246:
729:
798:
867:: The cultivation of soybeans began in the eastern half of northern China by 2000 BC, but is almost certainly much older. Liu et al. (1997) stated that soybean originated in China and was domesticated about 3500 BC. By the 5th century, soybeans were being cultivated in much of East Asia, but the crop did not move beyond this region until well into the 20th century. Written records of the cultivation and use of the soybean in China date back at least as far as the
369:, originally a divination text of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 -771 BC), contains an entry describing how the ancient Chinese maintained their wells and protected their sources of water. Archaeological evidence and old Chinese documents reveal that the prehistoric and ancient Chinese had the aptitude and skills for digging deep water wells for drinking water as early as 6000 to 7000 years ago. A well excavated at the
379:
749:: In 2002, a Chinese and Japanese group reported the discovery in eastern China of fossilised phytoliths of domesticated rice apparently dating back to 11,900 BC or earlier. However, phytolith data are controversial in some quarters due to potential contamination problems. It is likely that demonstrated rice was cultivated in the middle
597:
and Maqiao sites roughly dated to the same period. David R. Harris says this indicates that more intensive cultivation in fixed, probably bunded, fields had developed by this time. According to Mu
Yongkang and Song Zhaolin's classification and methods of use, the triangular plough assumed many kinds
236:
located in the
Jiangxi province of China. The presence of scorched surfaces on the pot shards indicates that they were likely used as cookware. An excavation of Yuchanyan Cave in Hunan province found pottery dating to 18,300 to 15,430 BP. The manufacture of pottery by hunter-gatherers in East Asia
158:
site, dated to about 2000 BC, may have been derived from the earlier pottery prototype. Early bells not only have an important role in generating metal sound, but arguably played a prominent cultural role. With the emergence of other kinds of bells during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 β c.
373:
excavation site was believed to have been built during the
Neolithic era. The well was cased by four rows of logs with a square frame attached to them at the top of the well. 60 additional tile wells southwest of Beijing are also believed to have been built around 600 BC for drinking and
339:
crews. It consisted of a long wooden shaft with a bronze knife blade attached at a right angle to the end. The weapon could be swung down or inward in order to hook or slash, respectively, at an enemy. By the early Han dynasty (202 BC β 220 AD), military use of the bronze
714:. A secondary burials containing bones from child or adult are found in the urns in Hongshanmiao, Henan. Small hole was drilled in most of the child and adult burial urns, and is believed to enable the spirit to access. It is recorded in the
554:
site. The shells, containing small pebbles of various size, colour and quantity, were drilled with small holes, suggesting that each pair of them was tied together originally. Similar finds have also been found in the
706:(5000β3000 BC) areas and consisting more than 50 varieties of form and shape. The burial urns were used mainly for children, but also sporadically for adults, as shown in the finds at Yichuan, Lushan and
127:
was known at least by the
Longshan culture period and explains the high agricultural production yields which allowed the rise of Chinese civilization during the Shang dynasty. Later inventions such as the
450:; fortunately for the historian, Han lacquerware items were inscribed with the location of the workshop where they were produced and the date they were made, such as a lacquerware beaker found in the
179:
site. The Banpo coffin belongs to a four-year-old girl, measuring 1.4 m (4.5 ft) by 0.55 m (1.8 ft) and 3β9 cm thick. As many as 10 wooden coffins have been found from the
425:
408:
says coffins at many early Bronze Age sites seem to have been lacquered, and articles of lacquered wood may also have been common, but the earliest well-preserved examples of lacquer come from
847:
date to roughly 2570 BC, and include silk threads, a braided silk belt and a piece of woven silk. A bronze fragment found at the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 β c. 1050 BC) site at
478:
from 8500 BC, or earlier, suggests that millet cultivation might have predated that of rice in parts of Asia. Clear evidence of millet began to cultivate by 6500 BC at sites of
769:
and was being cooked in pots. Although millet remained the main crop in northern China throughout history, several sporadic attempts were made by the state to introduce rice around the
428:. Wang states that many lacquerware items from the Shang dynasty (c.1600 β c.1050 BC), such as fragments of boxes and basins, were found, and had black designs such as the
2322:
363:: Some of the earliest evidence of water wells are located in China. The Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep drilled groundwater for drinking. The Chinese text
123:
or high-yield crops, full evidence of
Longshan cultivation of dry-land cereal crops which gave high yields "only when the soil was carefully cultivated," suggest that the
446:
in a lacquered wooden coffin. There were three imperial workshops during the Han dynasty (202 BC β 220 AD) established solely for the purpose of crafting
577:. Archaeologists believe that these shells were used either as rattles in ceremonial dances, shamantic healing tools or ritual paraphernalia for divinational purposes.
885:: Wet field cultivation, or the paddy field, was developed in China. The earliest paddy field dates to 6280 BP, based on carbon dating of the grains of rice and
283:. It also appeared as ceremonial and symbolic jade weapon at around the same time, two being dated from about 2500 BC, are found at the Lingjiatan site in
1587:
2327:
903:
2257:
Wu, X.; Zhang, C.; Goldberg, P.; Cohen, D.; Pan, Y.; Arpin, T.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2012). "Early
Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China".
245:
1229:
213:(3400β2250 BC) site at Puanqiao, Zhejiang, consists of an outer and an inner coffin, while the triple coffin, with its earliest finds from the
1443:
1507:
1735:
Boaretto, E.; Wu, X.; Yuan, J.; Bar-Yosef, O.; Chu, V.; Pan, Y.; Liu, K.; Cohen, D.; Jiao, T.; Li, S.; Gu, H.; Goldberg, P.; Weiner, S. (2009).
502:
and finely prepared tools for digging and harvesting the crop. The success of the early
Chinese millet farmers is still reflected today in the
494:, 80 with millet remains, with a total millet storage capacity estimated for the site of about 100,000 kg of grain. By 4000 BC, most
237:
predates the emergence of agriculture in that region by 10,000 years, challenging the traditionally held belief that pottery resulted from the
2312:
889:
found at the
Chaodun site in Kushan County. Paddy fields have also been excavated by archaeologists at Caoxieshan, a site of the Neolithic
75:
and were formed around 7000 BC. Some of the first inventions of
Neolithic China include semilunar and rectangular stone knives, stone
828:
728:
523:
72:
33:
1212:
1184:
2250:
2235:
2220:
2190:
2175:
2153:
2138:
2123:
2108:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2003:
1981:
1966:
1921:
1906:
1891:
1876:
1831:
1816:
1807:
1728:
1713:
37:
720:
that the earthenware coffins were used in the time of legendary period, the tradition of burying in pottery urns lasted until the
150:: Clapper-bells made of pottery have been found in several archaeological sites. The earliest metal bells, with one found in the
99:
with cord-mat-basket designs, the creation of pottery vessels and pottery steamers and the development of ceremonial vessels and
510:
populations, such studies have shown that the ancestors of those farmers probably arrived in the area between 30,000 and 20,000
187:. The thickness of the coffin, as determined by the number of timber frames in its composition, also emphasized the level of
789:
by 6000 BC. Strong archaeological evidence of salt making dating to 2000 BC is found in the ruins of
Zhongba at
1737:"Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China"
1688:
Search for the Origin of Rice Cultivation: The Ancient Rice Cultivation in Paddy Fields at the Cao Xie Shan Site in China
209:. Examples of this have been found in several Neolithic sites; the double coffin, the earliest of which was found in the
320:
2241:
Wu, Zhao. "The Origins of China's Musical Culture: Jiahu Turtleshell Shakers, Bone Flutes, and the Eight Trigrams," in
2317:
1719:
Bellwood, Peter. (2006). "Asian Farming Diasporas? Agriculture, Languages, and Genes in China and Southeast Asia," in
913:
22:
538:. In 1999, an oar measuring 63.4 cm (2 ft) in length, dating from 4000 BC, has also been unearthed at
400:
found in China. A red wooden bowl, which is believed to be the earliest known lacquer container, was unearthed at a
908:
397:
26:
1802:
499:
491:
171:: The earliest evidence of wooden coffin remains, dated at 5000 BC, was found in the Tomb 4 at Beishouling,
275:
was developed from agricultural stone implement during the Neolithic, dagger-axe made of stone are found in the
217:(3000β2000 BC) sites at Xizhufeng and Yinjiacheng in Shandong, consists of two outer and one inner coffins.
2086:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 7, The Social Background, Part 2, General Conclusions and Reflections
1297:
417:
1795:
Bray, Francesca. "Swords into Plowshares: A Study of Agricultural Technology and Society in Early China," in
1661:
Cao, Zhihong; Fu, Jianrong; Zou, Ping; Huang, Jing Fa; Lu, Hong; Weng, Jieping; Ding, Jinlong (August 2010).
622:: Archaeological excavations show that using steam to cook began with the pottery cooking vessels known as
295:
site, where two were being found among the over 200 bronze artifacts (as of 2002) at the site, three jade
175:. Clear evidence of a wooden coffin in the form of a rectangular shape was found in Tomb 152 in an early
1440:
875:
258:
1504:
136:
enabled China to sustain a much larger population through greater improvements in agricultural output.
797:
634:
with perforated floor surmounted on a pot or caldron with a tripod base and a top cover. The earliest
2266:
1748:
1200:
868:
573:
409:
254:
238:
526:; a canoe-shaped pottery and six wooden oars dating from the 6000 BC have been discovered in a
396:: Lacquer was used in China since the Neolithic period and came from a substance extracted from the
886:
618:
539:
383:
344:
had become limited (mostly ceremonial); they were slowly phased out during the Han dynasty by iron
68:
1150:
571:. The turtle-shell shakers for the most part are made of the shell of land turtles, identified as
2290:
856:
359:
57:
2205:
2048:
2033:
2018:
1951:
1936:
1861:
1846:
1690:. Miyazaki: Society for Scientific Studies on Cultural Property, 1996. (In Japanese and Chinese)
603:
2282:
2246:
2231:
2216:
2201:
2186:
2171:
2149:
2134:
2119:
2104:
2089:
2074:
2059:
2044:
2029:
2014:
1999:
1977:
1962:
1947:
1932:
1917:
1902:
1887:
1872:
1857:
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1827:
1812:
1784:
1766:
1724:
1709:
1208:
1180:
890:
586:
483:
451:
146:
64:
163:
sites, they are also found as part of the horse-and-chariot gear and as collar-bells of dogs.
2274:
2024:
Luan, Fengshi. "On the Origin and Development of Prehistoric Coffin and Funeral Custom," in
1774:
1756:
836:
733:
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675:
655:
611:
594:
556:
495:
276:
214:
210:
193:
188:
180:
116:
112:
96:
2215:. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1289:
781:: One of the earliest salterns for the harvesting of salt is argued to have taken place on
514:, and their bacterial haplotypes are still found in today populations throughout East Asia.
1575:
1511:
1447:
1379:
840:
205:
49:
2270:
1752:
698:
site, where a total of 32 burial urns are found, another early finds are in Laoguantai,
694:: The first evidence of pottery urn dating from about 7000 BC comes from the early
1779:
1736:
762:
750:
651:
607:
599:
527:
511:
479:
475:
443:
429:
401:
370:
312:
232:: The earliest known pottery vessels, dating to 20,000 to 19,000 BP, were excavated in
80:
1662:
261:(403β221 BC); this type of weapon has existed in China since the Neolithic period
2306:
766:
413:
405:
45:
2294:
404:(c. 5000 BC β c. 4500 BC) site. The British sinologist and historian
2009:
Lu, Jianchang. "An Archeological Survey of the Jade Weapons in Pre-Qin Period," in
1560:
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
643:
546:
471:
349:
328:
233:
199:
160:
133:
100:
1996:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
454:
in northwestern Korea with the inscription stating it was made in a workshop near
2116:
The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
1869:
Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D.
1559:
881:
815:
721:
662:
steamers unearthed in several Liangzhu sites, including 3 found at the Chuodun (
507:
498:
areas were using an intensive form of foxtail millet cultivation, complete with
447:
416:
disagrees, stating that the oldest well-preserved lacquerware items come from a
88:
53:
1927:
Hu, Yaowu. "Elemental Analysis of Ancient Human Bones from the Jiahu Site," in
2088:. Edited by Kenneth Girdwood Robinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
806:
770:
753:
by 7000 BC, as shown in finds from the Pengtoushan culture at Bashidang,
378:
267:
250:
129:
120:
104:
76:
41:
1770:
1383:
107:. The British sinologist Francesca Bray argues that the domestication of the
2278:
1761:
1061:
1059:
790:
707:
581:
60:, is not yet confirmed to have existed with evidence of contemporary texts.
30:
2286:
1788:
550:: The earliest use of turtle shells comes from the archaeological site in
159:
1050 BC), they were relegated to subservient functions; at Shang and
1989:
Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BCβAD 220
844:
824:
782:
679:
590:
535:
424:
excavated in 1977, the items being red lacquered vessels in the shape of
421:
332:
221:
184:
1837:
Chen, Xuexiang. "On the Buried Jade Unearthed in the Erlitou Site, " in
1723:, 96β118, edited by Miriam T. Stark. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
1588:
A seasoned ancient state: Chinese site adds salt to civilization's rise
863:
777:
754:
737:
736:(c. 5000 β c. 3000 BC), used for the burial of a child, from
699:
671:
568:
564:
560:
459:
455:
392:
365:
336:
292:
227:
172:
155:
84:
29:. Below is an alphabetical list of inventions and discoveries made by
1591:
1563:
848:
786:
466:
439:
434:
304:
167:
1179:(3rd ed.). CRC Press (published November 1, 2012). p. 31.
2056:
Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu
1203:; Mays, Larry W.; Koutsoyiannis, Demetris; Mamassis, Nikos (2012).
852:
832:
796:
758:
727:
711:
695:
639:
551:
531:
487:
377:
345:
324:
284:
280:
244:
176:
151:
18:
1914:
The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia
585:: Triangular-shaped stone ploughshares are found at the sites of
1207:. Iwa Publishing (published January 1, 2012). pp. 202β203.
820:
802:
745:
124:
119:(c. 3000 β c. 2000 BC) period, the absence of Longshan-era
92:
2196:
Wang, Xiao. "On the Early Funeral Coffin in Central China," in
1884:
Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China
470:: The discovery in northern China of domesticated varieties of
2159:
Simmons, Pauline. "Crosscurrents in Chinese Silk History," in
1562:. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Retrieved on 2008 β
690:
559:
burial sites of about 4000β3000 BC, as well as in Henan,
518:
503:
638:
steamer dating from about 5000 BC was unearthed in the
299:
were also discovered from the same site. Total of 72 bronze
1991:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1230:"How the ancient Chinese looked after their drinking water"
658:(3200β2000 BC) and used to steam rice; there are also
108:
48:(c. 1650 β c. 1050 BC). These include the Bronze Age
2101:
The Archaeology of Northeast China: Beyond the Great Wall
2071:
People, Plants and Genes: The Story of Crops and Humanity
1942:
Huang, Houming. "Prehistoric Music Culture of China," in
1852:
Cheng, Shihua. "On the Diet in the Liangzhu Culture," in
724:(202 BCβ220 AD) when it gradually disappeared.
490:. Archaeological remains from Cishan sum up to over 300
1077:
593:. Ploughshares have also been discovered at the nearby
1667:
Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science
1177:
Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests
2245:
1990:349β365. Paris: Maison des sciences de l'homme.
2243:
La PluridisciplinaritΓ© en archΓ©ologie musicale Vol. 2
702:. There are about 700 burial urns unearthed over the
335:, although it was sometimes used by the "striker" of
2183:
Craft Production and Social Change in Northern China
1706:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
1065:
732:
A basin cover for a "coffin urn" from the Neolithic
1974:
The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States
1663:"Origin and chronosequence of paddy soils in China"
1602:
1600:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1049:
1047:
1045:
323:site were found alone. It was the basic weapon of
999:
997:
761:. By 5000 BC, rice had been domesticated at
2163:, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Nov., 1950): 87β96.
1170:
1168:
827:. The oldest silk found in China comes from the
678:(3000β2000 BC) site at Tianwang in western
21:been the source of many innovations, scientific
2185:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
1741:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1265:
1263:
1261:
1205:Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia
982:Falkenhausen (1994), 132, Appendix I 329, 342.
805:, early 12th century painting in the style of
2039:Ma, Shizhi. "On the Shang Civilization, " in
1514:. cultural-china.com. Retrieved on 2008-08-03
1155:Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists
831:and is dated to about 3630 BC, found in
8:
1886:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2146:Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects
1294:A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization
2323:History of science and technology in China
904:History of science and technology in China
1976:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1826:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
1778:
1760:
412:(771 β 256 BC) sites. However,
2058:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1384:Oldest oar unearthed from Ishikawa ruins
835:province. Silk items excavated from the
44:before the palatial civilization of the
2230:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2161:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
1590:. Sciencenews.org. Retrieved on 2008 β
930:
522:: Rowing oars have been used since the
420:(c.2000 β c.1600 BC) site in
1998:. London: Cambridge University Press.
801:Medieval Chinese women processing new
610:small plough in mid-process. The post-
279:(3000β2000 BC) site at Miaodian,
2073:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1824:Early Chinese Work in Natural Science
183:(4100β2600 BC) site at Chengzi,
7:
2133:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1799:, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Jan., 1978): 1β31.
2170:. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub.
819:: Sericulture is the production of
667:
663:
2328:Lists of inventions or discoveries
1961:. Whitefish, Mont: Kessinger Pub.
462:and dated precisely to 55 AD.
327:(c. 1600 β 1050 BC) and
14:
2198:Cultural Relices of Central China
1882:Falkenhausen, Lothar von (1994).
1808:The Chinese State in Ming Society
382:A Jade dragon dating back to the
291:appeared at the early Bronze Age
2144:Siddiqi, Mohammad Rafiq (2001).
2041:Cultural Relics of Central China
1944:Cultural Relics of Central China
1931:, 2005, Vol. 24, No. 2:158β165.
1901:. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
1839:Cultural Relics of Central China
1477:Underhill (2002), 156 & 174.
598:and were the departure from the
1228:Koon, Wee Kek (July 25, 2015).
426:Shang dynasty bronze gu vessels
386:(202 BC β 9 AD).
79:and spades, the cultivation of
582:Ploughshare, triangular-shaped
303:in Tomb 1004 at Houjiazhuang,
1:
2118:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
1899:The Great Armies of Antiquity
1811:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
1708:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
589:dated to 3500 BC around
438:over a red background. Queen
2011:Military Historical Research
1897:Gabriel, Richard A. (2002).
773:as early as the 1st century.
2313:China history-related lists
2181:Underhill, Anne P. (2002).
1871:Westport: Greenwood Press.
1149:Kuhn, Oliver (2004-06-30).
914:List of Chinese discoveries
855:) contains the first known
650:pots first appeared in the
614:ploughs used draft animals.
73:Neolithic cultures of China
2344:
1929:Acta Anthropologica Sinica
1151:"Ancient Chinese Drilling"
909:List of Chinese inventions
630:composed of two vessel, a
140:Inventions and discoveries
2166:Stark, Miriam T. (2005).
2099:Nelson, Sarah M. (1995).
2084:Needham, Joseph. (2004).
2069:Murphy, Denis J. (2007).
1290:"Jade from Fu Hao's Tomb"
1288:Buckley Ebrey, Patricia.
991:Falkenhausen (1994), 134.
686:steamers were discovered.
134:heavy moldboard iron plow
2211:Wang, Zhongshu. (1982).
2129:Schoeser, Mary. (2007).
2114:Sagart, Laurent (2005).
2054:Mair, Victor H. (1997).
1994:Loewe, Michael. (1999).
1987:Loewe, Michael. (1968).
1912:Harris, David R (1996).
1854:Agricultural Archaeology
1822:Chen, Cheng-Yih (1995).
1704:Bellwood, Peter (2004).
1325:Murphy (2007), 114, 184.
1298:University of Washington
1234:South China Morning Post
829:Chinese Neolithic period
654:(5000β4500 BC) and
130:multiple-tube seed drill
2279:10.1126/science.1218643
2226:Watson, Burton (2003).
2103:. New York: Routledge.
2043:, 1987, No. 2:119β169.
2013:, 2006, No. 3:120β128.
1856:, 2005, No. 1:102β109.
1762:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
1642:Murphy (2007), 122β123.
1541:Murphy (2007), 187β188.
1431:Harris (1996), 427β428.
1386:. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
1352:Murphy (2007), 186β187.
1175:Chang, Mingteh (2012).
442:(died c. 1200 BC)
52:and the semi-legendary
2200:, 1997, No. 3:93β100.
2148:. New York: CABI Pub.
1797:Technology and Culture
1505:Red Pottery Urn Coffin
1468:Cheng (2005), 102β107.
1382:. (10 February 1999).
1316:Loewe (1968), 186β187.
1246:Loewe (1968), 170β171.
1103:Liang (2004),35&38
1012:Underhill (2002), 106.
839:site at Qianshanyang,
810:
740:
524:early Neothilic period
387:
262:
191:, as mentioned in the
154:site, and four in the
2028:, 2006, No. 6:49β55.
1957:Legge, James (2004).
1946:, 2002, No. 3:18β27.
1916:. London: UCL Press.
1841:, 2003, No. 3:23β37.
1343:Bellwood (2004), 121.
1201:Angelakis, Andreas N.
1080:, pp. 9595β9600.
1068:, pp. 1696β1700.
937:Bellwood (2006), 106.
876:Wet field cultivation
800:
731:
381:
331:(c.1050β256 BC)
259:Warring States period
248:
71:represent the oldest
1867:Deng, Gang. (1997).
1686:Fujiwara, H. (ed.).
1606:Schoeser (2007), 17.
1578:(2005), 12618β12622.
1550:Brook (2004), 81β85.
1130:Gabriel (2002), 143.
1078:Boaretto et al. 2009
973:Huang (2002), 20β27.
946:Needham (2004) p201.
869:Western Zhou dynasty
670:) sites in southern
574:Cuora flavomarginata
410:Eastern Zhou dynasty
271:: The dagger-axe or
239:Neolithic Revolution
87:, the refinement of
69:Pengtoushan cultures
63:The contemporaneous
2271:2012Sci...336.1696W
2265:(6089): 1696β1700.
2168:Archaeology of Asia
1753:2009PNAS..106.9595B
1721:Archaeology of Asia
1651:Murphy (2007), 135.
1633:Siddiqi (2001), 389
1624:Murphy (2007), 121.
1615:Simmons (1950), 87.
1532:Murphy (2007), 187.
1094:Lu (2006), 123β124.
1053:Luan (2006), 49β55.
1030:Watson (2003), 101.
1003:Wang (1997), 93β96.
964:Bray (1978), 27β28.
955:Bray (1978), 24β26.
887:soil organic matter
864:Soybean cultivation
642:site. In the lower
540:Ishikawa Prefecture
384:Western Han dynasty
366:The Book of Changes
287:. The first bronze
97:creation of pottery
2318:Chinese inventions
1523:Legge (2004), 108.
1510:2009-06-08 at the
1446:2011-07-06 at the
1404:Wu (1990), 349β365
1370:Nelson (1995), 85.
1334:Sagart (2005), 21.
1021:Legge (2004), 525.
811:
741:
467:Millet cultivation
388:
360:Deepwater drilling
263:
1747:(24): 9595β9600.
1576:Rowan Flad et al.
1459:Chen (1995), 198.
1278:Loewe (1999),178.
1039:Mair (1997), 336.
891:Majiabang culture
857:written reference
587:Majiabang culture
315:and over 50 jade
36:and those of its
34:cultures of China
2335:
2298:
2213:Han Civilization
2026:Cultural Relices
1972:Liu, Li (2007).
1792:
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1495:Liu (2007), 132.
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1413:Liu (2007), 126.
1411:
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1402:
1396:
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1371:
1368:
1362:
1361:Deng (1997), 22.
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1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:Chen (2003), 24.
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965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
837:Liangzhu culture
746:Rice cultivation
734:Yangshao culture
717:Classic of Rites
676:Longshan culture
669:
665:
656:Liangzhu culture
606:spade, with the
277:Longshan culture
234:Xianrendong Cave
215:Longshan culture
211:Liangzhu culture
194:Classic of Rites
181:Dawenkou culture
117:Longshan culture
103:for purposes of
93:rice cultivation
58:unlike the Shang
2343:
2342:
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1527:
1522:
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1512:Wayback Machine
1503:
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1490:
1486:Hu (2005), 159.
1485:
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1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
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1448:Wayback Machine
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:Liu (2007), 66.
1421:
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1403:
1399:
1395:Liu (2007), 65.
1394:
1390:
1380:The Japan Times
1378:
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1255:Stark (2005),30
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1199:
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1187:
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1129:
1125:
1121:Ma (1987), 122.
1120:
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1084:
1076:
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945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
922:
900:
841:Wuxing District
619:Pottery steamer
506:of many modern
142:
50:Erlitou culture
12:
11:
5:
2341:
2339:
2331:
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2320:
2315:
2305:
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2007:
1992:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1940:
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1850:
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1803:Brook, Timothy
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1269:Wang (1982),80
1257:
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1220:
1214:978-1843395409
1213:
1192:
1186:978-1439879948
1185:
1164:
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1139:Wang(1982),123
1132:
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1070:
1066:Wu et al. 2012
1055:
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911:
906:
899:
896:
895:
894:
872:
860:
809:, Song dynasty
795:
794:
774:
763:Hemudu culture
751:Yangtze Valley
726:
725:
687:
666:) and Luodun (
652:Hemudu culture
615:
578:
543:
528:Hemudu culture
515:
476:foxtail millet
463:
430:Chinese dragon
376:
375:
356:
313:tomb of Fu Hao
243:
242:
218:
168:Coffin, wooden
164:
141:
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3:
2:
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2255:
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2248:
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2240:
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2236:0-231-12965-3
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2221:0-300-02723-0
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2191:0-306-46771-2
2188:
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2176:1-4051-0213-6
2173:
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2154:0-85199-202-1
2151:
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2136:
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2124:0-415-32242-1
2121:
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2110:
2109:0-415-11755-0
2106:
2102:
2098:
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2094:0-521-08732-5
2091:
2087:
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2079:0-19-920714-3
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2064:0-8248-2038-X
2061:
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2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:0-521-47030-7
2001:
1997:
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1982:0-521-01064-0
1979:
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1967:1-4191-6922-X
1964:
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1956:
1953:
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1938:
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1926:
1923:
1922:1-85728-538-7
1919:
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1911:
1908:
1907:0-275-97809-5
1904:
1900:
1896:
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1892:0-520-07378-9
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1877:0-313-29212-4
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1832:962-209-385-X
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808:
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799:
792:
788:
784:
783:Lake Yuncheng
780:
779:
775:
772:
768:
767:Yangtze Delta
764:
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756:
752:
748:
747:
743:
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723:
719:
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468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Wang Zhongshu
411:
407:
406:Michael Loewe
403:
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385:
380:
372:
368:
367:
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106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Shang dynasty
43:
39:
38:prehistorical
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2262:
2258:
2242:
2227:
2212:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2160:
2145:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1973:
1958:
1943:
1928:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1823:
1806:
1796:
1744:
1740:
1720:
1705:
1687:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1583:
1571:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1450:(1999), 1β8.
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1293:
1283:
1274:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1223:
1204:
1195:
1176:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1073:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
880:
874:
862:
814:
776:
744:
715:
689:
683:
659:
647:
644:Yangzi River
635:
631:
627:
626:steamers; a
623:
617:
580:
572:
547:Plastromancy
545:
517:
500:storage pits
492:storage pits
465:
448:lacquerwares
433:
391:
364:
358:
350:
341:
316:
308:
300:
296:
288:
272:
266:
255:State of Han
226:
220:
204:
198:
192:
166:
145:
101:scapulimancy
62:
17:
15:
882:paddy field
816:Sericulture
722:Han dynasty
691:Pottery urn
374:irrigation.
115:during the
89:sericulture
54:Xia dynasty
23:discoveries
2307:Categories
1673:2013-02-08
1303:2007-08-04
920:References
807:Zhang Xuan
771:Bohai Gulf
682:, 3 large
604:Luojiajiao
519:Rowing oar
508:East Asian
452:Han colony
444:was buried
418:Xiajiadian
337:charioteer
307:, 39 jade
268:Dagger-axe
251:dagger-axe
121:irrigation
105:divination
42:Bronze Age
27:inventions
2206:1003-1731
2049:1003-1731
2034:0511-4772
2019:1009-3451
1959:The Li Ki
1952:1003-1731
1937:1000-3193
1862:1006-2335
1847:1003-1731
1771:0027-8424
925:Citations
825:silkworms
791:Chongqing
765:near the
708:Zhengzhou
674:. In the
484:Peiligang
472:broomcorn
348:and iron
253:from the
249:A bronze
65:Peiligang
31:Neolithic
2295:37666548
2287:22745428
1805:(2004).
1789:19487667
1508:Archived
1444:Archived
898:See also
859:to silk.
845:Zhejiang
704:Yangshao
680:Shandong
612:Liangzhu
595:Liangzhu
591:Lake Tai
557:Dawenkou
542:, Japan.
536:Zhejiang
530:site at
496:Yangshao
422:Liaoning
398:lac tree
353:halberds
333:infantry
222:Cookware
206:Zhuangzi
189:nobility
185:Shandong
132:and the
83:and the
2267:Bibcode
2259:Science
1780:2689310
1749:Bibcode
1698:Sources
1669:: 39β42
778:Saltern
755:Changde
738:Shaanxi
700:Shaanxi
672:Jiangsu
569:Shaanxi
565:Jiangsu
561:Sichuan
460:Sichuan
456:Chengdu
393:Lacquer
293:Erlitou
228:pottery
173:Shaanxi
156:Erlitou
113:buffalo
85:soybean
2293:
2285:
2249:
2234:
2219:
2204:
2189:
2174:
2152:
2137:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2047:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1787:
1777:
1769:
1727:
1712:
1211:
1183:
849:Anyang
787:Shanxi
608:Songze
600:Hemudu
480:Cishan
440:Fu Hao
435:taotie
402:Hemudu
371:Hemudu
346:spears
321:Jinsha
305:Anyang
230:vessel
95:, the
81:millet
56:that,
40:early
2291:S2CID
2228:Xunzi
853:Yinxu
833:Henan
823:from
759:Hunan
712:Henan
696:Jiahu
640:Banpo
552:Jiahu
532:Yuyao
488:Jiahu
325:Shang
285:Anhui
281:Henan
200:Xunzi
177:Banpo
152:Taosi
19:China
2283:PMID
2247:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2202:ISSN
2187:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2131:Silk
2120:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2045:ISSN
2030:ISSN
2015:ISSN
2000:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1948:ISSN
1933:ISSN
1918:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1858:ISSN
1843:ISSN
1828:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1785:PMID
1767:ISSN
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