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or lower-band-edge of a channel with better than 1 GHz resolution possible. This is advantageous from a manufacturability perspective, with different channel plans being able to be created from a single platform and even different operating bands (such as C and L) being able to use an identical switch matrix. Additionally, it is possible to take advantage of this ability to reconfigure channels while the device is operating. Products have been introduced allowing switching between 50 GHz channels and 100 GHz channels, or a mix of channels, without introducing any errors or "hits" to the existing traffic. More recently, this has been extended to support the whole concept of
Flexible or Elastic networks under ITU G.654.2 through products such as Finisar's
508:, reflecting the light back to the imaging optics which directs each channel to a different portion of the LCoS. The path for each wavelength is then retraced upon reflection from the LCoS, with the beam-steering image applied on the LCOS directing the light to a particular port of the fibre array. As the wavelength channels are separated on the LCoS the switching of each wavelength is independent of all others and can be switched without interfering with the light on other channels. There are many different algorithms that can be implemented to achieve a given coupling between ports including less efficient "images" for attenuation or power splitting.
500:(WSS). LCoS-based WSS were initially developed by Australian company Engana, now part of Finisar. The LCoS can be employed to control the phase of light at each pixel to produce beam-steering where the large number of pixels allow a near continuous addressing capability. Typically, a large number of phase steps are used to create a highly efficient, low-insertion loss switch shown. This simple optical design incorporates polarisation diversity, control of mode size and a 4-f wavelength optical imaging in the dispersive axis of the LCoS providing integrated switching and optical power control.
542:
demonstrated at high repetition rates, but inclusion of an LCoS-based POP allowed the phase content of the spectrum to be changed to flip the pulse train of a passively mode-locked laser from bright to dark pulses. A similar approach uses spectral shaping of optical frequency combs to create multiple pulse trains. For example, a 10 GHz optical frequency comb was shaped by the POP to generate dark parabolic pulses and
Gaussian pulses, at 1540 nm and 1560 nm, respectively.
338:
273:, each equivalent to the reflecting side of a single LCLV. These pixels on the LCoS device are driven directly by signals to modulate the intensity of reflected light, rather than a low intensity "writing light" source in the LCLV. For example, a chip with XGA resolution has an array of 1024×768 pixels, each with an independently addressable transistor. In the LCoS device, a
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LCoS-based WSS, however, permit dynamic control of channel centre frequency and bandwidth through on-the-fly modification of the pixel arrays via embedded software. The degree of control of channel parameters can be very fine-grained, with independent control of the centre frequency and either upper-
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The optical system is responsible for directing the light from the light source onto the LCos panel and projecting the resulting image onto a screen or other surface. The optical system consists of a number of lenses, mirrors, and other optical components that are carefully designed and calibrated to
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As an example, an LCoS-based
Programmable Optical Processor (POP) has been used to broaden a mode-locked laser output into a 20 nm supercontinuum source whilst a second such device was used to compress the output to 400 fs, transform-limited pulses. Passive mode-locking of fiber lasers has been
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The light source is used to provide the necessary illumination for the LCos panel. The most common light source used in LCos display systems is a high-intensity lamp. This lamp emits a broad spectrum of light that is filtered through a color wheel or other optical components to provide the necessary
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The LCos panel is the heart of the display system. It consists of an array of pixels that are arranged in a grid pattern. Each pixel is made up of a liquid crystal layer, a reflective layer, and a silicon substrate. The liquid crystal layer controls the polarization of light that passes through it,
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and/or liquid crystal technologies allocate a single switching element (pixel) to each channel which means the bandwidth and centre frequency of each channel are fixed at the time of manufacture and cannot be changed in service. In addition, many designs of first-generation WSS (particularly those
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In operation, the light passes from a fibre array through the polarisation imaging optics which separates physically and aligns orthogonal polarisation states to be in the high efficiency s-polarisation state of the diffraction grating. The input light from a chosen fibre of the array is reflected
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Sony introduced its SXRD (Silicon X-tal
Reflective Display) technology in 2004. SXRD was an evolution of LCoS technology that used even smaller pixels and a higher resolution, resulting in an even more accurate image. The SXRD technology was used in Sony's high-end home theater projectors, and it
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In 1997, engineers at JVC developed the D-ILA (Direct-Drive Image Light
Amplifier) from the Hughes LCLV, which led to smaller and more affordable digital LCoS projectors, using three-chip D-ILA devices. Although these were not as bright and had less resolution than the cinema ILA projectors, they
1316:
Salsi, Massimiliano; Koebele, Clemens; Sperti, Donato; Tran, Patrice; Mardoyan, Haik; Brindel, Patrick; Bigo, Sébastien; Boutin, Aurélien; Verluise, Frédéric; Sillard, Pierre; Astruc, Marianne; Provost, Lionel; Charlet, Gabriel (2012). "Mode-Division
Multiplexing of 2×100 Gb/s Channels Using an
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The ability of an LCoS-based WSS to independently control both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal leads to the more general ability to manipulate the amplitude and/or phase of an optical pulse through a process known as
Fourier-domain pulse shaping. This process requires full
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One of the interesting applications of LCoS is the ability to transform between modes of few-moded optical fibers which have been proposed as the basis of higher capacity transmission systems in the future. Similarly LCoS has been used to steer light into selected cores of multicore fiber
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The early LCoS projectors had their challenges. They suffered from a phenomenon called "image sticking," where the image would remain on the screen after it was supposed to be gone. This was due to the mirrors sticking in their positions, which resulted in ghosting on the screen. However,
465:. These devices are made using ferroelectric liquid crystals (so the technology is named FLCoS) which are inherently faster than other types of liquid crystals to produce high quality images. Google's initial foray into wearable computing, Google glass, also uses a near-eye LCoS display.
365:
LCoS display technology is a type of microdisplay that has gained popularity due to its high image quality and ability to display high-resolution images. LCos display systems typically consist of three main components: the LCos panel, the light source, and the optical system.
277:(CMOS) chip controls the voltage on square reflective aluminium electrodes buried just below the chip surface, each controlling one pixel. Typical chips are approximately 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) square and approximately 2 mm (0.079 in) thick, with
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based on MEMs technology) show pronounced dips in the transmission spectrum between each channel due to the limited spectral ‘fill factor’ inherent in these designs. This prevents the simple concatenation of adjacent channels to create a single broader channel.
488:(FoV). It combined a single-chip 1080p LCOS display and image sensor from OmniVision with ASTRI's optics and electronics. The headset is said to be smaller and lighter than others because of its single-chip design with integrated driver and memory buffer.
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A. M. Clarke, D. G. Williams, M. A. F. Roelens, M. R. E. Lamont, and B. J. Eggleton, "Parabolic pulse shaping for enhanced continuum generation using an LCoS-based wavelength selective switch," in 14th OptoElectronics and
Communications Conference (OECC)
310:(Hughes-JVC) was founded in 1992 to develop LCLV technology for commercial movie theaters under the branding ILA (Image Light Amplifer). One example was 72.5 in (1,840 mm) tall and weighed 1,670 lb (760 kg), using a 7 kW
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JVC introduced an updated D-ILA technology in 2006, which eliminated the need for a polarizing filter, resulting in a brighter and more vibrant image. The D-ILA technology has since become a popular choice for home theater enthusiasts.
430:. Citizen Finedevice (CFD) also continues to manufacturer single panel RGB displays using FLCoS technology (Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals). They manufacture displays in multiple resolutions and sizes that are currently used in
1106:
Baxter, G. et al. (2006) "Highly
Programmable Wavelength Selective Switch Based on Liquid Crystal on ," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2006 and the 2006 National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.
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while the reflective layer reflects the light back towards the optical system. The silicon substrate is used to control the individual pixels and provides the necessary electronics to drive the LCos panel.
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Marom, D. M. et al. (2002) "Wavelength-selective 1×4 switch for 128 WDM channels at 50 GHz spacing," in Proc. Optical Fiber
Communications), Anaheim, CA, Postdeadline Paper FB7, pp. FB7-1–FB7-3
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Both Toshiba's and Intel's single-panel LCOS display program were discontinued in 2004 before any units reached final-stage prototype. There were single-panel LCoS displays in production: One by
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working on an internal research and development project. General Electric demonstrated a low-resolution LCoS display in the late 1970s. LCLV projectors were used primarily for military
357:) support. LCoS projectors are now available at a range of price points, from affordable models for home theater use to high-end professional models used in commercial installations.
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as small as 2.79 μm (0.110 mils). A common voltage for all the pixels is supplied by a transparent conductive layer made of indium tin oxide on the cover glass.
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The white light is separated into three components (red, green and blue) and then combined back after modulation by the 3 LCoS devices. The light is additionally
1306:
Ng, T. T. et al. (2009) "Complete Temporal Optical Fourier Transformations Using Dark Parabolic Pulses," in 35th European Conference on Optical Communication.
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Kondis, J. et al. (2001) "Liquid crystals in bulk optics-based DWDM optical switches and spectral equalizers," pp. 292–293 in Proc. LEOS 2001, Piscataway, NJ.
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The Hughes liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) was designed to modulate a high-intensity light beam using a weaker light source, conceptually similar to how an
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layer etched to align the liquid crystal material. Later development of the LCLV used similar semiconductor materials arranged in the same basic structures.
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light-blocking layer prevents the low-intensity writing light from shining through the device; the photosensor and light-blocking layer together form a
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resolutions which today is used for high resolution near-eye applications such as Training & Simulation, structured light pattern projection for
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based on the polarization within the liquid crystal being controlled by the photosensor. The dielectric mirror is formed by
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LCoS has been used as a filtering technique, and hence a tuning mechanism, for both semiconductor diode and fiber lasers.
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liquid crystal. On the reflecting side, a high-intensity, polarized projection light source reflects selectively from the
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The history of LCoS projectors dates back to June 1972, when LCLV technology was first developed by scientists at
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921:. Photonics West / Electronic Imaging. San Jose, California: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
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Whilst initially developed for large-screen projectors, LCoS displays have found a consumer niche in the area of
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manufacturers continued to refine the technology, and today's LCoS projectors have largely overcome this issue.
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Collings, N. (2011). "The Applications and Technology of Phase-Only Liquid Crystal on Silicon Devices".
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Efron, U.; Wiener-Avnear, E.; Grinberg, J.; Braatz, P.O.; Little, M.J.; Schwartz, R.N. (July 1982).
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The LCLV principle is carried forward in a digital LCoS display device, which features an array of
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1082:"This AR Headset Surpasses the Field of View of HoloLens, but You Still Won't Wear It in Public"
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increases the amplitude of an electrical signal; LCLV was named after the common name for the
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Johnson, K. M. (1993). "Smart spatial light modulators using liquid crystals on silicon".
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Beard, T.D.; Bleha, W.P.; Wong, S-Y (February 1, 1973). "AC Liquid-Crystal Light Valve".
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provide the necessary magnification, focus, and color correction for the display system.
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140:, allowing light to pass through the light processing unit (s). LCoS is more similar to
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LCoS projectors have continued to evolve, with manufacturers introducing features like
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from the imaging mirror and then angularly dispersed by the grating which is at near
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944:. AeroSense. Orlando, Florida: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
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2018, Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Company Limited (
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electrode, driven by an alternating current source at approximately 10 mV. A
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layer, transferring the image to the reflecting side by changing the rotation of
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1260:"Dark and Bright Pulse Passive Mode-locked Laser with In-cavity Pulse-shaper"
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Modal switching in space division multiplexed optical communications systems
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Development of a Silicon Liquid-Crystal Light Valve for Multimode Operation
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characterisation of the input pulse in both the time and spectral domains.
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Nakano, Atsushi; Honma, Akira; Nakagaki, Shintaro; Doi, Keiichiro (1998).
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transmission systems, again as a type of Space Division Multiplexing.
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for a wireless augmented reality headset that could achieve 60 degree
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845:"JVC consolidates projector operations with absorption of Hughes-JVC"
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LCoS display technology (known as Time Domain Imaging) available in
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quickly gained a reputation for its exceptional picture quality.
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Image Processing Applications of the Liquid Crystal Light Valve
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Development of a Color Symbology AC Liquid Crystal Light Valve
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LCoS is particularly attractive as a switching mechanism in a
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38:
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171:. A high-resolution, low-intensity light source (typically a
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LCoS devices are also used in near-eye applications such as
30:"LCOS" redirects here. For the energy economics metric, see
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Development of a Reflective Mode Liquid Crystal Light Valve
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due to their large and bulky size. A joint venture between
113:
layer on top of a silicon backplane. It is also known as a
1208:"Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators"
820:
Display Characteristics of Example Light-Valve Projectors
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were more portable, starting at 33 lb (15 kg).
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D-ILA technology for high-resolution projection displays
793:
Armitage, David; Underwood, Ian; Wu, Shin-Tson (2006).
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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1415:(January 9, 2004 – No longer planned for development)
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Homepage for MDCA a subsidiary of Citizen Finedevice
847:(Press release). JVC Professional. December 16, 1999
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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
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Pico projectors, near-eye and head-mounted displays
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
868:"Electronic Cinema Using ILA Projector Technology"
2018:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
1424:Everything You Need to Know About TV Technologies
1362:"Opto-VLSI-based Tunable Single-mode Fiber Laser"
822:(Report). University of Dayton Research Institute
653:(Report). Technology Laboratory, Redstone Arsenal
198:junction, producing a DC voltage bias across the
719:"D-ILA: The Technology for images of perfection"
940:Bleha, William P.; Sterling, Rodney D. (2003).
129:, near-eye displays and optical pulse shaping.
553:using a fast ferroelectric LCoS is used in 3D-
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1672:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
184:layer, which is energized by a transparent
1583:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
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672:Jacobson, A.D.; Bleha, W.P. (April 1977).
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121:, but has since found additional uses in
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
66:, without removing the technical details.
1163:Kaminov, Li and Wilner (ed.). "Ch. 16".
990:"Update: Intel Cancels LCOS Chip Plans"
606:
461:for digital cameras, film cameras, and
321:Conceptual diagram of an LCoS projector
275:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
1413:'Intel inside' comes to flat panel TVs
175:) was used to "write" an image in the
406:and one by Microdisplay Corporation.
64:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1719:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
1165:Optical Fiber Telecommunications VIA
374:color gamut for the display system.
136:technologies which use transmissive
107:active-matrix liquid-crystal display
1793:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
919:Reflective active-matrix LCD: D-ILA
873:. Hughes-JVC Technology Corporation
117:. LCoS initially was developed for
1992:Large-screen television technology
1116:ROADMs & Wavelength Management
1028:IEEE Journal of Display Technology
438:for high end digital cameras, and
25:
1666:Organic light-emitting transistor
969:. JVC Professional. November 1999
2029:Comparison of display technology
818:Howard, Celeste M. (June 1989).
649:Smith, J. Lynn (June 12, 1978).
43:
1660:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
1319:Journal of Lightwave Technology
1317:LCOS-Based Spatial Modulator".
105:) is a miniaturized reflective
1731:Laser-powered phosphor display
774:(Report). Hughes Research Labs
699:(Report). Hughes Research Labs
676:(Report). Hughes Research Labs
123:wavelength selective switching
1:
1997:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
1987:History of display technology
1875:Computer-generated holography
1258:Schroeder, Jochen B. (2010).
795:Introduction to Microdisplays
745:"Products Compound Photonics"
557:microscopy techniques and in
492:Wavelength-selective switches
1577:Organic light-emitting diode
1571:Light-emitting diode display
866:Sterling, R.D.; Bleha, W.P.
563:automated optical inspection
463:head-mounted displays (HMDs)
361:Display system architectures
296:Hughes Research Laboratories
132:LCoS is distinct from other
770:Jacobson, A.D. (May 1975).
498:wavelength-selective switch
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1787:Vacuum fluorescent display
1511:Electroluminescent display
964:"D-ILA Projector: DLA-G11"
341:JVC projector "D-ILA" LCoS
265:Hughes-JVC D-ILA schematic
109:or "microdisplay" using a
29:
27:Type of display technology
2026:
1634:Liquid crystal on silicon
95:Liquid crystal on silicon
32:levelized cost of storage
18:Liquid Crystal on Silicon
1825:Fourteen-segment display
1628:Digital Light Processing
1339:10.1109/JLT.2011.2178394
1130:IEEE J. Quantum Electron
1048:10.1109/JDT.2010.2049337
592:Digital Light Processing
408:Forth Dimension Displays
2063:Liquid crystal displays
1831:Sixteen-segment display
1517:Rear-projection display
616:Applied Physics Letters
594: – Set of chipsets
528:Other LCoS applications
144:micro-mirror displays.
127:structured illumination
115:spatial light modulator
1678:Field-emission display
1593:Liquid-crystal display
459:electronic viewfinders
436:electronic viewfinders
342:
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218:alternating layers of
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119:projection televisions
1815:Eight-segment display
1809:Seven-segment display
1206:Weiner, A.M. (2000).
533:Optical pulse shaping
440:head-mounted displays
410:continues to offer a
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156:Hughes LCLV schematic
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1937:Display capabilities
1820:Nine-segment display
1522:Plasma display panel
1387:10.1364/OE.17.018676
1285:10.1364/OE.18.022715
743:Compound Photonics.
1966:See-through display
1870:Holographic display
1548:Quantum dot display
1378:2009OExpr..1718676X
1372:(21): 18676–18680.
1360:Xiao, Feng (2009).
1331:2012JLwT...30..618S
1276:2010OExpr..1822715S
1270:(22): 22715–22721.
1227:2000RScI...71.1929W
1142:1993IJQE...29..699J
1040:2011JDisT...7..112C
893:"ILA-12K Projector"
751:on October 18, 2014
628:1973ApPhL..22...90B
382:Three-panel designs
2053:Display technology
2008:Color Light Output
2002:High Dynamic Range
1804:Dot-matrix display
1799:Lightguide display
1470:Display technology
1435:at Projectors Pick
1167:. Academic Press.
1088:. January 11, 2018
355:High Dynamic Range
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304:Hughes Electronics
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1961:Always-on display
1752:Electromechanical
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1411:Biever, Celeste.
1235:10.1063/1.1150614
1215:Rev. Sci. Instrum
1174:978-0-12-396958-3
950:10.1117/12.497532
927:10.1117/12.305518
804:978-0-470-85281-1
636:10.1063/1.1654574
559:fringe projection
546:Light structuring
506:Littrow incidence
398:One-panel designs
300:flight simulators
246:, with the final
212:dielectric mirror
92:
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16:(Redirected from
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2013:Flexible display
1975:Related articles
1855:Autostereoscopic
1554:Electronic paper
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351:4K resolution
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72:December 2022
65:
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55:
52:This article
50:
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19:
1923:Transparency
1896:Static media
1850:Stereoscopic
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1090:. Retrieved
1086:Next Reality
1085:
1076:
1071:. google.com
1069:Google glass
1064:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
994:415.992.5910
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
958:
941:
935:
918:
912:
900:. Retrieved
896:
887:
875:. Retrieved
861:
849:. Retrieved
824:. Retrieved
813:
794:
788:
776:. Retrieved
765:
753:. Retrieved
749:the original
738:
726:. Retrieved
713:
701:. Retrieved
690:
678:. Retrieved
667:
655:. Retrieved
644:
622:(3): 90–92.
619:
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480:showcased a
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204:polarization
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69:
53:
36:
1887:Fog display
1860:Multiscopic
1777:Fiber-optic
1689:Quantum dot
973:January 16,
902:January 16,
877:January 16,
851:January 16,
826:January 17,
778:January 16,
755:October 13,
728:January 16,
703:January 16,
680:January 16,
657:January 16,
279:pixel pitch
182:photosensor
169:vacuum tube
2048:Projectors
2042:Categories
1928:Laser beam
1882:Volumetric
1842:3D display
1782:Nixie tube
1762:Split-flap
1647:generation
1621:Blue Phase
1541:generation
1488:generation
1325:(4): 618.
602:References
478:OmniVision
216:sputtering
196:rectifying
148:Technology
1982:Scan line
1956:DisplayID
1913:Neon sign
1903:Monoscope
1745:Non-video
1506:Jumbotron
797:. Wiley.
522:Flexgrid™
388:polarized
353:and HDR (
162:amplifier
1865:Hologram
1772:Eggcrate
1757:Flip-dot
1703:display
1684:Laser TV
1655:microLED
1585:(AMOLED)
1539:Current
1495:Eidophor
1396:20372600
1347:38004325
1294:21164610
1092:June 23,
1056:34118772
1000:June 17,
586:See also
285:Displays
2058:Silicon
1949:CEA-861
1579:(OLED)
1564:Gyricon
1374:Bibcode
1327:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1223:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
1036:Bibcode
624:Bibcode
561:for 3D-
404:Philips
290:History
206:in the
58:Please
1833:(SISD)
1727:(TDEL)
1721:(FLCD)
1668:(OLET)
1636:(LCoS)
1595:(LCD)
1573:(LED)
1550:(QLED)
1524:(PDP)
1394:
1345:
1292:
1171:
1054:
801:
476:) and
271:pixels
166:triode
2004:(HDR)
1827:(FSD)
1811:(SSD)
1795:(LEC)
1789:(VFD)
1733:(LPD)
1680:(FED)
1674:(SED)
1645:Next
1630:(DLP)
1559:E Ink
1513:(ELD)
1502:(CRT)
1426:from
1343:S2CID
1248:2009.
1211:(PDF)
1052:S2CID
967:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
524:WSS.
474:ASTRI
1944:EDID
1766:Vane
1712:TMOS
1707:IMoD
1701:MEMS
1528:ALiS
1486:Past
1392:PMID
1290:PMID
1169:ISBN
1094:2020
1002:2011
975:2024
904:2024
879:2024
853:2024
828:2024
799:ISBN
780:2024
757:2014
730:2024
705:2024
682:2024
659:2024
513:MEMS
424:WXGA
422:and
420:SXGA
416:QXGA
306:and
232:and
191:CdTe
103:LCOS
99:LCoS
1616:LED
1609:IPS
1599:TFT
1382:doi
1335:doi
1280:doi
1231:doi
1146:doi
1044:doi
946:doi
923:doi
632:doi
470:CES
468:At
428:AOI
390:by
308:JVC
248:SiO
235:SiO
221:TiO
178:CdS
173:CRT
142:DLP
138:LCD
101:or
62:to
2044::
1604:TN
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836:^
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125:,
1462:e
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97:(
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79:(
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70:(
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34:.
20:)
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