318:
steam traction" is based on rolling stock type. Lines worked by enclosed "tramway type" locomotives are classified as "steam tramways," and those worked by unenclosed locomotives are classified as "light railways." By this standard, virtually all
Japanese examples of "steam tramways" would be classified as "light railways," because none (based on the photographic record) used European-type enclosed locomotives. Also in Japan, many of today's suburban electric railways were built under "tramway" concessions ("licenses") and were eventually changed to "railway" concessions. These lines had many "tramway" characteristics as built but few today.
333:"Closing date" is the last "full" day on which passenger service was offered to the public. Service often extended into the small hours (i.e. past midnight) of the next day. Closure ceremonies and farewell excursions were sometimes held following the end of public service. Some lines were closed following damage suffered as the result of storms, earthquakes or war. In some such cases, closure was not made permanent for some time following the actual last day of public service. Again, the actual "last day of operation" is tabulated.
380:
than electricity (e.g. horse, steam). Likely countries include Brazil (because of geographic size and incomplete records related to tramways), Mexico (because of its large number of horse- and mule-worked tramways) and the US (because of geographic size and lack of centralized records related to tramways). It is believed to be unlikely, but possible, that the historic record does not include all electric town tramways that ever existed.
336:
Operation of some systems was interrupted for prolonged periods (one year or longer) for various reasons, including natural- or man-made catastrophe, financial difficulty or conflict between tramway undertakings and local authorities. These are tabulated if known. Other systems (virtually all of them
379:
It is believed to be very likely that the historic record does not include "all" public town tramways that ever existed. Town tramways that escaped notice by historians (and regulatory authorities) are thought to have been 1.) located away from Europe, and 2.) worked by some form of traction other
349:
Many town tramway networks extended across municipal boundaries. "Suburban" municipalities have, in general, not been tabulated separately except in cases of dedicated "local" or "town" services. Examples include
Footscray, Australia. A general exception to this principle is the UK, where tramways
317:
No "universal" distinctions can be made between "town tramways" and other light railways because "tramway" and "railway" practices (and laws) varied considerably between countries. For example, the prevailing
European standard to distinguish between "steam tramways" and "light railways, worked by
375:
Specific to the US, it is not unknown to find examples of tramways, listed in historic documents among operating systems, that did not in fact exist. It is also not uncommon to find picture postcards, dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, showing tramcars operating in towns where
371:
Many towns planned tramways that were not built. So-called "paper tramways" are beyond the scope of this list. However, in a small number of cases, construction of a town tramway system was started (and, in a very few cases, completed) but the system did not open for public service. These are
321:
Some town tramway systems had lines or groups of lines that were geographically isolated from the "main" system. Long-lived examples (i.e. excepting those during formative or closing years) are tabulated if known. Examples include
Volgograd, Russia and New York City, US.
362:
The rural tramway networks of
Belgium, France and The Netherlands, and US "interurban" and "rural trolley" lines (the latter found mostly in New England states) have generally not been tabulated. These categories fully deserve their own lists.
340:
In some cases, goods (freight) service continued following closure of passenger operation. These have not been tabulated because of incomplete information. Goods service over town tramway systems is a potential category for a separate list.
399:
873:
Schramm, Jack E., William H. Henning and
Andrews, Richard R. 1984. "Detroit's Street Railways, Volume III: When Eastern Michigan Rode the Rails" (CERA Bulletin 123) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans'
376:
tramways did not exist. (Similar circumstances are likely to exist for other countries.) Certain examples are tabulated, primarily because they appear in well-known historic records and tabulations.
870:
Schramm, Jack E., William H. Henning and Thomas J. Devorman. 1980. "Detroit's Street
Railways, Volume II" (CERA Bulletin 120) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
394:
956:
Swett, Ira. 1970. "Montana's
Trolleys - III: Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Missoula, Proposed Lines, The Milwaukee Road (Interurbans Special 51) (No ISBN). Los Angeles: Interurbans.
137:
520:
Carlson, Norman (ed.), with Robert J. Levis (Research
Coordinator). 1975. "Iowa Trolleys" (CERA Bulletin 114) (No ISBN). *Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
222:
97:
621:
Hilton, George W. 1997. "The Cable Car in
America: A New Treatise upon Cable or Rope Traction As Applied to the Working of Street and Other Railways," Revised Edition (
867:
Schramm, Jack E., and William H. Henning. 1978. "Detroit's Street Railways, Volume I" (CERA Bulletin 117) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
229:
152:
250:
257:
234:
23:
356:
Many suburban, rural and intercity light railway undertakings operated dedicated "local" or "town" service within on-line towns. These are tabulated if known.
517:
Canfield, Joseph M. 1972. "TM: The Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Company" (CERA Bulletin) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
330:"Opening date" is that upon which public passenger service was first offered. Test runs and inaugural ceremonies often occurred before this "opening date."
404:
207:
706:
Misek, Frank J. (ed.). 1960. "The Electric Railways of Indiana Part III" (CERA Bulletin 104) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
508:
Canfield, Joseph M. (ed.) 1965. "Electric Railways of Northeastern Ohio" (CERA Bulletin 108) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
353:"Suburban" extensions of town tramway networks are tabulated where known. Lines having a "rural" or "interurban" character are generally not tabulated.
703:
Misek, Frank J. (ed.). 1958. "The Electric Railways of Indiana Part I" (CERA Bulletin 101) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
359:
Many suburban, rural and intercity (interurban) light railway services carried "local" passengers within various towns. Such towns are not tabulated.
263:
147:
192:
187:
167:
476:
Blower, James M., and Robert S. Korach. 1966. "The NOT&L Story" (CERA Bulletin 109) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
280:
217:
172:
132:
122:
112:
107:
102:
92:
82:
77:
72:
268:
212:
202:
182:
177:
162:
157:
127:
117:
66:
48:
1206:
1201:
1025:
1004:
452:
273:
197:
142:
59:
893:
350:
operated as separate municipal undertakings by adjacent towns are tabulated (and grouped by region). Examples include Glasgow and environs.
53:
551:
Davies, W. K. J. 1986. "100 years of the Belgian vicinal: SNCV/NMVB, 1885-1985 : a century of secondary rail transport in Belgium" (
409:
635:
Janssen, William C. 1954. "The Illinois Traction System" (CERA Bulletin 98) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
607:
Harper, James P. 1953. "Electric Railways of Wisconsin" (CERA Bulletin 97) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
700:
Misek, Frank J. 1956. "The Electric Railways of Iowa" (CERA Bulletin 100) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
986:
975:
964:
940:
929:
918:
882:
861:
844:
830:
816:
802:
785:
774:
753:
739:
725:
714:
694:
683:
672:
654:
643:
626:
615:
601:
587:
567:
556:
531:
511:
Canfield, Joseph M. (ed.) 1968. "West Penn Traction" (CERA Bulletin 110) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
498:
484:
466:
245:
240:
664:
Krambles, George. 1952. "Electric Railways of Ohio" (CERA Bulletin 96) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
899:"Smaller Electric Railways of Illinois, The" (CERA Bulletin 99) (No ISBN). 1955. Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
573:"Electric Railways of Indiana Part II, The" (CERA Bulletin 102) (No ISBN). 1958. Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
1068:
658:
579:
Fetters, Thomas. 1978. "Palmetto Traction: Electric Railways of South Carolina" (No ISBN) Forty Fort (PA), US: Harold E. Cox.
526:
Chandler, Allison, and Stephen D. Maguire, with Mac Sebree. 1980. “When Oklahoma Took The Trolley” (Interurbans Special 71) (
502:
490:
Brinson, Carroll. 1977. "Jackson: A Special Kind of Place" (LCCN 77-081145) (No ISBN). Jackson, Mississippi: City of Jackson.
470:
953:
Swett, Ira. 1970. "Montana's Trolleys 2: Butte, Anaconda, BAP" (Interurbans Special 50) (No ISBN). Los Angeles: Interurbans.
877:
Schweers, Hans. 1988. "Schmalspurparadies Schweiz," Band 2: Nordostschweiz, Mittelland, Zentralschweiz, Graubünden, Tessin (
19:
888:
Sluiter, J.W. e.a. "Overzicht van de Nederlandsche Spoor- en Tramwegbedrijven" Derde, geheel herziene en uitgebreide druk (
514:
Canfield, Joseph M. 1969. "Badger Traction" (CERA Bulletin 111) (No ISBN). Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
44:
system. Due to excessive size, the original list has been divided into separate articles, based on geographical locations.
766:
Olson, Russell L. 1976. "The Electric Railways of Minnesota" (No ISBN). Hopkins (MN), US: Minnesota Transportation Museum.
576:"Electric Railways of Michigan, The" (CERA Bulletin 103) (No ISBN). 1959. Chicago: Central Electric Railfans' Association.
853:
Reifschneider, Felix E. 1948. "Trolley Lines of the Empire State" (No ISBN). Orlando (FL), U.S.: published by the author.
27:
967:). 1995. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.
932:). 1996. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.
850:
Reifschneider, Felix E. 1947. "Toonervilles of the Empire State" (No ISBN). Orlando (FL), U.S.: published by the author.
1138:
1063:
748:
Morrison, Allen. 1996. "Latin America by Streetcar: A Pictorial Survey of Urban Rail Transport South of the U.S.A." (
1161:
424:
856:
Röhr, Gustav. 1986. "Schmalspurparadies Schweiz," Band 1: Berner Oberland, Jura, Westschweiz, Genfer See, Wallis (
548:
Cox, Harold E. 1991. "Diamond State Trolleys - Electric Railways of Delaware." Forty Fort (PA), US: Harold E. Cox.
541:
Charlton, E. Harper. 1955. "Street Railways of New Orleans" (Interurbans Specian No. 17, No ISBN). Los Angeles:
970:
Turner, Keith. 1996. "The Directory of British Tramways: Every Passenger-Carrying Tramway, Past and Present" (
1167:
632:
Howarth, W. Des. 1971. "Tramway Systems of Southern Africa" (No ISBN). Johannesburg: published by the author.
946:
Swett, Ira, with Fred Fellow. 1954. “Interurbans of Utah” (Interurbans Special 15) (No ISBN). Los Angeles:
689:
McCarthy, Ken. 1983. "Steaming Down Argent Street: A History of the Broken Hill Steam Tramways 1902-1926" (
593:
Gragt, Frits van der. 1968. "Europe's Greatest Tramway Network" (No ISBN). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
414:
1126:
1103:
Assotram - Tramvies i troleibusos a Catalunya i Espanya/Trams & trolleybuses in Catalonia and Spain
389:
314:
Determining which towns "had trams" (or "streetcars") requires subjective judgment to some degree.
1113:
1107:
1144:
1089:
1076:
1057:
1085:
1072:
1053:
1049:
1021:
1000:
982:
981:
Waller, Michael H., and Peter Walker. 1992. "British & Irish Tramway Systems since 1945" (
971:
960:
936:
925:
914:
903:
889:
878:
857:
840:
826:
812:
798:
781:
770:
749:
735:
721:
710:
690:
679:
668:
650:
639:
622:
611:
597:
583:
563:
552:
527:
494:
480:
462:
448:
935:"Straßenbahnatlas Rumänien" (compiled by Andreas Günter, Sergei Tarknov and Christian Blank;
582:
Fletcher, Ken. 1995. "Centennial State Trolleys: The Life and Times of Colorado Streetcars" (
1185:
947:
760:
542:
535:
41:
994:
1044:
709:
Molloy, D. Scott. 1998. "All Aboard: The History Of Mass Transportation In Rhode Island" (
1173:
523:
Chandler, Allison. 1963. "Trolley Through the Countryside" (No ISBN). Denver: Sage Books.
22:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
372:
tabulated if known. Examples include Ajaccio (Corsica), France and Ulricehamn, Sweden.
337:"small") operated only on a seasonal basis. Again, these facts are tabulated if known.
87:
1155:
1015:
1195:
1102:
913:
Stewart, Graham. 1993 "The End of the Penny Section" (revised and enlarged edition) (
461:
Bett, W. C., and J. C. Gillam. 1962. "Great British Tramway Networks (4th Edition)" (
419:
458:
Arrivetz, Jean. 1956. "Les Tramways Français" (No ISBN). Lyon: Editions Omni-Presse.
791:
Peschkes, Robert. "World Gazetteer of Tram, Trolleybus, and Rapid Transit Systems."
562:
Dyer, Peter, and Peter Hodge. 1988. "Cane Train: The Sugar-Cane Railways of Fiji" (
610:
Hennick, Louis C., and E. Harper Charlton. 1999. "Street Railways of Louisiana" (
759:
Myers, Rex. 1970. "Montana’s Trolleys: Book 1, Helena" (No ISBN). Los Angeles:
493:
Buckley, R. J. 1984. "Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria" (
649:
King, B. R., and J. H. Price. 1995. "The Tramways of Portugal (4th Edition)" (
429:
310:
operated on tracks built entirely or largely within public streets and roads.
667:
Kramer, Frederick A., with Ed Wadhams. "Connecticut Company's Streetcars" (
924:"Straßenbahnatlas ehem. Sowjetunion / Tramway Atlas of the former USSR" (
907:
286:
This page also provides references and links for all parts of the list.
400:
List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems
729:
596:
Hamm, Edward. 1992. "The Public Service Trolley Lines in New Jersey" (
1168:
Site officiel du Musée des Transports Urbains, Interurbains et Ruraux
769:
Orr, Richard. 1996 O&CB: Streetcars of Omaha and Council Bluffs (
743:
720:
Morrison, Allen. 1989. "The Tramways of Brazil - A 130-Year Survey" (
1179:
1130:
902:
Stewart, Graham. 1985. "When Trams Were Trumps in New Zealand" (
36:
734:
Morrison, Allen. 1992. "The Tramways of Chile - 1858 - 1978" (
570:). Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc.
1149:
1135:(Elektrotransport v gorodakh byvshego SSSR, Dmitry Zinoviev)
1014:
Bona Liu 、Eric Lee、Kenny Yung 、Kelvin Pang、Joe Fung (2013).
943:). 2004. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn.
697:). Sutherland (NSW), Australia: The Sydney Tramway Museum.
686:). Oakleigh (Victoria) Australia: published by the author.
1120:
Electric Transport in Latin America - past & present
1119:
678:
MacCowan, Ian. 1992. "The Tramways of New South Wales" (
447:
Accattatis, Antonio. 2007. "Linee tranviarie a Torino" (
395:
List of largest tram and light rail transit systems ever
1180:
Tram Views of Asia, from the collection of John Rossman
40:(urban tramway, or streetcar) systems as part of their
304:
operated within or close to towns, cities or villages,
780:
Pabst, Martin. 1989. "Tram & Trolley in Africa" (
959:"Tramway & Light Railway Atlas - Germany 1996" (
479:
Brimson, Samuel. 1983. "The Tramways of Australia" (
1162:
North American Light Rail System Maps & Details
1108:
Canadian Paper Electric, Street and Radial Railways
1114:Development of Streetcar Systems in North Carolina
559:). Broxbourne, UK: Light Rail Transit Association.
1084:. Sydney: Transit Australia Publishing. Monthly.
345:Suburban tramways, rural tramways and interurbans
629:). Stanford (CA), US: Stanford University Press.
237:(exclusive of countries having separate lists)
69:(exclusive of countries having separate lists)
646:). Sans Souci (NSW), Australia: Transit Press.
590:). Golden (CO), US: Colorado Railroad Museum.
8:
847:). 1998. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
833:). 1993. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
819:). 1987. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
35:list of cities that have, or once had, town
638:Keenan, David. 1979. "Tramways of Sydney" (
405:List of tram and light rail transit systems
260:(exclusive of Argentina, Brazil and Chile)
989:). Shepperton (Surrey), UK: Ian Allan Ltd.
1127:"Электротранспорт в городах бывшего СССР"
921:). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.
910:). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.
1020:. Tramric & Hong Kong Tramways Ltd.
999:. Tramric & Hong Kong Tramways Ltd.
996:A Centenary Date with Hong Kong Tramways
604:). Poli (IL), US: Transportation Trains.
294:A "town tramway service" is defined as:
805:). 1980. Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company.
1150:Historisch Genootschap de Blauwe Tram
367:"Paper tramways" and unknown tramways
7:
717:). Mount Pleasant (SC), US: Arcadia.
410:Tram and light rail transit systems
1152:(G. J. Groenveld and J. A. Geijp).
896:). 2002 NVBS / uitgeverij Matrijs.
777:). Omaha: published by the author.
14:
1145:Historia del tranvia en Argentina
307:operated with railbound vehicles,
301:provided to the general public,
1139:The Era of the Horse Drawn Car
659:Light Rail Transit Association
503:Light Rail Transit Association
471:Light Railway Transport League
298:a passenger transport service,
1:
788:). Krefeld: Röhr Verlag GMBH.
675:). Newton (NJ), US: Carstens.
487:). Sydney: Dreamweaver Books.
1207:Town tramway systems by city
1202:Tram transport-related lists
1156:Mass Transit in Rhode Island
1064:Tramways & Urban Transit
618:). Gretna (LA), US: Pelican.
455:). Firenze: Phasar Edizioni.
885:). Aachen: Schweers + Wall.
864:). Aachen: Schweers + Wall.
1223:
425:List of trolleybus systems
17:
1174:Straßenbahnen Jugoslawien
1071:Publishing Ltd. Monthly.
756:). New York: Bonde Press.
326:Opening and closing dates
1176:(Blickpunkt Straßenbahn)
978:). Somerset, UK: Haynes.
837:Part Four, North America
745:. New York: Bonde Press.
731:. New York: Bonde Press.
1186:World Rail Transit List
795:Part One, Latin America
811:/ Africa / Australia (
534:). Glendale (CA), US:
501:). Milton Keynes, UK:
290:Criteria for inclusion
1050:The Motor Bus Society
415:List of metro systems
56:(exclusive of Japan)
1164:(Light Rail Central)
1141:(J. Douglas Cummins)
1067:. Peterborough, UK:
1048:. Paramus (NJ), US:
24:adding missing items
809:Part Two, Asia+USSR
390:List of interurbans
1116:(Walter R. Turner)
823:Part Three, Europe
1158:(D. Scott Molloy)
1082:Transit Australia
1027:978-988-16655-8-4
1006:978-988-16655-0-8
993:Eric Lee (2012).
453:978-88-87911-78-7
1214:
1182:(Allen Morrison)
1134:
1129:. Archived from
1122:(Allen Morrison)
1031:
1017:Tram Art Gallery
1010:
536:Interurban Press
42:public transport
28:reliable sources
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726:0-9622348-1-8
723:
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715:0-7524-1256-6
712:
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696:
695:0-909372-13-6
692:
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684:0-949600-25-3
681:
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673:0-911868-82-8
670:
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655:0-948106-19-0
652:
648:
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644:0-909338-02-7
641:
637:
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631:
628:
627:0-8047-3051-2
624:
620:
617:
616:1-56554-564-8
613:
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602:0-933449-12-7
599:
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588:0-918654-51-3
585:
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569:
568:0-908573-50-2
565:
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557:0-900433-97-3
554:
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547:
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537:
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532:0-916374-35-1
529:
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516:
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510:
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499:0-900433-96-5
496:
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464:
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420:Rapid transit
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20:dynamic list
15:
1037:Periodicals
948:Interurbans
761:Interurbans
657:). London:
543:Interurbans
208:Switzerland
153:Netherlands
1196:Categories
430:Trolleybus
33:This is a
18:This is a
1090:0818-5204
1077:1460-8324
1058:0739-117X
264:Argentina
148:Lithuania
1170:(AMTUIR)
908:12723934
384:See also
193:Slovenia
188:Slovakia
168:Portugal
88:Bulgaria
436:Sources
281:Oceania
218:Ukraine
173:Romania
138:Ireland
133:Hungary
123:Germany
113:Finland
108:Estonia
103:Denmark
93:Croatia
83:Belgium
78:Belarus
73:Austria
37:tramway
1088:
1075:
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1024:
1003:
985:
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269:Brazil
246:Mexico
241:Canada
213:Turkey
203:Sweden
183:Serbia
178:Russia
163:Poland
158:Norway
128:Greece
118:France
67:Europe
49:Africa
441:Books
274:Chile
198:Spain
143:Italy
60:Japan
26:with
1086:ISSN
1073:ISSN
1069:LRTA
1054:ISSN
1022:ISBN
1001:ISBN
983:ISBN
972:ISBN
961:ISBN
937:ISBN
926:ISBN
915:ISBN
904:OCLC
890:ISBN
879:ISBN
858:ISBN
841:ISBN
827:ISBN
813:ISBN
799:ISBN
782:ISBN
771:ISBN
750:ISBN
736:ISBN
722:ISBN
711:ISBN
691:ISBN
680:ISBN
669:ISBN
651:ISBN
640:ISBN
623:ISBN
612:ISBN
598:ISBN
584:ISBN
564:ISBN
553:ISBN
528:ISBN
495:ISBN
481:ISBN
463:ISBN
449:ISBN
54:Asia
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