1418:
1338:- argued greatly in the School of Salamanca. The main argument was given that war is one of the worst evils suffered by mankind, the adherents of the School reasoned that it ought to be resorted to only when it was necessary in order to prevent an even greater evil. A diplomatic agreement is preferable, even for the more powerful party, before a war is started. Even war for the conversion of pagans and infidels was considered unjust at the school of Salamanca.
1534:
384:
1413:, the great scholars of the University of Salamanca were writing and discussing the same ideas. The ideas of international law, balance of powers, civil law, order, and just war were all discussed and debated by these Spanish scholars. Francisco Suarez is the most famous Salamancan scholar of this era. Is considered the most important European scholastic after Thomas Aquinas.
678:
441:- the Mesoamericans drank chocolate strait bitter and sometimes flavored with spicy peppers. Spanish conquistadors were not fans of the original mix and instead created their own sweeten hot chocolate by adding sugar from sugar cane. For many years, the Spanish kept their prized chocolate a secret until its expansion into other European courts.
1409:- greatly intertwined with second scholasticism, but it was the rise in philosophical works on politics, ethics, religion, society and human rights. As we know, our modern concept of human rights, equality and liberty originate in the enlightenment revolutions, especially in France and US, however, about 300–200 years before
52:
cultures which they translated into Arabic and recorded in books for the use of their own educated elites, who flourished in this period, and took with them to the
Hispania after it fell under Muslim control. Much of this knowledge was later translated by Christian and Jewish scholars in the Christian kingdoms of the
2084:
2011 “The love for truth. Life and work of
Michael Servetus”, (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of
1480:
Theoretical work on
Gravity by Juan Bautista Villalpando (born 1552 in Córdoba, died 22 May 1608). He may be the father of gravitational theory and influence Newton, who indeed had copies of Bautista's work on gravity, geometry and architecture. Baustista produced 21 original propositions on the
517:
Spain has been a center of fashion since medieval times. Barcelona and Madrid have both been named as fashion capitals of the world, with
Barcelona being the fifth most important fashion capital in the world back in 2015. Spain is the home country of the largest fashion retail store and textiles
1332:- According to the main argument agreed at Salamance, the common good of the world is of a category superior to the good of each state. This meant that relations between states ought to pass from being justified by force to being justified by law and justice. Hence calling for international law.
51:
when education collapsed with the collapse of the empire and most knowledge was lost. The
Islamic conquests of places such as Egypt, which was a major part of the Byzantine Empire, and other places which were centers of knowledge in earlier times, gave the Muslims access to knowledge from many
1974:
915:(book of medicine). During the 14th century, the physician from Malaga, Ibn Baytar, wrote a pharmacopoeia naming over 1400 different drugs and their uses in medicine. This book was written 200 years before the supposed first pharmacopoeia was written by German scholar in 1542.
1087:
greatly modernized fighting in Europe. It is seen by military historians as one of the great developments of combined arms and tactics for warfare. The
Spanish Tercios were undefeated in every war until Battle of Rocroi in 1643 and were greatly feared as an invincible
1094:- The Iberian region has been known for high quality metal working and sword productions since pre-Roman times. Toledo steel refers to both the high quality steel and that legacy of steel work in the Iberian peninsula from pre-Roman to post-Roman times in the
826:, Spanish botanist, like Ibn al-Baitar, created hundreds of works/catalogs on the various plants in not only Europe but the Middle East, Africa and Asia. In these works many processes for extracting essential oils, drugs as well as their uses can be found.
87:. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD), better known in the west as Albucasis, is regarded as the father of modern surgery and is the most quoted surgeon of all times. Albucasis invented over 200 tools for use in surgery - many still in use today.
900:. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD), better known in the west as Albucasis, is regarded as the father of modern surgery and is the most quoted surgeon of all times. Albucasis invented over 200 tools for use in surgery - many still in use today.
1591:
by using different leaves as rolling paper, the
Spanish were the first to manufacture the grandfather of the modern day cigarette. When tobacco first made it onto Spanish shores in the 17th century, maize wrappers were used to roll and then fine
909:- various Muslim physicians in Spain were crucial in the development of modern medicine. Pathology, obviously was an important development in medicine. The first correct proposal of the nature of disease was described by al-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr.
1978:
1542:
Modern rules of chess. Although chess has its origins in India, the modern rules of chess have their origin Spain. It is still under debate whether the rules were invented in the
Islamic period or after the Christian reconquest of
2995:
2980:
863:
Inheritance of traits first proposed by Abu Al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD) more than 800 years before
Austrian monk, Mendel. Al-Zahrawi was first to record and suggest that hemophilia was an inherited disease.
887:, described in the work of al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD), Kitab al-Tasrif, one of the most influential books in early modern medicine. Describes the process of performing a ligature on blood vessels.
2140:
2095:
66:
Note: Although these inventions were created on the
Iberian Peninsula, that does not mean they were not made by people of Spanish heritage due to the area being part of the Islamic Empire.
1513:
Water and weight driven mechanical clocks, by Spanish Muslim engineers sometime between 900–1200 AD. According to historian Will Durant, a watch like device was invented by Ibn Firnas.
90:
Water and weight driven mechanical clocks, by Spanish Muslim engineers sometime between 900–1200 AD. According to historian Will Durant, a watch like device was invented by Ibn Firnas.
2125:
2916:
1492:, in 1935. The Russians then used a model of Herrera's suit when first flying into space of which the Americans would then later adopt when creating their own space program.
1359:- Francisco de Vitoria is the first western European to argue for the rights of man and is considered the father of modern rights of people theory. His most famous work is
3032:
2911:
3040:
2921:
2985:
2875:
2677:
2672:
1065:
First professional army in Europe – men were hired and trained in Spain to join the army as their professional job not as some levy or through hiring mercenaries.
3045:
2900:
2848:
2766:
820:
were in used as early as the 10th century in hospitals in Islamic Spain. Special protocols, in Al Andalus, were used to keep hygiene before and after surgery.
647:
Oscillation theory of the obliquity of the ecliptic by Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī, also known as Al-Zarqali or Ibn Zarqala (1029–1087).
2890:
2833:
2801:
2771:
2682:
1948:
3158:
3077:
2838:
2791:
2786:
2741:
2731:
2709:
2697:
2687:
2667:
2652:
3102:
3057:
3052:
2870:
2806:
2781:
2776:
2714:
2692:
2551:
History of rocketry and astronautics: proceedings of the third through the sixth History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics, Volumen 1
2313:
3117:
3112:
2843:
2811:
2796:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2099:
1637:
3097:
3082:
2885:
2816:
2756:
2736:
2702:
2259:
Warren, James Francis (2009). "Scientific Superman: Father José Algué, Jesuit Meteorology, and the Philippines under American Rule, 1897-1924." In
3127:
3065:
2895:
1041:
2227:
2152:
171:- a very influential style of architecture used not only in Catalonia but throughout Spain. Its greatest pioneer was the most famous architect
2928:
2402:
2297:
1958:
1840:
1561:
1022:(antennae swords) - Swords adopted by the Romans after the second Punic war. The Iberian sword was considered superior to that of the Romans.
713:
699:
148:
3153:
2631:
412:
128:
2122:
260:
2963:
2287:
1079:
2392:
3017:
2953:
2662:
2558:
2534:
2472:
2447:
2350:
2011:
1920:
1804:
1670:
1521:
903:
Nuubo - Wearable medical technology that measures heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, body temperature and current location.
651:
2970:
2858:
1642:
1453:
275:
2865:
1373:- Some of the most important stoic philosophical works are by Iberian born or descendent philosophers including the works of
223:
1953:. International Association for Mathematical Geology Studies in Mathematical Geology. Oxford University Press. 3 June 2004.
3092:
265:
254:
2421:
1869:
530:, the second wealthiest man in the world in 2015. Barcelona is the headquarters of another international retail company,
2975:
2958:
2500:
2375:
3148:
3007:
2990:
2724:
876:
324:
16:
The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from
2826:
2719:
999:
48:
104:, that animators use to trace over motion picture footage, frame by frame, to produce realistic action similar to
3122:
3107:
3087:
2821:
2028:
1456:, who created and patented a steam-powered water pump for draining mines, an early precursor to the steam engine.
790:
717:
682:
658:
978:
735:
123:
Calatrava style - The futuristic style of architecture invented and designed by world renown Spanish architect,
2624:
869:, invented by al-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr. Used a sponge soaked with narcotic drugs to be inhalated by the patient.
3070:
3000:
2644:
1689:
El dibujo animado en España hasta 1975: los estudios Macián y proyectos cinematográficos de Francisco Macián
1550:
1417:
1351:
1346:
1324:
1049:
484:
415:
392:
354:
152:
866:
1703:
1489:
1335:
837:
2245:
1938:
G. Hägele & F. Pukelsheim (2001). "Llull's writings on electoral systems". Studia Lulliana. 41: 3–38.
1828:
814:, first recorded use of animals for medical testing was done by Ibn Zuhr, known as Avenzoar, (1094–1162).
768:
2948:
2853:
2490:
G. Hägele & F. Pukelsheim (2001). "Llull's writings on electoral systems". Studia Lulliana. 41: 3–38
2063:
1310:
775:
570:
208:
1378:
1297:
1294:. Averroes in one of the most quoted men of the medieval era and has greatly influenced Western Europe.
425:
2394:
Navy's Most Wanted™: The Top 10 Book of Admirable Admirals, Sleek Submarines, and Other Naval Oddities
974:
966:
2168:
1761:
1618:
1400:
1319:
1162:
638:
606:
580:
527:
499:
339:
72:
598:- reforms from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar by Spanish mathematician, Pedro Chacón.
2617:
2042:
1624:
1464:
1406:
1315:
1282:
1245:
1192:
1142:
949:(then Kingdom of Spain) was first to discover that Yellow Fever was transmitted through mosquitoes
884:
805:
665:
576:
503:
488:
370:
140:
101:
2582:
447:
2184:
1717:
Cintas, Pedro (2004). "The Road to Chemical Names and Eponyms: Discovery, Priority, and Credit".
1374:
1220:
928:
753:
634:
602:
595:
176:
124:
1796:
1524:
by Spanish physicist Jordi Prat-Camps. The magnetic wormhole makes the magnetic field invisible.
1172:
741:
Discovery that the human cell has 46 chromosomes - jointly discovered with a Swedish scientist.
3027:
2554:
2530:
2468:
2443:
2398:
2346:
2293:
2202:
2156:
2007:
1954:
1916:
1836:
1810:
1800:
1734:
1666:
1604:
1438:
1410:
1329:
1197:
1040:
were first developed in Spain during the Spanish civil war and were ordered to be used by the
992:
843:
749:
624:
495:
198:
36:
1403:- Francisco Suarez is considered the most important European scholastic after Thomas Aquinas.
2192:
2176:
1769:
1726:
1505:
1260:
1132:
1037:
927:- first European design for the use of the most powerful man in the world at the time, King
833:
779:
695:
654:(989–1079 AD). Greatly influenced Western mathematics, including the works of Regiomontanus.
531:
452:
350:
213:
203:
44:
2569:
1665:(in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Sinsentido/Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez. p. 754.
1394:
644:
Nonlinear partial differential equations and their applications by Juan Luis Vázquez Suárez
2129:
1870:"Milestones:Early Developments in Remote-Control, 1901 - GHN: IEEE Global History Network"
1687:
1386:
1182:
1055:
610:
519:
468:
438:
421:
361:
172:
2172:
1765:
2197:
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918:
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732:
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335:
302:
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192:
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77:
40:
17:
2436:
668:
in the fields of partial differential equations, control theory and numerical analysis
3142:
1576:
1225:
1177:
1167:
1127:
1031:
951:
912:
764:
759:
The effect of hormone levels on the mind - crucial to forming a relationship between
156:
136:
2341:(...) was referred to as a destroyer in print at the time." Banbury, Philip (1971).
1627:, used in Islamic Spain as early as 11th century – 200 years prior to the Venetians.
1533:
2587:
1596:
1449:
1356:
1091:
1028:
warfare developed in Spain during the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula.
938:
872:
801:
709:
703:
620:
616:
589:
Nualart stochastic processes and stochastic analysis (field of probability theory).
550:
480:
Development of the first monetarist theory and the quantitative theory of money by
270:
28:
24:
2314:"The bloody campaigns of Morocco: a ruin for Spain that conditioned the Civil War"
2000:
Pawlowsky-Glahn, Vera; Egozcue, Juan José; Tolosana-Delgado, Raimon (2015-03-30).
2553:. NASA conference publication. American Astronautical Society by Univelt, p. 85.
2001:
1913:
Vitoria: Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought)
1496:
1382:
1306:
1302:
1137:
1095:
1059:
853:
817:
566:
562:
541:
383:
249:
105:
53:
1603:(pre-Roman times)in Spain. The title is contested with folding knives found in
1485:
1442:
1341:
1250:
1202:
1034:
was invented by gunsmiths in Madrid during the late 16th century (circa 1570).
970:
924:
857:
847:
760:
313:
298:
288:
228:
168:
27:. While most of western and southern Europe suffered from the collapse of the
2609:
2504:
2640:
2289:
Tank Combat in Spain: Armored Warfare During the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
1814:
1621:, though he credits his friend, Francisco Javier Altuna, with the invention.
1572:
1460:
1287:
1117:
1025:
1004:
906:
797:
724:
481:
317:
187:
2206:
2180:
1738:
1730:
1752:
Schufle, Joseph A. (1975). "Juan Jose D'Elhuyar, Discoverer of Tungsten".
677:
1663:
Atlas español de la cultura popular: De la historieta y su uso, 1873-2000
1614:
1600:
1568:, in the 18th century. The staples had engraved on them the royal emblem.
1565:
1517:
1434:
1370:
1291:
1147:
1075:
890:
546:
396:
346:
331:
309:
182:
132:
80:, first synthesized by Abu al-Qasim al-Qurtubi al-Majriti (10th century).
32:
1773:
1608:
1588:
1557:
1265:
1240:
1230:
1157:
1152:
1084:
1019:
1013:
897:
786:
523:
365:
321:
239:
144:
118:
84:
2188:
586:
Contributions to the field of Dynamical Systems by Ricardo Pérez-Marco
1584:
1580:
1270:
1255:
1235:
1112:
1068:
942:
829:
823:
686:
463:
457:
2261:
Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State
1549:, invention of the automatic chess by engineer and computer pioneer
2365:
Babcock & Wilcox, ltd. at the University Press, 1937, page 263
1532:
1416:
1207:
1122:
676:
382:
218:
1102:
was said to be the only rival of Toledo steel in the Middle Ages.
56:
from Arabic into Latin, and from there it spread through Europe.
1390:
1045:
995:
and a precursor of Allied amphibious operations in World War II.
946:
932:
244:
2613:
2085:
them illustrations, p. 215–228 & 62nd illustration (XLVII)
2465:
Spain's first democracy : the Second Republic, 1931-1936
1901:
Giraud, Bibli. Sacr., II 334-336 (gives list of his writings)
1488:, called the escafandra estratonáutica, designed and made by
1290:- the school of philosophy founded by Al-Andalus philosopher
1704:"Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)"
1617:. The first patent for table football belonged to Spaniard,
1058:, design of the first fully operative military submarine by
399:
that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic waves.
60:
Inventions and discoveries from the Golden Age of Al Andalus
1424:
autogyro, was built in the U.S. under Cierva license, 1931.
47:, did not to suffer from the full impact of the so-called
1835:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 135.
1692:(Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
31:, although declining, some regions of the former empire,
2583:"Wormhole Created in Lab Makes Invisible Magnetic Field"
2422:
Gladius hispaniensis: an archaeological view from Iberia
2096:"The man who got Spanish women off their knees has died"
2529:. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 443–454.
2141:
Spanish National Library - La Esfera, December 28, 1918
100:
M-Tecnofantasy - is an animation technique, created by
1795:(7 ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp.
1071:- Spain was the first European country to use rapiers.
23:
Spain was an important center of knowledge during the
1857:
Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages
1441:, pioneer of rotary flight, direct precursor of the
893:
surgery, first performed by al-Zahrawi (936–1013 AD).
3016:
2939:
2651:
2380:. Society for Nautical Research. 1984. p. 160.
1977:. Real Sociedad Matemática Española. Archived from
2435:
1788:
1934:
1932:
1502:Spherical Earth Theory by Ibn Hazm (994-1064 AD).
287:First process of creating artificial crystals by
2363:A short history of naval and marine engineering.
2029:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959"
1318:- by Ramon Llull, around 1299, centuries before
875:by singer, music educator, and vocal pedagogue
579:- by Ramon Llull, around 1299, centuries before
2442:. Secaucus, N.J: Chartwell Books. p. 174.
1915:. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi.
2467:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 219.
2625:
2486:
2484:
1975:"Wonenburger Planells, María Josefa (1927- )"
1950:Geostatistical Analysis of Compositional Data
1520:- first ever manmade wormhole created at the
630:Integral geometry by Luís Antoni Santaló Sors
8:
2272:Douglas Porch, "Spain's African Nightmare,"
1481:center of gravity and the line of direction.
652:Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī
641:, Juan José Egozcue, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado
2602:Torres and his remarkable automatic devices
2391:Polmar, Norman; Cavas, Christopher (2009).
2263:, Part VIII, University of Wisconsin Press.
2003:Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data
2632:
2618:
2610:
2274:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History
2161:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2604:. Issue 2079 of Scientific American, 1915
2196:
1638:List of Spanish inventors and discoverers
1833:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1010:Training of aggressive dogs for warfare.
785:A worldwide used "two-piece" disposable
45:Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire
1719:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1653:
752:, reproduce by cloning - discovered by
2570:A steam powered submarine: the Ictíneo
2343:Shipbuilders of the Thames and Medway.
1397:, Spain (small town close to Cordoba).
744:Discovery that the parasitic agent of
2416:
2414:
2232:Biography in Context: World of Health
1078:in combat, during the suppression of
941:Transmission - Luis Alvarez, born in
526:, making their CEO main shareholder,
149:World Trade Center Transportation Hub
7:
1706:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
1381:, as well as the stoic masterpiece,
1686:Escudero, Susana Rodriguez (2016).
1007:type of warship, laid down in 1885.
778:by scientist, surgeon and humanist
502:(c. 1480/86 – 1546), member of the
195:was first used in Visigothic Spain.
3159:Lists of inventions or discoveries
2653:Lists of inventions or discoveries
1277:Sociology, Philosophy and Politics
991:First amphibious landing of tanks
14:
3018:Lists of inventors or discoverers
2572:Low-tech Magazine, 24 August 2008
2157:"Observations on the Human Voice"
1892:. Year II, No. 14, September 1955
1522:Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
931:of Spain, who was suffering from
650:Spherical Trigonometry - work of
424:by teacher, writer and inventor
349:by scientist, soldier and author
129:Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
1309:, around 1299, centuries before
569:, around 1299, centuries before
1890:Gaceta de la Actualidad Técnica
1831:(2010). Robert E. Bjork (ed.).
1643:Science and technology in Spain
1560:, designed and created in the
1393:but whose family originate in
1080:the Asturias Rebellion in 1934
1016:swords used by Iberian tribes.
774:First European description of
1:
2123:manuel jalon inventor fregona
1754:Journal of Chemical Education
266:Spanish Colonial Architecture
113:Architecture and construction
2527:Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra
1454:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
1407:School of Salamanca Movement
1003:- The main precursor of the
379:Computing and Communications
3154:Spain history-related lists
2345:David and Charles, p. 300.
2286:Candil, Anthony J. (2021).
1599:have been found during the
664:Works of Enrique Zuazua in
601:Geostatistical Analysis of
487:(1492–1586), member of the
368:by alchemist and physician
43:, and the remainder of the
3175:
2463:Payne, Stanley G. (1993).
2247:Science in the Philippines
2045:. Society for Neuroscience
1611:from around the same time.
1564:of Spain for French King,
1510:Viscoelastic gravity layer
633:Modelling and Analysis of
557:Mathematics and statistics
2549:Cargill Hall, R. (1986).
2525:Garcia, Nicholas (2007).
2066:. Encyclopædia Britannica
2043:"History of Neuroscience"
1872:. Ieeeghn.org. 2007-03-15
1791:Discovery of the Elements
294:Pure alcohol distillation
2434:Humble, Richard (1981).
2292:. Casemate. p. 28.
1911:Pagden, Anthony (1991).
1661:Cuadrado, Jesús (2000).
1450:steam powered water pump
993:at Alhucemas bay in 1925
689:in the pigeon cerebellum
657:Tirocinio aritmético by
395:in 1903, consisted of a
1551:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
1325:Expropriative anarchism
518:designer in the world,
416:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
393:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
355:Jorge Juan y Santacilia
153:World Trade Center site
127:. Examples include the
102:Francisco Macián Blasco
2397:. Potomac Books, Inc.
2361:Smith, Charles Edgar:
2181:10.1098/rspl.1854.0094
1731:10.1002/anie.200330074
1538:
1490:Emilio Herrera Linares
1459:First machine powered
1425:
838:University of Alicante
791:Manuel Jalón Corominas
718:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
690:
683:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
659:María Andrea Casamayor
592:Speculative Arithmetic
460:- also known as Sherry
400:
2276:(2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.
2064:"Pio del Rio Hortega"
1787:Weeks, M. E. (1968).
1536:
1484:First full-pressured
1472:Physics and Astronomy
1420:
1311:Jean-Charles de Borda
1048:tanks supporting the
867:Inhalation anesthesia
846:, first described by
776:pulmonary circulation
680:
571:Jean-Charles de Borda
386:
325:Andrés Manuel del Río
209:Valencian Art Nouveau
175:and his masterpiece,
2959:multiple discoveries
2377:The Mariner's Mirror
2228:"Carlos Juan Finlay"
1619:Alejandro Finisterre
1401:Second Scholasticism
1385:, by Roman emperor,
1365:The Rights of People
1336:Justification of war
1320:Nicolas de Condorcet
856:, first invented by
673:Medicine and biology
639:Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn
607:Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn
581:Nicolas de Condorcet
528:Amancio Ortega Gaona
508:First world currency
500:Francisco de Vitoria
485:Martín de Azpilcueta
73:Alcohol distillation
3008:Spurious inventions
2971:Historic inventions
2173:1854RSPS....7..399G
1774:10.1021/ed052p325.1
1766:1975JChEd..52..325S
1595:The oldest folding/
1316:Condorcet criterion
1283:Anarcho-syndicalism
1246:Trompa de Ribagorza
1107:Musical Instruments
1020:Gladius Hispanensis
860:in the 9th century.
806:Celedonio Calatayud
804:for diagnostics by
736:Pío del Río Hortega
666:applied mathematics
577:Condorcet criterion
504:School of Salamanca
489:School of Salamanca
371:Arnold of Villanova
141:Puente del Alamillo
3149:Spanish inventions
2128:2012-04-14 at the
1539:
1426:
1375:Seneca the younger
1221:Reclam de xeremies
1042:Nationalist forces
754:Francisco J. Ayala
691:
635:Compositional Data
603:Compositional Data
596:Gregorian calendar
426:Ángela Ruiz Robles
411:, by engineer and
401:
177:La Sagrada Familia
125:Santiago Calatrava
3136:
3135:
3021:by country/region
2656:by country/region
2591:. 20 August 2015.
2420:F. Quesada Sanz,
2404:978-1-59797-655-8
2299:978-1-61200-971-1
1960:978-0-19-517166-2
1842:978-0-19-866262-4
1605:Hallstatt culture
1439:Juan de la Cierva
1411:the enlightenment
1330:International Law
1298:Balance of Powers
1198:Guitarra de canya
1038:Molotov cocktails
977:by meteorologist
844:Ectopic pregnancy
830:The CRISPR System
750:Trypanosoma cruzi
723:Discovery of the
625:Maria Wonenburger
547:Spray-on-clothing
496:international law
353:(1716–1795) with
340:Juan José Elhuyar
199:Isabelline Gothic
67:
37:Iberian Peninsula
3166:
3041:African-American
2986:Medieval Islamic
2976:Byzantine Empire
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2503:. Archived from
2497:
2491:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2438:Undersea warfare
2431:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2244:Walsh, James J.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2098:. Archived from
2092:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2027:Nobelprize.org.
2024:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1506:Tables of Toledo
1465:Narcís Monturiol
1357:Rights of People
1133:Classical guitar
1050:Spanish Republic
979:José María Algué
975:microseismograph
967:barocyclonometer
834:Francisco Mojica
832:, discovered by
769:Gregorio Marañón
716:Laureate (1906)
696:ribonucleic acid
453:Spanish omelette
413:computer pioneer
407:, pioneering of
351:Antonio de Ulloa
338:and his brother
214:Levantine Gothic
204:Valencian Gothic
65:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3020:
3012:
3001:Lost inventions
2996:Native American
2935:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2501:"Vector Flight"
2499:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2167:(60): 399–410.
2151:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2130:Wayback Machine
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1981:on 4 March 2016
1973:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1829:Fernando Salmón
1827:
1826:
1822:
1807:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1725:(44): 5888–94.
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1634:
1531:
1474:
1431:
1387:Marcus Aurelius
1347:Razon Historica
1279:
1183:Gaita sanabresa
1173:Gaita gastoreña
1163:Gaita Asturiana
1109:
1074:First use of a
1056:Peral Submarine
1044:against Soviet
988:
962:
675:
611:Ricardo A. Olea
559:
522:and its parent
515:
477:
469:Spanish cuisine
439:Sweet chocolate
435:
422:Electronic book
381:
374:(c. 1235–1311)
362:carbon monoxide
284:
151:at rebuilt New
115:
97:
62:
12:
11:
5:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2905:United States
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Czech Republic
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2574:
2562:
2542:
2535:
2517:
2492:
2480:
2473:
2455:
2448:
2426:
2410:
2403:
2383:
2367:
2354:
2330:
2305:
2298:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2237:
2219:
2153:García, Manuel
2144:
2133:
2112:
2087:
2077:
2055:
2034:
2019:
2012:
1992:
1966:
1959:
1940:
1928:
1921:
1903:
1894:
1882:
1861:
1848:
1841:
1820:
1805:
1779:
1744:
1709:
1695:
1678:
1671:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1593:
1569:
1562:Basque country
1554:
1547:El Ajedrecista
1544:
1537:El Ajedrecista
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:by Ibn Firnas.
1493:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1446:
1430:
1429:Transportation
1427:
1422:Pitcairn PCA-2
1415:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1368:
1354:
1352:Raciovitalismo
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Galician gaita
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:Damascus steel
1089:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1053:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1008:
996:
987:
984:
983:
982:
961:
958:
957:
956:
936:
922:
919:Silver bromide
916:
910:
904:
901:
894:
888:
881:
880:
870:
864:
861:
851:
850:(936–1013 AD).
841:
827:
821:
815:
812:Animal Testing
809:
794:
783:
772:
757:
746:Chagas disease
742:
739:
733:neuroscientist
721:
707:
674:
671:
670:
669:
662:
655:
648:
645:
642:
631:
628:
623:works done by
614:
599:
593:
590:
587:
584:
574:
558:
555:
554:
553:
544:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
492:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
455:
450:
445:
442:
434:
431:
430:
429:
419:
409:remote control
391:, invented by
380:
377:
376:
375:
358:
343:
336:Fausto Elhuyar
328:
306:
295:
292:
283:
280:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
193:Horseshoe arch
190:
185:
180:
165:
163:Catalan Gothic
160:
147:, and the new
135:, the planned
121:
114:
111:
110:
109:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
81:
78:Mercuric oxide
75:
61:
58:
41:southern Italy
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3171:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:0-87703-260-2
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2536:9788437067919
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2507:on 2011-06-29
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:9780299136703
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2449:0-89009-424-1
2445:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:0-7153-4996-1
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:El Destructor
2334:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2234:. Gale. 2007.
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2102:on 2014-04-19
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2013:9781118443064
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:0-521-36714-X
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:D. Campbell,
1852:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1806:0-8486-8579-2
1802:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1672:84-89384-23-1
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1625:Glass mirrors
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:mesoamericans
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1529:Miscellaneous
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:Violí de bufa
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Sac de gemecs
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Gaita de saco
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:Gaita de boto
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:the univerese
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Catalan shawm
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
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1032:Miquelet lock
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3046:Puerto Rican
2981:Indus Valley
2880:
2876:South Africa
2827:explorations
2601:
2597:
2588:Live Science
2586:
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2565:
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2526:
2520:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
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2322:. Retrieved
2320:. 2021-05-11
2318:The Canadian
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2120:(in Spanish)
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2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2090:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2058:
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2037:
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1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1969:
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1864:
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1656:
1597:pocket knife
1553:(1852–1936)
1467:(1818–1885)
1364:
1360:
1092:Toledo steel
1062:(1851–1895).
998:
981:(1856–1930).
950:
939:Yellow Fever
879:(1805–1906).
873:Laryngoscope
808:(1880-1931).
802:Radiotherapy
793:(1925–2011)
782:(1511–1553)
738:(1882–1945)
729:Hortega cell
728:
720:(1852–1934).
710:Neuroscience
706:(1905–1993).
704:Severo Ochoa
627:(1927–2014).
621:Lie algebras
617:Group Theory
551:Manel Torres
537:Inventions:
536:
516:
428:(1895-1975).
418:(1852–1936)
404:
388:
369:
357:(1713–1773).
327:(1764–1849)
305:(1787–1853).
303:Mateu Orfila
271:Spanish Tile
257:architecture
173:Antoni Gaudi
64:
63:
29:Roman Empire
25:medieval era
22:
15:
3093:New Zealand
2929:discoveries
2912:before 1890
2908:inventions
2886:Switzerland
2859:discoveries
2839:Philippines
2822:discoveries
2812:Netherlands
2725:discoveries
2645:discoveries
2250:, New York.
2070:18 December
1579:, like the
1497:planetarium
1383:Meditations
1363:(Latin for
1361:Ius Gentium
1307:Ramon Llull
1303:Borda Count
1096:Middle Ages
1060:Isaac Peral
960:Meteorology
854:Eye glasses
836:, from the
818:Antiseptics
714:Nobel prize
700:Nobel prize
681:Drawing by
661:(1700–1780)
567:Ramon Llull
563:Borda Count
542:Farthingale
261:Repoblación
250:Plateresque
235:Neo-Mudéjar
54:Reconquista
3143:Categories
2922:after 1991
2854:inventions
2817:Inventions
2720:inventions
2678:Bangladesh
2673:Azerbaijan
2641:Inventions
2511:2014-04-18
2324:2021-08-21
2106:2014-04-18
2049:2008-10-09
1985:15 October
1876:2013-01-02
1760:(5): 325.
1649:References
1607:region in
1556:The first
1486:space suit
1477:Equatorium
1443:helicopter
1389:, born in
1377:, born in
1342:Maimonides
1251:Txalaparta
1217:Psalterium
1203:Kirikoketa
1076:rotorcraft
1000:Destructor
973:, and the
971:nephoscope
929:Phillip II
925:Wheelchair
858:Ibn Firnas
848:Al-Zahrawi
789:(1978) by
761:psychology
685:(1899) of
498:theory by
314:vanadinite
299:toxicology
289:Ibn Firnas
276:Visigothic
169:Modernisme
3078:Bulgarian
3037:American
3028:Worldwide
2954:cosmology
2949:chemistry
2917:1890–1945
2767:Indonesia
2663:Australia
2212:28 August
1573:cigarette
1516:Magnetic
1461:submarine
1288:Averroism
1118:Bandurria
1026:Guerrilla
1005:destroyer
907:Pathology
885:Ligatures
798:Radiology
725:microglia
702:Laureate
698:(RNA) by
482:economist
475:Economics
364:and pure
318:geologist
282:Chemistry
224:Mozarabic
188:Herrerian
106:rotoscopy
95:Animation
49:Dark Ages
3103:Romanian
3062:British
3058:Austrian
3053:Armenian
2991:Military
2940:by topic
2896:Thailand
2849:Portugal
2834:Pakistan
2802:Malaysia
2698:Scotland
2207:30163547
2155:(1855).
2126:Archived
1815:23991202
1739:15376297
1632:See also
1615:Foosball
1601:Iron Age
1566:Louis XV
1518:wormhole
1435:Autogyro
1371:Stoicism
1292:Averroes
1148:Dulzaina
1138:Chácaras
986:Military
891:Migraine
405:Telekino
389:Telekino
347:platinum
342:in 1783.
332:tungsten
310:vanadium
183:Hacienda
167:Catalan
133:Valencia
33:Hispania
3123:Swedish
3118:Spanish
3113:Serbian
3108:Russian
3088:Italian
3066:English
3033:African
2964:science
2901:Vietnam
2787:Jamaica
2772:Ireland
2752:Germany
2732:Croatia
2693:England
2688:Britain
2668:Austria
2198:5180321
2169:Bibcode
1859:, p. 5.
1797:385–407
1762:Bibcode
1609:Austria
1589:tobacco
1587:smoked
1558:stapler
1543:Toledo.
1379:Cordoba
1266:Xeremia
1241:Trikiti
1231:Tambori
1158:Flabiol
1153:Fiscorn
1085:Tercios
1014:Falcata
921:method.
898:surgery
896:Modern
796:Use of
787:syringe
731:by the
687:neurons
524:Inditex
513:Fashion
444:Chorizo
433:Cuisine
366:alcohol
322:chemist
297:Modern
240:Palloza
229:Mudéjar
145:Seville
119:Azulejo
85:surgery
83:Modern
3098:Polish
3083:German
2891:Taiwan
2871:Serbia
2866:Russia
2844:Poland
2807:Mexico
2777:Israel
2757:Greece
2747:France
2710:Canada
2683:Brazil
2557:
2533:
2471:
2446:
2424:, 1997
2401:
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2195:
2189:111815
2187:
2010:
1957:
1919:
1839:
1813:
1803:
1737:
1669:
1592:paper.
1585:Aztecs
1581:Mayans
1575:. The
1571:First
1495:First
1271:Xirula
1256:Txistu
1236:Timple
1213:Palmas
1193:Gralla
1113:Alboka
1069:Rapier
969:, the
943:Havana
824:Botany
464:Paella
255:Purism
3128:Swiss
3071:Welsh
2881:Spain
2797:Korea
2792:Japan
2782:Italy
2762:India
2742:Egypt
2715:China
2703:Wales
2185:JSTOR
1395:Ucubi
1305:- by
1208:Nunun
1123:Botet
1088:army.
767:, by
565:- by
532:Mango
458:Jerez
397:robot
301:, by
231:style
219:Masia
143:, in
131:, in
35:(the
18:Spain
2643:and
2555:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2214:2010
2203:PMID
2072:2012
2008:ISBN
1987:2014
1955:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1811:OCLC
1801:ISBN
1735:PMID
1667:ISBN
1583:and
1448:The
1391:Rome
1046:T-26
965:The
947:Cuba
933:gout
800:and
763:and
619:and
609:and
520:Zara
387:The
320:and
312:(as
245:Pazo
2193:PMC
2177:doi
1770:doi
1727:doi
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