45:
2343:
465:
141:
351:
113:
104:
337:. Vytautas, on the other hand, became increasingly popular; Władysław II began to see him as a rival. Vytautas was supported by Lithuanians who resented the Polish interpretation of the recent Union of Krewo. These Lithuanians wished to maintain distinct legal structures and reserve official posts for Lithuanians. The Lithuanian elites also resented the changes in government that king Władysław II implemented there.
783:
132:
538:
728:: Vytautas would become the Grand Duke of Lithuania if he would recognize Jogaila as the Supreme Duke. By summer, Vytautas had secured the release of many of the hostages he had given to the Knights, and accepted the offer. Since this agreement with Jogaila was reached in secret, the Knights suspected nothing when Vytautas invited them to the festivities at his headquarters, the
122:
394:, Vytautas planned to take advantage of his sister's wedding by sending wagons filled with meat, hay, and other goods to Vilnius. The wagons would be escorted by armed men, who would capture the castle once inside the city. This plan was uncovered by a German spy and the conspirators were executed. In another setback, two of Vytautas' strongest allies, his brother
755:. Vytautas ruled Lithuania until his death in 1430; his relationship with Jogaila during these years is sometimes likened to the peaceful power-sharing demonstrated by their fathers Algirdas and Kęstutis. The Knights, betrayed for the second time, resumed their wars against Lithuania. They sought to take Samogitia, which Vytautas had twice promised them. The
221:. Vytautas and the Knights unsuccessfully besieged Vilnius in 1390. Over the next two years it became clear that neither side could achieve a quick victory, and Jogaila proposed a compromise: Vytautas would become Grand Duke and Jogaila would remain Superior Duke. This proposal was formalized in the
528:
died during the siege. The besiegers ran into various difficulties. Their supplies of gunpowder were dwindling, the weather was deteriorating, the terms of service for some volunteers from western Europe ended, and the
Knights needed a new Grand Master. They decided to return to Prussia. The siege
511:
died. The coalition decided to abandon this siege and march on
Vilnius instead, as such a large army could not easily be re-assembled. On 11 September 1390, the joint forces launched a five-week siege on the city. Vilnius' castles were held by Skirgaila, commanding combined Polish, Lithuanian, and
496:, possibly as a compliment to the English knights and the future king. In the meantime, Jogaila achieved some military successes; his forces captured several castles in Podlaskie, leaving them to be guarded by Polish garrisons, and took Hrodna in April 1390 after a six-week siege.
680:
were dissatisfied with the war; Jogaila was spending a great deal of time on
Lithuanian matters and the expected benefits of the Union of Krewo had not materialized. The Union was meant to strengthen Polish control over
480:. The joint forces of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights consisted largely of volunteers and mercenaries from western Europe, notably from France, the German states, and England. Henry, Earl of Derby, the future King
693:
rather than to create fresh troubles in the north. Jogaila was preoccupied with the management of his court, battles in the southeast, and his sickly wife. He attempted to replace
Skirgaila with his younger brother
736:. Most of the prominent guests were taken prisoner and Vytautas' army proceeded to attack and destroy the undermanned wooden castles of Ritterswerder, Metenburg, and Neugarten (New Hrodna) near Hrodna.
499:
The newly assembled coalition organized a number of small campaigns in
Lithuania; the largest was undertaken at the end of summer. During this campaign the Knights burned wooden castles at
2553:
1803:
2573:
751:, where he died in 1397. While Vytautas was technically a vassal of Jogaila, he exercised considerable power in the Grand Duchy. His independence was legalized in the 1401
2260:
290:
king of Poland in
February 1386. As a condition to the marriage and coronation, Jogaila agreed to renounce paganism himself and Christianize his subjects, and establish a
294:
between Poland and
Lithuania. The Union was an unwelcome development for the Teutonic Knights, as it united Poland and Lithuania, two states hostile to the Order, and a
269:, co-ruled the Grand Duchy peacefully. However, after Algirdas' death in 1377, Kęstutis, Jogaila, and Vytautas began a power struggle. During their first conflict, the
273:, Vytautas and Jogaila both struck short-lived alliances with the Teutonic Knights. Vytautas did not manage to seize the throne and reconciled with Jogaila in 1384.
2486:
1520:
1866:
2043:
437:, in exchange for their military assistance. Having been earlier betrayed, the Knights asked for hostages as a guarantee of Vytautas' loyalty: his brothers
378:
and stabilize the situation, but this move only angered the opposition. In May 1389 Jogaila tried to mediate the conflict between
Skirgaila and Vytautas in
1796:
557:. This alliance strengthened Vytautas' influence in Slavic lands and represented a potential new ally against Poland. At the same time, Jogaila's brother
2583:
488:
were among the participants. The
English crusaders left detailed records of their actions in Prussia and Lithuania, and their exploits were mentioned by
2131:
1952:
759:
was signed in 1398, leaving
Samogitia to the Knights, to quiet the Duchy's western front while Vytautas was organizing a major campaign against the
2279:
2266:
2206:
2165:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2097:
1908:
676:
Neither Jogaila nor Vytautas had gained a clear advantage and the territories of the Grand Duchy affected by the civil war were being devastated.
665:, had little interest in the volatile regions to his north. In 1392, he circulated a proposal to partition Poland among the Teutonic Knights, the
225:
of 1392, and Vytautas turned against the Knights. He went on to reign as Grand Duke of Lithuania for 38 years, and the cousins remained at peace.
2029:
1971:
382:. Vytautas was pressured into signing a formal document declaring that he was loyal to Skirgaila and supported him, but his position as Duke of
2563:
1789:
743:, formalizing the arrangement and ending the civil war, was signed on 4 August 1392. Vytautas became Grand Duke and reclaimed his patrimony in
2285:
1935:
1871:
2568:
209:
as ruler of Lithuania. Skirgaila proved unpopular and Vytautas attempted to depose him. When his first attempt to take the capital city of
1454:
2491:
1830:
270:
218:
2543:
2588:
2199:
144:
1768:
1727:
1710:
1680:
1644:
1617:
1573:
1548:
1411:
1372:
1341:
1288:
1257:
1227:
1196:
1112:
1080:
1048:
975:
939:
912:
884:
529:
did not bring an end to the conflict, but it demonstrated an increased dissatisfaction with Jogaila among the regional inhabitants.
2241:
508:
160:
44:
2558:
1812:
801:
446:
2548:
2538:
2409:
2578:
2247:
2017:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1976:
477:
426:
1838:
698:, but this brother died under unclear circumstances – according to rumor he was poisoned by either Vytautas or Skirgaila.
503:, possibly the first capital of Lithuania, which never recovered from the destruction. While the army was laying siege to
295:
2593:
2313:
2307:
2037:
1215:
645:. Negotiations fell apart as the title to the land was contested by several dukes. The Neumark purchase was closed with
601:
303:
2342:
829:
796:
764:
1304:
2447:
1876:
752:
429:, signed in 1384 during his first conflict with Jogaila. Under the terms of this treaty, the Knights were promised
2420:
2414:
1860:
2366:
276:
Jogaila created a significant new alliance with the Kingdom of Poland when he secured an agreement, known as the
1820:
682:
202:
135:
74:
2077:
633:
In the meantime the Knights were buying lands in Prussia. In May 1392, von Wallenrode began negotiations with
578:
521:
442:
438:
395:
205:, then the largest state in Europe. Jogaila had been crowned King of Poland in 1386; he installed his brother
1358:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2272:
2171:
1945:
626:, but lacked the resources for a second siege on Vilnius. In November 1391 Vytautas attacked the areas near
610:
194:
600:
Von Wallenrode called for new volunteers from France, England, and Scotland. Among those who responded was
2324:
2145:
2087:
2072:
1455:"König Kaiser Sigismund, der deutsche Orden und Polen-Litauen. Stationen einer problembeladenen Beziehung"
1036:
699:
517:
371:
125:
2233:
2082:
566:
414:
164:
565:
to Moscow. The Teutonic Knights were idled during the protracted selection of their new Grand Master,
325:; Jogaila known now by his Christian name Władysław II (Władysław II Jagiełło) designated his brother
2477:
2467:
2458:
2439:
2227:
2157:
2151:
2049:
1897:
1064:
634:
586:
554:
391:
362:
1220:
Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights, Vol. 2: The Stone Castles of Latvia and Estonia, 1185–1560
649:
only in 1402. During July 1392, the Knights agreed to pay Władysław Opolczyk 50,000 guldens for the
464:
2187:
740:
715:
546:
481:
450:
334:
234:
222:
85:
1068:
434:
2400:
2384:
2301:
2218:
2137:
2103:
2055:
1940:
1914:
1903:
1843:
1605:
1514:
1280:
806:
768:
570:
550:
299:
2428:
1329:
725:
604:. During the autumn of 1391 the Teutonic Knights organized another campaign against Vilnius. In
386:
was not formally acknowledged. Vytautas secured his position in Lutsk, and turned his sights on
140:
573:
delayed his election. In May 1391, the new master mortgaged Złotoria (Slatoria), a castle near
350:
2372:
2005:
1764:
1706:
1676:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1613:
1569:
1544:
1502:
1474:
1466:
1435:
1407:
1368:
1337:
1284:
1253:
1223:
1192:
1184:
1165:
1142:
1108:
1076:
1044:
1011:
971:
935:
908:
880:
843:
756:
666:
281:
17:
1700:
1496:
965:
929:
2378:
2253:
2212:
2181:
1958:
788:
721:
673:, but it was rejected. These purchases by the Knights threatened Poland's northern borders.
646:
493:
489:
356:
214:
107:
70:
112:
2360:
1964:
1741:. Cross-border Centre for Civil Education and Information in Białystok: 32. Archived from
615:
562:
485:
1742:
650:
594:
366:. The fictional knight took part in many crusades, including one against the Lithuanians.
1495:
Rzyszczewski, Leon; Bobowski, Mikołaj; Muczkowski, Antoni; Bartoszewicz, Julian (1852).
1274:
103:
1185:"From Pamphlet to Political Theory: The Establishment of Lithuanian Dynastic Tradition"
630:
and Hrodna, cutting off the easiest communication route between Jogaila and Skirgaila.
582:
516:
troops. The Knights reduced much of the outer city to ruins and managed to destroy the
458:
422:
399:
291:
277:
190:
2512:
729:
623:
473:
875:
Michaud, Claude (2005). "The Kingdoms of Central Europe in the Fourteenth Century".
2193:
2023:
760:
246:
131:
537:
413:
Vytautas then sought a military alliance with the Knights, sending captive knight
1043:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. pp. 173–174.
2389:
2319:
1781:
733:
286:
258:
1927:
1921:
778:
627:
619:
500:
403:
311:
1470:
1434:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. 307–308.
1141:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. 304–306.
847:
1506:
706:
as governor of Vilnius. Jogaila decided to seek a compromise with Vytautas.
690:
558:
525:
504:
430:
326:
322:
307:
206:
173:
116:
1654:
851:
703:
121:
1378:
2496:
1308:
1307:. Administration of the State Cultural reserve of Kernavė. Archived from
834:
695:
686:
677:
574:
513:
454:
407:
266:
254:
198:
156:
670:
662:
642:
638:
590:
387:
375:
298:
deprived the Knights of their ideological justification for waging the
262:
242:
238:
210:
186:
169:
329:
regent in Lithuania. Skirgaila, who also ruled Vytautas' patrimony in
1543:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 202–204.
1498:
Codex diplomaticus Poloniae quo continentur privilegia regum Poloniae
1406:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 200–201.
1252:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 197–199.
907:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 193–194.
744:
605:
379:
330:
318:
250:
237:
ruled a state that covered the territories of present-day Lithuania,
1336:(in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. pp. 83–84.
418:
1759:
Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000).
1103:
Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000).
1069:"The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1370–1506"
1612:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 1–50.
1362:
658:
654:
463:
383:
720:
In spring 1392, Jogaila proposed a compromise through his envoy,
608:
they organized a lavish feast, which was prominently featured in
1675:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 206.
1568:. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 212.
1439:
1169:
1146:
1015:
748:
217:, their common enemy – just as both cousins had done during the
1785:
1107:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 131–132.
879:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press. pp. 755–756.
88:; Jogaila was designated Supreme Duke and Vytautas Grand Duke
49:
Map of the Teutonic Knight conflict with Lithuania and Poland
1639:. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green and co. p. 10.
280:(August 1385), to marry the twelve-year-old Queen of Poland
970:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 10–11.
771:
in 1410, which ended the threat from the Teutonic Orders.
1763:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. p. 136.
747:
while Skirgaila was compensated with the Principality of
1075:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 732.
472:
In May, a delegation of 31 Samogitian nobles arrived in
1367:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
934:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 16.
314:, and refused to recognize Jogaila's baptism in 1386.
1279:(2nd ed.). Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p.
1041:
Lietuvos istorija. Nuo seniausių laikų iki 1569 metų
2476:
2457:
2438:
2399:
2353:
2294:
2065:
1986:
1890:
1853:
1829:
1819:
1073:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 1415–c. 1500
877:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 1300–c. 1415
310:, a section of western Lithuania that bordered the
302:. Thus the Order sought opportunities to undo the
425:affirming the terms of an earlier agreement, the
767:in 1399. The cousins joined their forces at the
476:and promised loyalty to Vytautas by signing the
2554:14th century in the State of the Teutonic Order
2487:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
1164:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslas. p. 60.
32:
1432:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties
1139:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties
253:. Gediminas died in 1341; afterwards his sons
1797:
520:, which was never rebuilt. Vytautas' brother
468:Jogaila, later known as Władysław II Jagiełło
213:failed, Vytautas forged an alliance with the
8:
545:On 21 January 1391 Vytautas' only daughter,
2574:Wars involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1425:
1423:
1210:
1208:
1160:Jonynas, Ignas (1984) . "Vytauto šeimyna".
1008:Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania
823:
821:
2094:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629)
1826:
1804:
1790:
1782:
1705:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
1699:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2006).
1519:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
763:. Vytautas suffered a major defeat at the
271:Lithuanian Civil War between 1381 and 1384
219:Lithuanian Civil War between 1381 and 1384
29:
1459:Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
1010:. Miami: Franklin Press. pp. 40–44.
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
657:dukes since 1377. Opolczyk, the ruler of
390:. According to Teutonic testimony at the
1694:
1692:
1465:(46). Marburg: J.G. Herder-Institut: 7.
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
536:
354:Portrait of an English Knight, from the
349:
2308:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession
2044:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession
1666:
1664:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1397:
1395:
1243:
1241:
1239:
828:Sruogienė-Sruoga, Vanda (Winter 1987).
817:
38:Part of Vytautas–Jogaila power struggle
27:Part of Vytautas–Jogaila power struggle
1512:
1276:The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
967:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795
931:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795
898:
896:
870:
868:
618:. They devastated the nearby towns of
593:. This angered Jogaila and he invaded
185:was the second civil conflict between
1364:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1222:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 53–54.
702:was replaced with Jan Oleśnicki from
284:. He married Jadwiga and was crowned
7:
2030:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory
1867:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
1761:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
1105:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
417:to negotiate. On 19 January 1390 in
2261:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War
1501:(in Latin). Varsaviae. p. xi.
374:to establish a Polish garrison in
25:
2584:Wars involving the Teutonic Order
2354:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918)
653:, which had been contested among
183:Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392
2341:
2286:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)
1936:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
1882:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
1872:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)
802:List of wars involving Lithuania
781:
461:, and a number of other nobles.
139:
130:
120:
111:
102:
43:
33:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
2410:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2132:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War
1972:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
2492:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
2078:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars
1953:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1909:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1728:"Evidence of a Stormy History"
509:Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein
201:. At issue was control of the
161:Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein
18:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92)
1:
2564:Civil wars of the Middle Ages
2280:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
2267:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
2207:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
2200:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
2166:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War
2124:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War
2118:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War
2112:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War
2098:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War
1839:Mongol invasions of Lithuania
1813:Lithuanian wars and conflicts
2314:War of the Bar Confederation
2018:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War
2012:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War
2000:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1994:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1977:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War
1633:Wyatt, Walter James (1876).
602:William Douglas of Nithsdale
402:, lost their territories in
2569:Medieval history of Ukraine
2242:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War
1702:A Concise History of Poland
1357:Jovaiša, Eugenijus (2002).
1183:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2002).
1006:Koncius, Joseph B. (1964).
797:List of conflicts in Europe
765:Battle of the Vorskla River
732:Castle on an island in the
2610:
2448:June Uprising in Lithuania
1877:Battle of the Vikhra River
1606:"Vytautas and Jagiello, I"
1430:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978).
1137:Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978).
753:Union of Vilnius and Radom
713:
249:, and parts of Poland and
2544:14th century in Lithuania
2367:French invasion of Russia
2336:
2038:Northern Seven Years' War
1453:Hoensch, Jörg K. (1997).
1273:Skeat, Walter W. (1900).
1189:The Medieval Chronicle II
964:Stone, Daniel Z. (2001).
928:Stone, Daniel Z. (2001).
150:
96:
53:
42:
37:
1821:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1726:Maroszek, Józef (2007).
561:was losing his power in
317:Vytautas became duke of
203:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
136:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
75:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2559:Civil wars in Lithuania
2273:Battle of Khotyn (1673)
2172:Battle of Khotyn (1621)
1671:Urban, William (2006).
1604:Urban, William (2003).
1564:Urban, William (2006).
1539:Urban, William (2006).
1402:Urban, William (2006).
1248:Urban, William (2006).
1191:. Rodopi. p. 157.
903:Urban, William (2006).
597:, but was driven away.
398:and his brother-in-law
304:Polish–Lithuanian union
296:Christianized Lithuania
195:Grand Duke of Lithuania
2549:14th century in Poland
2539:14th-century conflicts
2146:Zebrzydowski rebellion
2073:Moldavian Magnate Wars
1636:The History of Prussia
542:
524:and Jogaila's brother
484:and Marshal of France
469:
367:
333:, was disliked by the
151:Commanders and leaders
2579:Wars involving Poland
2421:Polish–Lithuanian War
2415:Lithuanian–Soviet War
2234:Battle of Berestechko
2083:War against Sigismund
1861:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1065:Gieysztor, Aleksander
830:"Jogaila (1350–1434)"
567:Konrad von Wallenrode
540:
522:Tautvilas Kęstutaitis
467:
415:Marquard von Salzbach
353:
165:Konrad von Wallenrode
2589:Polish–Teutonic wars
2468:Lithuanian partisans
2228:Khmelnytsky Uprising
1898:Samogitian uprisings
1610:Tannenberg and After
1037:Gudavičius, Edvardas
700:Klemens Moskarzewski
635:Sigismund of Hungary
587:Sigismund of Hungary
555:Grand Duke of Moscow
478:Treaty of Königsberg
427:Treaty of Königsberg
421:Vytautas signed the
392:Council of Constance
372:Klemens Moskarzewski
363:The Canterbury Tales
2594:Princely rebellions
2325:Kościuszko Uprising
2224:1644 Tatar Invasion
2188:Fedorovych uprising
2178:1624 Tatar Invasion
2088:Battle of Stångebro
1946:Battle of Pabaiskas
547:Sophia of Lithuania
482:Henry IV of England
335:Lithuanian nobility
235:family of Gediminas
126:Rus' principalities
2478:Restored Lithuania
2401:Interwar Lithuania
2385:Revolution of 1905
2302:Great Northern War
2219:Ostryanyn uprising
2138:Battle of Klushino
2104:Battle of Kircholm
2056:Nalyvaiko Uprising
1915:Battle of Grunwald
1904:Lithuanian Crusade
1844:Lithuanian Crusade
1673:Samogitian Crusade
1566:Samogitian Crusade
1541:Samogitian Crusade
1404:Samogitian Crusade
1334:Polska Jagiellonów
1250:Samogitian Crusade
905:Samogitian Crusade
807:List of civil wars
769:Battle of Grunwald
614:, an 1828 poem by
579:Władysław Opolczyk
551:Vasili I of Russia
543:
541:Vytautas the Great
470:
368:
300:Lithuanian Crusade
2506:
2505:
2459:Soviet occupation
2373:November Uprising
2334:
2333:
2158:Battle of Humenné
2152:Thirty Years' War
2050:Kosiński uprising
2006:Glinski rebellion
1216:Turnbull, Stephen
1162:Istorijos baruose
757:Treaty of Salynas
667:Holy Roman Empire
370:Jogaila had sent
282:Jadwiga of Poland
261:, the fathers of
197:, and his cousin
179:
178:
170:Wladyslaw Jogaila
145:Kingdom of Poland
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
2601:
2379:January Uprising
2345:
2213:Pavlyuk uprising
2182:Zhmaylo uprising
1959:Crusade of Varna
1941:Battle of Ašmena
1827:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1735:My Little Europe
1732:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1601:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1473:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1359:"Vilniaus pilys"
1354:
1348:
1347:
1330:Jasienica, Paweł
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1119:
1118:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1003:
982:
981:
961:
946:
945:
925:
919:
918:
900:
891:
890:
872:
863:
862:
860:
859:
850:. Archived from
825:
791:
789:Lithuania portal
786:
785:
784:
741:Ostrów Agreement
722:Henry of Masovia
716:Ostrów Agreement
647:Jobst of Moravia
611:Konrad Wallenrod
494:Canterbury Tales
490:Geoffrey Chaucer
357:General Prologue
306:; they demanded
223:Ostrów Agreement
215:Teutonic Knights
143:
134:
124:
115:
108:Teutonic Knights
106:
86:Ostrów Agreement
55:
54:
47:
30:
21:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2429:Klaipėda Revolt
2395:
2361:Napoleonic Wars
2349:
2348:
2330:
2290:
2061:
1982:
1965:Battle of Varna
1886:
1849:
1815:
1810:
1778:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1511:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1083:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1005:
1004:
985:
978:
963:
962:
949:
942:
927:
926:
922:
915:
902:
901:
894:
887:
874:
873:
866:
857:
855:
827:
826:
819:
815:
787:
782:
780:
777:
726:Bishop of Płock
718:
712:
669:, Silesia, and
616:Adam Mickiewicz
571:general chapter
563:Veliky Novgorod
535:
507:, Grand Master
486:Jean Le Maingre
457:, his favorite
449:, his daughter
348:
343:
231:
172:
163:
159:
138:
119:
110:
77:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:1392 in Europe
2531:
2529:1391 in Europe
2526:
2524:1390 in Europe
2521:
2519:1389 in Europe
2511:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1751:
1748:on 2008-09-10.
1718:
1711:
1688:
1681:
1660:
1645:
1625:
1618:
1581:
1574:
1556:
1549:
1526:
1487:
1445:
1419:
1412:
1391:
1373:
1349:
1342:
1321:
1296:
1289:
1265:
1258:
1235:
1228:
1204:
1197:
1175:
1152:
1120:
1113:
1088:
1081:
1056:
1049:
1021:
983:
976:
947:
940:
920:
913:
892:
885:
864:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
804:
799:
793:
792:
776:
773:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
583:count palatine
534:
531:
518:Crooked Castle
459:Ivan Olshanski
423:Treaty of Lyck
400:Ivan Olshanski
347:
344:
342:
339:
292:personal union
278:Union of Krewo
230:
227:
191:King of Poland
177:
176:
167:
153:
152:
148:
147:
128:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2606:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1770:9986-810-13-2
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1712:0-521-85332-X
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:0-929700-56-2
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:1-142-41553-8
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1619:0-929700-25-2
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:0-929700-56-2
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1550:0-929700-56-2
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1477:on 2019-02-05
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:(in German).
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:0-929700-56-2
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1381:on 2008-03-03
1380:
1376:
1374:9986-9216-9-4
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1343:83-06-01796-X
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1311:on 2008-06-15
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1290:1-60520-523-0
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1259:0-929700-56-2
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:1-84176-712-3
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:90-420-0834-2
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:9986-810-13-2
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:0-521-38296-3
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1050:9986-39-112-1
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:0-295-98093-1
973:
969:
968:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:0-295-98093-1
937:
933:
932:
924:
921:
916:
914:0-929700-56-2
910:
906:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:0-521-36290-3
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
854:on 2020-09-20
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
824:
822:
818:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
779:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
730:Ritterswerder
727:
723:
717:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
679:
678:Polish nobles
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
539:
532:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
466:
462:
460:
456:
453:, his sister
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Nevėžis River
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
364:
359:
358:
352:
345:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
175:
171:
168:
166:
162:
158:
155:
154:
149:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2480:(since 1990)
2440:World War II
2295:18th century
2269:(1672–1676)
2250:(1655–1660)
2248:Northern War
2230:(1648–1657)
2196:(1632–1634)
2194:Smolensk War
2168:(1620–1621)
2154:(1618–1648)
2134:(1605–1618)
2100:(1600–1611)
2066:17th century
2026:(1558–1583)
2024:Livonian War
1987:16th century
1961:(1443–1444)
1911:(1409–1411)
1891:15th century
1881:
1854:14th century
1831:13th century
1779:
1760:
1754:
1743:the original
1738:
1734:
1721:
1701:
1672:
1635:
1628:
1609:
1565:
1559:
1540:
1497:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1462:
1458:
1448:
1431:
1403:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1363:
1352:
1333:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1299:
1275:
1268:
1249:
1219:
1188:
1178:
1161:
1155:
1138:
1104:
1072:
1059:
1040:
1007:
966:
930:
923:
904:
876:
856:. Retrieved
852:the original
839:
833:
761:Golden Horde
738:
719:
710:Peace treaty
675:
651:Dobrzyń Land
641:for 500,000
632:
609:
599:
595:Dobrzyń Land
589:, for 6,632
544:
498:
471:
433:, up to the
412:
369:
361:
355:
316:
285:
275:
247:Transnistria
232:
182:
180:
97:Belligerents
2499:(2003–2011)
2461:(1944–1990)
2423:(1919–1920)
2417:(1918–1919)
2403:(1918–1940)
2392:(1914–1918)
2390:World War I
2381:(1863–1864)
2375:(1830–1831)
2363:(1803–1815)
2320:War of 1792
2316:(1768–1774)
2310:(1733–1735)
2304:(1700–1721)
2282:(1683–1699)
2263:(1666–1671)
2244:(1654–1667)
2209:(1633–1634)
2126:(1626–1629)
2120:(1621–1625)
2114:(1617–1618)
2058:(1594–1596)
2052:(1591–1593)
2046:(1587–1588)
2040:(1563–1570)
2032:(1577–1582)
2020:(1534–1537)
2014:(1512–1522)
2002:(1507–1508)
1996:(1500–1503)
1979:(1492–1494)
1955:(1431–1435)
1900:(1401–1409)
1863:(1340–1392)
1846:(1283–1422)
734:Neman River
505:Georgenburg
445:, his wife
287:jure uxoris
2513:Categories
2254:The Deluge
1928:Gollub War
1922:Hunger War
1481:2016-07-05
1385:2008-06-30
1315:2009-05-07
858:2008-08-21
813:References
624:Maišiagala
549:, married
474:Königsberg
404:Navahrudak
312:Baltic Sea
229:Background
1823:(to 1795)
1515:cite book
1471:0948-8294
1332:(1992) .
1305:"History"
848:0024-5089
691:Wallachia
559:Lengvenis
533:1391–1392
526:Karigaila
514:Ruthenian
443:Tautvilas
439:Sigismund
431:Samogitia
396:Tautvilas
346:1389–1390
341:Civil war
327:Skirgaila
323:Podlaskie
308:Samogitia
207:Skirgaila
174:Skirgaila
117:Samogitia
61:1389–1392
2497:Iraq War
1507:29110120
1440:79346776
1218:(2004).
1170:84212910
1147:79346776
1067:(1998).
1039:(1999).
1016:66089704
835:Lituanus
775:See also
696:Vygantas
687:Moldavia
569:; their
455:Rymgajla
408:Halshany
267:Vytautas
259:Kęstutis
255:Algirdas
199:Vytautas
157:Vytautas
66:Location
1655:1599888
683:Galicia
671:Hungary
663:Silesia
643:guldens
639:Neumark
637:to buy
628:Merkinė
620:Ukmergė
591:guldens
577:, from
501:Kernavė
492:in the
388:Vilnius
376:Vilnius
263:Jogaila
243:Ukraine
239:Belarus
211:Vilnius
187:Jogaila
71:Prussia
2450:(1941)
2431:(1923)
2369:(1812)
2327:(1794)
2236:(1651)
2221:(1638)
2215:(1637)
2190:(1630)
2184:(1625)
2160:(1619)
2148:(1606)
2140:(1610)
2106:(1605)
2008:(1508)
1930:(1422)
1924:(1414)
1767:
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911:
883:
846:
842:(33).
745:Trakai
704:Kraków
689:, and
606:Kaunas
451:Sophia
380:Lublin
331:Trakai
319:Hrodna
251:Russia
82:Result
1746:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
659:Opole
655:Piast
575:Thorn
384:Lutsk
1765:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1651:OCLC
1641:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1521:link
1503:OCLC
1467:ISSN
1436:LCCN
1408:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1166:LCCN
1143:LCCN
1109:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1012:LCCN
972:ISBN
936:ISBN
909:ISBN
881:ISBN
844:ISSN
749:Kiev
739:The
622:and
447:Anna
441:and
419:Lyck
406:and
321:and
265:and
257:and
233:The
193:and
181:The
58:Date
661:in
585:of
360:of
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