2721:
300 individual basalt lava flows that have an average volume of 500 to 600 cubic kilometres. The Steens Basalt captured a highly detailed record of the Earthâs magnetic reversal that occurred roughly 15 million years ago. Over a 10,000 year period, more than 130 flows solidified â roughly one flow every 75 years. Most of the flows froze with a single magnetic orientation. However, several of the flows captured substantial variations in magnetic field direction as they froze. One geomagnetic field reversal occurred during the Steens Basalt eruptions at approximately 16.7 Ma, as dated using Ar/Ar ages and the geomagnetic polarity timescale. The Imnaha lavas have been dated using the KâAr technique, and show a broad range of dates. The oldest is 17.67±0.32 Ma with younger lava flows ranging to 15.50±0.40 Ma. The next oldest of the flows, from 17 million to 15.6 million years ago, make up the Grande Ronde Basalt. The
Wanapum Basalt is made up of the Eckler Mountain Member (15.6 million years ago), the Frenchman Springs Member (15.5 million years ago), the Roza Member (14.9 million years ago) and the Priest Rapids Member (14.5 million years ago). The Saddle Mountains Basalt, seen prominently at the Saddle Mountains, is made up of the Umatilla Member flows, the Wilbur Creek Member flows, the Asotin Member flows (13 million years ago), the Weissenfels Ridge Member flows, the Esquatzel Member flows, the Elephant Mountain Member flows (10.5 million years ago), the Bujford Member flows, the Ice Harbor Member flows (8.5 million years ago) and the Lower Monumental Member flows (6 million years ago). Eruptions were most vigorous from 17 to 14 million years ago, when over 99% of the basalt was released. Less extensive eruptions continued from 14 to 6 million years ago.
2922:
event. Basalts of the
Recurrent unit are slightly younger (mean age: 197±1 Ma) and represent a late event. According to magnetostratigraphic data, the Moroccan CAMP were divided into five groups, differing in paleomagnetic orientations(declination and inclination) (Knight et al. 2004). Each group is composed by a smaller number of lava flows (i.e., a lower volume) than the preceding one. These data suggest that the CAMP were created by five short magma pulses and eruption events, each one possibly < 400 years (?) long. All lava flow sequences are characterized by normal polarity, except for a brief paleomagnetic reversal yielded by one lava flow and by a localized interlayered limestone in two distinct section of the High Atlas CAMP.
2734:(1997), most of the Ethiopian flood basalts erupted 30 Myr ago, during a short 1 âMyr period, to form a vast volcanic plateau. Immediately after this peak of activity, a number of large shield volcanoes developed on the surface of the volcanic plateau, after which subsequent volcanism was largely confined to regions of rifting (Mohr, 1983a; Mohr & Zanettin, 1988). The rift that opened along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden separated the Arabian and African continents, and isolated a small portion of the volcanic plateau in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Volcanic activity continues to the present day along the Ethiopian and Afar rifts.
3028:
ages, at 360.3 ± 0.9 and 370.0 ± 0.7 Ma. Three out of four ages yielded by the two separate methods are in agreement within uncertainties. One sample yields incompatible ages and could be from a later, altered dyke event. The Ar/Ar plateau age of 370.0 ± 0.7 Ma (conventional calibration) or 373.4 ± 0.7 Ma (recalculated per Renne et al., 2010), the most reliable age obtained in this study, is compatible with recent determinations of the Late
Devonian extinction events at the end-Frasnian (~ 376 ± 3 Ma). These results underscore a need for further work, in progress.
2809:
motion of the Indian tectonic plate and the eruptive history of the Deccan traps show strong correlations. Based on data from marine magnetic profiles, a pulse of unusually rapid plate motion begins at the same time as the first pulse of Deccan flood basalts, which is dated at 67â Myr ago. The spreading rate rapidly increased and reached a maximum at the same time as the peak basaltic eruptions. The spreading rate then dropped off, with the decrease occurring around 63 Myr ago, by which time the main phase of Deccan volcanism ended.
2701:
the United States, which are coeval and lie across parts of the states of
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho to the south. However, its morphology and geochemistry have been proven much similar to other volcanic plateaus such as the Snake River Plain in Idaho and parts of Iceland. KâAr whole-rock dates demonstrate that several ages of basalt are represented, from Early Miocene (or even Late Oligocene?) to Early Pleistocene, with particularly abundant eruptions about 14 to 16, 9 to 6, and 1 to 3 Ma ago.
3067:
spaced, every 30,797 years, and linked to the
Milankovic obliquity cycle. The fifth and sixth probably reflect maxima in the precessional cycles, with periods of around 16.5 and 19 ka. Subsequent to the first extinctions, excursions in the ÎŽ13C and ÎŽ18O records are observed; ÎŽ13C rises from +1.4â° to +4.5â°, while ÎŽ18O increases from â5.6â° to â5.0â° .
2863:
1a) after the
Italian geologist, Raimondo Selli (1916â1983), and another at the CenomanianâTuronian boundary (~93 Ma), sometimes called the Bonarelli Event which occurred approximately 91.5 ± 8.6 million years ago. One possible cause was sub-oceanic volcanism occurring approximately 500,000 years earlier.
3056:
The Mulde event was a secundo-secundo event, and marked the second of three1 relatively minor mass extinctions during the
Silurian period. It coincided with a global drop in sea level, and is closely followed by an excursion in geochemical isotopes. Its onset is synchronous with the deposition of the
2921:
Ages were determined by 40Ar/39Ar analysis on plagioclase (Knight et al. 2004), (Verati et al. 2007), (Marzoli et al. 2004). These data show indistinguishable ages (199.5±0.5 Ma) from Lower to Upper lava flows, from central to northern
Morocco. Therefore the CAMP is an intense and short magmatic
2836:
The HALIP is defined as a long lasting (ca. 50 Ma) diffuse volcanic period punctuated by two distinct volcanic events: the ~120-130 Ma
Barremian and the ~80-90 Ma Turonian events. In this contribution, we sub-divided the HALIP into two separate LIPs: (1) the ~120-130 Ma Early
2778:
Basaltic volcanism flowed in two main pulses. The first which occurred ~61 million years ago was of 2 to 106 km in total volume, into the current western and southeastern
Greenland and northwestern Britain. The second and larger flood basalt flow occurred ~56 to 54 Ma years ago in both
2862:
Detailed stratigraphic studies of Cretaceous black shales from many parts of the world have indicated that two oceanic anoxic events were particularly significant in terms of their impact on the chemistry of the oceans, one in the early Aptian (~120 Ma), sometimes called the Selli Event (or OAE
2849:
Although they are now separated by thousands of kilometres, Manihiki Plateau and Hikurangi Plateau were then part of the same large igneous province, forming the world's largest oceanic plateau. The Ontong Java Plateau was formed 125â120 million years ago with some secondary volcanism occurring
2798:
The age of Chicxulub asteroid impact and the CretaceousâPaleogene boundary (65.5 ± 0.3) coincide precisely. Even the most energetic known volcanic eruption, which released approximately 240 gigatons of TNT (1.0Ă1021 J) and created the La Garita Caldera, was substantially less powerful
3046:
The Lau event started at the beginning of the late Ludfordian, a subdivision of the Ludlow stage, about 420 million years ago. It coincided with a global low point in sea level, is closely followed by an excursion in geochemical isotopes in the ensuing late Ludfordian faunal stage and a change
3027:
With the K-Ar technique, ages ranging from 338 to 367 Ma with uncertainties on the order of 5 Ma were obtained. With the Ar/Ar technique, integrated ages range from 344 to 367 Ma, with uncertainties on the order of 1 Ma, and two samples yielded plateaus, i.e. the best determined
2882:
This volcanic rocks are formed from the eruption of Kerguelen hot spot in the early Cretaceous age. The similarity between the geochemical data of Rajmahal volcanis and lavas of the Kerguelen plateau confirms this. The lava pile of ~230 m thickness in the Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand, and alkalic
2700:
Eruptions were most vigorous 6 to 10 million years ago and 2 to 3 million years ago, when most of the basalt was released. Less extensive eruptions continued 0.01 to 1.6 million years ago. The Chilcotin Group were thought to potentially be linked to the Columbia River Basalt Group in
2959:
The eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps began c. 260 million years ago (Ma). In volume, the Emeishan Traps are dwarfed by the massive Siberian Traps, which occurred, in terms of the geological time scale, not long after, at c. 251 Ma. Nonetheless, the Emeishan Traps eruptions were
2941:
This massive eruptive event spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 250 million years ago, and is cited as a possible cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted via numerous vents over a period of roughly a million years or more. The
2969:
After restoring the center of the Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province (SCLIP)using a new reference frame, it has been shown that the Skagerrak plume rose from the coreâmantle boundary (CMB) to its ~300 Ma position. The major eruption interval took place in very narrow time interval, of
2733:
erupted approximately 31 to 30 Mya, over a period of 1 Myr or less. This was about the time of a change to a colder and drier global climate, a major continental ice-sheet advance in Antarctica, the largest Tertiary sea-level drop and significant extinctions. According to Hofmann et al.
3343:
We have obtained Ar/Ar isochron ages using incremental heating techniques on groundmass separates, phenocryst-poor whole rock samples, or plagioclase, from eight basaltic to andesitic lavas that erupted during the Matuyama-Brunhes (M-B) polarity transition at four geographically dispersed sites.
2720:
The Columbia River Basalt Group is thought to be a potential link to the Chilcotin Group. The flows can be divided into four major categories: The Steens Basalt, Grande Ronde Basalt, the Wanapum Basalt, and the Saddle Mountains Basalt. The Columbia River flood basalt province comprises more than
2808:
The Deccan Traps formed between 60 and 68 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. The bulk of the volcanic eruption occurred at the Western Ghats (near Mumbai) some 65 million years ago. This series of eruptions may have lasted less than 30,000 years in total. The
3066:
The Ireviken event was a minor extinction event at the Llandovery/Wenlock boundary (mid Silurian, 433.4 ± 2.3 million years ago). The event lasted around 200,000 years, spanning the base of the Wenlock epoch. It comprises eight extinction "datum points"âthe first four being regularly
3008:
The Hangenberg event sits on or just below the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary and marks the last spike in the period of extinction. It is marked by an anoxic black shale layer and an overlying sandstone deposit. Unlike the Kellwasser event, the Hangenberg event affected marine and terrestrial
2788:
it is speculated that the present day Iceland hotspot originated as a mantle plume on the Alpha Ridge (Arctic Ocean) ca. 130â120 Ma, migrated down Ellesmere Island, through Baffin Island, onto the west coast of Greenland, and finally arrived on the east coast of Greenland by ca.
2765:
Isotopic dating indicates the most active magmatic phase of the NAIP to be ca. 60.5â54.5 Ma (million years ago) (mid-Paleocene to early Eocene) - further divided into Phase 1 (pre-break-up phase) dated to ca. 62â58 Ma and Phase 2 (syn-break-up phase) dated to ca.
3047:
in depositional regime. Profound sedimentary changes occurred at the beginning of the Lau event; these are probably associated with the onset of sea level rise, which continued through the event, reaching a high point at the time of deposition of the Burgsvik beds, after the event.
2942:
source of the Siberian Traps basalt has variously been attributed to a mantle plume which impacted the base of the earth's crust and erupted through the Siberian Craton, or to processes related to plate tectonics. Another possible cause may be the impact that formed the
3344:
These eight lavas range from 784.6 ± 7.1 ka to 770.8 ± 5.2 ka (1 Ï errors); the weighted mean, 778.7 ± 1.9 ka, gives a high-precision age that is remarkably consistent with revised astronomical age estimates for the M-B polarity transition
2931:
Although composed of many different rocks types, of various composition, age, and tectonic affinity, it is the late Triassic flood basalts that are the defining unit of Wrangellia. These basalts, extruded onto land over 5 million years about
2710:
14.8 to 14.5 million years ago, during the Langhian. A major and permanent cooling step occurred between 14.8 and 14.1 Ma, associated with increased production of cold Antarctic deep waters and a major growth of the East Antarctic ice
2872:
The plateau was produced by the Kerguelen hotspot, starting with or following the breakup of Gondwana about 130 million years ago. The Kerguelen Plateau was formed starting 110 million years ago from a series of large volcanic
2960:
serious enough to have global ecological and paleontological impact. The Emeishan Traps are associated with the so-called end-Guadalupian Extinction or end-Capitanian mass extinction. Emeishan volcanism was active at 258â246 Ma
3405:
Courtillot, Vincent; Kravchinsky, Vadim A.; Quidelleur, Xavier; Renne, Paul R.; Gladkochub, Dmitry P. (2010). "Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?".
2743:
largest known single-event volcanic eruption with a magnitude of 9.2 . It has been dated to 27.51 Ma ago. This tuff and eruption is part of the larger San Juan volcanic field and Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite
2823:
The volcanism took place between 139 and 69 million years ago, with the majority of act1ivity appearing to lie between 95 and 88 Ma with peaks at 74-76, 80-82, and 88-90 Ma in decreasing order of
2616:
and the problem that deposits suitable for radiometric dating seldom occur exactly at the places in the geologic column where they would be most useful. The dates and errors quoted above are according to the
3198:
and refer to geologic events that did not occur on Earth. Their use for Earth geology is unofficial. Note that their start times do not dovetail perfectly with the later, terrestrially defined boundaries.
2946:, which may have been contemporaneous and would have been antipodal to the Traps. However, there are already other suggested candidates for giant impacts at the PermianâTriassic boundary, for example
2661:
periods. The 2009 version of the ICS time chart recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.
2799:
than the Chicxulub impact. Gerta Keller of Princeton University argues that recent core samples from Chicxulub prove the impact occurred about 300,000 years before the mass extinction.
2629:
2837:
Cretaceous BLIP which was related to the opening of the Canada Basin, and (2) the ~80-90 Ma Late Cretaceous SLIP which was related to the formation of the Alpha Ridge.
3317:
Bradley S. Singer; Malcolm S. Pringleb (1996). "Age and duration of the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal from incremental heating analyses of lavas".
3037:
Impact craters, such as the Kellwasser-aged Alamo and the Hangenberg-aged Woodleigh, cannot generally be dated with sufficient precision to link them to the event.
2622:
553:
2621:
2012 time scale. Where errors are not quoted, errors are less than the precision of the age given. Dates labeled with a * indicate boundaries where a
1323:
1956:
1801:
2618:
3265:
2892:
The original basalt flows occurred 128 to 138 million years ago. The basalt samples at ParanĂĄ and Etendeka have an age of about 132 Ma.
1030:
2901:
It formed just prior to the breakup of Gondwana in the Lower Jurassic epoch, about 183 million years ago; this timing corresponds to the
1159:
401:
2612:
Dates are slightly uncertain with differences of a few percent between various sources being common. This is largely due to uncertainties in
3230:
Courtillota, Vincent E.; Renneb, Paul R. (January 2003). "Sur l'Ăąge des trapps basaltiques" [On the ages of flood basalt events].
2597:
rather than geologic (geological) periods. The stage nomenclature is quite complex. For an excellent time-ordered list of faunal stages,
3365:
1022:
1003:
770:
672:
638:
3150:
1381:
3451:
2212:
643:
606:
601:
3384:
2312:
2307:
2156:
505:
462:
2970:
297±4 Ma. This rift formation coincides with the Moskovian/Kasimovian boundary and the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse.
3461:
134:
3355:
2575:
804:
393:
211:
3466:
300:
2317:
3476:
1394:
371:
295:
3195:
2207:
2103:
1536:
1525:
1500:
1494:
1261:
125:
3471:
2987:
2375:
1345:
677:
179:
3456:
3446:
2531:
32:
2369:
2364:
2339:
2285:
1826:
511:
468:
3269:
1257:
3415:
3326:
3239:
2280:
1462:
1389:
655:
2344:
1481:
1408:
747:
648:
311:
2943:
2613:
2086:
1713:
1530:
1443:
1352:
1069:
755:
139:
117:
1731:
315:
2983:
2906:
2675:
2570:
1864:
1436:
972:
725:
714:
147:
1667:
3423:
3419:
3394:
3334:
3330:
3247:
2261:
2129:
2076:
1897:
1749:
701:
542:
377:
103:
46:
2436:
2188:
2038:
1991:
1813:
1557:
1093:
888:
874:
810:
574:
523:
517:
304:
250:
170:
51:
28:
3243:
2679:
2555:
2162:
2110:
1739:
1590:
1203:
1153:
1126:
949:
719:
337:
229:
3251:
3211:â is an informal geologic term, like the âPrecambrianâ. It has no official definition.
3440:
3338:
3291:
2526:
2471:
2136:
1704:
1642:
1512:
1427:
1336:
1195:
1181:
1042:
981:
841:
579:
129:
56:
41:
2902:
2594:
2512:
2422:
2071:
1963:
1727:
1663:
1448:
966:
962:
860:
742:
557:
547:
273:
20:
2950:
off the northern coast of Western Australia, although all are equally contentious.
3208:
3108:
3096:
2538:
2402:
1922:
1869:
1694:
1486:
1214:
796:
780:
323:
98:
3427:
2646:
2382:
2268:
2144:
1996:
1818:
1808:
1791:
1672:
1623:
1413:
1371:
1287:
1268:
1219:
1014:
995:
817:
687:
569:
413:
197:
77:
2658:
2491:
2449:
2295:
2243:
2117:
2093:
1941:
1883:
1759:
1653:
1517:
1301:
1273:
1176:
1166:
1131:
907:
893:
846:
762:
630:
616:
593:
497:
483:
478:
425:
358:
353:
259:
242:
24:
1467:
2683:
2671:
2650:
2642:
2442:
2352:
2327:
2225:
2057:
2043:
2024:
1946:
1936:
1850:
1777:
1763:
1754:
1709:
1686:
1637:
1576:
1562:
1543:
1507:
1357:
1315:
1098:
1047:
1037:
954:
935:
921:
836:
829:
664:
564:
454:
439:
385:
363:
287:
219:
192:
162:
82:
72:
3375:(Chazot & Bertrand, 1993; Baker et al., 1996a; Menzies et al., 2001)
3100:
2999:
occurred around 305 million years ago in the Carboniferous period.
2654:
2218:
2195:
2010:
1977:
1609:
1329:
1247:
1233:
1171:
1112:
1079:
237:
201:
187:
175:
3018:
the extinction pulse that occurs near the Frasnian/Famennian boundary.
3104:
2947:
2169:
1907:
1902:
1836:
1595:
1145:
1061:
734:
706:
534:
408:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3180:
estimated to be 2.023 billion years (±4 million years).
2883:
basalts in the Bengal Basin were emplaced at ~118 Ma.
2682:. For further discussion of the dating of this epoch, see
2982:
In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into
2630:
List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
2608:
2606:
3145:
3143:
2978:
2976:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
16:Continental flood basalts and oceanic plateaus
8:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2623:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
2729:
2727:
3107:are often collectively referred to as the
37:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2843:
3292:"The 2009 version of the ICS time chart"
2832:
2830:
2779:eastern Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
2619:International Commission on Stratigraphy
3222:
2917:
2915:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2761:
2759:
2586:
3171:1,884 to 1,864 million years ago.
2774:
2772:
2625:has been internationally agreed upon:
1209:end-Capitanian/Guadalupian Extinction
3194:These unit names were taken from the
554:CretaceousâPaleogene extinction event
7:
1957:CambrianâOrdovician extinction event
1802:OrdovicianâSilurian extinction event
3408:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3319:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2308:Kapuskasing and Marathon dike swarm
1031:TriassicâJurassic extinction event
1023:Central Atlantic magmatic province
673:Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event
212:Gilbert-Gauss geomagnetic reversal
14:
3162:about 1.1 billion years ago.
3151:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
2907:Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction
1382:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
1160:PermianâTriassic extinction event
973:Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction
463:N. Atlantic IP Phase II
402:EoceneâOligocene extinction event
2753:dated at 35.5 million years
31:, together forming a listing of
2850:20â40 million years later.
2593:Paleontologists often refer to
309:Increased Antarctic deep waters
1:
3252:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3
2645:has been divided up into the
1004:C. Atlantic magmatic province
348:Antarctic ice sheet complete
345:Shield volcanoes of Ethiopia
3339:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00003-9
976:Formed as Gondwana broke up
394:Chesapeake Bay impact crater
3266:"The Paleobiology Database"
3057:Fröel formation in Gotland.
2903:early Toarcian anoxic event
963:early Toarcian anoxic event
449:Antarctic ice sheet begins
399:Antarctic ice sheet expands
301:Columbia River Basalt Group
19:Representative continental
3493:
3428:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045
2318:Vredefort impact structure
1935:
1165:
835:
568:
563:
71:
3232:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
3149:Defined by absolute age (
2653:sub-eras, as well as the
2576:World's largest eruptions
2571:List of Oceanic Landforms
2260:
2187:
2109:
2070:
2037:
1990:
1940:
1896:
1863:
1812:
1807:
1748:
1703:
1662:
1636:
1589:
1556:
1511:
1506:
1426:
1351:
1335:
1267:
1213:
1175:
1170:
1125:
1092:
1041:
1036:
1028:Formed as Pangea broke up
948:
887:
840:
805:ParanĂĄ and Etendeka traps
700:
573:
477:
407:
372:Ethiopian and Yemen traps
357:
352:
305:Chilcotin Plateau Basalts
251:Chilcotin Plateau Basalts
236:
196:
191:
186:
171:Chilcotin Plateau Basalts
135:BrunhesâMatuyama reversal
97:
76:
3307:estimated to be 1.07 mya
3196:Lunar geologic timescale
2208:Midcontinent Rift System
2104:End-Ediacaran extinction
1537:Late Devonian extinction
1501:Late Devonian extinction
1262:Late Devonian extinction
1070:Wrangellia flood basalts
126:Australasian strewnfield
3452:Large igneous provinces
3420:2010E&PSL.300..239C
3331:1996E&PSL.139...47S
3113:or sometimes, also the
2988:Pennsylvanian (geology)
2674:epoch is here given as
2670:The start time for the
2376:Great Oxygenation Event
2313:Fort Frances dike swarm
830:End-Jurassic extinction
678:Madagascar flood basalt
180:Gauss-Matuyama reversal
33:large igneous provinces
2532:Late Heavy Bombardment
2181:Warakurna LIP (~1075)
2098:541.0 ± 1.0
1927:485.4 ± 1.9
1913:477.7 ± 1.4
1888:470.0 ± 1.4
1874:467.3 ± 1.1
1855:458.4 ± 0.9
1841:453.0 ± 0.7
1823:445.2 ± 1.4
1324:Skagerrak-Centered LIP
3462:Geology-related lists
2370:Mistassini dike swarm
2365:Matachewan dike swarm
2340:Ungava magmatic event
2286:Winagami sill complex
788:Abor volcanics (135)
512:Brito-Arctic province
469:Brito-Arctic province
296:M. Miocene disruption
2632:for a complete list.
2558:surface solidifies.
2281:Circum-Superior Belt
3272:on 11 February 2006
3244:2003CRGeo.335..113C
2345:Huronian glaciation
1007:(Recurrent)(197±1)
748:Ontong Java Plateau
649:Ontong Java Plateau
506:N. Atlantic IP
312:Yellowstone hotspot
3467:Historical geology
2944:Wilkes Land crater
2641:Historically, the
2614:radiometric dating
2507:lunar basins form
2087:Cambrian explosion
1827:Pre-Devonian Traps
1258:Olson's Extinction
791:Kerguelen hotspot
756:Louisville hotspot
140:Jaramillo reversal
2932:~231â225 Ma.
2562:
2561:
2554:Oldest minerals.
1796:443.4 ± 1.5
1782:440.8 ± 1.2
1768:438.5 ± 1.1
1736:433.4 ± 0.8
1718:430.5 ± 0.7
1691:427.4 ± 0.5
1677:425.6 ± 0.9
1650:423.0 ± 2.3
1628:419.2 ± 3.2
1614:410.8 ± 2.8
1600:407.6 ± 2.6
1581:393.3 ± 1.2
1567:387.7 ± 0.8
1548:382.7 ± 1.6
1522:372.2 ± 1.6
1491:358.9 ± 0.4
1472:346.7 ± 0.4
1453:330.9 ± 0.2
1418:323.2 ± 0.4
1399:315.2 ± 0.2
1376:307.0 ± 0.1
1362:303.7 ± 0.1
1320:298.9 ± 0.2
1306:295.5 ± 0.4
1292:290.1 ± 0.1
1278:279.3 ± 0.6
1252:272.3 ± 0.5
1238:268.8 ± 0.5
1224:265.1 ± 0.4
1200:259.9 ± 0.4
1186:254.2 ± 0.1
1150:252.2 ± 0.5
1019:201.3 ± 0.2
1000:199.3 ± 0.3
986:190.8 ± 1.0
959:182.7 ± 0.7
940:174.1 ± 1.0
926:170.3 ± 1.4
912:168.3 ± 1.3
898:166.1 ± 1.2
879:163.5 ± 1.0
865:157.3 ± 1.0
851:152.1 ± 0.9
726:Kerguelen hotspot
715:Kerguelen Plateau
656:GalĂĄpagos hotspot
157:Olduvai reversal
3484:
3477:Oceanic plateaus
3432:
3431:
3414:(3â4): 239â245.
3402:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3268:. Archived from
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3118:
3110:Precambrian Time
3093:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2639:
2633:
2610:
2601:
2591:
2462:
2130:Long Range dikes
1526:Kellwasser_event
1495:Hangenberg event
1326:(297±4 Ma)
1234:Wordian/Kazanian
635:89.8 ± 0.3
621:86.3 ± 0.5
598:83.6 ± 0.2
584:72.1 ± 0.2
543:Chicxulub Crater
378:Fish Canyon Tuff
38:
29:oceanic plateaus
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3121:
3094:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2669:
2665:
2640:
2636:
2611:
2604:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2567:
2460:
2437:Kaapvaal craton
2368:
2316:
2311:
2284:
2263:
2211:
2190:
2112:
1905:
1753:
1529:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1260:
1248:Roadian/Ufimian
1029:
1006:
975:
965:
828:
811:Tristan hotspot
771:High Arctic LIP
754:
746:
728:
718:
676:
658:
654:
647:
642:
639:High Arctic LIP
605:
556:
546:
528:
526:
524:Iceland hotspot
518:Thulean Plateau
515:
509:
466:
400:
316:Nördlinger Ries
314:
310:
303:
299:
178:
138:
128:
23:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3472:Earth sciences
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3325:(1â2): 47â61.
3309:
3300:
3283:
3257:
3238:(1): 113â140.
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3119:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3030:
3020:
3011:
3001:
2992:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2934:
2924:
2911:
2894:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2746:
2736:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2688:
2663:
2634:
2602:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:Snowball Earth
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:(433.4 ± 2.3)
1740:Ireviken event
1737:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:(427.4 ± 0.5)
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:(423.0 ± 2.3)
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:(373.4 ± 0.7)
1523:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:(358.9 ± 0.4)
1492:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:Emeishan Traps
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1154:Siberian Traps
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
984:
978:
977:
970:
960:
957:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
896:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
849:
844:
839:
833:
832:
825:
823:
820:
814:
813:
808:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
777:
776:
774:
768:
765:
759:
758:
751:
740:
737:
731:
730:
723:
720:Rajmahal Traps
712:
709:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
690:
684:
683:
681:
670:
667:
661:
660:
651:
636:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
619:
613:
612:
610:
599:
596:
590:
589:
587:
585:
582:
577:
572:
567:
561:
560:
551:
540:
537:
531:
530:
521:
503:
500:
494:
493:
491:
489:
486:
481:
475:
474:
472:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
445:
442:
436:
435:
433:
431:
428:
422:
421:
419:
416:
411:
405:
404:
397:
391:
388:
382:
381:
375:
369:
366:
361:
356:
350:
349:
346:
343:
340:
334:
333:
331:
329:
326:
320:
319:
307:
293:
290:
284:
283:
281:
279:
276:
270:
269:
267:
265:
262:
256:
255:
253:
248:
245:
240:
234:
233:
230:Zanclean flood
227:
225:
222:
216:
215:
209:
207:
204:
195:
190:
184:
183:
173:
168:
165:
159:
158:
155:
153:
150:
144:
143:
132:
123:
120:
114:
113:
111:
109:
106:
101:
95:
94:
92:
90:
87:
85:
80:
75:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
54:
49:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Geomorphology
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Flood basalts
3445:
3444:
3442:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:Mississippian
2979:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2766:56â54 Ma
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:faunal stages
2590:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Acasta Gneiss
2525:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:Early Imbrian
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:Mackenzie LIP
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:Iapetus Ocean
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Series 2
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Series 3
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Stage 10
1945:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:(372.2 ± 1.6)
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Wuchiapingian
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Changhsingian
1180:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Pliensbachian
980:
979:
974:
971:
968:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
838:
834:
831:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:
752:
749:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
727:
724:
721:
716:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
679:
674:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
650:
645:
644:Caribbean LIP
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
607:Caribbean LIP
603:
602:Caribbean LIP
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Maastrichtian
578:
576:
571:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
550:(65.5 ± 0.3)
549:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
525:
522:
519:
513:
507:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
476:
473:
470:
464:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
406:
403:
398:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
297:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
252:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
199:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
141:
137:(778.7 ± 1.9)
136:
133:
131:
130:Lake Bosumtwi
127:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
84:
81:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:flood basalts
3411:
3407:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3342:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:the original
3260:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3203:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3114:
3109:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3023:
3014:
3004:
2995:
2965:
2955:
2937:
2927:
2897:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2749:
2739:
2716:
2706:
2666:
2637:
2626:
2598:
2589:
2513:Basin Groups
2439:(3600-3700)
2423:Paleoarchean
2288:(1890-1760)
2157:Franklin LIP
2077:Stage 2
2072:Terreneuvian
2058:Stage 3
2044:Stage 4
2025:Stage 5
1964:Jiangshanian
1728:Sheinwoodian
1449:Serpukhovian
1432:
1341:
1025:(199.5±0.5)
967:Karoo-Ferrar
861:Kimmeridgian
675:(91.5 ± 8.6)
558:Shiva crater
548:Deccan Traps
545:(65.5 ± 0.3)
318:(14.5-14.3)
274:Serravallian
18:
3209:Cryptic era
3097:Proterozoic
2824:importance.
2403:Mesoarchean
2367:(2500-2450)
2315:(2076-2067)
2310:(2126-2101)
2283:(1884-1864)
2264:proterozoic
2191:proterozoic
2113:proterozoic
1923:Tremadocian
1870:Darriwilian
1755:Alexandrian
1714:Lockportian
1695:Mulde event
1531:Viluy traps
1487:Tournaisian
1215:Guadalupian
827:Glaciations
797:Valanginian
781:Hauterivian
743:Selli Event
680:(94.5±1.2)
669:93.5 ± 0.8
539:65.5 ± 0.3
324:Burdigalian
298:(14.8â14.5)
99:Pleistocene
61:Start, mya
3441:Categories
3218:References
3115:Cryptozoic
2873:eruptions.
2789:60 Ma
2647:Quaternary
2383:Neoarchean
2269:Statherian
2145:Cryogenian
2135:formed as
1997:Guzhangian
1906:(formerly
1819:Hirnantian
1809:Ordovician
1792:Rhuddanian
1750:Llandovery
1732:Tonawandan
1673:Ludfordian
1647:(Stage 8)
1624:Lochkovian
1414:Bashkirian
1372:Kasimovian
1288:Artinskian
1269:Cisuralian
1220:Capitanian
1072:(231â225)
1015:Hettangian
996:Sinemurian
818:Berriasian
807:(138-128)
773:(130-120)
750:(125â120)
688:Cenomanian
570:Cretaceous
414:Priabonian
338:Aquitanian
198:Piacenzian
78:Quaternary
3009:habitats.
2744:flare-up.
2680:years ago
2659:Paleogene
2582:Footnotes
2492:Nectarian
2450:Eoarchean
2320:(2023±4)
2296:Orosirian
2244:Calymmian
2118:Ediacaran
2094:Fortunian
2015:c. 504.5
2001:c. 500.5
1951:c. 489.5
1942:Furongian
1884:Dapingian
1760:Telychian
1654:Lau event
1518:Famennian
1395:Moscovian
1302:Sakmarian
1274:Kungurian
1177:Lopingian
1167:Paleozoic
1132:Olenekian
1052:c. 208.5
908:Bathonian
894:Callovian
875:Oxfordian
847:Tithonian
822:c. 145.0
801:c. 139.8
785:c. 132.9
767:c. 129.4
763:Barremian
739:c. 125.0
711:c. 113.0
631:Coniacian
617:Santonian
594:Campanian
498:Selandian
484:Thanetian
479:Paleocene
426:Bartonian
359:Oligocene
354:Paleogene
260:Tortonian
243:Messinian
148:Calabrian
3276:19 March
2990:Periods.
2905:and the
2684:Holocene
2672:Holocene
2651:Tertiary
2643:Cenozoic
2565:See also
2549:c. 4600
2523:c. 4150
2502:c. 3920
2482:c. 3850
2443:Vaalbara
2353:Siderian
2328:Rhyacian
2226:Ectasian
2215:(~1270)
2159:(716.5)
1937:Cambrian
1851:Sandbian
1778:Aeronian
1764:Ontarian
1710:Homerian
1687:Gorstian
1638:Silurian
1577:Eifelian
1563:Givetian
1544:Frasnian
1508:Devonian
1358:Gzhelian
1346:Pennsyl-
1316:Asselian
1156:(252.6)
1099:Ladinian
1048:Rhaetian
1038:Triassic
955:Toarcian
936:Aalenian
922:Bajocian
837:Jurassic
665:Turonian
641:(~90-80)
609:(82-80)
565:Mesozoic
471:) (~56)
455:Ypresian
440:Lutetian
386:Rupelian
380:(27.51)
374:(31â30)
364:Chattian
288:Langhian
232:(5.333)
220:Zanclean
193:Pliocene
182:(2.588)
163:Gelasian
83:Holocene
73:Cenozoic
3416:Bibcode
3327:Bibcode
3240:Bibcode
3101:Archean
2655:Neogene
2539:Cryptic
2372:(2500)
2347:(2220)
2219:Rodinia
2210:(~1100)
2196:Stenian
2126:c. 635
2081:c. 529
2062:c. 521
2048:c. 514
2029:c. 509
2011:Drumian
1982:c. 497
1978:Paibian
1968:c. 494
1829:(~445)
1705:Wenlock
1668:Cayugan
1643:Pridoli
1610:Pragian
1439:sippian
1437:Missis-
1430:iferous
1428:Carbon-
1384:(~305)
1339:iferous
1337:Carbon-
1330:Pangaea
1172:Permian
1113:Anisian
1103:c. 242
1084:c. 235
1080:Carnian
1066:c. 228
969:(~183)
729:
659:
646:(90-88)
604:(76-74)
529:
514:) (~61)
508:(62â58)
465:(56â54)
396:(35.5)
238:Miocene
214:(3.32)
202:Blancan
188:Neogene
176:Ice age
142:(1.07)
89:0.0117
3105:Hadean
2948:Bedout
2711:sheet.
2678:
2676:11,700
2262:Paleo-
2170:Tonian
2139:began
2132:(620)
1908:Arenig
1903:Floian
1865:Middle
1837:Katian
1664:Ludlow
1596:Emsian
1558:Middle
1468:Viséan
1463:Middle
1390:Middle
1348:vanian
1206:(258)
1146:Induan
1136:251.2
1117:247.2
1094:Middle
1062:Norian
889:Middle
753:
745:(~120)
735:Aptian
722:(118)
707:Albian
692:100.5
653:
535:Danian
527:
409:Eocene
342:23.03
328:20.44
292:15.97
278:13.82
264:11.62
247:7.246
224:5.333
206:3.600
167:2.588
152:1.806
122:0.781
118:Middle
108:0.126
67:Notes
64:Event
47:Period
27:) and
3295:(PDF)
3207:The â
2556:Earth
2433:3600
2413:3200
2393:2800
2361:2500
2336:2300
2304:2050
2277:1800
2252:1600
2234:1400
2204:1200
2189:Meso-
2178:1000
1898:Lower
1814:Upper
1591:Lower
1513:Upper
1482:Lower
1444:Upper
1409:Lower
1353:Upper
1127:Lower
1043:Upper
950:Lower
842:Upper
717:(110)
702:Lower
575:Upper
502:61.6
488:59.2
459:56.0
444:47.8
430:41.3
418:38.0
390:33.9
368:28.1
104:Upper
52:Epoch
25:traps
3278:2006
3103:and
3095:The
2986:and
2657:and
2649:and
2461:4000
2153:850
2111:Neo-
3424:doi
3412:300
3335:doi
3323:139
3248:doi
3236:335
2627:see
2599:see
57:Age
42:Era
3443::
3422:.
3410:.
3341:.
3333:.
3321:.
3246:.
3234:.
3185:^
3153:).
3122:^
3099:,
3072:^
2975:^
2914:^
2855:^
2842:^
2829:^
2814:^
2771:^
2758:^
2726:^
2691:^
2605:^
1910:)
520:)
35::
3430:.
3426::
3418::
3337::
3329::
3297:.
3280:.
3254:.
3250::
3242::
3117:.
2909:.
2686:.
1762:/
1752:/
1730:/
1712:/
1666:/
1433:/
1342:/
516:(
510:(
467:(
200:/
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