398:
3509:
487:
2902:
318:
856:
In 2019, State of Texas 86th
Legislature, adopted concurrent resolutions, Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61) and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171), that affirmed the Texas Legislature's views that the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas was "the present-day incarnation of a proud people
525:
The State of Texas owned massive war debts and used land sales to raise funds following statehood, leaving almost no land to
American Indians. Texas established the Brazos Reservation in 1854, where around 2,000 members of the Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, and Tonkawa tribes, but then the tribes to relocate
194:
798:
estimated that there were 500 Lipan Apache in 1690. Missionary priest Friar Diego
Ximenez estimated the Lipan population to total 5,000 in 1762, 3,000 in 1763, and 4,000 in 1764. In 1778, Spanish military commanders meeting in Monclova, Coahuila, estimated the population of Lipan men to be 5,000. By
588:
southern Great Plains. By the early 18th century, the Lipan were divided into regional groupings/divisions comprising several bands - the Forest Lipan division (Lower Lipan bands), the Plains Lipan division (Upper Lipan bands), and bands who lived primarily in northern Mexico (Mexican Lipan bands).
587:
The Lipan Apache emerged from an amalgamation of several
Eastern Apache bands united within a large confederacy and who shared a cultural and historic bond. As a confederacy, they united to defend against the Comanche and their allies. By about 1720, the Comanche drove the Lipan Apache from the
1030:
1842) was Chief of the Sun Otter band in the territory of San
Antonio across the Rio Grande in Tamaulipas and played a large role in interactions between the Republic of Texas and the Lipan Apache. He was an ally of chiefs Flacco and Yolcha
300:
Confederated eastern Apache bands had a homeland that spanned from the
Southern Great Plains to the Gulf of Mexico, with significant presence in what is now Texas. While little archeological history was left behind by the Lipan Apache, the
857:
who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for more than 300 years" and commended the people of this Tribe for their contributions to the state. Each concurrent resolutions was signed by the Senate, House, and the
Governor. Likewise, the
799:
1820, Mexican government official Juan
Padilla estimated that there were 700 Lipans in Texas. Opler and Ray estimated that the Lipan population between 1845-1855 ranged from 500 to 1000. The 1910 U.S. census lists 28 Lipan Apache people.
728:): in the mid-18th century, this band broke from their kin in San Antonio and moved into northern Coahuila near Zaragos, lived along the Escondido and San Rodrigo Rivers and in the Santa Rosa and Sierra El Burro Mountains of Mexico.
384:
to the
Tonkawa and Lipan, who in turn, shared it with the Comanches, Mescalero Apaches, and Plains Apaches. In the 1860s, Spanish chroniclers wrote that some Lipan Apache lived near the Gulf Coast and adopted lifeways of the neighboring
435:
In 1749, two Lipan Apache chiefs joined other Apache leaders in signing one of the earliest recorded peace treaties with Spain in San
Antonio. Some Lipan Apache people settled northwest of San Antonio during the mid-18th century.
344:
Lipan Apache obtained horses from the Spanish by 1608 and adopted a nomadic lifestyle. They were excellent horsemen and freely raided settlements. Throughout the 17th century, Spaniards raided Apache communities for
875:
Texas currently has no state-recognized tribes; however, Texas senate bills for formal state recognition of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas were introduced in 2021 and in 2022. Both bills died in committee.
533:
In 1855, some Lipan Apache joined the Brazos Reservation; however, most did not. Some joined the Plains Apache in Oklahoma; others joined the Mescalero in New Mexico, and others fled to Mexico.
292:. Today, there are no fluent speakers. In 1981, two elders on the Mescalero Apache Reservation were fluent Lipan speakers. There are current efforts and funding to revitalize the language.
2890:
701:(TeĆ kĂłndahĂ€âż): possibly absorbed by the Prairie Man band in the late 18th century, lived along the upper Colorado River west of Fort Griffin in Texas, were renowned and fierce warriors.
417:. They still lived in agricultural settlements, where they farmed indigenous crops such as pumpkins, corn, and beans, as well as watermelons, introduced from Africa. French explorer
3392:
2180:
1012:
1828) was Chief of several bands of the Littel Breech-clout band in western Texas, grandson of Poca Ropa. He was allied with Cuelgas de Castro. He moved his band from the lower
552:
troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from the state of Coahuila in northern Mexico. In 1879, a group of 17 Lipan settled near
270:
notes that Spanish explorers recorded their encounters with "Apaches living along the Canadian - the Chipaines, Conejeros, Rio Colorados, and Anchos - were Lipan ancestors."
346:
1045:
1843) was Chief of the High-Beaked Moccasin band east of San Antonio who had a history of aiding Texas Militian units. He was a friend of President of the Republic of Texas
567:
to preserve the Lipanâs tribal land in Zaragosa. This agreement lasted about 12 years until they were displaced from Zaragosa after resisting joining the Mexican Army.
781:): name given to the Forest Lipan division by the Spaniards probably in reference to Lipan custom of plucking facial hair, lived in the upper Brazos area along the
669:(TchĂłâż kanĂ€âż): absorbed later by the Little Breech-clout band, lived west of Fort Griffin, Texas, to the western side of the Rio Grande, believed extinct by 1884.
642:(Tsés tsembai): lived above the Colorado River, possibly in the Lubbock area. May represent an early Lipan presence in north Texas before the Commanche moved in.
3829:
2883:
2666:
624:(TsĂ©l tĂĄtlidshĂ€âż): absorbed later by the High-Beaked Moccasin band, lived in the lower Texas Gulf Plains along the lower Colorado, Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers.
3834:
471:
3385:
3348:
506:. They were allied to the Tonkawa beginning in this century. To resist their enemies the Comanche and the Mexicans, the Lipan Apache allied with the
3839:
2876:
3849:
2868:
2708:
807:
Lipan Apache descendants are enrolled with the Mescalero Apache Tribe in New Mexico, Tonkawa Tribe in Oklahoma, and the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma.
540:
to eliminate the Lipan Apache, who were blamed for inciting conflict. Chief Magoosh (Lipan, ca. 1830â1900) led his band from Texas and joined the
3854:
3378:
1828:
1756:
1413:
865:
2925:
2945:
402:
365:
170:
2930:
2914:
2516:
213:("Light Gray People"), reflecting their migratory story. The earliest known written record of the Lipan Apache identified this tribe as
2532:
Carlisle, JD. Dissertation. "Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Rio Grande". The University of North Texas, May 2001
127:
695:
by the late 18th century, lived west of Ft. Griffin along the upper Colorado and Concho Rivers and ranged to west of the Pecos River.
1897:
1063:
1850 â 1900) was Chief of the of Sun Otter band in southeastern Texas. Because of a severe epidemic, one part of this band went to
3363:
of Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today
1445:
511:
326:
2906:
1064:
681:: lived along the upper Rio Grande in southern New Mexico but would migrate to the upper Nueces River in Texas to hunt buffalo.
2231:
1348:
1649:
325:
Ancestors of the Lipan Apache living along the Canadian River made the first known European contact during the Expedition of
1888:
Rodriguez, Oscar; Seymour, Deni J. (2016). "Embracing a Mobile Heritage: Federal Recognition and Lipan Apache Enclavement".
1302:"Unknown Athapaskans: The Identification of the Jano, Jocome, Jumano, Manso, Suma, and Other Indian Tribes of the Southwest"
771:): culturally affiliated with the Mescalero Apache, lived along the Pecos River and were strong allies of the Lipan Apaches.
1093:
3306:
124:
2661:
1489:
3401:
2801:
285:
2826:
2701:
2583:. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society (Vol. 36). New York: American Folk-Lore Society, J. J. Augustin Publisher.
2535:
Dunn, William E. "Missionary activities among the eastern Apaches previous to the founding of the San SabĂĄ missions."
846:
464:
2681:
2676:
2671:
912:
858:
830:
447:
was completed in 1757 but destroyed by the Comanche and the Wichita. That same year, the Lipan Apache fought the
440:
289:
2791:
422:
174:
2618:
Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache."
548:
in 1870. Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors fled to the Mescaleros in New Mexico. From 1875 to 1876,
185:. Other Lipan Apache descendants live primarily in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, and northern Mexico.
575:
In October 1903, 19 Lipan Apaches who fled Texas into Coahuila were taken to northwest Chihuahua and kept as
432:. They frequently raided Spanish supply trains traveling from Coahuila to the newly established San Antonio.
3672:
3622:
2816:
2806:
2783:
1508:
467:. Missions established for the Lipan at Candelaria and San Lorenzo were destroyed by the Comanche in 1767.
3844:
3819:
3009:
2974:
2811:
2796:
2694:
1094:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
869:
840:
Lipan Apache Nation of Texas, also known as the Kuné Tsa Nde Band of the Lipan Apache Nation of Texas, in
782:
495:
198:
162:
2596:
Opler, Morris E. (1959). "Component, assemblage, and theme in cultural integration and differentiation."
600:(TsĂ©ral tuĂ©tahĂ€âż): absorbed later into the Sun Otter band or the Green Mountain band, lived south of the
3824:
3798:
2935:
2831:
2766:
1719:
1475:
1072:
545:
197:
Two Lipan Apache children, Kesetta Roosevelt (1880â1906) from New Mexico, and Jack Mather (d. 1888), at
95:
418:
1749:
Turning Adversity to Advantage: A History of the Lipan Apaches of Texas and Northern Mexico, 1700-1900
193:
3738:
3296:
2999:
834:
3281:
3236:
3186:
397:
3221:
3211:
2162:
2150:
2146:
1238:
825:
811:
553:
3251:
3226:
2482:
1169:
1141:
711:): lived in the mid-19th century in northwestern Texas in territory inhabited by the Kiowa Apache.
428:
The Lipan were first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in
3360:
3266:
3191:
3004:
2821:
2463:
1700:
1329:
841:
549:
429:
2677:
Missionary Activities among the Eastern Apaches Previous to the Founding of the San Saba Mission
1263:
2181:"Texas HR540 Commemorating the 2011 Fort Clark Days and the Lipan Apache Band of Texas Pow Wow"
3793:
3271:
3261:
2989:
2979:
2512:
1893:
1824:
1752:
1645:
1409:
1321:
757:, and other Lipans who lived along the Pecos, joined together by 1780 under the leadership of
507:
494:
In the early 19th century, Lipan Apache primarily lived in south and west Texas, south of the
444:
405:, founded by Franciscan missionaries among the Lipan Apache Indians in 1762. Abandoned in 1769
3291:
3276:
3241:
3231:
1664:
Ewers, John C. "The Influence of Epidemics on the Indian Populations and Cultures of Texas."
3743:
3733:
3667:
3581:
3415:
3201:
3059:
3019:
3014:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2761:
2736:
2607:
Opler, Morris E. (1968). "Remuneration to supernaturals and man in Apachean ceremonialism."
1313:
742:): lived in LavĂłn, Coahuila, Mexico, between Zaragosa and Morelos, believed extinct by 1884.
576:
564:
557:
541:
527:
519:
91:
87:
3046:
2557:
Opler, Morris E. (1936). "The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes."
2546:
Dunn, William E. "The Apache mission on the San SabĂĄ River, its founding and its failure."
1528:
3788:
3703:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3495:
3475:
3150:
2994:
2857:
1347:
Lovett, Bobbie L.; GonzĂĄlez, Juan L.; Bacha-Garza, Roseann; Skowronek, Russell K. (2014).
916:
369:
338:
330:
135:
3420:
1821:
The Light Gray People: An Ethno-History of the Lipan Apaches of Texas and Northern Mexico
232:
which means 'the people', which would make Lipan mean 'The Light Gray People'. The name
3677:
3485:
3435:
3425:
3326:
3314:
3065:
2984:
2969:
1453:
1121:
987:
907:) (middle of the 18th century): In 1751, he left Texas and crossed the Rio Grande into
850:
660:
499:
456:
377:
354:
279:
2096:
3813:
3778:
3768:
3748:
3627:
3617:
3514:
3310:
3286:
3246:
3205:
3167:
3074:
2756:
2717:
1682:
515:
373:
358:
237:
182:
108:
1890:
Fierce and Indomitable: The Protohistoric Non-Pueblo World in the American Southwest
3773:
3601:
3556:
3541:
3430:
3155:
3140:
3092:
3055:
2771:
991:
819:
795:
656:
601:
470:
By 1767, all Lipan had completely deserted the Spanish missions. In the same year,
452:
334:
178:
131:
3465:
2751:
2568:
Opler, Morris E. (1938). "The use of peyote by the Carrizo and the Lipan Apache."
2046:
2506:
2205:
1628:
Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands
3783:
3728:
3662:
3652:
3632:
3576:
3566:
3546:
3470:
3445:
3322:
3108:
3041:
2847:
2667:
Treaty between the Republic of Texas and the Lipan and other Indian tribes, 1844
1046:
1013:
950:
611:
486:
350:
309:
which were made between 1500 AD and 1879 AD are attributed to Mescalero Apache.
306:
302:
3370:
2122:
2071:
317:
3713:
3708:
3561:
3504:
3120:
2731:
2586:
Opler, Morris E. (1945). "The Lipan Apache Death Complex and Its Extensions."
2232:"In Texas, a group claiming to be Cherokee faces questions about authenticity"
1068:
615:
503:
263:
245:
166:
139:
58:
1325:
861:
has been honored by the Texas state legislator in a congratulary resolution.
630:(KĂłke metcheskĂł lĂ€hĂ€âż): lived south of San Antonio as far as northern Mexico.
17:
3763:
3723:
3551:
3159:
3132:
3112:
2852:
2746:
386:
3718:
1016:
area in West Texas to the Laredo and lower Rio Grande region in late 1820s.
884:
Below are historical chiefs with estimated times of when they were active.
321:
Map with locations of Lipan Apache territory in the 17th and 18th centuries
2288:
2259:
1367:
138:
for centuries. At the time of European and African contact, they lived in
3753:
3687:
3571:
3536:
3359:
extinct language / extinct tribe / early,
3318:
3181:
908:
537:
475:
460:
448:
410:
381:
147:
143:
75:
62:
2649:
2467:
2451:
1823:. University Press of America (published October 2009). pp. 93â97.
3682:
3591:
3531:
3490:
3480:
3440:
3332:
3301:
3196:
3175:
3163:
3144:
3100:
3086:
3078:
3070:
1669:
1067:
in Coahuila, while the other part of Magoosh's band took refuge by the
814:
in Texas identify as being descendants of Lipan Apache. These include:
1333:
1301:
636:(Cuelcahende): lived from southwestern Kansas to northeastern Durango.
3586:
3455:
3450:
3256:
3216:
3171:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3104:
3096:
3051:
414:
155:
120:
2643:
205:
The name "Lipan" is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as
1317:
3596:
3460:
3082:
2901:
2682:
The Apache Mission on the San SabĂĄ River; Its Founding and Failure
396:
192:
151:
66:
2662:
Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the RĂo Grande.
2686:
949:
1790) was Chief of the Little Breech-clout band along the lower
675:(Tchaâżshka ĂłzhĂ€yeâż): lived along the lower Pecos River in Texas.
329:, who traveled there in 1541, and were still in the region when
3374:
2872:
2690:
2097:"Culture and history of Native American peoples of south Texas"
2633:(pp. 941â952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
986:
1790) was Chief of the Fire/Camp Circla band, lived along the
2655:
1630:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) p. 47
579:
until 1905. They were released to the Mescalero Reservation.
455:. The Lipan participated in a Spanish expedition against the
2393:
2391:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2349:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2023:
2021:
2008:
2006:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1911:
1909:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1840:
161:
Lipan Apache descendants today are enrolled members of the
1644:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 350â352.
761:(Strong Arm), to battle the Comancheâs southern expansion.
409:
By 1700, Lipan had settled across southern Texas and into
158:. Historically, they were the easternmost band of Apache.
1356:. The University of Texas â Pan American. pp. 45â46.
1476:"David Gohre | Texas A&M University Kingsville"
563:
In 1891, the Lipans negotiated with President of Mexico
2456:
The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association
2230:
Brewer, Graham Lee; Ahtone, Tristan (27 October 2021).
746:
The Spanish associated these groupings with the Lipan:
536:
In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to
251:
Apaches' autonym is Inde or Nde, meaning "the people."
868:
identifies the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas as being a
1533:
Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas
1490:"Lipan Apache Tribe Recognized by the State of Texas"
1406:
I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches
474:
started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764
268:
I Fought a Good Fight: A History of the Lipan Apaches
3696:
3610:
3524:
3408:
3341:
3028:
2944:
2913:
2840:
2782:
2724:
1617:
Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), pp. 16, 22
1573:
Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), pp. 10, 18
101:
81:
50:
38:
380:, and neighboring tribes. These tribes taught the
1510:Rock Paintings at Hueco Tanks State Historic Site
1243:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
169:. Other Lipan descendants are enrolled with the
2492:. Texas Department of Transportation. July 2020
1408:. University of North Texas Press. p. 32.
1368:"Native Peoples of the Sonoran Desert: The Nde"
2631:Handbook of North American Indians: The Plains
1608:Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 28
1587:Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 16
1552:Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 10
1268:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
1153:Mescalero Apache Research Report (2020), p. 18
421:encountered the Lipan Apache near present-day
3386:
2884:
2702:
2151:House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171)
1427:
1425:
8:
2548:Texas State Historical Association Quarterly
2537:Texas State Historical Association Quarterly
2163:"HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION H.C.R. No. 171"
2147:Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61)
1892:. The University of Utah Press. p. 87.
1751:. University Press of America. p. 156.
1668:, vol. 18, no. 60, 1973, pp. 104â15. JSTOR,
1569:
1567:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1180:
1178:
556:, but in 1884 they were forcibly removed to
490:Illustration of a Lipan Apache warrior, 1857
33:
2511:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
2040:
2038:
2036:
1742:
1740:
1399:
1397:
963:
926:
892:
349:. The Acho, a branch of Lipan, fought with
248:, who referred to this group as Awa'tehe.
244:, which means 'enemy', or perhaps from the
3393:
3379:
3371:
2891:
2877:
2869:
2709:
2695:
2687:
2629:Opler, Morris E. (2001). Lipan Apache. In
1516:. Austin, Texas: Texas Parks and Wildlife.
655:(NdĂĄwe ÉŁĂłhĂ€âż): lived west to southwest of
288:, considered to be closely related to the
44:U.S. Census: 1,077 (2010), self-identified
32:
3349:Sam Houston and Native American relations
1604:
1602:
1596:Dunn, "Apache Relations in Texas," p. 205
1583:
1581:
1579:
1561:Dunn, "Apache Relations in Texas," p. 204
1391:Dunn, "Apache Relations in Texas," p. 202
443:near Lipan settlements. A mission on the
364:In 1684, Spanish colonists completed the
2283:
2281:
2254:
2252:
911:. About this date, they lived along the
592:Lower Lipan bands; Forest Lipan division
485:
333:arrived in 1694. Historians believe the
316:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1117:
1115:
1085:
824:Cuelgahen Nde Lipan Apache of Texas in
357:people against the Spanish in the 1680
220:Nancy McGown Minor wrote that the word
2452:"Apache Relations in Texas, 1718â1750"
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2382:
2370:
2355:
2340:
2328:
2309:
2027:
2012:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1934:
1915:
1875:
1863:
1846:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1771:
1350:Native American Peoples of South Texas
1287:
1071:and accompanied them in 1870 onto the
2588:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology.
2581:Myths and legends of the Lipan Apache
2450:Dunn, William Edward (January 1911).
2264:TX SB274, 2021-2022, 87th Legislature
2210:National Congress of American Indians
1718:Crouch, Carrie J. (22 October 2020).
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
866:National Congress of American Indians
262:can also include them as well as the
7:
3830:Native American tribes in New Mexico
2672:Apache Relations in Texas, 1718-1750
1670:http://www.jstor.org/stable/25667140
604:in Texas, no longer existed in 1884.
403:Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz
366:Mission San Francisco de los Julimes
171:Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
51:Regions with significant populations
1642:Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds
647:Upper Lipan / Plains Lipan division
3835:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
2508:The Indian Tribes of North America
2483:"Mescalero Apache Research Report"
2123:"Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas, Inc"
1724:Texas State Historical Association
1433:The Indian Tribes of North America
1212:The Indian Tribes of North America
1186:The Indian Tribes of North America
478:epidemic had decimated the tribe.
439:Spanish colonists built forts and
228:which means 'the color gray', and
25:
560:, where they joined the Tonkawa.
463:in 1759 but were defeated in the
3507:
2900:
1170:Mescalero Apache Research Report
1142:Mescalero Apache Research Report
3840:Native American tribes in Texas
2907:Native American tribes in Texas
3850:Pre-statehood history of Texas
2045:Baddour, Dylan (2 July 2022).
1640:John, Elizabeth A. H. (1996).
663:River to the Rio Grande River.
341:likely merged into the Lipan.
1:
3307:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1819:Minor, Nancy McGown (2009a).
1747:Minor, Nancy McGown (2009b).
1060:
1042:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1009:
1005:
983:
979:
946:
942:
510:in the 1830s. They served as
327:Francisco VĂĄsquez de Coronado
240:origin, coming from the word
3855:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
3402:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
2802:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
286:Southern Athabaskan language
27:Native American ethnic group
2827:White Mountain Apache Tribe
2656:Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas
1720:"Brazos Indian Reservation"
1527:Anderson, H. Allen (1995).
880:Notable Lipan Apache chiefs
847:Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas
818:Apache Council of Texas in
667:Pulverizing or Rubbing band
465:Battle of the Twin Villages
224:stems from the Lipan words
3871:
2931:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
2650:Lipan Apache Band of Texas
859:Lipan Apache Band of Texas
831:Lipan Apache Band of Texas
277:
3502:
3357:
2620:Anthropological Quarterly
2579:Opler, Morris E. (1940).
2505:Swanton, John R. (2003).
2072:"Apache Council of Texas"
1404:Robinson, Sherry (2013).
753:: a coalition of Lipans,
628:High-Beaked Moccasin band
610:(TcheshĂ€ââż): ranged from
290:Jicarilla Apache language
106:
86:
72:
55:
43:
3409:More than 100,000 people
2792:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
1672:. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.
1507:Sutherland, Kay (2006).
1300:Forbes, Jack D. (1959).
673:Little Breech-clout band
653:Fire or Camp Circle band
423:Latimer County, Oklahoma
175:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
130:, who have lived in the
3525:20,000 â 100,000 people
2817:San Carlos Apache Tribe
2807:Jicarilla Apache Nation
2598:American Anthropologist
2570:American Anthropologist
2559:American Anthropologist
2289:"Texas Senate Bill 231"
2260:"Texas Senate Bill 274"
1127:Retrieved 2 March 2012.
785:of north-central Texas.
679:Uplander band (TĂ€zhĂ€'âż)
313:16th and 17th centuries
3697:Less than 1,000 people
2812:Mescalero Apache Tribe
2797:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2644:Mescalero Apache Tribe
2047:""Labeled 'Hispanic'""
870:state-recognized tribe
640:Heads of Wolves People
614:, Texas, south to the
491:
406:
322:
202:
199:Carlisle Indian School
163:Mescalero Apache Tribe
3611:1,000 â 20,000 people
3029:Historical Indigenous
2936:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
2832:Yavapai Apache Nation
2767:Western Apache people
2103:. University of Texas
1705:National Park Service
1666:Plains Anthropologist
1372:National Park Service
1073:Mescalero Reservation
759:Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle
546:Mescalero Reservation
489:
400:
320:
196:
102:Related ethnic groups
2946:Indigenous languages
2915:Federally recognized
1264:"Roosevelt, Kisetta"
936:few or scant clothes
835:Brackettville, Texas
401:Historic marker for
177:, also known as the
2424:, pp. 143â144)
2101:Texas Scholar Works
1878:, pp. 113â114)
1797:, pp. 194â195)
1785:, pp. 185â186)
1707:. October 30, 2021.
826:Three Rivers, Texas
812:unrecognized tribes
732:Painted Wood People
716:Mexican Lipan bands
622:Green Mountain band
554:Fort Griffin, Texas
125:Southern Athabaskan
35:
2822:Tonto Apache Tribe
2658:, official website
2652:, official website
2646:, official website
1456:on 9 February 2012
990:towards the upper
842:San Antonio, Texas
779:Bald/Hairless Ones
550:United States Army
492:
419:BĂ©nard de La Harpe
407:
323:
284:Lipan Apache is a
203:
3807:
3806:
3368:
3367:
2926:AlabamaâCoushatta
2866:
2865:
2385:, pp. 62â63)
2312:, pp. 90â91)
2167:Texas State House
1988:, pp. 37â38)
1976:, pp. 35â36)
1964:, pp. 84â97)
1830:978-0-7618-4858-5
1758:978-0-7618-4858-5
1415:978-1-57441-511-7
1020:Cuelgas de Castro
508:Republic of Texas
128:Indigenous people
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
3862:
3623:Chichimeca Jonaz
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3031:peoples of Texas
2905:
2904:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2522:
2501:
2499:
2497:
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2478:
2476:
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2437:
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2086:
2084:
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2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2031:
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2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
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1913:
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1683:"Tribal History"
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1498:
1497:
1496:. June 12, 2019.
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:. Archived from
1442:
1436:
1429:
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1419:
1401:
1392:
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1382:
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1378:
1364:
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1109:
1107:
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1090:
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1025:
1011:
1007:
1002:Yolcna Pocarropa
985:
981:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
691:): known as the
577:prisoners of war
558:Indian Territory
542:Mescalero Apache
528:Indian Territory
520:Texas Revolution
502:and east to the
39:Total population
36:
21:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3810:
3809:
3808:
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3692:
3606:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3404:
3399:
3369:
3364:
3353:
3337:
3151:Cherokee, Texas
3035:Oklahoma today)
3034:
3033:(Several are in
3032:
3030:
3024:
2948:
2940:
2919:
2916:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2867:
2862:
2836:
2778:
2720:
2715:
2640:
2529:
2527:Further reading
2519:
2518:978-0-806317304
2504:
2495:
2493:
2490:Texas Histories
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2481:
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2250:
2240:
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2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2179:
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2161:
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2106:
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2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
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2043:
2034:
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2019:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1845:
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1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:, pp. 2â3)
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1745:
1738:
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1487:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1446:"Apache, Lipan"
1444:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:, pp. 4â6)
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1239:"Apache, Lipan"
1236:
1235:
1218:
1209:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1122:"Lipan Apache."
1120:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
975:
972:
969:
966:
960:el Gran Cavezon
938:
935:
932:
929:
917:Rio San Rodrigo
904:
901:
898:
895:
882:
805:
792:
736:Tsésh ke shénde
699:Wild Goose Band
649:
634:Tall Grass band
598:Red Hair People
594:
585:
573:
484:
472:Marquis of RubĂ
395:
382:peyote ceremony
370:Presidio, Texas
339:Texas Panhandle
331:Diego de Vargas
315:
298:
282:
276:
266:and Mescalero.
191:
154:, and northern
136:Southern Plains
74:
57:
46:100 (SIL 1977)
45:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3799:Western Apache
3796:
3794:Tohono OÊŒodham
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
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3428:
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3405:
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3398:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3342:Related topics
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3327:Wichita proper
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
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3148:
3090:
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2653:
2647:
2639:
2638:External links
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:
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2584:
2577:
2566:
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2533:
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2502:
2479:
2462:(3): 198â272.
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:, p. 156)
2426:
2414:
2412:, p. 128)
2402:
2400:, p. 136)
2387:
2375:
2373:, p. 107)
2360:
2358:, p. 108)
2345:
2343:, p. 160)
2333:
2331:, p. 106)
2314:
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2222:
2197:
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2139:
2114:
2088:
2063:
2051:Texas Observer
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1736:
1710:
1701:"Lipan Apache"
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1657:
1650:
1632:
1626:Juliana Barr,
1619:
1610:
1598:
1589:
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1563:
1554:
1545:
1529:"Teya Indians"
1519:
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1384:
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1339:
1318:10.2307/480321
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988:San Saba River
953:
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881:
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854:
853:
851:McAllen, Texas
844:
838:
828:
822:
804:
801:
791:
788:
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722:Big Water band
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608:Sun Otter band
605:
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500:Gulf of Mexico
496:Colorado River
483:
480:
445:San SabĂĄ River
394:
391:
355:Picuris Pueblo
314:
311:
297:
294:
280:Lipan language
278:Main article:
275:
272:
256:Eastern Apache
190:
187:
119:are a band of
112:
111:
109:Apache peoples
104:
103:
99:
98:
84:
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:
56:United States:
53:
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29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3867:
3856:
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3845:Plains tribes
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Apache tribes
3818:
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3515:Mexico portal
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3396:
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3362:
3361:obsolete name
3356:
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3331:
3328:
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3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
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2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:Apache people
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2626:(3), 182-192.
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:(4), 356-393.
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:(6), 955-964.
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
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2503:
2491:
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2352:
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2334:
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2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:, p. 99)
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:, p. 61)
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:, p. 98)
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:, p. 96)
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:, p. 95)
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:, p. 97)
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:9781607815211
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:, p. 94)
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:, p. 93)
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:Minor (2009a)
1768:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1687:Tonkawa Tribe
1684:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1623:
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1605:
1603:
1599:
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1590:
1584:
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1564:
1558:
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1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1512:
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1503:
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1477:
1471:
1468:
1455:
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1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:(2): 97â159.
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:(2020), p. 3.
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:(2020), p. 7.
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
989:
961:
957:
954:
952:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:Rio Escondido
910:
902:Mustached One
890:
887:
886:
885:
879:
877:
873:
871:
867:
862:
860:
852:
848:
845:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
827:
823:
821:
817:
816:
815:
813:
808:
802:
800:
797:
794:Ethnographer
789:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
769:Mescal People
766:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
686:
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671:
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658:
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650:
646:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:
603:
599:
596:
595:
591:
589:
582:
580:
578:
570:
568:
566:
565:Porfirio Diaz
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
529:
523:
521:
517:
516:Texas Militia
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
399:
392:
390:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:Pueblo Revolt
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
319:
312:
310:
308:
304:
295:
293:
291:
287:
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
200:
195:
188:
186:
184:
183:Plains Apache
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
110:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
71:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
42:
37:
19:
18:Lipan Apaches
3825:Lipan Apache
3769:Motozintleco
3758:
3542:Chontal Maya
3156:Coahuiltecan
3137:Lower Nasoni
3056:Lipan Apache
3000:Tamaulipecan
2975:Coahuiltecan
2841:Other topics
2741:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2507:
2494:. Retrieved
2489:
2471:. Retrieved
2459:
2455:
2434:Minor (2009b
2429:
2422:Minor (2009b
2417:
2410:Minor (2009b
2405:
2398:Minor (2009b
2383:Minor (2009b
2378:
2371:Minor (2009a
2356:Minor (2009a
2341:Minor (2009a
2336:
2329:Minor (2009a
2310:Minor (2009a
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2268:. Retrieved
2263:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:
2028:Minor (2009a
2013:Minor (2009b
1998:Minor (2009a
1993:
1986:Minor (2009a
1981:
1974:Minor (2009a
1969:
1962:Minor (2009b
1957:
1950:Minor (2009a
1935:Minor (2009a
1916:Minor (2009a
1889:
1883:
1876:Minor (2009b
1871:
1864:Minor (2009a
1847:Minor (2009a
1820:
1814:
1807:Minor (2009a
1802:
1795:Minor (2009b
1790:
1783:Minor (2009b
1778:
1767:
1748:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1665:
1660:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1592:
1557:
1548:
1538:February 27,
1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1522:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1449:
1440:
1432:
1405:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1349:
1342:
1309:
1306:Ethnohistory
1305:
1295:
1288:Minor (2009a
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1237:May, Jon D.
1211:
1185:
1149:
1124:
1102:. Retrieved
1097:
1088:
1056:
1052:
1034:
1019:
1001:
997:
992:Nueces River
973:The Big Head
959:
955:
922:
919:in Coahuila.
888:
883:
874:
863:
855:
820:Alice, Texas
809:
806:
803:21st century
796:James Mooney
793:
778:
774:
768:
764:
758:
754:
750:
745:
740:Tséc kecénde
739:
735:
731:
725:
721:
715:
714:
708:
704:
698:
692:
688:
684:
678:
672:
666:
657:Fort Griffin
652:
639:
633:
627:
621:
607:
602:Nueces River
597:
586:
574:
571:20th century
562:
535:
532:
524:
522:of 1835â36.
493:
482:19th century
469:
453:Caddo people
451:, a band of
438:
434:
427:
408:
393:18th century
363:
343:
335:Teya Indians
324:
299:
283:
267:
260:Texas Apache
259:
255:
253:
250:
241:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
214:
210:
206:
204:
179:Kiowa Apache
160:
117:Lipan Apache
116:
115:
96:Lipan Apache
34:Lipan Apache
30:Ethnic group
3109:Kadohadacho
2848:Apache Wars
2496:26 November
2473:28 November
2295:26 February
2241:26 February
2206:"Tribes: L"
2190:16 December
2107:27 November
2081:January 10,
2056:23 November
1729:27 November
1460:28 February
1248:26 November
1125:Ethnologue.
1104:28 February
1047:Sam Houston
1014:Pecos River
951:Pecos River
689:KĂł'l kukĂ€'âż
685:Prairie Men
659:, from the
612:San Antonio
518:during the
430:San Antonio
425:, in 1719.
372:, to serve
351:Taos Pueblo
307:Hueco Tanks
303:pictographs
207:Ćipa-ÄŻÌ NdĂ©
201:, ca. 1885.
94:, formerly
3814:Categories
3709:Chiricahua
3673:QÊŒanjobÊŒal
3653:Mexicanero
3121:Nacogdoche
3005:Tanpachoan
2732:Chiricahua
2593:: 122-141.
2565:, 620-633.
2444:References
2291:. LegiScan
2270:2 November
2266:. LegiScan
2215:2 November
2132:10 January
1651:0806128690
1450:Ethnologue
1031:Pocarropa.
790:Population
705:North Band
616:Rio Grande
504:Rio Grande
264:Chiricahua
254:The terms
236:may be of
167:New Mexico
140:New Mexico
59:New Mexico
3764:Mezcalero
3734:Kaqchikel
3724:Ixcatecos
3668:Pima Bajo
3582:Tojolabal
3466:Purépecha
3416:Chinantec
3202:Karankawa
3160:Ervipiame
3133:Nanatsoho
3113:Nabedache
2853:Apacheria
2752:Mimbreños
2747:Mescalero
2737:Jicarilla
2609:Ethnology
2185:TrackBill
2127:GuideStar
2076:GuideStar
1431:Swanton,
1326:0014-1801
1210:Swanton,
1184:Swanton,
1069:Mescalero
923:Poca Ropa
810:Multiple
783:Red River
751:LipiyĂĄnes
726:KĂșâne tsĂĄ
530:by 1859.
387:Karankawa
211:Lépai-Ndé
132:Southwest
82:Languages
3704:Awakatek
3678:Qʌeqchiʌ
3658:Ocuiltec
3648:Lacandon
3643:Jakaltek
3638:Guarijio
3592:Wixarika
3577:TepehuĂĄn
3572:Popoluca
3552:Cuicatec
3476:Tlapanec
3471:RarĂĄmuri
3319:Tawakoni
3297:Tomoacas
3272:Saracuam
3262:Pulacuam
3182:Comanche
3060:Querecho
3015:Tonkawan
2980:Cotoname
2960:Atacapan
2858:Language
2762:Salinero
2468:30243013
2236:NBC News
1494:ICT News
1435:, p. 322
1214:, p. 323
1188:, p. 301
1065:Zaragosa
909:Coahuila
755:Nastagés
693:Llaneros
661:San Saba
538:Zaragosa
476:smallpox
461:Comanche
449:Hasinais
441:missions
411:Coahuila
274:Language
148:Oklahoma
144:Colorado
76:Coahuila
63:Oklahoma
3739:Kʌicheʌ
3714:CochimĂ
3688:Tepehua
3683:Tacuate
3537:Chatino
3496:Zapotec
3491:Tzotzil
3486:Tzeltal
3481:Totonac
3441:Mazatec
3436:Mazahua
3426:Huastec
3333:Yojuane
3315:Taovaya
3302:Tonkawa
3292:Tilijae
3282:Tamique
3277:Semonam
3242:Papanac
3237:Pampopa
3232:Paguame
3197:Jumanos
3176:Xarames
3164:Pajalat
3145:Nechaui
3101:Hasinai
3087:Deadose
3079:Akokisa
3071:Atakapa
3066:Aranama
3020:Wichita
2990:Pakawan
2965:Borrado
2955:Araname
2169:. 2019.
1057:Maâuish
1053:Magoosh
1041:1821 â
1026:1821 â
1008:1822 â
982:1760 â
967:
956:Cavezon
945:1750 â
930:
896:
889:Bigotes
775:Pelones
765:Natagés
544:on the
514:to the
498:to the
457:Wichita
337:of the
296:History
215:Ypandes
92:Spanish
88:English
73:Mexico:
3779:Paipai
3754:Kumiai
3749:Kiliwa
3744:KikapĂș
3719:CucapĂĄ
3628:Chocho
3618:Akatek
3587:Triqui
3532:Amuzgo
3451:Mixtec
3311:Kichai
3257:Patiri
3247:Pastia
3222:Pachal
3217:Mayeye
3212:Kohani
3206:Copano
3187:Decose
3172:Sijame
3168:Payaya
3129:Nadaco
3125:Nacono
3117:Nabiti
3105:Hainai
3097:Eyeish
3075:Akokna
3052:Apache
2995:Solano
2985:Garzan
2917:tribes
2784:Tribes
2757:Plains
2515:
2466:
1896:
1827:
1755:
1648:
1412:
1334:480321
1332:
1324:
1100:. 2010
1098:Census
1035:Flacco
998:Yolcha
709:ShĂ€-Ă€âż
512:scouts
415:Mexico
378:Julime
374:Jumano
347:slaves
242:apachu
234:Apache
226:lépai,
156:Mexico
121:Apache
107:other
3774:Opata
3759:LipĂĄn
3602:Zoque
3597:Yaqui
3557:Huave
3461:Otomi
3456:Nahua
3421:ChÊŒol
3287:Teyas
3252:Pasxa
3227:Pacoa
3141:Neche
3093:Caddo
3083:Bidai
3047:Anxau
2970:Caddo
2772:Tonto
2742:Lipan
2725:Bands
2486:(PDF)
2464:JSTOR
1514:(PDF)
1377:4 May
1354:(PDF)
1330:JSTOR
1273:4 May
1080:Notes
583:Bands
368:near
222:Lipan
152:Texas
67:Texas
3789:Teko
3784:Seri
3729:Ixil
3663:Pame
3633:Chuj
3567:Mayo
3547:Cora
3446:Mixe
3431:Maya
3323:Waco
3267:Sana
3192:Emet
3042:Adai
3010:Tiwa
2576:(2).
2513:ISBN
2498:2022
2475:2022
2297:2024
2272:2022
2243:2024
2217:2022
2192:2023
2149:and
2134:2024
2109:2022
2083:2024
2058:2022
1894:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1731:2022
1646:ISBN
1540:2024
1462:2024
1410:ISBN
1379:2024
1322:ISSN
1275:2024
1250:2022
1106:2024
964:lit.
927:lit.
915:and
893:lit.
864:The
459:and
353:and
258:and
238:Zuni
230:ndé,
189:Name
173:and
134:and
123:, a
3562:Mam
1314:doi
1059:):
978:):
941:) (
849:in
833:in
738:or
526:to
305:at
246:Ute
217:.
209:or
181:or
165:in
3816::
3325:,
3321:,
3317:,
3313:,
3174:,
3170:,
3166:,
3162:,
3143:,
3139:,
3135:,
3131:,
3127:,
3123:,
3119:,
3115:,
3111:,
3107:,
3103:,
3099:,
3085:,
3081:,
3077:,
3058:,
2624:48
2622:,
2611:,
2602:61
2600:,
2574:40
2572:,
2563:38
2561:,
2552:16
2550:,
2541:15
2539:,
2488:.
2460:14
2458:.
2454:.
2390:^
2363:^
2348:^
2317:^
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