute for the championship, which had been suspended because of World War I. The tournament that year was limited to clubs from the north, with the exception of Pro Vercelli, but was not treated as an official trophy or recognised by the FIGC as an Italian title.
Prima Divisione
Controversy hit the Championship in the 1921β22 season which saw the major clubs (including Pro Vercelli, Bologna and Juventus) in dispute with the FIGC. The best 24 teams had asked for a reduction in clubs in the top division in accordance with a plan drawn up by Vittorio Pozzo, the Italy national team coach. Pozzo's plan was dismissed and the CCI (Italian: Confederazione Calcistica Italiana) was founded and organised a 1921β22 CCI league (Prima Divisione) to run concurrently with the 1921β22 season (Prima Categoria) organised by the FIGC. Therefore, that season saw two champions: Novese (FIGC) and Pro Vercelli (CCI). The schism ended when FIGC agreed to reduce the Northern Championship of 1922β23 to only 36 clubs ("Compromesso Colombo/Colombo compromise"); from 1923β24 the Northern Championship was reduced to 24 clubs divided into two groups.
Divisione Nazionale
The Carta di Viareggio/Viareggio charter (1926) was drawn up to legalise professionalism, ban foreign players, and rationalise the championship creating a new national top league where Northern and Southern teams would play in the same championship: Divisione Nazionale. 17 teams from Lega Nord (Northern League) were admitted to the new Championship along with 3 teams from Lega Sud (Southern League) for 20 teams, divided into two national groups of 10 teams each.
Further scandal followed in the 1926β27 season when title-winners Torino Football Club were stripped of their Scudetto following an FIGC investigation. A Torino official was found to have bribed opposing defender Luigi Allemandi in Torino's match against Juventus on 5 June 1927, and thus the season finished with no declared champions.
Serie A
In 1929 Divisione Nazionale (two groups of 16 teams each) split into two Championships: Divisione Nazionale Serie A (the new Top Division) and Divisione Nazionale Serie B (the new second level of Italian Football). The 1929β30 season was the inaugural Serie A season and was won by Internazionale (called Ambrosiana at the time). The next 11 years were also dominated by Juventus and Bologna, when all of the Scudetti were won between the three of them, Juventus winning five times in a row, a record equalled by Grande Torino in 1949, by Internazionale in 2010, and Juventus itself in 2016, until they won again the next season in 2017 to overtake the record at six league titles in a row. The competition was truncated as the Championship was suspended in 1943 due to World War II. A Championship was held in 1944, the Campionato Alta Italia, and won by Spezia. The title was officially recognised as a decoration by FIGC in 2002.
Spezia is authorized by the Italian Federation to exhibit a tricolour badge on the official jerseys which is unique, being the only permanent one in Italy.
The post-war years were dominated by a Torino side known as Il Grande Torino ("The Great Torino"), a team which found a dramatic end in the Superga air disaster in 1949. The 1950s saw the gradual emergence of Milan, with the help of Swedish striker Gunnar Nordahl, who was Serie A's leading scorer (Italian: Capocannonieri) for five out of six seasons. Juventus began to dominate throughout the 1970s and early 1980s with nine Scudetti in fifteen seasons while the 1990s saw Milan come to prominence.
Serie A was dealt another blow by the 2006 Italian football scandal which involved alleged widespread match fixing implicating league champions Juventus, and other major teams including Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio, and Reggina. The FIGC ruled Juventus be stripped of their title, relegated to Serie B, and start the following season with a nine-point deduction. The other clubs involved suffered similarly with relegation and points deduction.
Campionato Italiano di Football
Season | Winners | Second place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
---|---|---|---|
1898 | Genoa (1) | Internazionale Torino | (Unknown) |
1899 | Genoa (2) | Internazionale Torino | (Unknown) |
1900 | Genoa (3) | Torinese | (Unknown) |
1901 | Milan (1) | Genoa | Umberto Malvano (Juventus) (4) |
1902 | Genoa (4) | Milan | (Unknown) |
1903 | Genoa (5) | Juventus | (Unknown) |
Prima Categoria
Year | Winners | Second place | Third place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1904 | Genoa (6) | Juventus | - | (Unknown) |
Year | Winners | Second place | Third place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
1905 | Juventus (1) | Genoa | US Milanese | (Unknown) |
1906 | Milan (2) | Juventus | Genoa | (Unknown) |
1907 | Milan (3) | Torino | Andrea Doria | (Unknown) |
1908 | Pro Vercelli (1) | US Milanese | Andrea Doria | (Unknown) |
1909 | Pro Vercelli (2) | US Milanese | Genoa | (Unknown) |
1909β10 | Internazionale (1) | Pro Vercelli | Juventus | (Unknown) |
Season | Winners | Veneto-Emilia champions | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) | |
1910β11 | Pro Vercelli (3) | Vicenza | - | (Unknown) |
1911β12 | Pro Vercelli (4) | Venezia | - | (Unknown) |
Season | Winners | Central-southern Italy champions | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) | |
1912β13 | Pro Vercelli (5) | Lazio | - | (Unknown) |
1913β14 | Casale (1) | Lazio | - | (Unknown) |
1914β15 | Genoa (7) | - | - | (Unknown) |
1915β19 | Postponed due to First World War |
|||
1919β20 | Internazionale (2) | Livorno | - | (Unknown) |
1920β21 | Pro Vercelli (6) | Pisa | - | (Unknown) |
Year | Winner | Second place | Third place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
1921β22 (FIGC) |
Novese (1) | Sampierdarenese | - | (Unknown) |
Prima Divisione
Season | Winners | Central-southern Italy champions | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1921β22 (CCI) |
Pro Vercelli (7) | Fortitudo Roma | - | (Unknown) |
1922β23 | Genoa (8) | Lazio | - | (Unknown) |
1923β24 | Genoa (9) | Savoia | - | Heinrich SchΓΆnfeld (Torino) (22) |
1924β25 | Bologna (1) | Alba Trastevere | - | Mario Magnozzi (Livorno) (19) |
1925β26 | Juventus (2) | Alba Trastevere | - | Ferenc Hirzer (Juventus) (35) |
Divisione Nazionale
Season | Winners | Runners-up | Third place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1926β27 | Not awarded | Bologna | Juventus | Anton Powolny (Internazionale) (22) |
1927β28 | Torino (1) | Genoa | Alessandria | Julio Libonatti (Torino) (35) |
Season | Winners | Second place | Third place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
1928β29 | Bologna (2) | Torino | - | Gino Rossetti (Torino) (36) |
Serie A
β | Champions also won the Coppa Italia that season for a double |
* | Champions also won the Coppa Italia and UEFA Champions League that season for a treble |
β | Champions also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League that season |
β‘ | Champions also won the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League that season |
# | Champions also won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup that season |
Season | Winners | Runners-up | Third place | Top scorer(s) (club) (goals) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1929β30 | Ambrosiana-Inter (3) | Genoa | Juventus | Giuseppe Meazza (Ambrosiana-Inter) (31) |
1930β31 | Juventus (3) | Roma | Bologna | Rodolfo Volk (Roma) (29) |
1931β32 | Juventus (4) | Bologna | Roma | Pedro Petrone (Fiorentina) Angelo Schiavio (Bologna) (25) |
1932β33 | Juventus (5) | Ambrosiana-Inter | Bologna/Napoli | Felice Placido Borel (Juventus) (29) |
1933β34 | Juventus (6) | Ambrosiana-Inter | Napoli | Felice Placido Borel (Juventus) (31) |
1934β35 | Juventus (7) | Ambrosiana-Inter | Fiorentina | Enrico Guaita (Roma) (31) |
1935β36 | Bologna (3) | Roma | Torino | Giuseppe Meazza (Ambrosiana-Inter) (25) |
1936β37 | Bologna (4) | Lazio | Torino | Silvio Piola (Lazio) (21) |
1937β38 | Ambrosiana-Inter (4) | Juventus | Genoa | Giuseppe Meazza (Ambrosiana-Inter) (20) |
1938β39 | Bologna (5) | Torino | Ambrosiana-Inter | Aldo Boffi (Milan) Ettore Puricelli (Bologna) (19) |
1939β40 | Ambrosiana-Inter (5) | Bologna | Juventus | Aldo Boffi (Milan) (24) |
1940β41 | Bologna (6) | Ambrosiana-Inter | Milan | Ettore Puricelli (Bologna) (22) |
1941β42 | Roma (1) | Torino | Venezia | Aldo Boffi (Milan) (22) |
1942β43 | Torino (2) | Livorno | Juventus Cisitalia | Silvio Piola (Lazio) (21) |
1944 | Campionato Alta Italia
Spezia Calcio (decoration) | |||
1945 | Canceled due to Second World War
| |||
1945β46 | Torino (3) | Juventus | Milan | Guglielmo Gabetto (Torino) (22) |
1946β47 | Torino (4) | Juventus | Modena | Valentino Mazzola (Torino) (29) |
1947β48 | Torino (5) | Milan/Juventus/Triestina | Giampiero Boniperti (Juventus) (27) | |
1948β49 | Torino (6) | Internazionale | Milan | IstvΓ‘n Nyers (Internazionale) (26) |
1949β50 | Juventus (8) | Milan | Internazionale | Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (35) |
1950β51 | Milan (4) | Internazionale | Juventus | Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (34) |
1951β52 | Juventus (9) | Milan | Internazionale | John Hansen (Juventus) (30) |
1952β53 | Internazionale (6) | Juventus | Milan | Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (26) |
1953β54 | Internazionale (7) | Juventus | Milan/Fiorentina | Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (23) |
1954β55 | Milan (5) | Udinese | Roma | Gunnar Nordahl (Milan) (26) |
1955β56 | Fiorentina (1) | Milan | Internazionale/Lazio | Gino Pivatelli (Bologna) (29) |
1956β57 | Milan (6) | Fiorentina | Lazio | Dino da Costa (Roma) (22) |
1957β58 | Juventus (10) | Fiorentina | Padova | John Charles (Juventus) (28) |
1958β59 | Milan (7) | Fiorentina | Internazionale | Antonio Valentin Angelillo (Internazionale) (33) |
1959β60 | Juventus (11) | Fiorentina | Milan | Omar Sivori (Juventus) (28) |
1960β61 | Juventus (12) | Milan | Internazionale | Sergio Brighenti (Sampdoria) (27) |
1961β62 | Milan (8) | Internazionale | Fiorentina | JosΓ© Altafini (Milan) Aurelio Milani (Fiorentina) (22) |
1962β63 | Internazionale (8) | Juventus | Milan | Harald Nielsen (Bologna) Pedro Manfredini (Roma) (19) |
1963β64 | Bologna (7) | Internazionale | Milan | Harald Nielsen (Bologna) (21) |
1964β65 | Internazionale (9) | Milan | Torino | Sandro Mazzola (Internazionale) Alberto Orlando (Fiorentina) (17) |
1965β66 | Internazionale (10) | Bologna | Napoli | Luis Vinicio (Vicenza) (25) |
1966β67 | Juventus (13) | Internazionale | Bologna | Gigi Riva (Cagliari) (18) |
1967β68 | Milan (9) | Napoli | Juventus | Pierino Prati (Milan) (15) |
1968β69 | Fiorentina (2) | Cagliari | Milan | Gigi Riva (Cagliari) (21) |
1969β70 | Cagliari (1) | Internazionale | Juventus | Gigi Riva (Cagliari) (21) |
1970β71 | Internazionale (11) | Milan | Napoli | Roberto Boninsegna (Internazionale) (24) |
1971β72 | Juventus (14) | Milan/Torino | Roberto Boninsegna (Internazionale) (22) | |
1972β73 | Juventus (15) | Milan | Lazio | Giuseppe Savoldi (Bologna) Paolino Pulici (Torino) Gianni Rivera (Milan) (17) |
1973β74 | Lazio (1) | Juventus | Napoli | Giorgio Chinaglia (Lazio) (24) |
1974β75 | Juventus (16) | Napoli | Roma | Paolino Pulici (Torino) (18) |
1975β76 | Torino (7) | Juventus | Milan | Paolino Pulici (Torino) (21) |
1976β77 | Juventus (17) | Torino | Fiorentina | Francesco Graziani (Torino) (21) |
1977β78 | Juventus (18) | Vicenza/Torino | Paolo Rossi (Vicenza) (24) | |
1978β79 | Milan (10) | Perugia | Juventus | Bruno Giordano (Lazio) (19) |
1979β80 | Internazionale (12) | Juventus | Torino | Roberto Bettega (Juventus) (16) |
1980β81 | Juventus (19) | Roma | Napoli | Roberto Pruzzo (Roma) (18) |
1981β82 | Juventus (20) | Fiorentina | Roma | Roberto Pruzzo (Roma) (15) |
1982β83 | Roma (2) | Juventus | Internazionale | Michel Platini (Juventus) (16) |
1983β84 | Juventus (21) | Roma | Fiorentina | Michel Platini (Juventus) (20) |
1984β85 | Hellas Verona (1) | Torino | Internazionale | Michel Platini (Juventus) (18) |
1985β86 | Juventus (22) | Roma | Napoli | Roberto Pruzzo (Roma) (19) |
1986β87 | Napoli (1) | Juventus | Internazionale | Pietro Paolo Virdis (Milan) (17) |
1987β88 | Milan (11) | Napoli | Roma | Diego Maradona (Napoli) (15) |
1988β89 | Internazionale (13) | Napoli | Milan | Aldo Serena (Internazionale) (22) |
1989β90 | Napoli (2) | Milan | Internazionale | Marco van Basten (Milan) (19) |
1990β91 | Sampdoria (1) | Milan | Internazionale | Gianluca Vialli (Sampdoria) (19) |
1991β92 | Milan (12) | Juventus | Torino | Marco van Basten (Milan) (25) |
1992β93 | Milan (13) | Internazionale | Parma | Giuseppe Signori (Lazio) (26) |
1993β94 | Milan (14) | Juventus | Sampdoria | Giuseppe Signori (Lazio) (23) |
1994β95 | Juventus (23) | Lazio | Parma | Gabriel Batistuta (Fiorentina) (26) |
1995β96 | Milan (15) | Juventus | Lazio | Igor Protti (Bari) Giuseppe Signori (Lazio) (24) |
1996β97 | Juventus (24) | Parma | Internazionale | Filippo Inzaghi (Atalanta) (24) |
1997β98 | Juventus (25) | Internazionale | Udinese | Oliver Bierhoff (Udinese) (27) |
1998β99 | Milan (16) | Lazio | Fiorentina | MΓ‘rcio Amoroso (Udinese) (22) |
1999β2000 | Lazio (2) | Juventus | Milan | Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (24) |
2000β01 | Roma (3) | Juventus | Lazio | HernΓ‘n Crespo (Lazio) (26) |
2001β02 | Juventus (26) | Roma | Internazionale | David Trezeguet (Juventus) Dario HΓΌbner (Piacenza) (24) |
2002β03 | Juventus (27) | Internazionale | Milan | Christian Vieri (Internazionale) (24) |
2003β04 | Milan (17) | Roma | Juventus | Andriy Shevchenko (Milan) (24) |
2004β05 | Not awarded | Milan | Internazionale | Cristiano Lucarelli (Livorno) (24) |
2005β06 | Internazionale (14) | Roma | Milan | Luca Toni (Fiorentina) (31) |
2006β07 | Internazionale (15) | Roma | Lazio | Francesco Totti (Roma) (26) |
2007β08 | Internazionale (16) | Roma | Juventus | Alessandro Del Piero (Juventus) (21) |
2008β09 | Internazionale (17) | Juventus | Milan | Zlatan IbrahimoviΔ (Internazionale) (25) |
2009β10 | Internazionale (18) | Roma | Milan | Antonio Di Natale (Udinese) (29) |
2010β11 | Milan (18) | Internazionale | Napoli | Antonio Di Natale (Udinese) (28) |
2011β12 | Juventus (28) | Milan | Udinese | Zlatan IbrahimoviΔ (Milan) (28) |
2012β13 | Juventus (29) | Napoli | Milan | Edinson Cavani (Napoli) (29) |
2013β14 | Juventus (30) | Roma | Napoli | Ciro Immobile (Torino) (22) |
2014β15 | Juventus (31) | Roma | Lazio | Mauro Icardi (Internazionale) Luca Toni (Hellas Verona) (22) |
2015β16 | Juventus (32) | Napoli | Roma | Gonzalo HiguaΓn (Napoli) (36) |
2016β17 | Juventus (33) | Roma | Napoli | Edin DΕΎeko (Roma) (29) |
2017β18 | Juventus (34) | Napoli | Roma | Mauro Icardi (Internazionale) Ciro Immobile (Lazio) (29) |
2018β19 | Juventus (35) | Napoli | Atalanta | Fabio Quagliarella (Sampdoria) (26) |
2019β20 | Juventus (36) | Internazionale | Atalanta | Ciro Immobile (Lazio) (36) |
2020β21 | Internazionale (19) | Milan | Atalanta | Cristiano Ronaldo (Juventus) (29) |
2021β22 | Milan (19) | Internazionale | Napoli | Ciro Immobile (Lazio) (27) |
2022β23 | Napoli (3) | Lazio | Internazionale | Victor Osimhen (Napoli) (26) |
2023β24 | Internazionale (20) | Milan | Juventus | Lautaro MartΓnez (Internazionale) (24) |
Performances
Clubs
The following table lists the performance of each club describing winners of the Championship. Sixteen clubs have been champions.
Bold indicates clubs currently playing in the top division.
Titles won by club (%)
By city
City | Championships | Clubs |
---|---|---|
Turin | 43
|
Juventus (36), Torino (7) |
Milan | 39
|
Internazionale (20), Milan (19) |
Genoa | 10
|
Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1) |
Bologna | 7
|
Bologna (7) |
Vercelli | 7
|
Pro Vercelli (7) |
Rome | 5
|
Roma (3), Lazio (2) |
Naples | 3
|
Napoli (3) |
Florence | 2
|
Fiorentina (2) |
Cagliari | 1
|
Cagliari (1) |
Casale Monferrato | 1
|
Casale (1) |
Novi Ligure | 1
|
Novese (1) |
Verona | 1
|
Hellas Verona (1) |
By region
Region | Championships | Clubs |
---|---|---|
Piedmont | 52
|
Juventus (36), Torino (7), Pro Vercelli (7), Casale (1), Novese (1) |
Lombardy | 39
|
Internazionale (20), Milan (19) |
Liguria | 10
|
Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1) |
Emilia-Romagna | 7
|
Bologna (7) |
Lazio | 5
|
Roma (3), Lazio (2) |
Campania | 3
|
Napoli (3) |
Tuscany | 2
|
Fiorentina (2) |
Sardinia | 1
|
Cagliari (1) |
Veneto | 1
|
Hellas Verona (1) |
Notes
- Title was revoked and left unassigned through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
- Title was put sub judice, then assigned to Inter Milan, through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
- Title was revoked and left unassigned due to the Allemandi match fixing scandal.
See also
- Football in Italy
- Italian football league system
- Capocannoniere, award for the top scorer in a Serie A season
Sources
- Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio β La Storia 1898β2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
- Carlo Chiesa, La grande storia del calcio italiano (The great history of italian football), Guerin Sportivo, 2012β
- Second installment: 1908β1910, pp. 17β32, in Guerin Sportivo #5 (maggio 2012), pp. 83β98.
References
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- Chiesa, p. 18.
- "La gran finale del Campionato Federale". La Stampa. 22 February 1908. p. 5. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- Giulio Corradino Corradini (7 June 1908). "Federazione acefala" (in Italian). La Stampa Sportiva. pp. 10β11. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- Giulio Corradino Corradini (5 July 1908). "Ancora sulla questione dei Campionati. La parola ad un dissidente" (in Italian). La Stampa Sportiva. pp. 7β8. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- Giulio Corradino Corradini (6 September 1908). "Vexata quaestio" (in Italian). La Stampa Sportiva. p. 4. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- "La Finale di Campionato a Torino". La Stampa. 7 May 1908. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- "Il F.C. Juventus vince il Campionato Italiano". La Stampa. 7 June 1909. p. 5. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- Chiesa, pp. 24-25
- "Italy β Championship History 1898β1923". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- "FIGC History β 1913". FIGC. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- "Juventus vs Milan". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- ^ "Italy β List of Champions". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- Annuario 1931 Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 18β19.
- James Lawton (8 July 2006). "Italy are fabulously flawed". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
- Annuario 1931, p. 40. Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine "Il campionato di Divisione Nazionale Γ¨ diviso in due serie: A e B" (The Championship of Divisione Nazionale is divided into two Serie: A and B").
- John Foot (2006). Calcio β a history of Italian Football. Fourth Estate. ISBN 0007175744.
- "Italy 1943/44 (War Championship)". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- "Lo scudetto del '44 β 4a parte" (in Italian). Spezia Calcio 1906. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- "Serie A quartet will stand trial". BBC Sport. 23 June 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- "Italian trio relegated to Serie B". BBC Sport. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- Championship unfinished due to WWI, title awarded by the FIGC
External links
- (in English) Italian Football Association Archived 16 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Italian) Official national league website