520:
When graphed, one can see that India was the world's largest economy from year 1 to year 1500, when it lost the position to China, who subsequently lost the position around 1890. China is reasserting its position as the world's largest economy, which it had lost. There was little difference in GDP
2056:
has praised
Maddison's research by citing it as a "fantastic publication" and that it was "based on the detailed scholarship of the world expert on historical economic data Angus Maddison." He also added that "One shouldn't read the book in the belief the statistics are accurate to 12 decimal
3523:^ At year 1, year 1000, year 1500 and till the start of British colonisation in India in 17th century, India's GDP always varied between ~22 - 33% world's total GDP and was the largest economy in the world from year 1 until year 1500, which dropped to 2% by
4027:/Steven Friesen determine GDP on the relationship between certain significant economic indicators which were historically found to be plausible; two independent control assumptions provide the upper and lower limit of the probable size of the Roman GDP.
4195:....A further implication of these calculations is that a realistic maximum income that could be envisaged for the pre-industrial societies might be a bit more than twice the subsistence minimum, or around $ PPP 1000 (at 1990 international prices).
103:
was quite low everywhere, possibly not higher than twice the subsistence level. Therefore, the total GDP as given below primarily reflects the respective historical population size, and is much less indicative of contemporary
5685:
2040:
W. J. MacPherson has described
Maddison's work on early medieval India of using "dubious comparative data." Maddison's estimates have also been critically reviewed and revised by the Italian economists Giovanni Federico and
4950:
52:
In the absence of sufficient data for nearly all economies until well into the 19th century, past GDP cannot be calculated, but at best only roughly estimated. In a first step, economic historians try to reconstruct the
5300:
5295:
4260:
2032:
Maddison' assumptions have been both admired and criticized by academics and journalists. By Bryan Haig, who has characterized
Maddison's figures for 19th century Australia as "inaccurate and irrelevant", by
88:
units. To achieve comparability over space and time, these numbers are then converted into monetary units such as
International Dollars, a third step which leaves a relatively wide margin of interpretation.
5371:
5592:
5270:
5260:
4894:
5682:
5110:
4186:
were unlikely to ever exceed that ceiling. This in turn has implications for our assessment of the average standard of living in other, non-Western, pre-industrial economies like those of China, India,
4023:
follow the basic method established by
Goldsmith, varying mainly only in their set of initial numbers; these are then stepped up to estimations of the expenditure checked by those on the income side.
5217:
5140:
4038:
Decimal fractions rounded to the nearest tenth. Italic numbers not directly given by the authors; they are obtained by multiplying the respective value of GDP per capita by estimated population size.
2037:, according to whom "this excessive macroeconomic bias also causes him (Maddison) to mis-date, in my view, the beginning of what he calls the capitalist era at 1820 rather than, say, the mid-1780s."
5420:
5285:
5130:
4998:
4943:
5415:
5105:
5634:
5324:
5207:
5095:
5366:
5617:
5090:
5018:
5688:
5250:
4889:
5560:
3969:
using Angus
Maddison's data. Keersmaeker estimated that the British Empire's share of world GDP was 24.28% in 1870 and 19.7% in 1913. The empire's largest economy in 1870 was
5212:
4863:
5545:
5525:
5410:
5334:
5182:
4988:
4955:
5125:
4938:
5187:
5319:
5202:
5008:
4054:. The Byzantine population size at the time is estimated to have been 12 to 18 million. This would yield a total GDP somewhere between $ 8,160 and 13,860 million.
5466:
5432:
5329:
5150:
5013:
5622:
5612:
5120:
5041:
4884:
3977:
with a 9.03% share. The empire's largest economy in 1913 was the United
Kingdom with an 8.22% share of world GDP, followed by British India with a 7.47% share.
5676:
4931:
109:
19:
4960:
4901:
4854:
4141:
5155:
5080:
5056:
5051:
95:
It should be stressed that, historically speaking, population size is the far more important multiplier in the equation. This is because, in contrast to
2078:. Unlike Maddison, Bairoch allows for the fluctuation of borders, basing his estimates mostly on the historical boundaries at the given points in time.
131:
Rather, Bairoch advocates a formula combining GNP per capita and total GNP to give a better measure of the economic performance of national economies.
5745:
5555:
5535:
5454:
5167:
5036:
4970:
4921:
5493:
5003:
4993:
5388:
4978:
5671:
5644:
5582:
5075:
3503:
5607:
4784:
4729:
4595:
3507:
521:
per capita based on level of development in earlier eras, so in 1500, China was the largest economy in the world, followed closely by India.
28:
5473:
5356:
5341:
4695:
4050:
economist Branko
MilanoviΔ to range between $ 680 and 770 (in 1990 International Dollars) at its peak around 1000 AD, that is the reign of
4529:
4220:
5587:
5461:
5442:
5427:
4792:
3416:. According to their calculations, the basic level of European GDP (PPP) was historically higher, but its increase was less pronounced.
5735:
5656:
5500:
5290:
5245:
4983:
4876:
3952:
5520:
5515:
5405:
5400:
5227:
4653:
4479:
4571:
5666:
5550:
5540:
5478:
5437:
5346:
5280:
5597:
5483:
5378:
5312:
5307:
4847:
127:
has no important significance, and that the volume of GNP is not by itself the expression of the economic strength of a nation.
5708:
5700:
5572:
5530:
5510:
5449:
5361:
5265:
5174:
5162:
4911:
5661:
5577:
5488:
5602:
5505:
5393:
5383:
5351:
4706:
4674:
4535:
4226:
5750:
5639:
4840:
4406:
3527:
in 1947. At the same time, the
Britain's share of the world economy rose from 2.9% in 1700 up to 9% in 1870 alone.
57:
for a given political or geographical entity from the meagre evidence. This value is then multiplied by estimated
5740:
3495:
4704:; Friesen, Steven J. (Nov. 2009): "The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire",
5627:
4779:(2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1β2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press,
4183:
4136:
40:(PPP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a country/region in a given year. GDP dollar (
4436:
5567:
2053:
37:
4497:"Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600β1850"
4867:
4583:
4566:
Polarity, Balance of Power and
International Relations Theory: Post-Cold War and the 19th Century Compared
4058:
3790:
3531:
31:
4826:
5028:
4432:
4062:
3794:
3535:
3524:
3426:
526:
157:
4659:
4004:
2083:
2075:
73:
41:
4662:(1984): "An Estimate of the Size and Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire",
4167:
In conclusion, the fact that the average incomes in the most developed agricultural economies like
81:
4397:
The border between "Western Europe" and "Eastern Europe" as defined by Bairoch corresponds to the
5275:
5255:
5194:
4641:
4443:
4020:
100:
5651:
4806:(Dec. 2009): "GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies (1β1820 AD). A Revision of the Estimates",
4780:
4725:
4649:
4591:
4475:
4188:
3990:
2025:
4564:
4465:
2074:. Contrary to most other estimates on this page, the GNP (at market prices) is given here in
5713:
4742:
4691:
4179:
4043:
4016:
3499:
2215:
185:
4701:
4024:
2172:
105:
4694:; Lindert, Peter H.; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (Oct. 2007): "Measuring Ancient Inequalityβ,
4803:
4799:
4776:
4717:
4012:
3974:
3966:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3313:
3268:
2342:
2046:
2042:
1286:
1242:
514:
181:
96:
54:
4745:(2006): "An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium around Year 1000",
5729:
4832:
4681:
4669:
4496:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3970:
1540:
489:
462:
173:
61:
size, another determinant for which as a rule only little ancient data is available.
4759:
4525:
4402:
4398:
4298:
4216:
4171:
3878:
2071:
2034:
149:
116:
77:
4359:
4413:). All the rest of Europe makes up "Western Europe" (Bairoch 1976, pp. 317, 319).
5046:
4713:
4646:
The Roman Bazaar: A Comparative Study of Trade and Markets in a Tributary Empire
4008:
2715:
865:
477:
450:
230:
225:
220:
215:
177:
161:
65:
3512:
Angus Maddison's below GDP estimates for Indian subcontinent (including modern
4182:
were about twice or less than the subsistence minimum might indicate that the
4047:
4046:, the continuation of the Roman Empire in the east, has been estimated by the
3811:
3552:
3517:
3179:
2021:
197:
153:
58:
4790:
Federico, Giovanni (2002): "The World Economy 0β2000 AD: A Review Article",
4471:
1790:
4324:
Class Structure and Economic Growth. India and Pakistan since the Moghuls
4175:
4168:
4051:
3513:
2842:
2299:
2017:
1115:
92:
The formula thus is: GDP (PPP) = GDP per capita (PPP) x population size
4410:
4321:
4301:
2885:
2426:
697:
509:
The following estimates are taken exclusively from the 2007 monograph
4810:, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 391β420 β critique of Maddison's estimates
4192:
3223:
2972:
2799:
1877:
493:
485:
481:
458:
169:
85:
69:
4672:(1980): "Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.βA.D. 400)",
3995:
Much work in estimating past GDP has been done in the study of the
3783:
1922:
822:
497:
189:
76:, by modern standards, were characterized by a very low degree of
4820:
2929:
1330:
454:
165:
4836:
124:
4393:
4391:
4389:
3408:'s numbers for the whole of Europe by the Italian economists
4437:"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries"
2070:
The following estimates were made by the economic historian
4722:
Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano
72:
level which is necessary for sustaining one's life. Since
4588:
The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
4762:(1976): "Europe's Gross National Product: 1800β1975",
3404:
The following estimates are taken from a revision of
2024:. From 1950 onwards, India refers only to the modern
4716:(2006): "Estimating GDP in the Early Roman Empire",
5238:
5065:
5027:
4969:
4910:
4875:
3973:with a 12.15% share of world GDP, followed by the
84:, economic historians prefer to express income in
27:lists of regions and countries by their estimated
18:For estimations of per-capita GDP in history, see
123:it is obvious that by itself the volume of total
44:) estimates here are derived from PPP estimates.
4531:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
4506:. Department of Economics, University of Warwick
4495:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2005).
4331:, Vol. 82, No. 328. (Dec., 1972), pp. 1470-1472.
4222:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
3965:Goedele De Keersmaeker estimated the GDP of the
160:from 1750 to 1990, comparing what are today the
4401:, with "Eastern Europe" being identical to the
4165:
3500:Economy of India during British era (1793β1947)
121:
4422:Lo Cascio, Malanima Dec. 2009, p. 411, table 6
4409:, Hungary, Romania, Poland, and the USSR plus
4311:, Vol. 45, No. 4. (Dec., 1985), pp. 1026-1028.
152:gave the following estimates in terms of 1960
119:, a pioneer in historical economic analysis,
80:and a large majority of people working in the
4848:
4383:Bairoch 1976, pp. 281, table 4; 295, table 10
115:According to the 20th-century macroeconomist
64:A key notion in the whole process is that of
8:
2016:From 1 AD to 1913 AD, India includes modern
20:List of regions by past GDP (PPP) per capita
5686:*Top country subdivisions by GDP per capita
4684:(1995/6): "Rome, Taxes, Rents, and Trade",
4261:"500 YEARS OF GDP: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES"
4142:List of countries by largest historical GDP
4855:
4841:
4833:
4829:β Papers on ancient economy and demography
4796:, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 111β120 β review
4349:Lo Cascio, Malanima Dec. 2009, pp. 391β420
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
3418:
2080:
523:
99:, the average income ceiling of premodern
4553:. OECD. pp. 241, 243, 261, 263, 264.
4504:International Institute of Social History
3782:Angus Maddison's below GDP estimates for
5701:Lists of countries by financial rankings
4283:The World Economy: Historical Statistics
4056:
3788:
3529:
511:Contours of the World Economy, 1β2030 AD
194:
4157:
3355:
1964:
4999:Latin American and Caribbean countries
4771:Angus Maddison β reviews and revisions
4606:Scheidel, Friesen Nov. 2009, pp. 63β72
3999:, following the pioneering studies by
3504:Economy of India under the British Raj
2082:GNP (at market prices) in millions of
4435:, David Clingingsmith (August 2005).
4254:
4252:
3508:Historic GDP Estimates for South Asia
7:
4764:Journal of European Economic History
4793:European Review of Economic History
4698:Working Paper 13550, pp. 58β66
4467:The Process of Economic Development
4360:"China's magnificent historic past"
4749:, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 449β470
4666:, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 263β288
4259:Cox, Wendell (21 September 2015).
3520:) refer to the following empires:
2052:However, economist and journalist
110:estimations of past GDP per capita
14:
4551:HS-8: The World Economy 1-2001 AD
4304:Phases of Capitalist Development.
4246:Maddison 2007, p. 379, table A.4.
5746:History-related lists by country
5689:*Top country metropolitan by GDP
5683:*Top country subdivisions by GDP
4586:; Saller, Richard, eds. (2007):
3786:refer to the following empires:
4572:Springer Science+Business Media
4563:Goedele De Keersmaeker (2017),
4405:(Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the
4309:The Journal of Economic History
4281:Haig, Bryan. 2005. "Review of
5709:List of international rankings
5102:Latin America & Caribbean
4951:Private consumption per capita
4648:, Cambridge University Press,
4590:, Cambridge University Press,
3400:1500β1870 (Lo Cascio/Malanima)
1:
4164:Milanovic 2006, p. 460, 468:
4989:European Union member states
4707:The Journal of Roman Studies
4675:The Journal of Roman Studies
5029:Gross national income (GNI)
4808:Rivista di storia economica
4747:Review of Income and Wealth
4737:GDP of the Byzantine Empire
4678:, Vol. 70, pp. 101β125
4664:Review of Income and Wealth
4536:University of Chicago Press
4227:University of Chicago Press
146:Economics and World History
5767:
4766:, Vol. 5, pp. 273β340
4688:, Vol. 6/7, pp. 41β75
4407:German Democratic Republic
4340:Federico 2002, pp. 111β120
4042:The GDP per capita of the
3984:
3493:
3488:Indian empires (1β1947 CE)
3427:1990 International Dollars
527:1990 International Dollars
17:
5736:Lists of countries by GDP
5696:
4787:, p. 379, table A.4.
4710:, Vol. 99, pp. 61β91
4549:Maddinson, Angus (2001).
4007:(1984). The estimates by
3877:
3496:Economic history of India
3425:GDP (PPP) in millions of
525:GDP (PPP) in millions of
513:by the British economist
209:
206:
203:
196:GNP (PPP) in billions of
5087:Commonwealth of Nations
4961:Ten largest historically
4184:pre-industrial societies
4137:Exploitation colonialism
3961:British Empire and India
1834:Total Asia (excl. Japan)
1414:Other Western offshoots
5195:Former Soviet Republics
4912:Purchasing power parity
4823:β Historical statistics
4754:European GDP per capita
4636:GDP of the Roman Empire
4072:Roman/Byzantine Empire
1456:Total Western offshoots
38:purchasing power parity
5151:nominal and per capita
4624:Milanovic 2006, p. 461
4615:Milanovic 2006, p. 468
4197:
4189:pre-Columbian Americas
129:
32:gross domestic product
5239:Subnational divisions
4660:Goldsmith, Raymond W.
4464:James Cypher (2014).
4433:Jeffrey G. Williamson
4084:Population (% World)
4063:international dollars
3823:Population (% World)
3795:international dollars
3564:Population (% World)
3536:international dollars
3525:Independence of India
148:, economic historian
4329:The Economic Journal
4285:by Angus Maddison,"
4206:Bairoch 1976, p. 282
3545:Indian subcontinent
97:industrial economies
74:pre-modern societies
42:international dollar
5179:Asia & Pacific
5066:Countries by region
4956:Per person employed
4724:, Edipuglia, Bari,
4642:Bang, Peter Fibiger
4326:by Angus Maddison."
4322:"Reviewed Work(s):
4320:MacPherson, W. J.
4306:by Angus Maddison,"
4302:"Reviewed Work(s):
4065:
3797:
3538:
2086:
2066:1830β1938 (Bairoch)
1584:Total Latin America
529:
457:(excluding Japan),
200:
140:1750β1990 (Bairoch)
108:than, for example,
82:agricultural sector
5455:nominal per capita
5218:nominal per capita
5156:PPP and per capita
5131:nominal per capita
5042:Nominal per capita
5004:Oceanian countries
4994:European countries
4939:Past and projected
4902:Sector composition
4890:Past and projected
4864:Lists of countries
4582:Scheidel, Walter;
4444:Harvard University
4057:
4021:Peter Fibiger Bang
3789:
3530:
2081:
524:
195:
101:agrarian societies
5751:History by region
5723:
5722:
5057:Disposable income
5052:Per capita growth
5019:Industrial growth
4979:African countries
4785:978-0-19-922721-1
4743:Milanovic, Branko
4730:978-88-7228-405-6
4692:Milanovic, Branko
4596:978-0-521-78053-7
4128:
4127:
4039:
4005:Raymond Goldsmith
3991:Byzantine economy
3958:
3957:
3953:Republic of China
3775:
3774:
3480:
3479:
3397:
3396:
3357:Country / Region
2090:Country / Region
2029:
2026:Republic of India
2006:
2005:
1966:Country / Region
533:Country / Region
505:1β2008 (Maddison)
501:
466:
440:
439:
144:In his 1995 book
5758:
5741:Economic history
5714:Lists by country
5014:1980β2010 growth
4857:
4850:
4843:
4834:
4732:, pp. 31β54
4702:Scheidel, Walter
4656:, pp. 86β91
4625:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4580:
4574:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4395:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4318:
4312:
4296:
4290:
4287:Economic Reports
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4256:
4247:
4244:
4231:
4230:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4162:
4066:
4044:Byzantine Empire
4037:
4030:
4017:Branko MilanoviΔ
3798:
3733:204,242,000,000
3710:134,882,000,000
3687:111,417,000,000
3539:
3419:
2216:Baltic countries
2087:
2015:
2008:
1749:Other east Asia
1073:12 country total
530:
476:
469:
449:
442:
201:
186:Northern America
106:living standards
5766:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5692:
5234:
5061:
5023:
4965:
4913:
4906:
4871:
4861:
4827:Walter Scheidel
4817:
4804:Malanima, Paolo
4800:Lo Cascio, Elio
4777:Maddison, Angus
4718:Lo Cascio, Elio
4633:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4581:
4577:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4396:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4297:
4293:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4263:. New Geography
4258:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4234:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4133:
4034:
4025:Walter Scheidel
3993:
3983:
3963:
3934:241,431,000,000
3911:189,740,000,000
3888:228,600,000,000
3804:Chinese region
3780:
3778:Chinese empires
3756:30,600,000,000
3664:90,750,000,000
3641:74,250,000,000
3618:60,500,000,000
3595:33,750,000,000
3572:33,750,000,000
3510:
3490:
3485:
3402:
3138:United Kingdom
2173:Austria-Hungary
2084:1960 US dollars
2076:1960 US dollars
2068:
2063:
2012:
507:
473:
446:
142:
137:
50:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5764:
5762:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5613:United Kingdom
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Czech Republic
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:PPP per capita
5205:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5137:South America
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:North America
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:PPP per capita
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4824:
4821:Angus Maddison
4816:
4815:External links
4813:
4812:
4811:
4797:
4788:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4711:
4699:
4689:
4682:Hopkins, Keith
4679:
4670:Hopkins, Keith
4667:
4657:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4575:
4556:
4541:
4517:
4487:
4480:
4456:
4424:
4415:
4385:
4376:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4313:
4291:
4274:
4248:
4232:
4208:
4199:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4092:25,100,000,000
4090:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:GDP (% World)
4076:
4073:
4070:
4013:Angus Maddison
3982:
3979:
3975:United Kingdom
3967:British Empire
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:82,800,000,000
3858:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:96,000,000,000
3832:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3817:GDP (% World)
3815:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:GDP (% World)
3556:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3414:Paolo Malanima
3410:Elio Lo Cascio
3406:Angus Maddison
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:Eastern Europe
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:Western Europe
3264:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2343:Czechoslovakia
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2047:Paolo Malanima
2043:Elio Lo Cascio
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:United States
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:Eastern Europe
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:Western Europe
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
694:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
515:Angus Maddison
506:
503:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
212:
211:
208:
205:
182:Western Europe
141:
138:
136:
133:
55:GDP per capita
49:
46:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5763:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:United States
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Baltic States
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4760:Bairoch, Paul
4758:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:0-521-85532-2
4651:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4542:
4538:. p. 89.
4537:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4481:9781136168284
4477:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4460:
4457:
4445:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4299:Rostow, W. W.
4295:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:. p. 95.
4228:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4112:8,160,000,000
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Keith Hopkins
3998:
3997:Roman economy
3992:
3988:
3987:Roman economy
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:British India
3968:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:Ming dynasty
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2049:(see below).
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Latin America
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
528:
522:
518:
516:
512:
504:
502:
499:
495:
491:
490:United States
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
467:
464:
463:Latin America
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:1990 dollars
207:1960 dollars
202:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Latin America
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
134:
132:
128:
126:
120:
118:
113:
111:
107:
102:
98:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
47:
45:
43:
39:
35:
33:
30:
21:
16:
5681:
5583:South Africa
5568:Saudi Arabia
5147:Arab League
4984:Asian states
4926:
4807:
4791:
4763:
4746:
4721:
4714:Temin, Peter
4705:
4685:
4673:
4663:
4645:
4631:Bibliography
4620:
4611:
4602:
4587:
4578:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4530:
4526:Paul Bairoch
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4503:
4490:
4466:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4427:
4418:
4403:Eastern Bloc
4399:Iron Curtain
4379:
4368:. Retrieved
4366:. 2005-03-10
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4289:, volume 81.
4286:
4282:
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4221:
4217:Paul Bairoch
4211:
4202:
4166:
4160:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4029:
3994:
3981:Roman Empire
3964:
3879:Qing dynasty
3781:
3522:
3511:
3491:
3403:
3312:
3267:
3222:
3097:Switzerland
2072:Paul Bairoch
2069:
2051:
2039:
2035:W. W. Rostow
2031:
2013:
2009:
2007:
1921:
1876:
1833:
1583:
1455:
1240:
1072:
990:Switzerland
519:
510:
508:
474:
470:
468:
447:
443:
441:
150:Paul Bairoch
145:
143:
130:
122:
117:Paul Bairoch
114:
94:
91:
78:urbanization
63:
51:
36:in terms of
26:
24:
15:
5603:Switzerland
5588:South Korea
5536:Philippines
5506:Netherlands
5335:prefectures
5168:subdivision
5047:Real income
4971:Growth rate
4584:Morris, Ian
4267:4 September
4081:Population
4075:per capita
4009:Peter Temin
4003:(1980) and
3946:437,140,000
3923:358,000,000
3900:381,000,000
3872:138,000,000
3846:160,000,000
3820:Population
3807:per capita
3768:359,000,000
3745:303,700,000
3722:253,000,000
3699:209,000,000
3676:165,000,000
3653:100,000,000
3561:Population
3548:Per Capita
2716:Netherlands
1961:50,973,935
1958:26,576,359
1955:16,022,888
1871:19,384,402
1493:10,933,678
866:Netherlands
478:First World
451:Third World
231:First World
226:Third World
221:First World
216:Third World
178:First World
162:Third World
66:subsistence
48:Methodology
5730:Categories
5618:per capita
5561:per capita
5494:per capita
5474:Kazakhstan
5467:per capita
5433:per capita
5421:per capita
5389:per capita
5372:per capita
5325:per capita
5313:per capita
5009:Per capita
4944:per capita
4932:per capita
4922:Per capita
4895:per capita
4885:Per capita
4510:5 December
4370:2010-05-08
4148:References
4121:12,000,000
4101:44,000,000
4048:World Bank
3985:See also:
3812:GDP growth
3630:79,000,000
3607:72,500,000
3584:70,000,000
3553:GDP growth
3518:Bangladesh
3494:See also:
3180:Yugoslavia
2054:Evan Davis
2022:Bangladesh
1952:5,331,689
1949:2,733,365
1946:1,110,951
1916:1,734,918
1868:5,972,383
1865:2,621,624
1828:1,905,346
1785:5,154,979
1782:2,021,528
1744:3,415,183
1741:1,043,912
1703:8,908,894
1700:2,051,813
1662:2,904,141
1659:2,208,858
1656:1,242,932
1621:4,045,933
1618:2,227,686
1615:1,389,460
1578:3,168,621
1575:1,735,919
1572:1,110,158
1490:6,560,368
1487:4,058,289
1484:1,635,490
1450:1,448,542
1409:9,485,136
1406:5,703,521
1403:3,536,622
1400:1,455,916
1368:2,242,206
1365:2,037,253
1362:1,513,070
1324:1,030,628
1281:8,698,029
1278:5,961,851
1275:4,096,764
1272:1,396,078
1110:7,402,911
1107:5,235,115
1104:3,660,561
1101:1,286,434
1067:1,446,959
860:1,157,636
817:1,713,405
814:1,302,212
776:1,423,562
773:1,000,286
480:refers to
453:refers to
198:US dollars
176:) and the
154:US dollars
59:population
25:These are
5443:regencies
5428:Indonesia
5261:Australia
5251:Argentina
4568:, page 90
4472:Routledge
4180:Byzantium
4153:Citations
3534:(in 2023
2057:places."
1791:West Asia
5662:Thailand
5657:Tanzania
5640:counties
5623:counties
5578:Slovakia
5546:Portugal
5526:Pakistan
5501:Mongolia
5484:Malaysia
5342:Colombia
5291:Bulgaria
5224:Oceania
4870:rankings
4644:(2008):
4528:(1995).
4364:BBC News
4219:(1995).
4169:Augustan
4131:See also
4061:in 2023
4052:Basil II
3793:in 2023
3514:Pakistan
3476:619,970
3468:253,900
3460:205,530
3452:159,440
3444:133,760
3436:111,680
3352:145,390
3307:231,560
3304:179,830
3301:163,780
3295:126,900
3262:376,947
3259:257,434
3256:256,845
3253:231,550
3250:188,534
3247:146,723
3244:126,975
3241:114,966
2843:Portugal
2633:Ireland
2592:Hungary
2510:Germany
2385:Denmark
2300:Bulgaria
2258:Belgium
2131:Austria
2018:Pakistan
1943:694,598
1940:371,428
1937:331,562
1934:248,445
1931:120,379
1928:105,402
1913:889,922
1910:549,993
1907:203,131
1862:830,428
1859:609,135
1856:400,245
1853:391,738
1850:214,281
1847:207,469
1844:153,617
1825:855,130
1822:548,120
1819:106,283
1779:829,023
1776:256,938
1773:122,874
1738:494,832
1735:222,222
1732:204,242
1729:134,882
1726:111,417
1697:739,414
1694:244,985
1691:241,431
1688:189,740
1685:228,600
1653:160,966
1612:415,328
1609:120,796
1569:347,960
1534:877,312
1531:491,767
1528:279,302
1481:582,941
1478:111,493
1447:856,847
1444:521,667
1441:179,574
1397:517,383
1359:510,243
1356:232,351
1321:718,039
1318:550,756
1315:185,023
1312:134,793
1269:902,210
1266:367,466
1263:159,851
1235:343,059
1232:169,648
1229:105,910
1194:797,927
1191:454,166
1188:266,896
1153:154,132
1150:102,922
1116:Portugal
1098:840,612
1095:338,979
1092:142,399
1064:940,908
1061:675,941
1058:347,850
1055:224,618
1052:100,180
1026:190,328
1023:141,599
1020:117,251
985:193,352
982:149,415
979:109,794
944:132,365
903:411,055
900:247,906
897:175,791
857:906,053
854:582,713
851:164,957
811:944,755
808:265,354
805:237,332
781:Germany
770:683,965
767:220,492
764:144,489
735:127,676
692:135,037
656:Denmark
651:246,103
648:166,396
645:118,516
615:Belgium
610:198,004
607:124,791
574:Austria
5672:Vietnam
5608:Ukraine
5551:Romania
5511:Nigeria
5406:Hungary
5384:Germany
5379:Georgia
5362:Finland
5347:Croatia
5281:Belgium
5276:Belarus
5266:Austria
5256:Armenia
5246:Albania
5213:nominal
5199:Europe
5183:nominal
5126:nominal
5111:nominal
5096:nominal
5081:nominal
5072:Africa
4877:Nominal
4720:(ed.):
4411:Albania
3826:Period
3483:Empires
3349:77,600
3346:93,060
3340:61,640
3328:27,400
3319:19,240
3283:63,670
3274:38,910
3238:91,073
3235:77,937
3232:66,997
3229:58,152
3174:56,103
3171:43,700
3168:44,074
3165:40,623
3162:36,273
3159:29,441
3156:23,551
3153:19,628
3150:16,072
3147:12,591
3144:10,431
3056:Sweden
2967:75,964
2964:32,600
2961:52,420
2958:43,830
2955:32,000
2952:21,180
2949:23,250
2946:22,920
2943:14,400
2940:12,700
2937:11,200
2934:10,550
2928:Russia/
2886:Romania
2837:12,885
2758:Norway
2710:24,701
2707:19,510
2704:17,624
2701:15,598
2698:14,820
2695:12,435
2692:11,745
2689:11,273
2686:10,466
2551:Greece
2546:77,178
2543:45,002
2540:49,760
2537:45,523
2534:35,800
2531:26,454
2528:19,993
2525:16,697
2522:12,771
2519:10,395
2505:39,284
2502:36,262
2499:27,401
2496:26,869
2493:23,500
2490:19,758
2487:17,381
2484:16,800
2481:13,326
2478:11,870
2475:10,335
2469:France
2427:Finland
2204:26,050
2201:23,970
2198:19,400
2195:15,380
2192:12,297
2189:11,380
1904:79,486
1901:45,234
1898:31,266
1895:25,776
1892:23,473
1889:19,383
1886:13,835
1841:81,683
1838:75,535
1816:40,588
1813:22,468
1810:15,270
1807:12,291
1804:12,637
1801:10,495
1798:12,415
1795:10,120
1770:53,155
1767:36,451
1764:28,440
1761:24,582
1758:20,822
1723:90,750
1720:74,250
1717:60,500
1714:33,750
1711:33,750
1682:82,800
1679:96,000
1676:61,800
1673:26,550
1670:26,820
1650:71,653
1647:25,393
1644:20,739
1641:15,390
1606:27,311
1603:14,921
1566:94,875
1563:21,097
1525:67,368
1522:25,921
1498:Mexico
1475:13,499
1438:65,558
1435:13,119
1394:98,374
1391:12,548
1353:83,646
1350:37,678
1347:16,196
1344:11,426
1329:Former
1309:50,163
1306:24,906
1303:11,393
1260:81,213
1257:65,602
1254:44,183
1251:10,925
1248:14,433
1226:30,600
1223:12,478
1185:61,429
1182:41,653
1179:19,556
1176:12,299
1147:63,397
1144:17,615
1089:70,988
1086:56,784
1083:38,450
1077:11,146
1049:36,232
1046:10,709
1017:42,545
1014:16,483
976:47,269
973:17,403
949:Sweden
941:76,733
938:44,852
935:17,728
908:Norway
894:60,642
891:24,955
848:95,487
845:41,814
842:22,535
839:14,630
836:14,410
833:11,550
802:72,149
799:26,819
796:13,650
793:12,656
761:72,100
758:35,468
755:19,539
752:15,559
749:10,912
740:France
732:84,092
729:51,724
726:17,051
698:Finland
689:93,728
686:70,032
683:29,654
680:11,670
642:47,190
639:32,347
636:13,716
604:85,227
601:25,702
598:23,451
436:19,210
419:15,015
402:10,820
5667:Turkey
5652:Taiwan
5645:cities
5628:cities
5598:Sweden
5573:Serbia
5556:Russia
5541:Poland
5521:Norway
5489:Mexico
5438:cities
5401:Greece
5394:cities
5367:France
5330:cities
5301:cities
5296:Canada
5286:Brazil
4783:
4728:
4652:
4594:
4478:
4449:18 May
4193:Africa
4191:, and
3926:28.06
3917:-0.37%
3903:36.57
3866:-0.15%
3849:28.77
3739:0.965%
3716:0.975%
3693:0.171%
3679:27.36
3670:0.201%
3647:0.205%
3624:0.117%
3506:, and
3224:Europe
3217:5,221
3214:3,870
3141:8,245
3133:5,063
3130:4,300
3127:3,700
3124:3,355
3121:2,599
3118:2,100
3115:1,920
3112:1,460
3109:1,200
3092:6,908
3089:4,627
3086:3,824
3083:3,261
3080:2,358
3077:1,700
3074:1,385
3071:1,025
3051:8,511
3048:9,498
3045:7,450
3042:7,333
3039:6,500
3036:5,675
3033:5,400
3030:5,300
3027:5,400
3024:4,700
3021:4,150
3018:3,600
3015:Spain
2973:Serbia
2923:6,780
2920:5,123
2917:2,450
2914:2,125
2911:1,700
2908:1,350
2905:1,100
2880:2,634
2877:2,046
2874:1,800
2871:1,710
2868:1,550
2865:1,360
2862:1,270
2859:1,175
2856:1,100
2834:7,325
2800:Poland
2794:3,812
2791:2,370
2788:1,834
2785:1,601
2782:1,286
2779:1,041
2753:7,987
2750:6,696
2747:4,660
2744:4,150
2741:3,164
2738:2,660
2735:2,188
2732:1,823
2729:1,502
2726:1,318
2723:1,105
2683:8,666
2680:8,951
2677:7,570
2674:Italy
2669:1,907
2666:1,862
2628:4,137
2625:3,025
2587:4,200
2584:2,340
2581:1,540
2516:8,320
2513:7,235
2472:8,582
2464:3,339
2461:1,910
2458:1,670
2455:1,395
2452:1,110
2421:2,893
2418:2,893
2415:2,421
2412:2,031
2409:1,544
2406:1,095
2380:8,050
2377:6,822
2337:2,628
2334:1,613
2331:1,260
2328:1,165
2294:8,501
2291:7,658
2288:6,794
2285:6,308
2282:4,800
2279:3,804
2276:3,256
2273:2,882
2270:2,302
2267:1,809
2264:1,397
2261:1,098
2253:2,760
2250:2,298
2186:9,996
2183:9,190
2180:8,315
2177:7,210
2167:4,320
2164:4,314
2061:Europe
1883:8,030
1878:Africa
1755:8,968
1752:4,845
1708:India
1667:China
1638:9,620
1635:7,700
1632:3,188
1629:1,200
1626:Japan
1600:6,346
1597:3,763
1594:7,288
1591:4,560
1588:2,240
1560:9,921
1557:3,788
1554:2,629
1551:4,100
1548:2,760
1545:1,360
1539:Other
1519:6,214
1516:5,000
1513:2,558
1510:1,134
1507:3,188
1504:1,800
1466:1,120
1341:8,458
1338:2,840
1335:1,560
1300:9,289
1297:6,696
1294:2,600
1291:1,956
1241:Total
1220:4,712
1217:2,110
1214:1,106
1202:1,240
1199:Other
1173:7,481
1170:7,029
1167:4,495
1164:1,800
1161:1,867
1158:Spain
1141:7,467
1138:4,219
1135:3,043
1132:1,638
1080:8,366
1043:6,007
1040:2,815
1011:5,581
1008:2,165
1005:1,068
970:6,927
967:3,098
964:1,231
932:5,988
929:2,360
888:9,952
885:4,288
882:4,047
879:2,072
830:2,250
827:6,475
790:8,256
787:1,435
784:1,225
746:2,763
743:2,366
723:6,389
720:1,999
677:3,782
674:1,471
633:4,529
630:2,288
627:1,561
624:1,225
595:8,419
592:4,104
589:2,483
586:2,093
583:1,414
496:, and
494:Canada
488:, the
486:Russia
482:Europe
461:, and
459:Africa
433:7,640
430:4,350
427:1,730
416:5,653
413:3,400
410:1,280
399:3,577
396:2,450
385:3,926
382:1,493
368:2,994
365:1,294
351:2,508
348:1,113
334:1,899
317:1,312
170:Africa
156:, for
86:cereal
70:income
68:, the
5593:Spain
5516:Nepal
5479:Kenya
5462:Japan
5450:Italy
5411:India
5357:Egypt
5320:China
5308:Chile
5163:ASEAN
4914:(PPP)
4686:Kodai
4500:(PDF)
4440:(PDF)
4176:Basil
4069:Year
3949:24.38
3940:0.56%
3920:17.08
3897:32.91
3894:0.85%
3875:22.87
3869:22.29
3843:28.95
3840:0.44%
3814:rate
3801:Year
3784:China
3771:14.2
3762:0.23%
3725:19.9
3702:20.1
3656:24.3
3633:25.1
3587:32.5
3555:rate
3542:Year
3473:1870
3465:1800
3457:1750
3449:1700
3441:1600
3433:1500
3422:Year
3393:1938
3390:1925
3387:1913
3384:1910
3381:1900
3378:1890
3375:1880
3372:1870
3369:1860
3366:1850
3363:1840
3360:1830
2126:1938
2123:1925
2120:1913
2117:1910
2114:1900
2111:1890
2108:1880
2105:1870
2102:1860
2099:1850
2096:1840
2093:1830
2002:2008
1999:1989
1996:1973
1993:1950
1990:1913
1987:1870
1984:1820
1981:1700
1978:1600
1975:1500
1972:1000
1923:World
823:Italy
569:2008
566:1989
563:1973
560:1950
557:1913
554:1870
551:1820
548:1700
545:1600
542:1500
539:1000
498:Japan
424:1990
407:1980
390:1970
373:1950
356:1938
339:1928
322:1913
305:1900
288:1860
271:1830
254:1800
237:1750
204:Year
190:Japan
135:World
112:are.
34:(GDP)
5677:OECD
5531:Peru
5175:Asia
4927:Past
4781:ISBN
4726:ISBN
4696:NBER
4650:ISBN
4592:ISBN
4512:2016
4476:ISBN
4451:2017
4269:2020
4174:and
4172:Rome
4124:4.5
4109:1000
4019:and
3989:and
3943:8.83
3931:1913
3908:1870
3885:1820
3857:1700
3831:1600
3810:Avg
3753:1950
3730:1913
3719:12.1
3707:1870
3684:1820
3673:24.4
3661:1700
3650:22.4
3638:1600
3627:24.4
3615:1500
3604:28.0
3601:0.0%
3592:1000
3581:32.0
3551:Avg
3516:and
3412:and
3106:930
3103:700
3100:580
3068:860
3065:729
3062:617
3059:557
3004:725
3001:700
2998:560
2995:432
2992:382
2989:345
2986:320
2930:USSR
2902:950
2899:836
2896:760
2853:985
2850:945
2847:860
2776:886
2773:728
2770:642
2767:490
2764:378
2761:316
2720:913
2578:910
2575:780
2572:640
2569:440
2566:365
2563:250
2560:220
2557:200
2449:860
2446:670
2443:550
2440:420
2437:370
2434:295
2431:256
2403:788
2400:612
2397:476
2394:361
2391:292
2388:256
2325:970
2322:808
2319:611
2316:616
2313:588
2020:and
1501:880
1472:833
1469:920
1463:748
1460:448
1432:951
1429:306
1426:320
1423:320
1420:228
1417:176
1388:527
1385:600
1382:800
1379:520
1376:272
1331:USSR
1211:975
1208:632
1205:504
1129:814
1126:606
1123:255
1120:180
1037:800
1034:320
1002:750
999:411
996:123
993:128
961:626
958:382
955:160
926:777
923:361
920:266
917:183
876:723
873:128
717:913
714:255
711:215
708:136
671:727
668:569
665:443
662:144
621:170
618:135
580:298
577:213
455:Asia
393:810
379:889
376:338
362:678
359:293
345:568
342:252
331:958
328:430
325:217
314:813
311:297
308:184
300:521
297:702
294:118
291:159
283:296
280:662
274:150
266:208
263:605
257:137
249:155
246:495
240:112
166:Asia
29:real
5416:PPP
5228:GDP
5203:PPP
5188:PPP
5141:PPP
5121:PPP
5106:PPP
5091:PPP
5076:PPP
4868:GDP
4866:by
4178:'s
4118:6.8
4115:680
4104:20
4095:570
4059:GDP
3937:552
3914:530
3891:600
3863:600
3837:600
3791:GDP
3765:4.2
3759:619
3748:17
3742:7.5
3736:599
3713:533
3690:533
3667:550
3644:550
3621:550
3610:28
3598:450
3575:450
3532:GDP
1031:UK
952:80
914:80
911:40
870:85
705:16
659:72
277:67
260:47
243:35
158:GNP
125:GNP
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3343:β
3337:β
3334:β
3331:β
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3322:β
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3292:β
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3277:β
3211:β
3208:β
3205:β
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3196:β
3193:β
3190:β
3187:β
3184:β
3010:β
3007:β
2983:β
2980:β
2977:β
2893:β
2890:β
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2828:β
2825:β
2822:β
2819:β
2816:β
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2810:β
2807:β
2804:β
2663:β
2660:β
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2654:β
2651:β
2648:β
2645:β
2642:β
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2371:β
2368:β
2365:β
2362:β
2359:β
2356:β
2353:β
2350:β
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2307:β
2304:β
2247:β
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2241:β
2238:β
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2223:β
2220:β
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2207:β
2161:β
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