50:
879:(RDS) is a term that has been applied to a wide variety of addictive, obsessive and compulsive behaviors including substance and process addictions, and personality and spectrum disorders. There is no consistent evidence to validate any such syndrome. "Reward deficiency syndrome" is not a medically recognized disorder. The diagnostic validity of RDS has not been recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in its diagnostic manual, the
450:, which is a known medical condition. Despite numerous studies, there is no clinical evidence that "chronic" Lyme disease is caused by a persistent infection. It is distinct from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, a set of lingering symptoms which may persist after successful treatment of infection with Lyme spirochetes. The symptoms of "chronic Lyme" are generic and non-specific "symptoms of life".
871:. The term originates from a 2018 study which surveyed parents of transgender people from anti-transgender internet forums. While the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association cosigned a statement with 120 other medical organizations calling for rapid-onset gender dysphoria to not be used in clinical settings, the term is still used by anti-trans groups.
90:
182:
483:
to account for the deaths of nineteen Black prostitutes due to "sexual excitement" while under the influence of cocaine; the women later turned out to be victims of a serial killer. The condition is primarily found in people under police restraint, especially after being tasered, and, while it is not
2229:
Pearson, Michele L.; Selby, Joseph V.; Katz, Kenneth A.; Cantrell, Virginia; Braden, Christopher R.; Parise, Monica E.; Paddock, Christopher D.; Lewin-Smith, Michael R.; Kalasinsky, Victor F.; Goldstein, Felicia C.; Hightower, Allen W.; Papier, Arthur; Lewis, Brian; Motipara, Sarita; Eberhard, Mark
470:
of various frequencies at exposure levels well below established safety standards. Symptoms are inconsistent, but can include headache, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, as well as similar non-specific indications. Provocation studies find that the discomfort of sufferers is unrelated to hidden sources
246:
Other conditions may be rejected or contested by orthodox medicine, but are not necessarily associated with pseudoscience. Diagnostic criteria for some of these conditions may be vague, over-inclusive, or otherwise ill-defined. Although the evidence for the disease may be contested or lacking, the
395:
has been dismissed by experts as having "not been established". Wakefield's fraudulent report, which was retracted in 2010, suppressed negative findings and used inadequate controls. Multiple attempts to replicate his results have been unsuccessful. Reviews in the medical literature have found no
819:
is a proposed mental health disorder in which a child expresses hostility or aversion to a parent as an effect of the manipulation of another parent. Given an absence of research-based support for its existence, parental alienation syndrome is not recognized as a mental health disorder by the
371:
supporting the concept of adrenal fatigue and it is not recognized as a diagnosis by any scientific or medical community. A systematic review found no evidence for the term adrenal fatigue, confirming the consensus among endocrinological societies that it is a
3514:
747:. This hypothesis centered around the belief that slavery was such an improvement upon the lives of slaves that only those suffering from some form of mental illness would wish to escape. As treatment Cartwright recommended "
312:
are a set of conditions that cannot be explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. These raise challenges around diagnosis and treatment, with debate around whether they are psychogenic. They often present with
2482:
Hawkes, David; Benhamu, Joanne; Sidwell, Tom; Miles, Rhianna; Dunlop, Rachael A. (May 2015). "Revisiting adverse reactions to vaccines: A critical appraisal of
Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)".
2570:
Ameratunga, Rohan; Langguth, Daman; Hawkes, David (May 2018). "Perspective: Scientific and ethical concerns pertaining to animal models of autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)".
32:
617:, a non-medical term for the notion that giving many vaccines at once may overwhelm or weaken a child's immature immune system and lead to adverse effects, is strongly contradicted by scientific evidence.
2526:
Ameratunga, Rohan; Gillis, David; Gold, Michael; Linneberg, Allan; Elwood, J. Mark (November 2017). "Evidence
Refuting the Existence of autoimmune/Autoinflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)".
923:
is a proposed condition in which a hostage develops an emotional bond with their kidnapper while in captivity. Stockholm syndrome is a contested diagnosis mostly due to the difficulty in researching it.
1853:
Röösli, Martin; Moser, Mirjana; Baldinini, Yvonne; Meier, Martin; Braun-Fahrländer, Charlotte (2004). "Symptoms of ill health ascribed to electromagnetic field exposure – a questionnaire survey".
720:
in which a man has erotic interest in the idea of himself in the form of a woman. Autogynephilia is not recognized by any major medical organization and has been criticised as a form of medical
440:
is a generally rejected diagnosis that encompasses "a broad array of illnesses or symptom complexes for which there is no reproducible or convincing scientific evidence of any relationship to
2660:
Hilton S, Petticrew M, Hunt K (2006). "'Combined vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the body's immune system': parental concerns about vaccine 'overload' and 'immune-vulnerability'".
500:
is an alleged condition caused by the passage of harmful substances outward through the gut wall. Alternative medicine proponents claim it is the cause of many conditions including
880:
578:
100:
508:, the theory is vague and unproven. Some skeptics and scientists say that the marketing of treatments for leaky gut syndrome is either misguided or an instance of deliberate
429:
3814:
524:
in which individuals have sores that they believe contain some kind of fibers. Morgellons is poorly characterized but the general medical consensus is that it is a form of
3872:
3941:
933:
891:
is a proposed form of slow-onset schizophrenia that political dissenters were institutionalised for in communist countries. It was diagnosed in people with no
161:
2939:
133:
140:
1279:
697:. The distribution of recorded events, however, correlates with media coverage of wind farm syndrome itself, and not with the presence or absence of
858:
953:
147:
587:. There is a lack of reproducible evidence for this syndrome, refuting its existence. In addition, supporting data from animal models are flawed.
3653:
836:. Despite the fact it is frequently referenced as a defense strategy in family courts where parents, disproportionately fathers, are accused of
235:
Pseudoscientific diseases are not defined using objective criteria. Such diseases cannot achieve, and perhaps do not seek, medical recognition.
3848:
3602:
3047:
3014:
2073:
938:
129:
1680:
677:(ATA) says Wilson's syndrome is at odds with established knowledge of thyroid function, has vague diagnostic criteria, and lacks supporting
1988:
1904:
Rubin, G James; Das Munshi, Jayati; Wessely, Simon (2005). "Electromagnetic
Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies".
744:
351:, due to chronic stress or infections. Adrenal fatigue should not be confused with a number of actual forms of adrenal dysfunction such as
2943:
1745:
2015:
3337:
825:
3375:
3317:
3284:
3194:
3161:
3092:
505:
247:
justification for these diagnoses is nevertheless empirical and therefore amenable to scientific investigation, at least in theory.
2788:
1906:
1587:
Di
Pietrantonj, Carlo; Rivetti, Alessandro; Marchione, Pasquale; Debalini, Maria Grazia; Demicheli, Vittorio (22 November 2021).
821:
454:
2391:
2290:
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306:
Conditions that are not widely recognized, about which there is an ongoing debate within the scientific and medical literature.
2958:
1485:
Jefferson T, Price D, Demicheli V, Bianco E (2003). "Unintended events following immunization with MMR: a systematic review".
154:
3936:
3931:
3921:
796:
701:. Reviews of the scientific literature have consistently found no reason to believe that wind turbines are harmful to health.
2763:
1963:
1696:"Candidiasis hypersensitivity syndromeApproved by the executive committee of the American academy of allergy and immunology"
1563:
28:
1694:
Anderson, J; Chai, H; Claman, H; Ellis, E; Fink, J; Kaplan, A; Lieberman, P; Pierson, W; Salvaggio, J; Sheffer, A (1986).
536:
1833:
36:
829:
811:
674:
591:
108:
3873:"The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women - Inquiries Journal"
2874:
1743:
Feder, HM; Johnson, BJB; O'Connell, S; et al. (October 2007). "A Critical
Appraisal of "Chronic Lyme Disease"".
387:, who suggested a link between a number of common clinical symptoms and signs which he contended were distinctive to
3267:
Caplan, PJ (2004). "What is it that's being called
Parental Alienation Syndrome". In Caplan PJ; Cosgrove L (eds.).
943:
784:
3782:
119:
104:
2295:
1295:"Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals With ASDs: A Consensus Report"
845:
833:
467:
1145:
Quote: "There is no scientific basis for the existence of this disorder and no conclusive method for diagnosis."
400:
266:
262:
3440:"Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria"
3221:
Hoult, JA (2006). "The
Evidentiary Admissibility of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Science, Law, and Policy".
3272:
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1915:
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525:
376:
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2318:
2042:
1294:
1158:
1123:
Shah R, Greenberger PA (2012). "Unproved and controversial methods and theories in allergy-immunology".
685:
670:
658:
621:
613:
549:
352:
2980:"Summary of main conclusions reached in 25 reviews of the research literature on wind farms and health"
803:, and a "tendency to cause trouble for others". It is no longer recognized by medical authorities as a
471:
of radiation, and "no scientific basis currently exists for a connection between EHS and exposure to ."
2890:"The Link between Health Complaints and Wind Turbines: Support for the Nocebo Expectations Hypothesis"
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650:
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634:
442:
436:
356:
199:
1920:
1313:
3906:
3333:
2813:
Homola, Samuel (2010). "Real orthopaedic subluxations versus imaginary chiropractic subluxations".
2418:
Sorg, Barbara A. (1999). "Multiple
Chemical Sensitivity: Potential Role for Neural Sensitization".
816:
768:
678:
646:
521:
368:
309:
1184:
484:
in the ICD-10 or DSM-5, it is promoted by a number of doctors, many of whom are on the payroll of
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1992:
1941:
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62:
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2364:
2271:
2232:"Clinical, Epidemiologic, Histopathologic and Molecular Features of an Unexplained Dermopathy"
2203:
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1933:
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903:
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760:
553:
220:
17:
3276:
3234:
2457:
1442:
MacDonald TT, Domizio P (2007). "Autistic enterocolitis; is it a histopathological entity?".
633:
or a spinal lesion that is postulated to cause neuromusculoskeletal or visceral dysfunction.
404:
is the spuriously claimed chronic yeast infections responsible for many common disorders and
3727:
3711:
3535:
3527:
3498:
3477:
3459:
3404:
3118:
3080:
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2733:
2669:
2634:
2580:
2536:
2492:
2427:
2356:
2347:
Genuis, Stephen J. (May 2013). "Chemical
Sensitivity: Pathophysiology or Pathopsychology?".
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666:
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475:
384:
288:
3392:
3113:
Brett, David (1994). "Deirdre McLoughlin, Ulster Museum, Belfast, November-January 1994".
2614:
908:
755:
529:
485:
328:
2159:
Halvorson, CR (October 2012). "An approach to the evaluation of delusional infestation".
3684:
3455:
2630:
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1866:
544:
attributed to exposure to low levels of commonly used chemicals. Symptoms are typically
67:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
31:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
3732:
3699:
3482:
3439:
3363:
3254:
Expose: The failure of family courts to protect children from abuse in custody disputes
3249:
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1038:
1005:
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712:
681:. The ATA further raised concern that the proposed treatments were potentially harmful.
463:
459:
345:
272:
3073:"Political Science, International Relations, and the Normalization of White Supremacy"
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1712:
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776:
480:
392:
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1945:
1815:
1471:
1428:
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The technology of orgasm: "hysteria," the vibrator, and women's sexual satisfaction
2979:
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1967:
1959:
1829:
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875:
788:
748:
741:
728:
690:
626:
509:
447:
417:
360:
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1338:
528:. An attempt to link Morgellons to the cause of Lyme disease has been attacked by
3502:
3464:
2771:
2584:
2256:
1571:
763:
for women, which was described as exhibiting a wide array of symptoms, including
2853:
2096:
1394:
1353:
1078:
844:, it does not meet the scientific standards demanded by legal tests such as the
721:
413:
2540:
2496:
380:
is a nonexistent medical condition proposed in 1998 by now-discredited
British
254:
but the explanation or diagnosis for their distress is disputed or inaccurate.
3858:
2696:
1229:
717:
572:
516:
280:
61:. The reason given is: Over 50 sources were published more than 10 years ago.
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3723:
3473:
3416:
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3057:
3024:
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2834:
2592:
2548:
2504:
2368:
1882:
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1614:
1238:
1132:
1086:
1029:
1021:
504:
and autism, a claim which has been called pseudoscientific. According to the
3667:
Blum, Kenneth G.; Cull, John R.; Braverman, Eric E.; Comings, David (1996).
3204:
3171:
1874:
1322:
698:
662:
565:
545:
421:
359:. The term "adrenal fatigue", which was invented in 1998 by James Wilson, a
300:
284:
3900:
3741:
3510:
3491:
2925:
2755:
2681:
2646:
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2512:
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1937:
1890:
1807:
1766:
1632:
1555:
1506:
1463:
1420:
1379:
1330:
1256:
1140:
1104:
1047:
2136:
2119:
1729:
751:
the devil out of them" both as a punishment and as a preventative measure.
257:
Examples of conditions that are not necessarily pseudoscientific include:
223:
that are rejected by mainstream medical consensus and are associated with
3815:"Scientists investigate Stendhal Syndrome – fainting caused by great art"
1798:
1781:
1758:
958:
896:
780:
772:
689:
is a proposed connection between adverse health effects and proximity to
654:
557:
541:
348:
292:
3558:
Coalition for the Advancement & Application of Psychological Science
3524:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
3138:
934:
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience § Health and medicine
693:. Proponents have claimed that these effects include death, cancer, and
661:
which they attribute to low body temperature and impaired conversion of
3715:
3521:
2043:"Shock Tactics: Taser inserts itself in probes involving its stun guns"
764:
637:
does not support the existence of chiropractic's vertebral subluxation.
409:
405:
364:
341:
314:
296:
118:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
3553:
1412:
1370:
583:, a hypothesised autoimmune disorder proposed by Israeli immunologist
3152:
Arthur L. Caplan; James J. McCartney; Dominic A. Sisti, eds. (2004).
3122:
561:
425:
388:
211:
2959:"Windfarm sickness spreads by word of mouth, Australian study finds"
540:
is an unrecognized controversial diagnosis characterized by chronic
2737:
2186:
Shmidt, E; Levitt, J (February 2012). "Dermatologic infestations".
2065:
Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy
1537:
1395:"Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent"
657:. Its supporters describe Wilson's syndrome as a mix of common and
489:
276:
1589:"Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children"
3300:
Comeford, L (2009). "Fatherhood Movements". In O'Brien J (ed.).
2789:"Chiropractic Vertebral Subluxations: Science vs. Pseudoscience"
206:
2617:(July 2005). "Full of Holes: the curious case of acupuncture".
1782:"Chronic Lyme disease: in defense of the scientific enterprise"
2392:"Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Separating facts from fiction"
1399:
83:
43:
2016:"Is excited delirium killing coked-up, stun-gunned Miamians?"
3603:"The Strange World of "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (Part 1)"
3360:
Myers on evidence in child, domestic, and elder abuse cases
2529:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
606:
340:
are exhausted and unable to produce adequate quantities of
2764:"Vaccines and Autism: Many Hypotheses, But No Correlation"
1564:"Vaccines and Autism: Many Hypotheses, But No Correlation"
1272:"Lancet journal retracts Andrew Wakefield MMR scare paper"
1211:
Cadegiani, Flavio A.; Kater, Claudio E. (24 August 2016).
3393:"A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria'"
1964:"Electrosensitives: the new cash cow of the woo industry"
1855:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
3005:
Charlotte Patterson; Anthony R. D'Augelli, eds. (2013).
1834:"Does Everybody Have Chronic Lyme Disease? Does Anyone?"
115:
3040:
An introduction to the sociology of health and illness
275:
conditions that are not pathogenic in nature, such as
3654:"When the Thrill is Gone: Reward Deficiency Syndrome"
3250:"The Parental Alienation Syndrome: Is It Scientific?"
1213:"Adrenal fatigue does not exist: a systematic review"
907:
is a proposed condition in which someone experiences
653:
concept, not recognized as a legitimate diagnosis in
3755:
Barrett, Stephen; Hall, Harriet (24 November 2008).
3627:
Barrett, Stephen; Hall, Harriet (24 November 2008).
2722:"Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses"
1522:"Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses"
855:
for admissibility in the United States legal system.
3841:
Six days in August: the story of Stockholm syndrome
1293:Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GJ, et al. (2010).
1061:Berger, M Y; Gieteling, M J; Benninga, M A (2007).
629:diagnosis that involves a site of impaired flow of
430:
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
205:
198:
193:
3256:. Our Children Our Children Charitable Foundation.
3154:Health, disease, and illness: concepts in medicine
899:under the assumption that they would appear later.
863:is a proposed condition in which someone develops
130:"List of diagnoses characterized as pseudoscience"
3189:. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3156:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
336:is a diagnosis described as a state in which the
2815:Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies
1354:"How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed"
428:. The notion has been strongly disabused by the
194:List of diagnoses characterized as pseudoscience
3334:"APA Statement on Parental Alienation Syndrome"
2342:
2340:
2230:L.; Unexplained Dermopathy Study, Team (2012).
250:In some cases, patients are exhibiting genuine
2875:"Public Health Statement: "Wilson's Syndrome""
114:Please review the contents of the article and
65:prefers sources within the last 5 years or so.
3007:Handbook of psychology and sexual orientation
8:
3216:
3214:
2877:. American Thyroid Association. 24 May 2005.
2850:"Is Wilson's syndrome a legitimate ailment?"
2888:Crighton, F.; et al. (November 2014).
2770:(Press release). 2009-01-30. Archived from
1593:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1570:(Press release). 2009-01-30. Archived from
980:"Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience"
363:, may be applied to a collection of mostly
3085:10.1332/policypress/9781529209204.003.0002
2291:"Under their skin: the Morgellons mystery"
2120:"Delusional Infestation: State of the Art"
2037:
2035:
1989:"Electromagnetic fields and public health"
1700:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
3731:
3481:
3463:
2978:Professor Simon Chapman (10 April 2015).
2915:
2905:
2745:
2265:
2255:
2135:
2087:
2085:
1919:
1797:
1711:
1675:Stephen Barrett, M.D. (October 8, 2005).
1622:
1604:
1545:
1369:
1312:
1246:
1228:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1094:
1037:
317:that are consistent with multiple causes.
3704:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
3700:"What's deficient in reward deficiency?"
2319:"Naturopathy vs. Science: Fake Diseases"
1393:Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (2011).
1153:
1151:
970:
954:Medically unexplained physical symptoms
479:, originally identified by pathologist
3942:Alternative medical diagnostic methods
3538:|...|checked=yes}}
2768:Infectious Diseases Society of America
2062:Kalichman, Seth C. (16 January 2009).
1568:Infectious Diseases Society of America
396:link between autism and bowel disease.
190:
3009:. New York: Oxford University Press.
939:List of questionable diagnostic tests
219:There are many proposed diseases and
7:
3252:. In St. Charles E; Crook L (eds.).
2848:Nippoldt, Todd (November 21, 2009).
2188:International Journal of Dermatology
1063:"Chronic abdominal pain in children"
3578:"American College of Pediatricians"
2944:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
446:infection." This is different from
3698:Leyton, Marco (1 September 2014).
3338:American Psychological Association
3302:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society
2432:10.1615/CritRevNeurobiol.v13.i3.30
2014:Garcia-Roberts, Gus (2010-07-15).
1930:10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64
1683:from the original on May 13, 2008.
1183:Gavura, Scott (October 28, 2010).
826:American Psychological Association
736:that, in 1851, American physician
25:
2639:10.1038/scientificamerican0805-30
520:is a self-diagnosed, unexplained
3783:"THE WORLD OF SOVIET PSYCHIATRY"
3079:, Policy Press, pp. 16–30,
2957:Rourke, Alison (15 March 2013).
2827:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2010.01053.x
2420:Critical Reviews in Neurobiology
2200:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05191.x
1456:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02606.x
1282:from the original on 2011-04-10.
915:when exposed to works of beauty.
911:, fainting, confusion, and even
822:American Psychiatric Association
815:, also routinely referred to as
455:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
180:
88:
48:
3907:Fake diseases, false compassion
3223:Children's Legal Rights Journal
3071:Givens, Terri E. (2022-01-25),
2361:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.003
3391:Ashley, Florence (July 2020).
2940:"Interview with Simon Chapman"
2787:Homola, Sam (1 October 2010).
2289:Fyfe, Melissa (31 July 2015).
2118:Vulink, NC (August 23, 2016).
1606:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5
1159:"Adrenal Fatigue: Is It Real?"
116:add the appropriate references
18:List of questionable diagnoses
1:
3601:Neuroskeptic (10 June 2015).
3269:Bias in psychiatric diagnosis
3042:. London: Sage Publications.
2674:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003
2390:Gavura, Scott (3 July 2014).
1780:Baker, P. J. (14 July 2010).
1713:10.1016/S0091-6749(86)80073-2
1499:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00271-8
740:hypothesized as the cause of
604:and blockages in the flow of
537:Multiple chemical sensitivity
532:as "dangerous pseudoscience".
458:is a reported sensitivity to
424:, muscle and joint pain, and
3781:Reich, Walter (1983-01-30).
3669:"Reward Deficiency Syndrome"
3503:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157
3465:10.1371/journal.pone.0202330
2720:Gerber JS, Offit PA (2009).
2585:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.033
2458:"Rope Worms: C'est la Merde"
2317:Scott, Gavura (2014-11-06).
2257:10.1371/journal.pone.0029908
1651:"Candida and Fake Illnesses"
1520:Gerber JS, Offit PA (2009).
1185:"Fatigued by a Fake Disease"
1006:"In search of "non-disease""
860:Rapid-onset gender dysphoria
830:American Medical Association
812:Parental alienation syndrome
787:, heaviness in the abdomen,
675:American Thyroid Association
592:Traditional Chinese medicine
261:Conditions determined to be
3582:Southern Poverty Law Center
1677:"Dubious "Yeast Allergies""
1079:10.1136/bmj.39189.465718.BE
391:. The existence of such an
101:reliable medical references
3958:
3710:(5). Joule Inc.: 291–293.
3358:Myers, John E. B. (2005).
2894:Frontiers in Public Health
2697:"Vaccine phobia runs deep"
2541:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.033
2497:10.1016/j.jaut.2015.02.005
2124:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
1270:Rose, David (2010-02-03).
1127:. 33 Suppl 1 (3): S100–2.
944:List of fictional diseases
876:Reward deficiency syndrome
801:sexually forward behaviour
506:UK National Health Service
488:, the manufacturer of the
267:mass psychogenic illnesses
26:
3843:. New York: W.W. Norton.
3757:"Dubious Genetic Testing"
3629:"Dubious Genetic Testing"
2296:The Sydney Morning Herald
2068:. Springer. p. 167.
1230:10.1186/s12902-016-0128-4
834:World Health Organization
645:(not to be confused with
468:electromagnetic radiation
107:or relies too heavily on
57:This article needs to be
3905:Science-Based Medicine:
3901:Index to "Fad" Diagnoses
3877:www.inquiriesjournal.com
3409:10.1177/0038026120934693
3273:Rowman & Littlefield
2907:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00220
1133:10.2500/aap.2012.33.3562
1022:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.883
596:, such as imbalances in
401:Candida hypersensitivity
3397:The Sociological Review
3185:Maines, Rachel (1998).
2986:School of Public Health
2485:Journal of Autoimmunity
1875:10.1078/1438-4639-00269
1323:10.1542/peds.2009-1878C
1217:BMC Endocrine Disorders
655:evidence-based medicine
200:Pseudomedical diagnosis
3438:Littman, Lisa (2018).
2793:Science-Based Medicine
2695:Hurst L (2009-10-30).
2462:Science-Based Medicine
2397:Science-Based Medicine
2324:Science-Based Medicine
1907:Psychosomatic Medicine
1839:Science Based Medicine
1655:Science-Based Medicine
1190:Science-Based Medicine
949:Culture-bound syndrome
888:Sluggish schizophrenia
695:congenital abnormality
671:thyroid function tests
526:delusional parasitosis
377:Autistic enterocolitis
3937:Science-related lists
3932:Scientific skepticism
3922:Alternative diagnoses
3530:|...}}
3038:White, Kevin (2002).
2349:Clinical Therapeutics
2137:10.2340/00015555-2412
1649:(25 September 2013).
686:Wind turbine syndrome
669:(T3), despite normal
659:non-specific symptoms
622:Vertebral subluxation
406:non-specific symptoms
353:adrenal insufficiency
315:non-specific symptoms
265:in nature, including
3839:King, David (2020).
3362:. Gaithersburg, Md:
2573:Autoimmunity Reviews
2093:"Leaky gut syndrome"
1832:(3 September 2013).
1799:10.1096/fj.10-167247
1759:10.1056/NEJMra072023
738:Samuel A. Cartwright
651:alternative medicine
635:Scientific consensus
580:Shoenfeld's syndrome
443:Borrelia burgdorferi
437:Chronic Lyme disease
365:nonspecific symptoms
310:Functional disorders
33:adding missing items
3819:www.telegraph.co.uk
3685:1996AmSci..84..132B
3456:2018PLoSO..1302330L
3248:Dallam, SJ (1999).
3077:The Roots of Racism
2631:2005SciAm.293b..30S
2619:Scientific American
2535:(6): 1551–1555.e1.
2248:2012PLoSO...729908P
1995:on 16 November 2007
1867:2004IJHEH.207..141R
1125:Allergy Asthma Proc
817:parental alienation
769:shortness of breath
718:paraphilic disorder
679:scientific evidence
552:. They may include
369:scientific evidence
3787:The New York Times
3716:10.1503/jpn.140204
3673:American Scientist
3336:. Washington, DC:
2946:. 20 October 2012.
1493:(25–26): 3954–60.
1073:(7601): 997–1002.
1004:Smith, R. (2002).
920:Stockholm syndrome
799:, (paradoxically)
759:was once a common
614:"Vaccine overload"
502:multiple sclerosis
497:Leaky gut syndrome
382:gastroenterologist
252:signs and symptoms
3850:978-0-393-63508-9
3306:SAGE Publications
3049:978-1-84787-713-0
3016:978-0-19-976521-8
2984:Sydney University
2075:978-0-387-79476-1
1792:(11): 4175–4177.
1786:The FASEB Journal
1413:10.1136/bmj.c7452
1371:10.1136/bmj.c5347
1016:(7342): 883–885.
904:Stendhal syndrome
838:domestic violence
761:medical diagnosis
745:fleeing captivity
742:enslaved Africans
642:Wilson's syndrome
357:Addison's disease
217:
216:
189:
188:
165:
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3949:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3554:"ROGD Statement"
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3516:Retraction Watch
3495:
3485:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3364:Aspen Publishers
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3123:10.2307/25557908
3110:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2759:
2749:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2615:Shermer, Michael
2611:
2605:
2604:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1991:. Archived from
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1923:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1715:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1608:
1599:(11): CD004407.
1584:
1578:
1575:
1559:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1316:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
869:social contagion
865:gender dysphoria
853:Daubert standard
842:coercive control
805:medical disorder
793:loss of appetite
667:triiodothyronine
647:Wilson's disease
585:Yehuda Shoenfeld
476:Excited delirium
385:Andrew Wakefield
344:, primarily the
289:sexual addiction
191:
184:
183:
175:
172:
166:
164:
123:
92:
91:
84:
77:
74:
68:
52:
51:
44:
37:reliable sources
21:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3912:
3911:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3851:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3497:(Erratum:
3496:
3450:(8): e0202330.
3437:
3436:
3432:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3304:. Vol. 1.
3299:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2762:
2726:Clin Infect Dis
2719:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2456:(27 May 2014).
2452:
2451:
2447:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2020:Miami New Times
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1921:10.1.1.543.1328
1903:
1902:
1898:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1753:(14): 1422–30.
1742:
1741:
1737:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1647:Novella, Steven
1645:
1644:
1640:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1562:
1526:Clin Infect Dis
1519:
1518:
1514:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1352:Deer B (2011).
1351:
1350:
1346:
1314:10.1.1.692.4329
1292:
1291:
1287:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1165:. Metcalf, Eric
1157:
1156:
1149:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
977:
976:
972:
967:
930:
909:rapid heartbeat
785:fluid retention
775:, nervousness,
756:Female hysteria
732:was a supposed
708:
530:Steven Salzberg
464:magnetic fields
329:Adrenal fatigue
324:
233:
185:
181:
176:
170:
167:
124:
113:
109:primary sources
93:
89:
78:
72:
69:
66:
53:
49:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3895:
3894:External links
3892:
3889:
3888:
3864:
3849:
3831:
3821:. 28 July 2010
3806:
3773:
3747:
3690:
3659:
3645:
3619:
3593:
3569:
3545:
3430:
3403:(4): 779–799.
3383:
3376:
3350:
3325:
3318:
3292:
3285:
3259:
3240:
3210:
3195:
3177:
3162:
3144:
3105:
3093:
3063:
3048:
3030:
3015:
2997:
2970:
2949:
2931:
2880:
2866:
2840:
2821:(4): 284–287.
2805:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2774:on 2011-02-25.
2738:10.1086/596476
2732:(4): 456–461.
2712:
2687:
2668:(20): 4321–7.
2652:
2606:
2579:(5): 435–439.
2562:
2518:
2474:
2445:
2426:(3): 283–316.
2410:
2382:
2355:(5): 572–577.
2336:
2309:
2281:
2221:
2178:
2151:
2130:(217): 58–63.
2110:
2099:. 9 April 2013
2081:
2074:
2054:
2031:
2006:
1980:
1951:
1896:
1861:(2): 141–150.
1845:
1821:
1772:
1735:
1706:(2): 271–273.
1686:
1667:
1638:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1574:on 2011-02-25.
1538:10.1086/596476
1512:
1477:
1444:Histopathology
1434:
1385:
1344:
1285:
1262:
1203:
1175:
1147:
1110:
1053:
996:
969:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
929:
926:
925:
924:
916:
913:hallucinations
900:
893:hallucinations
884:
872:
856:
808:
752:
734:mental illness
725:
716:is a proposed
713:Autogynephilia
707:
704:
703:
702:
682:
638:
618:
610:
588:
576:
569:
533:
522:skin condition
513:
493:
472:
451:
433:
397:
373:
367:. There is no
346:glucocorticoid
338:adrenal glands
323:
320:
319:
318:
307:
304:
270:
232:
229:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
196:
195:
187:
186:
179:
177:
96:
94:
87:
80:
79:
56:
54:
47:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3954:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Pseudoscience
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3878:
3874:
3868:
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3860:
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3842:
3835:
3832:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3796:
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3784:
3777:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3377:0-7355-5668-7
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3319:9781412909167
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3286:9780765700018
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3196:0-8018-5941-7
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3163:1-58901-014-0
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:(67): 54–55.
3116:
3109:
3106:
3096:
3094:9781529209204
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2794:
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243:methodology.
242:
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237:Pseudoscience
230:
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225:pseudoscience
222:
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126:Find sources:
121:
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95:
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3899:Quackwatch:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:
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3823:. Retrieved
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3764:. Retrieved
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2701:Toronto Star
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2477:
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2461:
2454:Harriet Hall
2448:
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2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2395:
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2328:. Retrieved
2322:
2312:
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2101:. Retrieved
2064:
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2023:. Retrieved
2019:
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1993:the original
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1968:The Guardian
1954:
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1658:. Retrieved
1654:
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1572:the original
1567:
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1490:
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1447:
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1275:
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1167:. Retrieved
1162:
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754:
729:Drapetomania
727:
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627:chiropractic
620:
612:
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601:
597:
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550:non-specific
535:
515:
510:health fraud
495:
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448:Lyme disease
441:
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418:constipation
399:
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361:chiropractor
333:
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234:
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105:verification
98:
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41:
29:dynamic list
3366:. pp.
3308:. pp.
3275:. pp.
2854:Mayo Clinic
2403:14 December
2167:(4): E1–4.
2097:NHS Choices
1999:17 November
1973:17 November
722:transphobia
414:weight gain
334:hypoadrenia
273:Medicalized
99:needs more
3916:Categories
3882:2022-11-06
3859:1120098936
3825:2022-11-06
3800:2022-11-06
3761:Quackwatch
3679:(2): 132.
3633:Quackwatch
3587:2022-11-06
3563:2022-11-06
3344:2009-03-31
3100:2022-11-06
2706:2009-11-04
2351:(Review).
2330:2024-05-26
2103:24 October
2048:2021-05-08
2025:2021-04-18
1300:Pediatrics
1169:2014-03-19
984:utexas.edu
965:References
699:wind farms
573:Rope worms
517:Morgellons
408:, such as
281:childbirth
231:Definition
141:newspapers
27:This is a
3795:0362-4331
3724:1180-4882
3520:. If the
3474:1932-6203
3425:221097476
3417:0038-0261
3131:0263-9475
3058:294909186
3025:779472218
2835:1465-3753
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2593:1873-0183
2549:2213-2201
2505:1095-9157
2491:: 77–84.
2467:9 January
2369:0149-2918
1916:CiteSeerX
1883:1438-4639
1722:0091-6749
1615:1469-493X
1407:: c7452.
1364:: c5347.
1309:CiteSeerX
1307:: S1–18.
1239:1472-6823
1223:(1): 48.
1196:March 12,
1087:0959-8138
1030:0959-8138
897:delusions
795:for food
663:thyroxine
594:diagnoses
566:dizziness
558:headaches
422:dizziness
301:halitosis
285:pregnancy
241:empirical
221:diagnoses
3742:25162147
3607:Discover
3511:30889220
3492:30114286
3444:PLOS ONE
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3172:53020380
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2926:25426482
2859:April 9,
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2236:PLOS ONE
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1946:13826364
1938:15784787
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1767:17914043
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1507:12922131
1472:22342418
1464:17257133
1429:43640126
1421:21209060
1380:21209059
1331:20048083
1280:Archived
1257:27557747
1141:22794702
1105:17494020
1048:11950739
959:Quackery
928:See also
781:insomnia
773:fainting
749:whipping
665:(T4) to
649:) is an
542:symptoms
460:electric
349:cortisol
342:hormones
293:baldness
239:rejects
171:May 2024
73:May 2024
63:WP:MEDRS
3766:24 June
3733:4160357
3681:Bibcode
3638:26 July
3612:25 June
3536:erratum
3528:erratum
3522:erratum
3483:6095578
3452:Bibcode
2917:4227478
2747:2908388
2662:Vaccine
2627:Bibcode
2267:3266263
2244:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1730:3734279
1624:8607336
1547:2908388
1487:Vaccine
1248:4997656
1096:1867894
1039:1122831
989:26 July
867:due to
765:anxiety
554:fatigue
410:fatigue
322:Medical
297:jet lag
263:somatic
155:scholar
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3421:S2CID
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3135:JSTOR
3115:Circa
2212:S2CID
2161:Cutis
1942:S2CID
1812:S2CID
1468:S2CID
1425:S2CID
1335:S2CID
1163:WebMD
625:is a
546:vague
490:Taser
372:myth.
277:aging
207:Risks
162:JSTOR
148:books
35:with
3855:OCLC
3845:ISBN
3791:ISSN
3768:2018
3738:PMID
3720:ISSN
3640:2018
3614:2018
3507:PMID
3488:PMID
3470:ISSN
3413:ISSN
3372:ISBN
3314:ISBN
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3231:SSRN
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3011:ISBN
2992:2018
2922:PMID
2861:2010
2831:ISSN
2800:2018
2752:PMID
2678:PMID
2643:PMID
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1975:2007
1934:PMID
1887:PMID
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1804:PMID
1763:PMID
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1726:PMID
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1552:PMID
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851:and
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847:Frye
602:yang
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548:and
486:Axon
462:and
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