5248:
1052:(ARIC) Study is a community-based cohort from 4 geographically diverse US communities. The ARIC Study found that the proportion of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease cases potentially attributable to elevated Lp(a) was 10.2% among Black adults compared with 4.7% among white adults. The population-attributable fraction ratio for Black adults compared with white adults was 2.30. Because the hazard ratios for ASCVD associated with higher Lp(a) did not significantly differ between races, the ARIC study concluded that these differences appeared to be driven largely by racial differences in the distribution of Lp(a) levels.
236:
261:
5084:
5039:
5114:
5099:
5069:
5054:
469:
267:
61:
1098:-causing cholesterol and binds atherogenic pro-inflammatory oxidised phospholipids as a preferential carrier of oxidised phospholipids in human plasma, which attracts inflammatory cells to vessel walls and leads to smooth muscle cell proliferation. Moreover, Lp(a) also is hypothesised to be involved in wound healing and tissue repair by interacting with components of the vascular wall and
1042:
two- to threefold higher mean Lp(a) plasma concentration in populations of
African descent compared to Asian, Oceanic, or European populations. The general inverse correlation between apo(a) isoform size and Lp(a) plasma concentration is observed in all populations. However, it was also discovered that mean Lp(a) associated with certain apo(a) isoforms varies between populations.
1163:, and stroke. However, the association between Lp(a) levels and stroke is not as strong as that between Lp(a) and cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) concentrations may be affected by disease states (for example kidney failure), but are only slightly affected by diet, exercise, and other environmental factors.
2233:
Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, Ference BA, Arsenault BJ, Berglund L, Dweck MR, Koschinsky M, Lambert G, Mach F, McNeal CJ, Moriarty PM, Natarajan P, Nordestgaard BG, Parhofer KG, Virani SS, von
Eckardstein A, Watts GF, Stock JK, Ray KK, Tokgözoğlu LS, Catapano AL. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic
2223:
Patel AP, Wang (汪敏先) M, Pirruccello JP, Ellinor PT, Ng K, Kathiresan S, Khera AV. Lp(a) (Lipoprotein) Concentrations and
Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights From a Large National Biobank. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Jan;41(1):465-474. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315291.
1242:
Prior studies of the relationship between Lp(a) and ethnicity have shown inconsistent results. Lp(a) levels seem to differ in different populations. For example, in some
African populations, Lp(a) levels are higher on average than in other groups, so that using a risk threshold of 30 mg/dl could
1283:
Lp(a) appears with different isoforms (per kringle repeats) of apolipoprotein; 40% of the variation in Lp(a) levels when measured in mg/dl can be attributed to different isoforms. Lighter Lp(a) are also associated with disease. Thus, a test with simple quantitative results may not provide a complete
1243:
classify over 50% of the individuals as higher risk. Some part of this complexity may be related to the different genetic factors involved in determining Lp(a) levels. One recent study showed that in different ethnic groups, different genetic alterations were associated with increased Lp(a) levels.
1187:
High Lp(a) correlates with early atherosclerosis independently of other cardiac risk factors, including LDL. In patients with advanced cardiovascular disease, Lp(a) indicates a coagulant risk of plaque thrombosis. Apo(a) contains domains that are very similar to plasminogen (PLG). Lp(a) accumulates
1333:
L-carnitine may also reduce Lp(a) levels. A systematic review and meta-analysis found a significant reduction with oral but not intravenous carnitine. Other medications that are in various stages of development include thyromimetics, cholesterol-ester-transfer protein (CETP inhibitors), anti-sense
1238:
If the level is elevated, treatment should be initiated to bring the level below 50 mg/dL. In addition, the patient's other cardiovascular risk factors (including LDL levels) should be managed optimally. Apart from the total Lp(a) plasma concentration, the apo(a) isoform might be an important
1041:
Lp(a) concentrations can vary by more than one thousand between individuals, from <0.2 to >200 mg/dL. This range of concentrations is observed in all populations studied by scientists so far. The mean and median concentrations differ among world populations. Most prominently, there is a
1353:
now recommends that all children between the ages of nine and eleven years old be screened for hyperlipidemia. Lp(a) levels should be considered in particular in children with a family history of early heart disease or high blood cholesterol levels. However, there have not been enough studies to
1195:
In one homogeneous tribal population of
Tanzania, vegetarians have higher levels of Lp(a) than fish eaters, raising the possibility that pharmacologic amounts of fish oil supplements may help lower the levels of Lp(a). Researchers in studies in 1995 and 1998 concluded that regular consumption of
1138:
The half-life of Lp(a) in circulation is approximately three to four days. The mechanism and sites of Lp(a) catabolism are largely unknown. The LDL receptor has been reported as a receptor for Lp(a) clearance, but is not a major pathway of Lp(a) metabolism under normal or hypercholesterolemic
2281:
Grant JK, Martin SS, Zhang S, Matsushita K, Virani SS, Blumenthal RS, Hoogeveen RC, Boerwinkle E, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, Ndumele CE. Racial
Differences in the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Related to Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels: The ARIC Study. Circulation. 2024 Jul
1024:
There is a general inverse correlation between the size of the apo(a) isoform and the Lp(a) plasma concentration. One theory explaining this correlation involves different rates of protein synthesis. Specifically, the larger the isoform, the more apo(a) precursor protein accumulates
1250:
Study followed 3467 African
Americans and 9851 whites for 20 years. The researchers found that an elevated Lp(a) conferred the same risk in each group. African Americans had roughly three times the level of Lp(a), however, and Lp(a) also predicted an increased risk of stroke.
4489:
Anagnostis P, Galanis P, Chatzistergiou V, Stevenson JC, Godsland IF, Lambrinoudaki I, et al. (May 2017). "The effect of hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on lipoprotein (a) concentrations in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
87:
1208:. Animal studies have shown that Lp(a) may directly contribute to atherosclerotic damage by increasing plaque size, inflammation, instability, and smooth muscle cell growth. Genetic data also support the theory that Lp(a) causes cardiovascular disease.
4827:"Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation results in retention of intracellular apo[a] in hepatoma cells, although nonglycosylated and immature forms of apolipoprotein[a] are competent to associate with apolipoprotein B-100 in vitro"
1105:
Nonetheless, individuals without Lp(a) or with very low Lp(a) levels seem to be healthy. Thus, plasma Lp(a) is not vital, at least under normal environmental conditions. Since apo(a)/Lp(a) appeared rather recently in mammalian evolution – only
1254:
Approximate levels of risk are indicated by the results below, although at present there are a variety of different methods by which to measure Lp(a). A standardized international reference material has been developed and is accepted by the
1211:
The
European Atherosclerosis Society currently recommends that patients with a moderate or high risk of cardiovascular disease should have their Lp(a) levels checked. Any patient with one of the following risk factors should be screened:
3369:
Sahebkar A, Reiner Ž, Simental-Mendía LE, Ferretti G, Cicero AF (November 2016). "Effect of extended-release niacin on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials".
2515:
Romagnuolo R, DeMarco K, Scipione CA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML (September 2018). "Apolipoprotein(a) inhibits the conversion of Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen on the surface of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells".
1260:
2463:
Romagnuolo R, Scipione CA, Bazzi ZA, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML (August 2018). "Inhibition of pericellular plasminogen activation by apolipoprotein(a): Roles of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and integrins
1130:(vitamin C), which is needed to repair arteries; following the loss of GULO, those primates who adopted diets less abundant in vitamin C may have used Lp(a) as an ascorbic-acid surrogate to repair arterial walls.
1110:
and humans have been shown to harbour Lp(a) – its function might not be vital, but just evolutionarily advantageous under certain environmental conditions, e.g. in case of exposure to certain infectious diseases.
1291:
has given the Tina-quant® lipoprotein Lp(a) RxDx assay from Roche, a
Breakthrough Device Designation. The assay is designed to identify patients who may benefit from therapies aimed at decreasing Lp(a) levels.
2234:
cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a
European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 14;43(39):3925-3946. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361. PMID: 36036785; PMCID: PMC9639807.
1012:
gene. This size variation at the gene level is expressed on the protein level as well, resulting in apo(a) proteins with 10 to more than 50 kringle IV repeats (each of the variable kringle IV consists of 114
2710:
Pan S, Kleppe LS, Witt TA, Mueske CS, Simari RD (September 2004). "The effect of vascular smooth muscle cell-targeted expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in a murine model of arterial thrombosis".
1321:
Testosterone is known to reduce Lp(a) levels. Testosterone replacement therapy also appears to be associated with lower Lp(a) levels. Estrogen replacement therapy in post-menopausal women will reduce Lp(a).
2062:
Sandholzer C, Hallman DM, Saha N, Sigurdsson G, Lackner C, Császár A, et al. (April 1991). "Effects of the apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism on the lipoprotein(a) concentration in 7 ethnic groups".
5083:
4216:
Boerwinkle E, Menzel HJ, Kraft HG, Utermann G (April 1989). "Genetics of the quantitative Lp(a) lipoprotein trait. III. Contribution of Lp(a) glycoprotein phenotypes to normal lipid variation".
4089:"Use of a reference material proposed by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine to evaluate analytical methods for the determination of plasma lipoprotein(a)"
1188:
in the vessel wall and inhibits the binding of PLG to the cell surface, reducing plasmin generation, which increases clotting. This inhibition of PLG by Lp(a) also promotes the proliferation of
3405:
Artemeva NV, Safarova MS, Ezhov MV, Afanasieva OI, Dmitrieva OA, Pokrovsky SN (May 2015). "Lowering of lipoprotein(a) level under niacin treatment is dependent on apolipoprotein(a) phenotype".
5038:
2120:
Lobentanz EM, Krasznai K, Gruber A, Brunner C, Müller HJ, Sattler J, et al. (April 1998). "Intracellular metabolism of human apolipoprotein(a) in stably transfected Hep G2 cells".
3640:
Klausen IC, Sjøl A, Hansen PS, Gerdes LU, Møller L, Lemming L, et al. (July 1997). "Apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and coronary heart disease in men: a nested case-control study".
3840:
1033:. Lp(a) is not fully synthesised until the precursor protein is released from the cell, so the slower rate of production for the larger isoforms limits the plasma concentration.
4267:
5470:
5450:
1256:
4718:
4475:
1307:
A meta-analysis suggested that atorvastatin may lower Lp(a) levels. In severe cases, such as familial hypercholesterolemia or treatment-resistant hypercholesterolemia,
1204:
Numerous studies confirming a strong correlation between elevated Lp(a) and heart disease have led to the consensus that Lp(a) is an important independent predictor of
5154:
274:
5498:
5247:
1064:
cell membrane surface, which is similar to typical LDL particles. However, there are other possible locations of assembly. The particles mainly exist in plasma.
2338:"Variation in lipoprotein(a) concentrations among individuals with the same apolipoprotein (a) isoform is determined by the rate of lipoprotein(a) production"
1538:
Kamstrup PR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (April 2011). "Lipoprotein(a) and risk of myocardial infarction--genetic epidemiologic evidence of causality".
1725:
McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, et al. (1987). "cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen".
2420:
Koschinsky ML, Marcovina SM (April 2004). "Structure-function relationships in apolipoprotein(a): insights into lipoprotein(a) assembly and pathogenicity".
1102:. Apo(a), a distinct feature of the Lp(a) particle, binds to immobilized fibronectin and endows Lp(a) with the serine-proteinase-type proteolytic activity.
4026:"Associations between lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in black and white subjects: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study"
5113:
5098:
5068:
5053:
2247:
Pati N, Rouf A, Pati U (February 2000). "Simultaneous mutations (A/G(-418) and C/T(-384)) in the apo(a) promoter of individuals with low Lp(a) levels".
197:
678:
4142:
Dati F, Tate JR, Marcovina SM, Steinmetz A (2004). "First WHO/IFCC International Reference Reagent for Lipoprotein(a) for Immunoassay--Lp(a) SRM 2B".
5360:
5393:
3092:
4948:
4669:
4598:
4535:
4128:
4073:
4010:
3738:
3675:
3536:
3481:
3251:
2795:
2645:
2210:
2155:
2106:
1923:
1776:
1673:
1521:
3167:
Knight BL, Perombelon YF, Soutar AK, Wade DP, Seed M (April 1991). "Catabolism of lipoprotein(a) in familial hypercholesterolaemic subjects".
5018:
4200:
3497:"Fish intake, independent of apo(a) size, accounts for lower plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in Bantu fishermen of Tanzania: The Lugalawa Study"
3315:
1874:"Genome-Wide Characterization of a Highly Penetrant Form of Hyperlipoprotein(a)emia Associated With Genetically Elevated Cardiovascular Risk"
4868:"Apolipoprotein[a] secretion from hepatoma cells is regulated in a size-dependent manner by alterations in disulfide bond formation"
1443:
1263:. Although further standardization is still needed, development of a reference material is an importance step toward standardizing results.
5549:
5425:
5147:
1247:
1049:
3953:"Variation in LPA is associated with Lp(a) levels in three populations from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"
885:
4614:"Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
4331:
Sahebkar A, Katsiki N, Ward N, Reiner Ž (May 2021). "Flaxseed Supplementation Reduces Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels: A Meta-Analysis".
3118:"Lipoprotein(a) catabolism is regulated by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 through the low density lipoprotein receptor"
2661:"Lipoprotein(a) catabolism is regulated by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 through the low density lipoprotein receptor"
4259:
5388:
1084:
5508:
5211:
1311:
may dramatically reduce Lp(a). The goal of the treatment is to reduce levels to below 50 mg/dL. Cost is prohibitively high.
4782:"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report"
3904:"The importance of the relation between lipoprotein(a) and lipids for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease"
3691:"High levels of Lp(a) with a small apo(a) isoform are associated with coronary artery disease in African American and white men"
5140:
3951:
Dumitrescu L, Glenn K, Brown-Gentry K, Shephard C, Wong M, Rieder MJ, et al. (January 2011). Kloss-Brandstaetter A (ed.).
1430:
1624:"Circulating lipoprotein (a) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis"
1350:
1184:) has been shown to reduce the levels of Lp(a) significantly in individuals with high levels of low-molecular weight Lp(a).
996:
contained in the outer shell of the particle. Lp(a) plasma concentrations are highly heritable and mainly controlled by the
260:
235:
5398:
5380:
3754:"Contribution of the apo[a] phenotype to plasma Lp[a] concentrations shows considerable ethnic variation"
3442:"Lipoprotein (a) binds and inactivates tissue factor pathway inhibitor: a novel link between lipoproteins and thrombosis"
2985:
Kostner GM, Bihari-Varga M (August 1990). "Is the atherogenicity of Lp(a) caused by its reactivity with proteoglycans?".
1426:
5197:
1397:
1288:
1076:
2893:
Tsimikas S, Witztum JL (August 2008). "The role of oxidized phospholipids in mediating lipoprotein(a) atherogenicity".
1196:
moderate amounts of alcohol led to a significant decline in plasma levels of Lp(a). Other studies did not report this.
1363:
3552:"Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations. Reduction is supported by other studies"
2171:"The number of identical kringle IV repeats in apolipoprotein(a) affects its processing and secretion by HepG2 cells"
3795:"Serum LP(a) levels in African aboriginal Pygmies and Bantus, compared with Caucasian and Asian population samples"
3334:
Takagi H, Umemoto T (January 2012). "Atorvastatin decreases lipoprotein(a): a meta-analysis of randomized trials".
273:
5011:
266:
5564:
5559:
5232:
4969:
5092:: NMR Solution Structure, Dynamics and Binding Properties of the Kringle IV Type 8 module of apolipoprotein(a)
4909:"Mapping of a minimal apolipoprotein(a) interaction motif conserved in fibrin(ogen) beta - and gamma -chains"
1166:
Most commonly prescribed lipid-reducing drugs have little or no effect on Lp(a) concentration. Results using
1004:
25.3–q26. Apo(a) proteins vary in size due to a size polymorphism , which is caused by a variable number of
84:
5216:
2385:
Dieplinger H, Utermann G (June 1999). "The seventh myth of lipoprotein(a): where and how is it assembled?".
1402:
1119:
989:
946:
721:
3794:
1205:
1152:
1148:
962:
1192:
cells. These unique features of Lp(a) suggest that Lp(a) causes generation of clots and atherosclerosis.
5554:
5408:
5047:: HIGH RESOLUTION CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF APOLIPOPROTEIN(A) KRINGLE IV TYPE 7: INSIGHTS INTO LIGAND BINDING
4942:
4907:
Klose R, Fresser F, Kochl S, Parson W, Kapetanopoulos A, Fruchart-Najib J, et al. (December 2000).
4712:
4663:
4592:
4529:
4469:
4122:
4067:
4004:
3732:
3669:
3530:
3475:
3245:
2789:
2639:
2204:
2149:
2100:
1917:
1770:
1667:
1515:
1375:
1030:
4551:"The Effects of Tamoxifen on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
4288:
Boden WE, Sidhu MS, Toth PP (March 2014). "The therapeutic role of niacin in dyslipidemia management".
2012:"Lp(a) glycoprotein phenotypes. Inheritance and relation to Lp(a)-lipoprotein concentrations in plasma"
3069:
2169:
Brunner C, Lobentanz EM, Pethö-Schramm A, Ernst A, Kang C, Dieplinger H, et al. (December 1996).
1045:
In addition to size effects, mutations in the LPA promoter may lead to a decreased apo(a) production.
5004:
4625:
3964:
1964:
1734:
1170:
medications have been mixed in most trials, although a meta-analysis published in 2012 suggests that
1099:
1001:
249:
1937:
1234:≥10% ten-year risk of fatal and/or non-fatal cardiovascular disease according to the U.S. guidelines
180:
5569:
5237:
3440:
Caplice NM, Panetta C, Peterson TE, Kleppe LS, Mueske CS, Kostner GM, et al. (November 2001).
1872:
Coassin S, Chemello K, Khantalin I, Forer L, Döttelmayer P, Schönherr S, et al. (April 2022).
3495:
Marcovina SM, Kennedy H, Bittolo Bon G, Cazzolato G, Galli C, Casiglia E, et al. (May 1999).
2754:
Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, McConnell JP, Lennon RJ, Kornman KS, et al. (July 2005).
5370:
4612:
Serban MC, Sahebkar A, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Jones SR, Muntner P, et al. (January 2016).
4313:
4241:
4167:
4024:
Virani SS, Brautbar A, Davis BC, Nambi V, Hoogeveen RC, Sharrett AR, et al. (January 2012).
3933:
3863:"Genetics of the Lp(a)/apo(a) system in an autochthonous Black African population from the Gabon"
3832:
3720:
3084:
2967:
2918:
2736:
2596:
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Borén J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, et al. (December 2010).
2445:
2088:
1758:
1563:
1472:
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Borén J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, et al. (December 2010).
1304:
daily, typically in an extended-release form. Niacin therapy may reduce Lp(a) levels by 20–30%.
1301:
1177:
1091:. It also may enhance coagulation by inhibiting the function of tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
209:
806:
4087:
Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Scanu AM, Kennedy H, Giaculli F, Berg K, et al. (December 2000).
3204:"The low density lipoprotein receptor is not required for normal catabolism of Lp(a) in humans"
3021:"Lipoprotein(a) binds to fibronectin and has serine proteinase activity capable of cleaving it"
1622:
Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Verkaar AJ, Wu Y, van Westing AC, Berk KA, et al. (May 2023).
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5267:
5207:
4976:
4965:
4930:
4889:
4848:
4807:
4763:
4700:
4651:
4580:
4517:
4457:
4422:
4381:
4340:
4305:
4233:
4196:
4159:
4110:
4055:
3992:
3925:
3884:
3824:
3775:
3712:
3657:
3622:
3581:
3518:
3463:
3422:
3387:
3351:
3311:
3288:
3233:
3184:
3149:
3050:
2998:
2959:
2910:
2875:
2840:
2777:
2728:
2692:
2627:
2578:
2533:
2497:
2437:
2402:
2367:
2315:
2264:
2192:
2137:
2080:
2041:
1992:
1984:
1905:
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1813:
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1704:
1655:
1604:
1555:
1503:
1107:
173:
77:
4192:
4186:
3418:
1139:
conditions. The kidney has been identified as playing a role in Lp(a) clearance from plasma.
5339:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5289:
4920:
4879:
4838:
4797:
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4753:
4745:
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3972:
3915:
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3814:
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3702:
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3612:
3571:
3563:
3508:
3453:
3414:
3379:
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3278:
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3215:
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3129:
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2902:
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2282:
16;150(3):250-252. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069582. Epub 2024 Jul 15. PMID: 39008561.
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2182:
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2072:
2031:
2023:
1976:
1965:"Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: New perspectives from basic and translational science"
1895:
1885:
1844:
1803:
1742:
1696:
1645:
1635:
1594:
1547:
1493:
1485:
993:
353:
284:
5485:
5460:
1122:(GULO) deficiency, found only in certain lines of mammals. GULO is required for converting
5334:
5132:
3689:
Paultre F, Pearson TA, Weil HF, Tuck CH, Myerson M, Rubin J, et al. (December 2000).
2493:
1156:
1095:
1088:
1018:
958:
328:
4683:
Parhofer KG (2011). "Lipoprotein(a): medical treatment options for an elusive molecule".
4440:
Parhofer KG (2011). "Lipoprotein(a): medical treatment options for an elusive molecule".
3752:
Helmhold M, Bigge J, Muche R, Mainoo J, Thiery J, Seidel D, et al. (December 1991).
205:
4629:
4549:
Sahebkar A, Serban MC, Penson P, Gurban C, Ursoniu S, Toth PP, et al. (July 2017).
3968:
3116:
Romagnuolo R, Scipione CA, Boffa MB, Marcovina SM, Seidah NG, Koschinsky ML (May 2015).
2659:
Romagnuolo R, Scipione CA, Boffa MB, Marcovina SM, Seidah NG, Koschinsky ML (May 2015).
1738:
1650:
1623:
468:
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4733:
4646:
4613:
4575:
4550:
4188:
Beyond cholesterol: 7 life-saving heart disease tests that your doctor may not give you
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3117:
3036:
2994:
2858:
Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK (November 2011). "Lipoprotein(a): current perspectives".
2835:
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1900:
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4376:
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4041:
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3753:
3653:
3228:
3203:
3045:
3020:
2362:
2337:
2310:
2293:
2036:
2011:
1792:"Characterization of multiple enhancer regions upstream of the apolipoprotein(a) gene"
1231:≥3% ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease according to the European guidelines
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
571:
566:
550:
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3724:
3088:
2922:
2551:
Banach M, Aronow WS, Serban C, Sahabkar A, Rysz J, Voroneanu L, et al. (2015).
2449:
2092:
1567:
992:-like particle and the specific apolipoprotein(a), which is bound covalently to the
60:
5493:
5188:
4317:
3836:
2971:
2740:
2529:
2294:"Cell surface assembly of lipoprotein(a) in primary cultures of baboon hepatocytes"
1790:
Wade DP, Puckey LH, Knight BL, Acquati F, Mihalich A, Taramelli R (November 1997).
1762:
1171:
1080:
954:
346:
226:
4245:
4105:
4088:
3383:
1980:
973:
3977:
3347:
3308:
Hidden Causes of Heart Attack and Stroke: Inflammation, Cardiology's New Frontier
3202:
Rader DJ, Mann WA, Cain W, Kraft HG, Usher D, Zech LA, et al. (March 1995).
2906:
1599:
1582:
1551:
213:
5203:
5192:
5176:
5167:
4734:"New Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Dyslipidemia 2: LDL-C and Lp(a)"
1448:
National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1387:
1371:
1072:
4884:
4867:
4696:
4453:
2871:
2613:
2564:
1890:
1849:
1832:
1640:
1489:
17:
4749:
4566:
3707:
3690:
3567:
3458:
3441:
1335:
1323:
1160:
1061:
1014:
243:
193:
4301:
3513:
3496:
2187:
2170:
2010:
Utermann G, Menzel HJ, Kraft HG, Duba HC, Kemmler HG, Seitz C (August 1987).
1988:
1808:
1791:
4793:
3879:
3862:
3134:
2826:
2677:
1339:
1327:
1079:) and it competes with plasminogen for its binding site, leading to reduced
642:
446:
367:
312:
299:
201:
30:
Not to be confused with members of the apolipoprotein A subgroup, including
4934:
4925:
4908:
4893:
4811:
4767:
4704:
4655:
4584:
4521:
4512:
4461:
4344:
4309:
4163:
4114:
4059:
3996:
3929:
3888:
3716:
3626:
3522:
3467:
3426:
3391:
3355:
3292:
3153:
2914:
2879:
2844:
2781:
2732:
2696:
2631:
2582:
2537:
2501:
2441:
2406:
2268:
2260:
1996:
1909:
1858:
1708:
1659:
1608:
1559:
1507:
4852:
4426:
4385:
4260:"FDA Grants Breakthrough Device Designation to Blood Test Measuring Lp(a)"
4237:
4155:
3828:
3779:
3661:
3585:
3283:
3266:
3237:
3188:
3054:
3002:
2963:
2371:
2319:
2196:
2141:
2084:
2045:
1817:
1754:
1300:
The current simplest treatment for elevated Lp(a) is to take 1–3 grams of
928:
2772:
2755:
2724:
1367:
917:
764:
3019:
Salonen EM, Jauhiainen M, Zardi L, Vaheri A, Ehnholm C (December 1989).
2756:"Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease"
4990:
4980:
4229:
3267:"Evidence mounts for a role of the kidney in lipoprotein(a) catabolism"
2076:
1123:
750:
707:
4637:
3819:
3617:
3600:
3219:
2353:
2133:
2027:
1583:"Lipoprotein (a) and stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies"
1261:
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
5417:
5352:
2954:
2937:
1746:
1167:
966:
898:
664:
1246:
More recent data suggest that prior studies were underpowered. The
5528:
5523:
5518:
5480:
5475:
5435:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5163:
5122:: RECOMBINANT KRINGLE IV-10/W72R MUTANT OF HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN(A)
5107:: RECOMBINANT KRINGLE IV-10/M66 VARIANT OF HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN(A)
5077:: RECOMBINANT KRINGLE IV-10/M66 VARIANT OF HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN(A)
1343:
43:
39:
35:
31:
5062:: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN(A) KRINGLE IV TYPE 6
3793:
Cobbaert C, Mulder P, Lindemans J, Kesteloot H (September 1997).
627:
623:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5440:
5430:
4399:
Zmunda JM, Thompson PD, Dickenson R, Bausserman LL (June 1996).
4358:
Zmunda JM, Thompson PD, Dickenson R, Bausserman LL (June 1996).
2811:"Lipoprotein (a)-We Know So Much Yet Still Have Much to Learn …"
2598:"Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status"
1474:"Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status"
1315:
977:
5136:
5000:
2336:
Rader DJ, Cain W, Zech LA, Usher D, Brewer HB (February 1993).
1687:
Berg K (1963). "A new serum type system in man—the Ld system".
477:
4996:
1540:
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
4975:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
980:
encoding apolipoprotein(a) was successfully cloned in 1987.
4825:
Bonen DK, Nassir F, Hausman AM, Davidson NO (August 1998).
3861:
Schmidt K, Kraft HG, Parson W, Utermann G (February 2006).
1228:
recurrent cardiovascular disease despite statin treatment
336:
4290:
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1833:"Value of Genetic Testing for Lipoprotein(a) Variants"
1342:), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (
1314:
A meta-analysis of six clinical trials confirmed that
2938:"Plasma lipoproteins: teaching old dogmas new tricks"
458:
3601:"Lipoprotein(a) should be taken much more seriously"
2224:
Epub 2020 Oct 29. PMID: 33115266; PMCID: PMC7769893.
1279:
Very high risk: >50 mg/dL (>125 nmol/L)
1017:). These variable apo(a) sizes are known as "apo(a)
957:
have identified lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for
27:
Low-density lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein(a)
5507:
5407:
5379:
5350:
5255:
5175:
4788:. 128 Suppl 5 (Suppl 5): S213–S256. December 2011.
3265:Albers JJ, Koschinsky ML, Marcovina SM (May 2007).
1963:Scipione CA, Koschinsky ML, Boffa MB (2018-01-02).
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1270:
Desirable: <14 mg/dL (<35 nmol/L)
1071:. The structure of apolipoprotein(a) is similar to
863:
844:
820:
799:
3695:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3501:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3070:"A Unified Theory of Human Cardiovascular Disease"
1422:
1420:
1418:
1257:WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization
1222:family history of premature cardiovascular disease
283:
1969:Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
3329:
3327:
3014:
3012:
2553:"Lipids, blood pressure and kidney update 2014"
2242:
2240:
1689:Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica
1354:determine which therapies might be beneficial.
1276:High risk: 31–50 mg/dL (75–125 nmol/L)
4401:"Testosterone decreases lipoprotein(a) in men"
4360:"Testosterone decreases lipoprotein(a) in men"
2331:
2329:
2057:
2055:
1533:
1531:
1318:supplementation modestly lowers Lp(a) levels.
1273:Borderline risk: 14–30 mg/dL (35–75 nmol/L)
1083:. Also, because Lp(a) stimulates secretion of
5148:
5012:
4717:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
4474:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
3599:Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG (October 2009).
1720:
1718:
608:negative regulation of endopeptidase activity
8:
4333:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
1581:Smolders B, Lemmens R, Thijs V (June 2007).
4866:Nassir F, Xie Y, Davidson NO (April 2003).
1878:Circulation. Genomic and Precision Medicine
1837:Circulation. Genomic and Precision Medicine
1427:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198670
1118:, is that Lp(a) is a primate adaptation to
613:low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
5155:
5141:
5133:
5019:
5005:
4997:
4191:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p.
4144:Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
3550:Sharpe PC, Young IS, Evans AE (May 1998).
1831:Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG (April 2022).
1326:has not been shown to reduce Lp(a), while
1248:Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)
638:
493:
324:
221:
95:
4968:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4924:
4883:
4842:
4801:
4757:
4645:
4574:
4511:
4416:
4375:
4104:
4049:
3986:
3976:
3919:
3878:
3818:
3769:
3706:
3616:
3575:
3512:
3457:
3282:
3227:
3143:
3133:
3044:
2953:
2834:
2815:Journal of the American Heart Association
2771:
2686:
2676:
2621:
2572:
2361:
2309:
2186:
2035:
1899:
1889:
1848:
1807:
1649:
1639:
1598:
1497:
972:Lipoprotein(a) was discovered in 1963 by
3419:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2015.02.008
5034:
4185:Ryan, George M, Julius Torelli (2005).
3902:Dahlén GH, Ekstedt B (September 2001).
1414:
184:, AK38, APOA, LP, Lipoprotein(a), Lp(a)
4940:
4710:
4661:
4590:
4527:
4467:
4120:
4065:
4002:
3730:
3667:
3528:
3473:
3243:
2787:
2637:
2292:White AL, Lanford RE (November 1994).
2202:
2147:
2098:
1915:
1768:
1665:
1513:
50:
3208:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2494:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.029
2342:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2016:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
288:
247:
242:
7:
4738:Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis
1147:High Lp(a) in blood correlates with
1067:Lp(a) contributes to the process of
949:variant containing a protein called
4913:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3336:International Journal of Cardiology
3122:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2760:The New England Journal of Medicine
2665:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2298:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2175:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1796:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1050:Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
4947:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4668:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4597:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4534:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4405:The American Journal of Cardiology
4364:The American Journal of Cardiology
4127:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4072:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
4009:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3867:European Journal of Human Genetics
3737:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3674:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3535:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3480:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3310:. Abigon Press. pp. 182–183.
3250:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3077:Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
3037:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08586.x
2794:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2644:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2209:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2154:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2105:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1944:. Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee
1922:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1775:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1701:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb01808.x
1672:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1520:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1114:Another possibility, suggested by
860:
841:
817:
796:
774:
755:
731:
712:
688:
669:
536:serine-type endopeptidase activity
463:
424:
362:
341:
25:
4042:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.045120
2989:. 11 Suppl E (Suppl E): 184–189.
2249:Molecular Genetics and Metabolism
5246:
5112:
5097:
5082:
5067:
5052:
5037:
4732:Kim KA, Park HJ (January 2023).
3921:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00889.x
3799:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
2995:10.1093/eurheartj/11.suppl_e.184
2434:10.1097/00041433-200404000-00009
2399:10.1097/00041433-199906000-00010
1628:European Journal of Epidemiology
1225:family history of elevated Lp(a)
1216:premature cardiovascular disease
526:endopeptidase inhibitor activity
467:
272:
265:
259:
234:
59:
4504:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.02.009
4270:from the original on 2024-05-26
3843:from the original on 2024-06-11
3098:from the original on 2018-12-26
2936:Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1987).
988:Lipoprotein(a) consists of an
2530:10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.002
1351:American Academy of Pediatrics
1219:familial hypercholesterolaemia
961:and related diseases, such as
541:serine-type peptidase activity
478:More reference expression data
447:More reference expression data
402:olfactory zone of nasal mucosa
1:
4844:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32192-1
4685:Current Pharmaceutical Design
4442:Current Pharmaceutical Design
4418:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00174-9
4377:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00174-9
3811:10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00129-7
3771:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41895-4
3654:10.1016/S0021-9150(97)00071-3
3384:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.08.007
2895:Current Opinion in Lipidology
2860:Current Vascular Pharmacology
2422:Current Opinion in Lipidology
2387:Current Opinion in Lipidology
2311:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)61964-2
1981:10.1080/10408363.2017.1415866
1334:oligonucleopeptides (such as
257:
3978:10.1371/journal.pone.0016604
3908:Journal of Internal Medicine
3407:Atherosclerosis. Supplements
3348:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.060
3181:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90025-X
2907:10.1097/MOL.0b013e328308b622
1600:10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480657
1552:10.3109/00365513.2010.550311
1398:Very-low-density lipoprotein
1077:tissue plasminogen activator
5550:Genes on human chromosome 6
4989:(Apolipoprotein(a)) at the
4106:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.1956
572:plasma lipoprotein particle
5586:
4885:10.1194/jlr.M200451-JLR200
4697:10.2174/138161211795428777
4454:10.2174/138161211795428777
3068:Pauling L, Rath M (1992).
2872:10.2174/157016111797484071
2713:Thrombosis and Haemostasis
2565:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.009
1891:10.1161/CIRCGEN.121.003489
1850:10.1161/CIRCGEN.122.003737
1641:10.1007/s10654-022-00956-4
1060:Lp(a) is assembled at the
29:
5244:
5032:
4872:Journal of Lipid Research
4831:Journal of Lipid Research
4750:10.12997/jla.2023.12.1.37
4567:10.1007/s40265-017-0767-4
3758:Journal of Lipid Research
3708:10.1161/01.ATV.20.12.2619
3568:10.1136/bmj.316.7145.1675
3459:10.1182/blood.V98.10.2980
1444:"Human PubMed Reference:"
932:
927:
923:
916:
897:
886:Chr 6: 160.53 – 160.66 Mb
880:
867:
848:
837:
824:
803:
792:
781:
777:
762:
758:
749:
738:
734:
719:
715:
706:
695:
691:
676:
672:
663:
648:
641:
637:
621:
496:
492:
475:
466:
457:
444:
431:
427:
374:
365:
335:
327:
323:
306:
293:
256:
233:
224:
220:
191:
188:
178:
171:
166:
103:
98:
81:
76:
71:
67:
58:
53:
4970:Medical Subject Headings
4302:10.1177/1074248413514481
3514:10.1161/01.ATV.19.5.1250
3306:Christian Wilde (2003).
2614:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386
2557:Pharmacological Research
2188:10.1074/jbc.271.50.32403
1809:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30387
1490:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386
1362:Lp(a) has been shown to
1239:risk parameter as well.
1134:Catabolism and clearance
1094:Moreover, Lp(a) carries
5381:Lipid transfer proteins
4794:10.1542/peds.2009-2107C
4699:(inactive 2024-04-11).
4456:(inactive 2024-04-11).
3880:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201512
3135:10.1074/jbc.M114.611988
2827:10.1161/JAHA.116.003597
2809:Banach M (April 2016).
2678:10.1074/jbc.M114.611988
1938:"Symbol report for LPA"
1403:Combined hyperlipidemia
1266:Lipoprotein(a) - Lp(a)
1120:L-gulonolactone oxidase
955:epidemiological studies
947:low-density lipoprotein
5409:Cell surface receptors
4926:10.1074/jbc.M003640200
3605:Biomarkers in Medicine
2987:European Heart Journal
2602:European Heart Journal
2261:10.1006/mgme.1999.2956
1478:European Heart Journal
1206:cardiovascular disease
1153:cardiovascular disease
1149:coronary heart disease
1056:Function and pathology
963:coronary heart disease
516:apolipoprotein binding
82:Human UniProt search:
4156:10.1515/CCLM.2004.114
3284:10.1038/sj.ki.5002240
1376:fibrinogen beta chain
1031:endoplasmic reticulum
394:palpebral conjunctiva
5511:cassette transporter
3271:Kidney International
2773:10.1056/NEJMoa043175
2725:10.1160/TH04-01-0006
1284:assessment of risk.
1100:extracellular matrix
567:extracellular region
250:Chromosome 6 (human)
99:List of PDB id codes
72:Available structures
5238:Remnant cholesterol
5170:particle metabolism
4919:(49): 38206–38212.
4630:2016NatSR...619188S
3969:2011PLoSO...616604D
3128:(18): 11649–11662.
2671:(18): 11649–11662.
2518:Thrombosis Research
2304:(46): 28716–28723.
2181:(50): 32403–32410.
1802:(48): 30387–30399.
1739:1987Natur.330..132M
1174:may be of benefit.
511:fibronectin binding
382:right lobe of liver
4618:Scientific Reports
4230:10.1007/BF00288277
4093:Clinical Chemistry
2559:. 95–96: 111–125.
2077:10.1007/BF00201550
1200:Diagnostic testing
1008:IV repeats in the
581:Biological process
560:Cellular component
551:hydrolase activity
521:peptidase activity
504:Molecular function
5537:
5536:
5130:
5129:
4638:10.1038/srep19188
4561:(11): 1187–1197.
4411:(14): 1244–1247.
4370:(14): 1244–1247.
4202:978-0-312-34863-2
4099:(12): 1956–1967.
3764:(12): 1919–1928.
3701:(12): 2619–2624.
3618:10.2217/bmm.09.57
3452:(10): 2980–2987.
3378:(11): 1664–1678.
3317:978-0-9724959-0-5
3220:10.1172/JCI117794
3031:(13): 4035–4040.
2948:(6144): 113–114.
2608:(23): 2844–2853.
2354:10.1172/JCI116221
2134:10.1021/bi972761t
2128:(16): 5417–5425.
2028:10.1172/JCI113093
1733:(6144): 132–137.
1484:(23): 2844–2853.
1108:old world monkeys
951:apolipoprotein(a)
940:
939:
936:
935:
912:
911:
876:
875:
857:
856:
833:
832:
814:
813:
788:
787:
771:
770:
745:
744:
728:
727:
702:
701:
685:
684:
633:
632:
593:blood circulation
488:
487:
484:
483:
453:
452:
440:
439:
421:
420:
398:prefrontal cortex
319:
318:
162:
161:
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
5577:
5250:
5179:particle classes
5157:
5150:
5143:
5134:
5116:
5101:
5086:
5071:
5056:
5041:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4998:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4938:
4928:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4837:(8): 1629–1640.
4822:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4659:
4649:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4578:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4525:
4515:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4465:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4108:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4053:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3923:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3822:
3805:(9): 1045–1053.
3790:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3728:
3710:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3665:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3516:
3507:(5): 1250–1256.
3492:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3461:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3241:
3231:
3214:(3): 1403–1408.
3199:
3193:
3192:
3175:(2–3): 227–237.
3164:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3025:The EMBO Journal
3016:
3007:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2957:
2955:10.1038/330113a0
2933:
2927:
2926:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2775:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2625:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2190:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1747:10.1038/330132a0
1722:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1593:(6): 1959–1966.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1501:
1469:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1424:
1000:gene located on
925:
924:
908:
893:
888:
871:
861:
852:
842:
838:RefSeq (protein)
828:
818:
809:
797:
775:
756:
732:
713:
689:
670:
639:
603:lipid metabolism
494:
480:
471:
464:
449:
425:
406:body of pancreas
370:
368:Top expressed in
363:
342:
325:
315:
302:
291:
276:
269:
263:
252:
238:
222:
216:
183:
176:
153:
96:
90:
69:
68:
63:
51:
21:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5565:Lipid disorders
5560:Apolipoproteins
5540:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5510:
5503:
5403:
5375:
5346:
5257:Apolipoproteins
5251:
5242:
5180:
5171:
5161:
5131:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5108:
5102:
5093:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5063:
5057:
5048:
5042:
5028:
5025:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4939:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4709:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4660:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4589:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4526:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4466:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4273:
4271:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4119:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4064:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4001:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3729:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3666:
3642:Atherosclerosis
3639:
3638:
3634:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3527:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3472:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3277:(10): 961–962.
3264:
3263:
3259:
3242:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3169:Atherosclerosis
3166:
3165:
3161:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3018:
3017:
3010:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2786:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2636:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2482:Atherosclerosis
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2201:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2146:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2097:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1914:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1767:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1664:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1512:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1384:
1360:
1298:
1202:
1183:
1157:atherosclerosis
1145:
1136:
1096:atherosclerosis
1058:
1039:
1027:intracellularly
986:
959:atherosclerosis
929:View/Edit Human
906:
891:
884:
881:Location (UCSC)
869:
850:
826:
805:
722:ENSG00000198670
617:
588:lipid transport
576:
555:
546:protein binding
531:heparin binding
476:
445:
436:
417:
414:urinary bladder
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
366:
310:
297:
289:
279:
278:
277:
270:
248:
225:Gene location (
214:LPA - orthologs
192:
179:
172:
105:
83:
47:
28:
23:
22:
18:Lipoprotein (a)
15:
12:
11:
5:
5583:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5421:
5420:
5413:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5351:Extracellular
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5200:
5195:
5184:
5182:
5181:and subclasses
5173:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4973:
4966:Lipoprotein(a)
4961:
4960:External links
4958:
4955:
4954:
4899:
4878:(4): 816–827.
4858:
4817:
4773:
4724:
4691:(9): 871–876.
4675:
4604:
4541:
4481:
4448:(9): 871–876.
4432:
4391:
4350:
4323:
4296:(2): 141–158.
4280:
4266:. 2024-05-22.
4251:
4218:Human Genetics
4208:
4201:
4177:
4150:(6): 670–676.
4134:
4079:
4036:(2): 241–249.
4016:
3943:
3914:(3): 265–267.
3894:
3873:(2): 190–201.
3853:
3785:
3744:
3681:
3632:
3611:(5): 439–441.
3591:
3562:(7145): 1675.
3542:
3487:
3432:
3397:
3361:
3342:(2): 183–186.
3323:
3316:
3298:
3257:
3194:
3159:
3108:
3060:
3008:
2977:
2928:
2901:(4): 369–377.
2885:
2866:(6): 682–692.
2850:
2821:(4): e003597.
2801:
2746:
2719:(3): 495–502.
2702:
2651:
2588:
2543:
2507:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2428:(2): 167–174.
2412:
2393:(3): 275–283.
2377:
2348:(2): 443–447.
2325:
2284:
2274:
2255:(2): 165–167.
2236:
2226:
2216:
2161:
2112:
2071:(6): 607–614.
2065:Human Genetics
2051:
2022:(2): 458–465.
2002:
1955:
1929:
1884:(2): e003489.
1864:
1843:(2): e003737.
1823:
1782:
1714:
1695:(3): 369–382.
1679:
1634:(5): 485–499.
1614:
1573:
1527:
1453:
1435:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:Apolipoprotein
1390:
1383:
1380:
1359:
1356:
1346:) inhibitors.
1297:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1201:
1198:
1181:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1089:thrombogenesis
1087:, it leads to
1057:
1054:
1038:
1035:
985:
982:
953:. Genetic and
943:Lipoprotein(a)
938:
937:
934:
933:
931:
921:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
904:
902:
895:
894:
889:
882:
878:
877:
874:
873:
865:
864:
858:
855:
854:
846:
845:
839:
835:
834:
831:
830:
822:
821:
815:
812:
811:
801:
800:
794:
790:
789:
786:
785:
779:
778:
772:
769:
768:
760:
759:
753:
747:
746:
743:
742:
736:
735:
729:
726:
725:
717:
716:
710:
704:
703:
700:
699:
693:
692:
686:
683:
682:
674:
673:
667:
661:
660:
655:
650:
646:
645:
635:
634:
631:
630:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
582:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
563:
561:
557:
556:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
507:
505:
501:
500:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
473:
472:
461:
455:
454:
451:
450:
442:
441:
438:
437:
435:
432:
429:
428:
422:
419:
418:
416:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
371:
359:
358:
350:
339:
333:
332:
329:RNA expression
321:
320:
317:
316:
308:
304:
303:
295:
292:
287:
281:
280:
271:
264:
258:
254:
253:
246:
240:
239:
231:
230:
218:
217:
190:
186:
185:
177:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
101:
100:
92:
91:
80:
74:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5582:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5121:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4950:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4513:10044/1/48763
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4281:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3963:(1): e16604.
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1309:LDL apheresis
1305:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:smooth muscle
1185:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1128:ascorbic acid
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:Linus Pauling
1112:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:atherogenesis
1065:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:chromosome 6q
999:
995:
991:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
905:
903:
900:
896:
890:
887:
883:
879:
872:
866:
862:
859:
853:
847:
843:
840:
836:
829:
823:
819:
816:
810:
808:
802:
798:
795:
793:RefSeq (mRNA)
791:
784:
780:
776:
773:
767:
766:
761:
757:
754:
752:
748:
741:
737:
733:
730:
724:
723:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
698:
694:
690:
687:
681:
680:
675:
671:
668:
666:
662:
659:
656:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
629:
625:
620:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
562:
559:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:Gene ontology
495:
491:
479:
474:
470:
465:
462:
460:
456:
448:
443:
433:
430:
426:
423:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
373:
369:
364:
361:
360:
357:
355:
351:
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
309:
305:
301:
296:
286:
282:
275:
268:
262:
255:
251:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
182:
175:
170:
165:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
102:
97:
94:
93:
89:
86:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5555:Lipoproteins
5509:ATP-binding
5227:
5202:delivery of
5187:delivery of
5119:
5104:
5089:
5074:
5059:
5044:
4984:
4943:cite journal
4916:
4912:
4902:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4785:
4776:
4744:(1): 37–46.
4741:
4737:
4727:
4713:cite journal
4688:
4684:
4678:
4664:cite journal
4621:
4617:
4607:
4593:cite journal
4558:
4554:
4544:
4530:cite journal
4495:
4491:
4484:
4470:cite journal
4445:
4441:
4435:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4339:(3): 50–53.
4336:
4332:
4326:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4272:. Retrieved
4263:
4254:
4224:(1): 73–78.
4221:
4217:
4211:
4187:
4180:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4123:cite journal
4096:
4092:
4082:
4068:cite journal
4033:
4029:
4019:
4005:cite journal
3960:
3956:
3946:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3845:. Retrieved
3802:
3798:
3788:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3733:cite journal
3698:
3694:
3684:
3670:cite journal
3648:(1): 77–84.
3645:
3641:
3635:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3531:cite journal
3504:
3500:
3490:
3476:cite journal
3449:
3445:
3435:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3339:
3335:
3307:
3301:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3246:cite journal
3211:
3207:
3197:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3100:. Retrieved
3080:
3076:
3063:
3028:
3024:
2986:
2980:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2790:cite journal
2766:(1): 46–57.
2763:
2759:
2749:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2640:cite journal
2605:
2601:
2591:
2556:
2546:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2485:
2481:
2458:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2345:
2341:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2252:
2248:
2229:
2219:
2205:cite journal
2178:
2174:
2164:
2150:cite journal
2125:
2122:Biochemistry
2121:
2115:
2101:cite journal
2068:
2064:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1975:(1): 33–54.
1972:
1968:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1918:cite journal
1881:
1877:
1867:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1771:cite journal
1730:
1726:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1668:cite journal
1631:
1627:
1617:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1546:(2): 87–93.
1543:
1539:
1516:cite journal
1481:
1477:
1447:
1438:
1361:
1358:Interactions
1348:
1332:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1265:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1176:
1172:atorvastatin
1165:
1146:
1137:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1081:fibrinolysis
1066:
1059:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1023:
1009:
997:
987:
976:. The human
971:
950:
942:
941:
868:
849:
825:
804:
782:
763:
739:
720:
696:
677:
657:
652:
410:human kidney
352:
345:
311:160,664,275
298:160,531,482
189:External IDs
104:
48:
5193:Chylomicron
5177:Lipoprotein
5168:lipoprotein
5027:PDB gallery
4030:Circulation
1388:Lipoprotein
1372:fibronectin
1073:plasminogen
1037:Populations
1015:amino acids
598:proteolysis
167:Identifiers
5570:Cardiology
5544:Categories
4786:Pediatrics
4274:2024-06-11
3847:2023-11-30
3820:1765/68815
3372:Metabolism
3102:2012-01-09
1433:, May 2017
1409:References
1336:Pelacarsen
1324:Raloxifene
1180:(Vitamin B
1161:thrombosis
1062:hepatocyte
356:(ortholog)
290:6q25.3-q26
194:HomoloGene
4624:: 19188.
4498:: 27–36.
4492:Maturitas
3413:: 53–58.
2488:: 11–21.
1989:1040-8363
1340:Olpasiran
1328:tamoxifen
1296:Treatment
1075:and tPA (
984:Structure
974:Kåre Berg
807:NM_005577
643:Orthologs
202:GeneCards
4935:10980194
4894:12562843
4812:22084329
4768:36761062
4705:21476974
4656:26754058
4585:28573436
4522:28364865
4462:21476974
4345:31634874
4310:24363242
4268:Archived
4264:HCP Live
4172:24696473
4164:15259385
4115:11106328
4060:22128224
3997:21305047
3957:PLOS ONE
3938:44679184
3930:11555135
3889:16267501
3841:Archived
3725:12507462
3717:11116062
3627:20477514
3523:10323776
3468:11698280
3427:25936305
3392:27733255
3356:21996415
3293:17495935
3154:25778403
3093:Archived
3089:37023416
2923:24081304
2915:18607184
2880:21529331
2845:27108250
2782:16000355
2733:15351845
2697:25778403
2632:20965889
2583:25819754
2538:29990619
2502:29852400
2450:45103589
2442:15017359
2407:10431664
2269:10720444
2093:19657929
1997:29262744
1910:35133173
1859:35311528
1709:14064818
1660:36708412
1651:10164031
1609:17478739
1568:23045050
1560:21231777
1508:20965889
1429:–
1382:See also
1368:calnexin
1364:interact
1316:flaxseed
1259:and the
1019:isoforms
918:Wikidata
622:Sources:
386:testicle
5353:enzymes
4991:PDBe-KB
4981:UniProt
4853:9717723
4803:4536582
4759:9884549
4647:4709689
4626:Bibcode
4576:5501893
4427:8651107
4386:8651107
4318:5134822
4238:2523852
4051:3760720
3988:3030597
3965:Bibcode
3837:2188933
3829:9363039
3780:1840066
3662:9247362
3586:9603764
3577:1113249
3238:7883987
3189:1830206
3145:4416867
3055:2531657
3003:2146124
2972:4322332
2964:3670399
2836:4859302
2741:1212821
2688:4416867
2623:3295201
2574:4696333
2524:: 1–7.
2372:8432853
2320:7961823
2197:8943305
2142:9548923
2085:2026424
2046:2956279
1948:19 June
1901:9018215
1818:9374529
1763:4344313
1755:3670400
1735:Bibcode
1499:3295201
1431:Ensembl
1155:(CVD),
1151:(CHD),
1143:Disease
1124:glucose
1029:in the
1006:kringle
751:UniProt
708:Ensembl
649:Species
628:QuickGO
331:pattern
174:Aliases
5499:LRPAP1
5418:SCARB1
5224:sd LDL
5221:lb LDL
5164:Lipids
4986:P08519
4972:(MeSH)
4933:
4892:
4851:
4810:
4800:
4766:
4756:
4703:
4654:
4644:
4583:
4573:
4520:
4460:
4425:
4384:
4343:
4316:
4308:
4246:912295
4244:
4236:
4199:
4170:
4162:
4113:
4058:
4048:
3995:
3985:
3936:
3928:
3887:
3835:
3827:
3778:
3723:
3715:
3660:
3625:
3584:
3574:
3521:
3466:
3425:
3390:
3354:
3314:
3291:
3236:
3229:441483
3226:
3187:
3152:
3142:
3087:
3053:
3046:401578
3043:
3001:
2970:
2962:
2942:Nature
2921:
2913:
2878:
2843:
2833:
2780:
2739:
2731:
2695:
2685:
2630:
2620:
2581:
2571:
2536:
2500:
2448:
2440:
2405:
2370:
2363:287951
2360:
2318:
2267:
2195:
2140:
2091:
2083:
2044:
2037:442258
2034:
1995:
1987:
1908:
1898:
1857:
1816:
1761:
1753:
1727:Nature
1707:
1658:
1648:
1607:
1587:Stroke
1566:
1558:
1506:
1496:
1374:, and
1302:niacin
1289:US FDA
1178:Niacin
1168:statin
967:stroke
901:search
899:PubMed
765:P08519
665:Entrez
459:BioGPS
5529:ABCG8
5524:ABCG5
5519:ABCA1
5492:LDL:
5486:LRP12
5481:LRP11
5476:LRP10
5461:LRP5L
5436:LRP1B
5424:IDL:
5416:HDL:
5294:APOC
5264:APOA
5228:Lp(a)
4555:Drugs
4314:S2CID
4242:S2CID
4168:S2CID
3934:S2CID
3833:S2CID
3721:S2CID
3446:Blood
3096:(PDF)
3085:S2CID
3083:(1).
3073:(PDF)
2968:S2CID
2919:S2CID
2737:S2CID
2472:and α
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